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2-Optimized Seminar Slide - Noi Dung

The document discusses time-optimized testing and diagnosis of substation assets like power transformers. It motivates the need for improved testing by highlighting common failure modes of transformers. It then introduces concepts to reduce testing time by 50% through simultaneous and automated testing of multiple components using a single test set. This improves efficiency, safety during testing by reducing human efforts, and reliability through repeatable and on-site assessment of results. Various transformer components are identified and their failure modes that can be detected through different types of tests are listed.

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Ngoc Anh Nguyen

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

89 views201 pages

2-Optimized Seminar Slide - Noi Dung

Uploaded by

Ngoc Anh Nguyen

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Safe & Reliable Time-Optimized Substation Asset Testing and

Diagnosis
Seokhoon Hong
Khushbu Thakur
OMICRON Asia
Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis
© OMICRON 3 June 2019

Use of HV assets

> Electrical network

Power generation Transmission Consumer

Step-up Power Step-down

Distribution
Transformer (PT) Transformer

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 1

Motivation – Power transformer failure

> Post mortem

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 2

Motivation – Instrument transformer failure

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 3

Time optimized substation asset testing and diagnosis

Efficiency Reliability
What is
Important?

Safety

Time optimized substation asset testing and diagnosis

•Reduce wiring effort

•Reduce testing time
•Reduce Outage time
Efficiency •Simultaneous testing
•Onsite assessment of test results
•Automatic Reporting

•Shorter test time

•Reduce weight to carry
•Reduce number of test sets
•Less connections and climbing heights
Safety •Injecting secondary values
•Guided work flow
•Built in Safety measures
•Quicker testing less fatigue

•Reliable processes and equipment

•Increased scope of results
Reliability •Increased sampling rate
•Repeatable results and on site assessments
•Automatic test reports

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 4

Concept: Time optimized substation asset testing and diagnosis

conventional
OMICRON 2nd generation
© OMICRON Page 10

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 5

8h
¾ 50% reduction of outage / shutdown time
¾ Reduced manpower / connection efforts

Concept: Time optimized substation asset testing and diagnosis

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 6

Time Optimized Routine Testing and Diagnosis of Power

Transformers

Khushbu Thakur, OMICRON Asia

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

3 June 2019
© OMICRON

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 7

Power transformer testing and analysis
> Fault analysis on several transformers between 2000 - 2010

On-Load Tap Changer

4% Windings
7%
1%
1%
1 %
%
34%
Bushings
9%
Connection leads

12% Grounding

Cooling system

Core
32%
Other

Source: Excerpt from „Assessment of Power Transformer Reliability ISH 2011“

Functions of Power Transformers

> Transformer principle: single phase transformer

Primary Secondary
Main magnetic flux φ12
windings windings
I1 I2

U1 leakage leakage U2
flux φσ1 flux φσ2

number of number of
N1 turns N2 turns
Iron core of transformer

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 8

Components of a power transformer

Core

> Mechanical deformation

> Floating core ground
> Shorted core laminates

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 9

Types of cores

Core construction

> Core laminations

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 10

Failure Modes of Core

Detectable Excitation Capacitance and Dissipation Demagnetization SFRA

Faults in Core Current Factor
Measurement At 50/60Hz At variable
frequency
Mechanical ; ; ;
Deformation
Floating Core ; ; ;
ground
Shorted core ; ;
laminates
Residual ; ; ;
Magnetism

Excitation current

Transformer turns ratio (TTR) and excitation current measurement

Introduction / Why
> Transformer turns ratio measurement and excitation current measurement can be done together

> Both amplitudes and phases are recorded

TTR and excitation Excitation current

current measurement measurement

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 11

Transformer turns ratio (TTR)

> Example: YNd5 transformer

Figure 1: Connection diagram for a single-phase Figure 2: Connection diagram for a three-phase voltage ratio measurement.
turns ratio measurement done on phase A. Only the voltage source between U-V and u-v shown.

