Malla Reddy Engineering College

(Autonomous)
(An Autonomous institution, Autonomy granted by UGC and affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’
Grade, Accredited by NBA (2008-11) & Recipient of World Bank Assistance
under TEQIP phase – II S.C.1.1for the period (2011-14))
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post. Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500 100.

LAB MANUAL

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

I B. TECH- I SEMESTER
Subject Code: 80305

Academic Year 2018-19

Regulations: MR18

NAME: __________________________________________
USN : __________________________________________
BATCH: _______________SECTION:_________________
 2018-19
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.Tech.
Onwards
(Autonomous) I Semester
(MR-18)
Code: 80305 L T P
ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB
Credits: 1.5 - - 3

Prerequisites: Engineering Physics

Course Objectives: Student will be able to learn and understand the various basic concept
and principles of Mechanics like Force & Resultant.

List of Experiments
1. Triangle law and polygon law of forces apparatus.

2. Support reaction for a beam apparatus.

3. Coefficient of friction apparatus.

4. Flywheel apparatus.

5. Moment of disc apparatus.

6.Jib Crane

7. Equilibrium of non concurrent forces apparatus.

8. Universal force table.

9. Screw jack apparatus.

10. Compound pendulum.

11. Worm and worm wheel apparatus.

12. Differential wheel and axle apparatus.

Course outcome:
At the end of the course, students should be able to:

Level of Bloom’s
Course Outcome learning Taxonomy
Level
CO1 Verify law of Force Polygon and law of Moments using Force 3 Analyzing
Polygon and bell crank lever apparatus and also study Parallel
Force apparatus.(Simply supported type).

CO2 Determine mechanical advantage, Velocity ratio and efficiency of 2 Analyzing

 a screw jack.
CO3 Evaluate co-efficient of friction between trolley (slider) and an 3 Analyzing
inclined plane.
CO4 Verify the error percentage for the universal force table. 3 Analyzing
CO5 Determine the moment of inertia of the fly wheel. 2 Analyzing
 INDEX PAGE

Manual Marks

Signature(Faculty)
Signature(Student
Dates
Sl.

Record
Name of the Experiments

Marks
No

)
Submission of
Conduction Repetition
Record

Average

Note: If the student fails to attend the regular lab, the

experiment has to be completed in the same week. Then the
manual/observation and record will be evaluated for 50% of
maximum marks.

II
 General Instructions to Students

 Students are informed to present 5 min before the commencement of lab.


 Students must enter their name in daily book before entering into lab.

 Students must leave Foot wares before entering lab.

 Students must not carry any valuable things inside the lab.

 Students must inform lab assistant before He/She uses any computer.

 Do not touch anything with which you are not completely familiar. Carelessness may
not only break the valuable equipment in the lab but may also cause serious injury to
you and others in the lab.

 For any software/hardware/ Electrical failure of computer during working, report it
immediately to your supervisor. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could
further damage the equipment and harm yourself and others in the lab.

 Students must submit Record book for evaluation before the commencement of lab.

 Students must keep observation book (if necessary).

 Students must keep silent near lab premises.

 Students are informed to follow safety rules.

 Students must obey lab rules and regulations.

 Students must maintain discipline in lab.

 Do not crowd around the computers and run inside the laboratory.

 Please follow instructions precisely as instructed by your supervisor. Do not start the
experiment unless your setup is verified & approved by your supervisor.
 CONTENTS
Sl. No.
Title
1. Triangle law and polygon law of forces apparatus.

2. Support reaction for a beam apparatus.

3. Coefficient of friction apparatus.

4. Flywheel apparatus.

5. Moment of disc apparatus.

6.Jib Crane

7. Equilibrium of non concurrent forces apparatus.

8. Universal force table.

9. Screw jack apparatus.

10. Compound pendulum.

11. Worm and worm wheel apparatus.

12. Differential wheel and axle apparatus.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB I SEM

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 7 of 67

 Instruction Manual
Aim :-

To verify the polygon law of forces.

Apparatus :-

1. Gravesand’s Apparatus,

2. Paper Sheet,

3. Weight Box,

4. Thread,

5. Drawing pins & Pencil,

6. Mirror Strip Pans.

Theory :-

“Polygon law of apparatus” states that if a number of forces acting on a particle are
represented in magnitude & direction by sides of a polygon taken in same orde, then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in
the opposite direction.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 8 of 67

 PERCENTAGE ERROR
S. NO. FORCES CALCULATED
( total weights of pans) RESULTANT T1 T – T1 x 1000
100

Procedure :-

1. Set the board in a vertical plane & fix the paper sheet with drawing pins
2. Pass a thread over two pulleys
3. Take a second thread & tie the middle of this thread to the middle of first thread
4. Pass the ends of second thread over the other set of two pulleys
5. Take a third thread & tie its one end to the point of first two threads
6. Attach pans to the free ends of the threads
7. Place the weights in the pans in such a manner that the knot comes approximately in
the centre of the paper.
8. Mark the line of forces & write down the magnitude of forces
9. Remove the paper from the board & produce the line to meet at centre point O
10. Select a suitable scale & draw the vector diagram by moving in one direction. draw a b
parallel to A B & cut it equal to force P; draw b c parallel to B C & cut it equal to Q;
draw c d parallel to C D & cut it equal to force R; draw d e parallel to D E & cut it equal
to force S. vector a e will be the resultant force T1 taken in the opposite direction &
should be equal to force T which proves the law of polygon forces. If a e is not equal to
T then percentage error is found as follows.