HV Injection LV Terminals φ = = n/u

Single-Ph. 110
U-N w-u 0° = 6.35 /
Meas. 10 ∗ 3
1
Thee-Ph. 110
= 11 3
U-V u-v 150° /
10
Meas.

Transformer turns ratio + excitation current (per tap)

> Measurement of excitation current during TTR

> Difference between outer phases ±5%
> Current in middle phase up to 30% lower than out phases

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 12

Excitation current

> Excitation current test can detect shorted turns and such an insulation failure
will change the gas pattern in a DGA

> If excitation current test shows deviations, and DC winding resistance, and ratio
test do not show errors, the cause may be a core failure or residual magnetic flux

1000 W
100 mA

800 W
80 mA

600 W
Excitation Current

60 mA A

Watt Losses
A
400 W B
40 mA B
C
C 200 W
20 mA

0W
0 mA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Tap Changer Position

Case study: Excitation current test

0.02A
Exciting Current @ 2kV
0.018A

0.016A

0.014A

0.012A

0.01A

0.008A

0.006A

0.004A

0.002A

0.0A
A demagnetized core is essential for a reliable exciting current measurement

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 13

Components of a power transformer

Windings

> Short circuits between windings or

between turns
> Strand-to-strand short circuits
> Open circuits in parallel strands
> Short circuit to ground
> Mechanical deformation
> Contact problems, open circuits

Windings

> Winding arrangement

Inner winding

Outer winding

Fig: winding arrangement of 2-winding transformer, 3-limb

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 14

Failure Modes of Winding
Detectable Faults Transform Winding Excitation Capacitance and SFRA Short FRSL
in Winding er turns Resistance & Current Dissipation Factor circuit
ratio DRM Measurement impedance
At 50/60Hz At variable
frequency

Short circuit ; ; ; ;
between
windings or
between turns
Strand-to strand ; ;
short circuits
Open circuits in ; ; ;
parallel strands
Short circuit to ; ; ;
ground
Mechanical ; ; ; ;
Deformation
Contact ;
problems

Turns ratio

Introduction / Why

> Compares measured ratio and magnetizing currents to specifications, factory measurement results,
and/or across phases

Transformer turns ratio (TTR) Excitation current measurement

measurement
Should be performed for ... • Detection of short circuits in windings • Detection of shorted core laminates
or failures in insulation • Detection of specific pattern

Can be • Detection of short circuits in interturns • Determination of remanence

performed for ...

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 15

Turns ratio

How it works
> The winding ratio between primary and secondary windings is measured for each
transformer leg, applying voltage at the HV side and measuring on the LV side

> The ratio of these voltages, equaling the turns ratio, is calculated

> Results are compared with nameplate values and across phases

> Excitation current measurement can show a specific pattern Test Setup

TIP: Transformer should be

demagnetized before the test

Short circuit impedance / Leakage reactance

Introduction / Why
> Performed to assess possible damage or displacement of windings

> Measurement results are compared to nameplate data, reference values or

between phases

> If short-circuit forces have affected the placement of windings, leakage flux
will change and can be detected

Source:
http://www.powertransformersblog.com/tag/electrical-power-
transformers/
© OMICRON Page 19

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 16

Leakage reactance / short circuit impedance

> Leakage reactance / short circuit impedance

Equivalent circuit diagram:

effective resistance and reactance

Leakage flux Forces

10 kV winding 220 kV winding

Forces in a transformer, especially in case of a

short circuit, can damage windings and the core.

Short circuit impedance / Leakage reactance

How it works
> An AC source is connected to each phase of the HV winding
> with all LV winding shorted (3-phase equivalent) or
> the corresponding low voltage winding shorted (per-phase test)

> The source current and the voltage across the HV winding are measured in amplitude and phase

> The short circuit impedance is calculated by considering the specific transformer ratings

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 17

Leakage reactance / short circuit impedance

> 3-phase short-circuit impedance measurement

Three phase
short-circuit-impedance
measurement

− +
=
2

Calculation ( + ) −( + )+ ( + )
Impedances =
2

2∗
=
2

Relative + +
Fig: Three-phase current injection while a short-circuit is applied at short-circuit % = ∗
the LV side of the transformer. The impedances , and are impedance 3
measured.

Short circuit impedance: Interpretation

> Measured value should no differ more than 2% from factory value
> Difference between phases is usually less than 2%

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 18

Windings

> Continuously transposed conductors (CTC)

Example of crossing single strands Source: Lacroix & Kress GmbH

Windings

> Skin effect at large diameter conductors

Primary current I magnetic field H Increased current at

outer part of conductor

Decreased primary
current through center

Increased current at
flowing self-induction current outer part of conductor
Isolated conductor strands of a
Source: radartutorial.eu, Visualization of skin effect Continuously Transposed Conductor
(CTC)

> AC current produce a magnetic field along the wire cross-section

> Self-induced currents increase at outside of conductor
Æ Manufacture wire of single isolated strands to avoid skin effect

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 19

Frequency response of stray losses (FRSL)

Introduction / Why
> FRSL can indicate:
> shorted parallel strands of Continuously Transposed Conductors (CTC)
> local overheating due to excessive eddy current losses linked by the stray flux

> Measurements are compared over time and by comparing phases

Frequency response of stray losses (FRSL)

How it works
> An AC source is connected to each phase of the HV winding with
the corresponding LV winding shorted

> The source current and the voltage across the HV winding are
measured in amplitude and phase

> FRSL measurements are performed over a wide frequency range

(15 ... 400 Hz)

> After the measurement, stray losses are represented by the AC

resistance of the short circuit impedance at higher frequencies

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 20

FRSL: Interpretation
yes Reference results no
available?
Comparison with
reference results
yes no
3-Phase-Transformer?

ΔL (%) 0 - 0,5 0,5 – 1,0 > 1,0

and or or
ΔR (%) Comparison with
0-5 5 - 10 > 10 nameplate impedance
No FRSL diagnostic

yes no
Transformer in its Tank?

Comparison between Comparison between

phases phases

ΔL (%) 0-1,5 1,5 - 2,5 > 2,5 ΔL (%) 0-1,5 1,5 - 2,5 > 2,5
and or or and or or
ΔR (%) 0 - 10 10 - 15 > 15 ΔR (%) 0-5 5 -10 > 10
or
Rb > Ra or
Rb > Rc

Case study: FRSL

> 40MVA Y', 121 kV/12.85 kV transformer

> The transformer was removed from service because it produced gas, which, upon analysis, showed a
hot spot involving paper. In the laboratories, however, none of the standard tests showed a fault in the
windings. In fact, it was found that:

> the turns ratio was correct

> the excitation current was normal
> the DC resistance was normal
> a comparative measurement of the impedance in the three phases showed no significant difference (less than
3%)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 21

Case study: FRSL

Why demagnetization?

BFe = Bmax (Saturation)

1
= =−

0 < BFe < Bmax B

Residual
magnetism

H
BFE = 0

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 22

Why demagnetization?

> When energizing a transformer a transient current called “Inrush current” will flow for several
cycles
> Remanence in the core can lead to too high Inrush Current and mechanical forces which can
damage the transformer

Demagnetization

> Demagnetization can be done with rated voltage at rated frequency or alternatively with reduced
voltage at reduced frequency
> Inject an alternating voltage on the middle limb of the transformer to gain higher magnetic flux Φ
> Reduce the voltage amplitude and adjust the periodic time consecutively
after each cycle

Figure 10: Magnetic flux distribution 3-limb transformer Figure 11: Applied alternating DC voltage and hysteresis curve

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 23

Components of a power transformer

Leads

> Contact problems

> Mechanical deformation

Failure Modes of Leads

Detectable Faults Winding Dynamic SFRA

Resistance Resistance
Measurement

Contact problems ; ; ;

Mechanical deformation ;