Observations :-

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 P Q R S T

1.

2.

3.
Precautions :-

1. Pans/weights should not touch the board

2. There should be only one central knot on the thread which should be small
3. While calculating the total force in each case the weight of the pan should be added to
the weight onto the pan
4. Make sure that all pans are at rest when the lines of action of force sare marked
5. All the pulleys should be free from friction

I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

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 Parts Details
1 Wooden Base 6 Sliding Hook Brackets
Extinction Balance With
2 Iron Strip 7 Chain
3 Upright Bar 8 Hanging Chain With Hook
4 Cast Aluminum Bracket 9 Nut & Washer
Tie Bar With Compression Screw For Fixing The Iron
5 Balance 10 Strip

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AIM : To calculate the stresses in various member of the jib crane
and find the % age error between the calculated and the observed
values.

Things required ::

 Jib Crane Apparatus

 Weights

Procedure ::

1. Note the zero error in the compression balance and the spring
balance.

2. Suspend a wt (w) from the pt. A. Then measure AB,

BC, AC, Draw the scale. Note. B is center of the
compression balance and C s vertically above B. Fig.
can serve as the vector or stress diagram also because it is a
triangle (as any other triangle with sides parallel to it will be a
similar triangle.

3. Let w be represented by CB. Then BA will be represent stress in

the Arm AC (Tie). Thus these are the calculated values (Note, we can
do without the scale diagram and simple measure AB, AC and BC)

4. Note the reading in the compression balance which will give the
observed stress in the Arm AB, and tension in the spring balance
given the observed force in the Arm AC. Find the %age error
between the calculated and observed value.

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5. We have to know whether arms AB and AC are in compression or
in tension. Now the pt. A is in equilibrium acted upon by the forces
exerted by arms AB AC and wt (w) as show in FIG 3. Lets first
consider the nature of the force in the arm AB. The opposite force is
exerted by the pt A on the member AB. As the member AB is in
equilibrium another opposite force is exerted by the pt Bon the
member AB. Thus AB is in compression. Similarly it can be show
that the arm AC is in tension i.e. it is stretched.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 13 of 67

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 14 of 67
 I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L
AIM:-
To determine the efficiency of a worm and worm wheel apparatus
and plot a graph between W & P and W & ŋ.

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WORKING:-
As the pulley of the worm moves through n revolutions, n teeth of
the wheel pass completely through the worm. If there are N teeth in
the worm wheel, then N revolutions will have to be given to the
pulley of the worm to rotate completely the worm wheel. So that if
the effort applied at the pulley of the worm moves through N
revolution the load is raised up by the a distance equal to the length
of the circumference of the pulley of the worm wheel.

So that velocity ratio is

N x circumference of pulley of worm

Circumference of pulley of worm wheel

SINGLE THREADED WORM :-

Specifications :

Starts : Single

Lead angle : 3° 35'

Pressure angle : 24°

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 16 of 67
Normal Axial Pitch : 8mm

Pitch of two continuous threads : 21.5mm

THEORY :-

If the worm is single threaded (i.e for one

revolution of the wheel, the worm pushes the worm
wheel through one teeth) then for one revolution of
the effort pulley the distance moved by effort load =
2пl

The load drum will move through 1 revolution

T

Therefore, distance moved by the load on

load drum = 2пr
T
And velocity ratio(V.R) = distance moved by P
distance moved by W

V.R = 2пl = lT
2пr r
T
Mechanical advantage = W
P

Efficiency, ŋ = M.A
V.R
Screw Jack Apparatus Page 17 of 67
PROCEDURE:-
1. Wrap the string round the pulley of the worm the free end of
which is to be tied to the effort.

2. Wrap another string to carry the load round the pulley the worm
wheel in such a manner that as the effort is applied the load is lifted
up.

3. Suspend a small weight (w) through the free end of the second
string and suspend another weight (p) through the free end of the
first string which should just move the load upward.
4. Note w and P, so that mechanical advantage is given by W
P
5. Increase the load (w) gradually and increase the effort (p)
correspondingly and take in this way about seven readings.

6. Measure the circumference of the pulley of the worm and also

that of the worm wheel.

7. The percentage efficiency is given by W x 100

PV
8. Plot a graph between w and p and w and.
OBSERVATION:-

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 1. Circumference of pulley of the worm (2∏R1) = 39.25 cm.