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 24

Static DC resistance

Introduction / Why
> Performed for assessing possible electrical damages in windings or contact problems
> Performed in the factory
> To calculate the I2R component of conductor losses
> To calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test

Burn-off at a diverter switch

Static DC resistance

How it works
> DC voltage is applied to a winding until a stable, constant current is achieved
> Then the resistance can be determined by measuring DC current and DC voltage
> For tapped windings, this should be done for every tap position, hence testing the OLTC and the
winding together
> Results should be compared to a reference measurement, across phases, or with a sister transformer
> Resistance values must be temperature corrected in order to compare measurements

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 25

Winding resistance measurement

> Example: primary winding YN

Figure 3: Schematic measurement circuit of a single- Figure 4: Schematic measurement circuit of a three-source
source winding resistance measurement. winding resistance measurement with same current polarity.

Single phase measurement Three phase measurement

1
Calculation 1 ℎ = 1 ℎ = , 2 ℎ = ; 3 ℎ =
1

Only phase per phase 3-phase simultaneously

Disadvantage
Time consuming Limited current over measurement lead connected to neutral

Winding resistance measurement

> Example: primary winding YN

Three phase measurement

(inverted current at middle limb)

1
1 ℎ =
1

− 2
Calculation 2 ℎ =
− 2

3
3 ℎ =
3

Figure 5 Schematic measurement circuit of a three-source winding 3-phase simultaneously

resistance measurement with inverted current polarity on the Advantage Limited current over measurement lead
middle limb. connected to neutral

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 26

Winding resistance measurement

> Current profile

( )=

U, R, I

Dev.
Δt = 10 s

time
© OMICRON Page 40

Components of a power transformer

On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)

> Contact problems in tap selector

and at diverter switch
> Open circuit, shorted turns, or
high resistance connections in the
OLTC
> Contact problems in the De-Energised
Tap Changer (DETC)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 27

Purpose of an OLTC

> Maintain stable voltage under varying load conditions

> Control power flow and power factor in phase shift transformers

Voltage Regulation [1] Phase Shift Regulation [1]

Source: Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen

Design concepts – switching principle

> Tap selector and diverter switch (arcing switch) > Selector switch (arcing tap switch)
> for higher ratings and tap voltages > for lower ratings and tap voltages
> tap selector switches under no-load conditions > combines tap selector and diverter switch
> diverter switch transfers load

Source: Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 28

Elin diverter switch (video)

MR Oiltap D diverter switch (video)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 29

Failure Modes of OLTC
Detectable Faults in OLTC Winding Dynamic Excitation Current SFRA
Resistance Resistance Measurement
Measurement
Contact problems in tap ; ; ; ;
selector and diverter
switch

Open circuit ; ; ; ;
Shorted turns ; ; ; ;
Fault in operating ;
mechanism / motor of
OLTC
Faulty transition resistor ;
High resistance ; ; ; ;
connections in the OLTC
preventative
autotransformer
Contact problems in ; ; ; ;
DETC
© OMICRON Page 46

Static and dynamic resistance

Introduction / Why
> Performed for assessing possible electrical damages in windings or contact problems
> Used to check the On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
> When to clean or replace OLTC contacts
> When to replace or refurbish the OLTC itself (shorter life span than active part
of the transformer)

> Performed in the factory

> To calculate the I2R component of conductor losses
> To calculate winding temperature at the end of a temperature rise test

Burn-off at a diverter switch

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 30

Dynamic resistance measurement (DRM)

> OLTC Scan and transient recording

Transient current during

switching process
5.1 A

Slope

5.0 A
α

Current
Diverter switch switches to the Current flows through second commutating resistor
first commutating or transition resistor 4.9 A
Ripple

4.8 A

4.7 A
-0.05 s 0s 0.05 s 0.1 s 0.15 s 0.2 s 0.25 s 0.3 s 0.35 s

Time

Both commutating resistors are in parallel Switching process completed.

Current is the nominal test current again

The transient current during switching is recorded and graphically

displayed to find faults in the diverter switch, tap selector, etc.