2. Circumference of pulley of the worm wheel (2∏R 2) = 43.96 cm.

3. No of teeth in the worm wheel (N) = 120

4. Velocity ratio = N x 2πR1 = 107.14

2πR2

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. No. Weight Lifted Effort Applied (P) Mech. Adv. = Velocity % Efficiency
(W) W/P Ratio W/PV x 100
1 2 180 107.14

2 3 200 107.14

3 4 250 107.14

4 5 300 107.14

5 6 350 107.14

PRECAUTIONS:-
Screw Jack Apparatus Page 19 of 67
 1. Lubricate the apparatus.

2. There should be no overlapping of the strings.

3. W should move slowly and in upward direction.

4. Effort should be applied carefully on sides of hangers.

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Aim:
To determine:

 The acceleration g of gravity using a compound pendulum.

 The radius of gyration kG of the compound pendulum about an axis perpendicular to the
plane of oscillation and passing through its centre of mass.

 The moment of inertia IG of the compound pendulum about an axis perpendicular to the
plane of oscillation and passing through its centre of mass.

Apparatus:
 Bar Strip Length: 1 mtr
 Bracket Weight (Black colour): 600 gm
 Bar Pendulum Weight: 1.5 kg

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 20 of 67

  Width: 5 mm
 Thickness: 2.5 cm

Theory:
In Fig. 1, O is the point of suspension of the compound pendulum
and G is its centre of mass; we consider the force of gravity to be
acting at G. If h is the distance from O to G, the equation of motion
of the compound pendulum is

Where I0is the moment of inertia of the compound pendulum about

the point O.
Comparing to the equation of motion for a simple pendulum

We see that the two equations of motion are the same if we take

It is convenient to define the radius of gyration k0 of the compound pendulum such that if all the
mass Mwere at a distance k0 from O,
the moment of inertia about O would be I0, which we do by writing I0 = Mk02
Substituting this into (1) gives us

The point O′, a distance l from O along a line through G, is called the center of oscillation. Let h′
be the distance from G to O′, so thatl=h+h'. Substituting this into (2), we have

If IG is the moment of inertia of the compound pendulum about its centre of mass, we can also
define the radius of gyration kG about the centre of mass by writing IG = MkG2.

The parallel axis theorem gives us

Comparing to (3), we have,

If we switch h with h′, equation (4) doesn’t change, so we could have derived it by suspending
the pendulum from O′. In that case, the center of oscillation would be at O and the equivalent
simple pendulum would have the same length l. Therefore the period would be the same as when
suspended from O. Thus if we know the location of G, by measuring the period T with
suspension at O and at various points along the extended line from O to G, we can find O′ and
thus h′.
Then using equation (4), we can calculate kG and IG = MkG2.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 21 of 67

Knowing h′ gives us l = h + h′, and since for
small angle oscillations the period

We can calculate g using

The minimum period Tmin , corresponds to the

minimum value of l. Recall that l = h + h′ and that kG2 = hh' is a constant, depending only on the
physical characteristics of the pendulum.
Thus, l=h+kG2/h, and the minimum I occurs when,

i.e, when h2=kG2, h=h' and l=2h=2kG.

Thus, at Tmin, l=2kG.

Performing the real lab:

 The compound bar pendulum AB is suspended by passing a knife edge through the first
hole at the end A. The pendulum is pulled aside through a small angle and released,
whereupon it oscillates in a vertical plane with a small amplitude. The time for 10
oscillations is measured. From this the period T of oscillation of the pendulum is
determined.

 In a similar manner, periods of oscillation are determined by

suspending the pendulum through the remaining holes on
the same side of the centre of mass G of the bar. The bar is
then inverted and periods of oscillation are determined by
suspending the pendulum through all the holes on the
opposite side of G. The distances d of the top edges of
different holes from the end A of the bar are measured for
each hole.The position of the centre of mass of the bar is
found by balancing the bar horizontally on a knife edge.
The mass M of the pendulum is determined by weighing
the bar with an accurate scale or balance.

 A graph is drawn with the distance d of the various holes

from the end A along the X-axis and the period T of the
pendulum at these holes along the Y-axis. The graph has
two branches, which are symmetrical about G. To determine
the length of the equivalent simple pendulum corresponding

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 to any period, a straight line is drawn parallel to the X- axis from a given period T on
the Y- axis, cutting the graph at four points A, B, C, D. The distances AC and BD,
determined from the graph, are equal to the corresponding length l. The average length l =
(AC+BD)/2 and l/T2 are calculated. In a similar way , l/T2 is calculated for different
periods by drawing lines parallel to the X-axis from the corresponding values of T along
the Y- axis. l/T2 should be constant over all periods T, so the average over all suspension
points is taken. Finally, the acceleration due to gravity is calculated from the equation g=
4π2(l/T2).

 Tmin is where the tangent EF to the two branches of the graph crosses the Y-axis. At Tmin,
the distance EF = l = 2kG can be determined, which gives us kG, the radius of gyration of
the pendulum about its centre of mass, and one more value of g, from g= 4π2(2kG/Tmin2) .

 kG can also be determined as follows. A line is drawn parallel to the Y -axis from the
point G corresponding to the centre of mass on the X-axis, crossing the line ABCD at P.
The distances AP = PD = AD/2 = h and BP = PC = BC/2 = h′ are obtained from the
graph. The radius of gyration kG about the centre of mass of the bar is then determined by
equation (4). The average value of kG over the different measured periods T is taken, and
the moment of inertia of the bar about a perpendicular axis through its centre of mass is
calculated using the equation IG=MkG2.

Performing The Simulation:

 Suspend the pendulum in the first hole by choosing the length 5 cm on the length slider.

 Click on the lower end of the pendulum, drag it to one side through a small angle and
release it. The pendulum will begin to oscillate from side to side.

 Repeat the process by suspending the pendulum from the remaining holes by choosing
the corresponding lengths on the length slider.

 Draw a graph by plotting distance d along the X-axis and time period T along the Y-axis.
(A spreadsheet like Excel can be very helpful here.)

 Calculate the average value of l/T2 for the various choices of T, and then calculate g as in
step 2 above.

 Determine kG and IG as outlined in steps 3 and 4 above.

 Repeat the experiment in different gravitational environments by selecting an

environment from the drop-down environment menu. If the pendulum has been oscillating,
press the Stop button to activate the environment menu.

Observations:

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 23 of 67

 To draw graph:

1. To find the value of 'g' :

2. To find the radius of gyration and the acceleration of gravity (step 3 above):

 Radius of gyration about the centre of mass kG = EF/2 = ..................

 Acceleration of gravity, g= 4π2(2kG/Tmin2) = ......................

3. To find the radius of gyration (step 4 above):

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 24 of 67

 Results:

 Average acceleration of gravity, g= 4π2(l/T2) = .................. m/s2

 Average radius of gyration of the pendulum about its centre of mass, kG = .................. m
 Mass of the pendulum M = .................. Kg
 Moment of inertia of the pendulum about its centre of mass, IG=MkG2 = ..................
Kgm2

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 25 of 67

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 26 of 67
 I
N
S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

AIM:-

Determination of Coefficient of friction by the inclined

plane apparatus.

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APPARATUS:-

1. Inclined plane

2. Sliding boxes with different surfaces

3. String

4. Pan

5. Thread

THEORY:-

When a body slides upon another body, the property by virtue of which
the motion of one relative to the other is related is called friction. The
frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction ‘N’.

F∞N

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 F = μN or μ=F
N

Suppose a body of weight W is to be lifted by inclined plane & this

requires effort P. when this load just move upward a frictional force F
acts downward which oppose its motion.

Component of load W parallel to the plane = W sin

Component of load W perpendicular to the plane = W cos

Considering equilibrium parallel to the plane

P = F + W sin

F = P – W sin ……(i)

Considering equilibrium perpendicular to the plane

N= W cos ……….(ii)

From (i) & (ii)

Co – efficient of friction,

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 μ= F = P – W sin
N W cos

Mechanical advantage (M.A.) = W

P

Velocity ratio (V.R.) = distance moved by effort

Distance moved by load

Let effort P comes down through one centimeter, movement of the load
along the plane = 1 cm

Vertical uplift of load = 1 x sin

V.R. = 1 = cosec
1 x sin

% efficiency = M.A. x 100

V.R.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 30 of 67

PROCEDURE:-

1. Take the inclined plane apparatus & keep it first horizontal and
put the slider on it.

2. Increase the inclination of inclined board gradually till the slider

just begins to slide downwards on it.

3. Note the angle in this position. This is called angle of repose.

4. Place the slider on the plane with the desired angle .

5. Tie the slider to the pan with the help of thread passing over the
pulley.

6. Put the weight in the pan till the slider just start moving. note
down the weight.

7. Measure the angle of inclination from the scale provided & finds
the value of μ.

8. Calculate M.A., V.R., efficiency.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 31 of 67

 OBSERVATIONS:-

S. Total Weight of μ = P – W sin M.A. = W V.R.= % Efficiency

No. weight of pan + W cos P cosec
the slider weight in
W (grams) the pan
P (grams)

1. 125 40 0.15 3.125 5.75 54.34

2. 125 65 0.35 1.92 5.75 33.39

3. 125 115 7.65 1.08 5.75 18.72

4. 150 80 0.37 1.87 5.75 32.6

5. 200 110 0.38 1.81 5.75 31.62

6. 150 67 0.28 2.23 5.75 38.93

7. 200 115 0.41 1.73 5.75 30.24

8. 350 155 0.27 2.25 5.75 39.27

9. 150 62 0.24 1.73 5.75 30.24

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 32 of 67

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The plane should be clean & smooth.

2. The guide pulley should move freely. It should be lubricated to

make it frictionless.

3. Weight should be added gently in pan.

4. The slider should just begin to move slowly, it should not move
abruptly.

5. The direction of thread should be parallel to the inclined plane.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 33 of 67

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 34 of 67
Screw Jack Apparatus Page 35 of 67
 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FLYWHEEL
APPARATUS

CONTENTS: Page No.

AIM 02

APPRATUS USED 02

DESCRIPTION 03

PROCEDURE 04

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION 05

OBSERVATION 07

PRECAUTIONS 08

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 36 of 67

 I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

AIM: - To find the moment of Inertia of a Fly Wheel.

APPARATUS USED:-

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 1. Fly wheel

2. Meter scale

3. Vernier calipers

4. Stop watch

5. Weight

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:-

A flywheel is a large heavy wheel, through the center of which

passes a long cylindrical axle. The center of gravity lies on its axis of
rotation so that when it is mounted over ball bearing, it comes to
rest any desired position.

To increase the moment of inertia, it is usually made thick at the

rim.

To count the number of revolution made by the wheel, a lime is

marked on the circumference. A string is wound on the axle,
attached to the peg carries a mass M.

THEORY :

When a weight is suspended to the free end of a cotton string which

is wrapped round tin: shaft and the other end of which is tied to the
shaft and it is allowed to fall to touch the ground then P.E. energy
possessed by the falling weight has partly been used to give motion
to the fly wheel and partly used in overcoming frictional resistance
present in the bearings.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 38 of 67

1. Initial Potential Energy (P.E.)=Wxh when h is the height of the
weight from the level ground.
2. Initial Kinetic energy (K.E.) = 0. Final P.E = 0.
3. Final (K.E) = ½ (w/g) v 2 + ½ I (w2 / g) where ½ (w/g) v2 is the K. E
of the falling wt. And ½ I (w2/g) is the K. E. of the fly wheel and
shaft combined and w is the final angular velocity of the wheel or of
the shaft.
4. Work done due to frictional resistance = F x h where F is
the force of friction acting tangentially to the shaft.

From law of conservation of Energy we can write

W x h = ½ (w/g) v2 + ½ I (w2 / g) + F x h
=> 2g(W - F) x h = W v2 + I v2
=> I = (W – F) x 2gh - W v2
w2

But v (final velocity) is given by the formula (u+v)/2 = h/2 where t is

the time taken for the weight to fall a distance h so that h/t is the
average velocity.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Attach a mass M (about 500 grams) to one ned of the thin

thread and loop is made at the other end which is fastened at
the peg.

2. The thread is wrapped evenly round the axle of wheel.

3. Allow the mass to descend slowly & count the number

revolution N1 during descent.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 39 of 67

 4. When the thread has unwound itself & detached from the axle
after N1 turns, start the stop watch. Count the number
revolution before the flywheel comes to rest & stop the stop
watch. Thus N2 are known.

5. With the help of vernier calliper,

measure the diameter at several
point. Thus find R.

6. Repeat the experiment with three

different masses.

7. Calculate the value of I using the given formula.

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS :

Moment about axis ox,

Consider an elementary ring of radius ‘x’ and thickness dx

Moment of inertia of this elementary ring about axis OX

2
= mass x (radius)
2

3
= pпx dx
Taking mnt of inertia about OX ie integrating the above
equation
2
Iox = Mr

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 40 of 67

 4

2
By symmetry Ioy = M (r)
4

Similarly for axis OZ

2
M.O.I = mass x (radius)
Taking mnt about OZ
4
Ioz = pпr
2
2
= Mr
2

OBSERVATIONS:-

S.n Total load No. of No. of Mean Times of N2 Mean T

o applied M revolutions of revolutions N2 revolution sec.
(k.g.) flywheel before of flywheel T seconds
the mass to come to
deattached rest after
N1 mass
deatached
N2
53 1.25
1. o.5 12 59 58 1.37 1.33
62 1.38
107 2.05
2. 1 12 120 116 2.12 2.13
121 2.23

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 41 of 67

 157 2.17
3. 2 12 161 158 2.23 2.20
158 2.20

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Note the time accurately to the fraction of a second

2. Note the value of F when the motion just begins and the fly
wheel does not move with any acceleration

3. Oil the bearings to reduce friction

4. Overlapping of the string should be avoided

5. Note the time thrice for the same weight (W)

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 42 of 67

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 43 of 67
Screw Jack Apparatus Page 44 of 67
 MOMENTS DISC APPARATUS

CONTENTS: Page No.

OBJECTIVE 03

THEORY 04

PROCEDURE 05

OBSERVATION 06

PRECAUTIONS 07

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 I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

AIM: -

To verify the law of moment by rotating disc apparatus.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

1. Mirror scale (adjustable)

2. Two small pulley (adjustable

3. Hollow disc (adjustable)

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4. Four pans

5. Slotted weight

6. Plumb line

THEORY & FORMULA USED:-

The law of moment’s states that if a number of coplanar forces acting on a

rigid body keep it in equilibrium then the algebric sum of their moments
about any point in their plan is zero.

In the moments disc apparatus, we use the hollow disc, pulleys, threaded
pan, mirror scale, plumb line. All these things are adjustable. Due to use
these apparatus make to ensure that the level of fixing threaded pan in a
hollow disc should be equal. Requirement of plumb line to adjusting the
apparatus at equal level in any positions.

The hollow disc & pulleys are moving either clockwise or anti-clockwise
direction. All parts are adjusting on the straight beam which should be rigidly
fixed on the base of the apparatus.

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PROCEDURE:-

(1) Put weights in the two pans A and B. such that W1 is the weights in
the pan A plus weight of the pan & W2 weight in the pan B plus weight of
pan B. Note down W1 & W2 .

(2) Rotating disc should be placed at a centre point note the thread are
showed at zero on the scale

(3) Note down the distance X1 and X2.

(4) Now ( W1 x X1 ) will be equal to (W2 x X2 ) that is both the clockwise and
anticlockwise and anticlockwise moments will be equal.

(5) Take different sets of reading and find out the value of both the
moments.

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 (6) If both the moment is not equal then find out the percentage error
between the clockwise moment and the anti clockwise moment.

OBSERVATIONS:-

W1 = weight in the pan A

W2 = weight in the pan B

X1 = distance from the centre point of the apparatus to the end of thread
shadow show in the mirror scale of which pan A

X2 = distance from the centre point of the apparatus to the end of thread
shadow show in the mirror scale of which pan B

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S. No. Weight of pan + Weight of pan + X1 X2 Percentage
Weight in pan (W1) 2
Weight in pan (W ) (c.m.) (c.m.) Error

1. 225 225 17 17 0

2. 225 225 17 16.6 0.4

3. 525 525 17 16.6 0.4

PRECAUTIONS:-

(1) Weights should be placed in the pans A and B gently.

(2) Take in to the account the weights of the pan.

(3) Lubricate the apparatus.

(4) Distance should be noted down carefully.

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 Parallel forces Apparatus

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 CONTENTS: Page No.

AIM 03

THINGS REQUIRED 03

APPRATUS 03

THEORY 03

NOMENCLATURE 04

PROCEDURE 05

OBSERVATION 05

PRECAUTIONS 06

I N S T R U C T I O N M A N U A L

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AIM:

To verify the principle of forces in beam of Parallel Forces Apparatus with the help of beam
supported at its ends.

Things required:

Parallel Forces Apparatus 10 Kg Dial Type, Conical Weights, and Aluminum hangers for
hanging weights.

Appratus :

The apparatus comprising of two dial type weight gauges of 10 kg, one straight wooden beams
of 150cm, a wooden platform for the support of the dial gauges, Two weight hangers for
hanging the weights on the wooden beams, Two weights weighing 2 kg aggregate. The beam is
provided with angular slots on them in order to place the hanger in it, the distance between
each groove is 5cms. The weight of each hanger will be neglected.
The whole apparatus is well designed & painted.
Theory:

If a system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body keep it in equilibrium then the algebraic
sum of their moments about any point in their plane is zero. Normally a beam is analysed to
obtain the maximum stress and this is compared to the material strength to determine the
design safety margin. It is also normally required to calculate the deflection on the beam under
the maximum expected load. The determination of the maximum stress results from producing
the shear and bending moment diagrams.

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The sign convention used for shear force diagrams and bending moments is only important in
that it should be used consistently throughout a project. The sign convention used on this
page is as below.

Nomenclature :

e = strain
σ = stress (N/m2)
E = Young's Modulus = σ /e (N/m2)
y = distance of surface from neutral
surface (m).
R = Radius of neutral axis (m).
I = Moment of Inertia (m4 - more normally cm4)
Z = section modulus = I/ymax(m3 - more normally cm3)
M = Moment (Nm)
w = Distrubuted load on beam (kg/m) or (N/m as force units)
W = total load on beam (kg ) or (N as force units)
F= Concentrated force on beam (N)
S= Shear Force on Section (N)
L = length of beam (m)
x = distance along beam (m)

Procedure:

1. First of all arrange the apparatus by placing the beams on the given dial gauges as
shown in the figure. Note the zero error in the compression balances. When the beams
are supported at it ends.

2. Suspend three different weights

from the sliding hook against any
division marked on the beam.

3. Note the reaction on the beam

given by the readings of
compression balances and takes
into account the zero error from
each reading.

4. Find the some of clockwise moment about the mid points of the beam and find also the
sum of anti-clockwise moment about its each reading.

5. Find the % age error between clockwise and anti-clockwise moment.

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 6. Suspend three or four weights at different graduated division of the beam and find %age
error between clockwise and anti –clockwise moments as before.

Observations:

1. Zero error in compression balance No. 1= -------------

2. Zero error in compression balance No. 2= -------------

TABLE:

S.no Weight W1 Weight Reaction Reaction Reaction R3 Distance x1 Distance

W2 R1 R2 X2

Take in this manner about seven readings.

Precautions :

1. Zero error of the compression balances must be taken in to account,

2. Weights should not be put on the beam with a jerk.
3. Slightly press h beam in to remove any frictional resistance at the supports before
taking readings.

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Screw Jack Apparatus Page 56 of 67
 CONTENTS: Page No.

Objective 02
Accessories Required 02
Principle 02
Theory 02
Procedure 03
Formula’s 03
Nomenclature 04
Observation Table 04
Calculations 04
Results 05
Precautions 05

Instruction Manual
SCREW JACK APPARATUS
AIM:-
 To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a screw jack.

Screw Jack Apparatus Page 57 of 67

ACCESSORIES REQUIRES:-
 Screw Jack  Weight Set (50gms -2, 100gms-2)
 Thread/Rope  1 measuring Ruler/Inch Tape
 Load Weight (5kgs)

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PRINCIPLE:
Basically screw jacks are mechanical devices consisting of a heavy bottom metallic base or stand
through which a screw mechanism is allowed to slide up and down through a circular path over a central
axis. The load that is to be lifted is placed over the top “head" of the screw mechanism. The lifting
movement or operation is made functional by applying an external physical force (using human hands)
through a radial motion. A careful inspection of the screw movement (unwinding) through a single thread
shows that the elevating movement follows the principle of an inclined plane.
Primarily two major factors are involved with the functioning of a screw jack, viz.
the weight lifted and the effort applied.

THEORY:-
Screw Jacks are devices used for raising and lowering heavy objects (weights) through external
small manual labor. The article discusses the various calculations involved and explains the relation
between weight which is to be lifted and the applied external force associated with these devices. Screw
jacks were especially developed with the aim of solving the issue of raising and lowering large and heavy
objects over ground levels easily through relatively smaller magnitudes of external effort. Screw jack
works on the principle of screw & nut. It is used for raising heavy loads through small efforts.
A simple screw jack consists of a nut, a screw square threaded and a handle fitted to the head of the screw.
The nut also forms the body of the jack. The load to be lifted is placed on the head of the screw. Here the
axial distance between corresponding points on two consecutive threads is known as pitch. If ‘p s’ be the
pitch of the screw and‘t’ is the thickness of thread, then ps = 2t.

PROCEDURE:-

Step 1 Wrap on string round of the flanged table and take it over a small pulley P1. Effort load P1 is tied to
the free end of this string.
Step 2 Wrap another string around of the flanged table in the same direction in which the above string is
wounded and take it over the other small pulley P2.
Step 3 Place a load ‘W’ on the flanged table.
Step 4 Suspend weights over P1 and P2 to the free ends of both the strings coming over the two small
pulleys. This load P1 and P2 should be increased gradually suitable to give a just upward motion
to the load ‘W’ placed on the screw head.
Step 5 Note down ‘W’ and ‘P’ to determine the M.A. i.e W/P. in this case effort weight would be added and
it consider as total effort P; P1+P2.
Step 6 Note down the distance fall down to lift the load l, measure by ruler.
Step 7 Note down the distance covered by flanged table from initial to final, measure by ruler.
Step 8 P1 and P2 should be noted down carefully.
Step 9 Take 3-4 reading by the variation of the Loads and Efforts.

FORMULA’S:
1. Circumference of the screw thread, = π*D
= 3.14 * 3.05 (π = 3.14, D = 3.05 cm)
= 9.5

2. Mechanical Advantage = Load/Total Effort

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 3. Velocity Ratio = Distance moved by the effort/Distance moved by the load

4. Efficiency:

NOMENCLATURE:
 D : Diameter of Screw
 ps : Pitch of the screw
 W : Load suspended on flanged table
 P : Total Effort Applied
 P1 : Weight suspended pulley 1
 P2 : Weight suspended pulley 2
 l : Distance fall down to lift the load, i.e to turn the screw.
 R : Distance covered by flanged table in upward direction while weight
suspended via pulleys (By Ruler)

OBSERVATIONS:-
 Diameter of the rotational centre screw, D = 30.5 mm = 3.05 cm
 Pitch of the center long screw, ps = 2.5 mm = 0.25 cm
 Diameter of flanged table, = 205 mm = 20.5 cm
 Thickness of the flanged table = 41 mm = 4.1 cm
 No. of Pulley’s, P1, P2 = 2
 Diameter of pulley = 52.5 mm = 5.25 cm
 Thickness of pulley = 10 mm = 1 cm
 Circumference of the flanged table = 9.5
 Load Lifted, W = Weight lifts
 Total Effort, (P1 + P2), P = Efforts applied

Note: Take P1 & P2 as per applicant need.

CALCULATIONS:-
 M.A. = W/P
 V.R. = Distance moved by effort/Distance moved by load
 Efficiency,% = (M.A./V.R) X 100

Observations Calculations

Load
Sr. Effort Total Effort R l Efficienc
Lifted, Effort P2 M.A. V.R
No. P1 P1+P2 mm mm y
W, Gms

1.
2.

RESULTS: - ……………………………………………………

PRECAUTIONS:-
5. There will be no overlapping of the strings.
6. “W” should moves upward direction gently.

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 7. Load always place on flanged table.
8. Effort should be applied carefully on both sides of hangers.
9. Both the pulleys are in parallel direction meanwhile performing.
10. Lubricate the screw thread in every 3-4 weeks
11. Grease should be used as lubricant always.

SAMPLE READINGS:

Observations Calculations

Load
Sr. Total Effort R l Efficienc
Lifted, Effort P1 Effort P2 M.A. V.R
No. P1+P2 mm mm y
W, Gms

1. 5000 400 300 700 10 120 5.55 75.3 9.4

2. 5500 550 850 1400 10 130 3.62 81.68 4.37
(All measurements constructed in shortest units)

RESULTS: The relationship between the efficiency and the load, the effort against the load
as shows that increase in load causes decrease in efficiency and increase in load causes increase in
effort applied.

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 UNIVERSAL FORCE TABLE

INSTRUCTION
MANUAL

UNIVERSAL FORCE TABLE

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AIM:-
 To Verify The Universal Force Table.

COMPONENTS:-

 Thread Pulley
 Slotted Weight
 Thread/Rope
 Level Screw
 Central Ring

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Screw Jack Apparatus Page 64 of 67
Observation Table:

Calculation Table:

Forces Or Weights Suspended (R1)

Sr. No
F=W1 F=W2 F=W3 F=W4 F=W5 F=W6

1 0 200 200 350 250 250

Angles(Ɵ) And Distances Ring To Wheel (cm) RESULTANT (R)

Sr.
No

ɵ1 L1 ɵ2 L2 ɵ3 L3 ɵ4 L4 ɵ5 L5 PYTHA. THEROM

1 0 22.3 72 21 120 20.8 170 22.0 28.8 23.5 49.06

TOTAL
(R1) AND (α) Percentage Error In Resultant And Angles %ERROR
IN
Sr. No.
F=
SUM F α (B-A)

1.250
1 72 97.45 75 22.45
KG

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 INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
Experiment: To determine the efficiency of a wheel and differential axle and to plot
a graph between W and P and (w and n)

Things required:
1. Wheel & Differential Axle Apparatus
2. Weights
3. Cotton Thread

Theory:

When the wheel moves through n revolutions the bigger and smaller axles also move
through “n” revolutions. But while the string carrying weight is wrapped round the
bigger axle completely it is released completely it is released completely from the
smaller axle the same time if the radius of the bigger axle is r 1 and smaller axle is r2
then the string of length nr n (2 r1) is raised while a length nr n x 2r2 is lowered so
that weight (w) which is supported by two segments of string is raised through a
distance (2r1- 2r2)x n: while distance moved by the effort is 2R x n

Velocity Ratio (v) is 2r x n = 2(2r) in term of the circumferences

(2r1 - 2r2) x n (2r1-2r2)

Procedure::

1. Wrap the string round the smaller and bigger axles in such a manner that as it
is released from the smaller axle in such a manner that is it released from the

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 smaller axle it is wrapped round the bigger axle Tie another string round the
wheel which will carry the error applied.
2. Suspend a smaller weight (w) through the hook of a small pulley going in
between the two segment of the string as show in the diagram.
3. Suspend another weight (p) is to act as effort to just raise the load (w)
4. Note the wt (w) and effort P so that mechanical advantage is w/p.
5. Increase the weight (w) by a small amount and go on increasing the effort P
gradually till he load (w) is just raised. Take in this way about seven readings.
6. Measure the circumference of smaller and bigger axles and of the wheel also, so
that velocity ratio (v) is determined.
7. The % age efficiency is given by W X 100
PV
Observations:

1. Circumference of smaller axle (2Πr1) = ----------- cm

2. Circumference of bigger axle (2Πr2) =------------ cm

3. Circumference of the wheel= (2ΠR) =------------ cm

4. Velocity ratio = 2ΠR =------------

(2Πr1- 2Πr2)

Table:

Weight Effort Applied Mech. Adv. = Velocity % Efficiency

S. No.
Lifted (W) (P) W/P Ratio W/PV x 100
1
2
3
4
5

Precautions:

1. Note the value of F when the motion just begins and the fly wheel does not
move with any acceleration
2. Oil the bearings to reduce friction.
3. Overlapping of the string should be avoided.

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