Transient current during switching

> Recording of transient currents

Switching process completed.

Diverter switch switches to the
first transition resistor

Current flows through

Both transition resistors are second transition resistor
in parallel

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 31

Static and dynamic winding resistance: Interpretation

> Maximum difference of 1 % to factory test report (values corrected to 75 °C)

> Difference between phases < 3 %
> The behavior of ripple and slope of the 3 phases for UP is similar
> The behavior of ripple and slope of the 3 phases for DOWN is similar

Ripple Slope
18,0% 0,0A/s
16,0%
-2,0A/s
14,0% A UP A UP
12,0% A DOWN -4,0A/s A DOWN
10,0% B UP B UP
-6,0A/s
8,0% B DOWN B DOWN
6,0% C UP -8,0A/s C UP
4,0% C DOWN C DOWN
-10,0A/s
2,0%
0,0% -12,0A/s
000 005 010 015 020 025 030 000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps Taps

OLTC assessment

> Good to know for assessment:

> OLTC Nameplate
> manufacturer
> model/type
> rated current
> transition resistor value

> Maintenance history

> date of service and number of switching operations
> current number of switching operations

> DGA results (if available)

> Transformer Nameplate

> Winding schematic
> Voltage/tap table
> Vector group

> Tap positions commonly used in operation

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 32

Static winding resistance

> Examples of winding resistance diagrams for a)

different arrangements of regulator windings

Static winding resistance

> Example 1: Deposits on reversing change-over selector contact 0+

Selector Reverse
Tap
pos. pos.

1 1
2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5 0+
6 6

7 7

8 8

9 K

10 2

11 3
12 4
0-
13 5

14 6

15 7
16 8

17 9

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 33

Static winding resistance

> Example 1: Measurement was repeated, improvements visible

Measurement 1

Measurement 3 after cleaning cycles

Measurement 2

Winding resistance measurement

> Example 2: high resistance on even tap positions

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 34

Winding resistance measurement

> Example 2: disassembled diverter switch, contacts of Phase B

Sliding contact of diverter switch insert

Sliding contact socket of oil compartment

Winding resistance measurement

> Example 2: after repair and maintenance

After repair and maintenance

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 35

Winding resistance measurement

> Example 2: after repair and maintenance

Dynamic OLTC Scan

> Diverter switch example

Transient current during
switching process

Tap selector

Diverter switch

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 36

Dynamic OLTC Scan

> Selector switch example

Transient current during
switching process

Dynamic OLTC Scan

> Dynamic OLTC scan diagram

3
1

1 – Vertical axis - Ripple/Amplitude 2 – Horizontal axis - Timing 3 – Slope

• transition resistors • switching speed • resistance of transition resistor
• contact resistance • excessive contact wear • winding inductance
• contact movement/sliding • broken accumulator springs • contact resistance
• arcing and bouncing • mechanical influences • interruptions
• winding inductance • contact bouncing • contact bouncing
• interruptions

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 37

Dynamic OLTC Scan

> Motor supply diagram (current)

1 – Start of switching
1 4

2 – Motor inrush current

3 – Normal operating current

4 – Diverter switch operation

5 – End of operation

Assessment of motor current

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 38

Assessment

> Comparison to a fingerprint measurement is ideal

> Fingerprint measurement taken after commissioning
> Fingerprint measurement taken after maintenance of OLTC (or when it is known
to be in good condition)
> Measurements should be repeated with same test current and method
(with/without dynamic shorting)

Assessment

> Assessment tip 1: differences in amplitude/ripple due to different tap positions is normal
> Number of turns is changing when switching taps
> Resistance changes
> Reactance changes

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 39

Assessment

> Assessment tip 2: differences in amplitude/ripple in opposite direction of switching (up/down) is normal
> in one direction the number of turns increases (winding inductance is charged)
> in the other direction the number of turns decreases (winding inductance is discharged)
> also the design of the tap changer can cause differences in up/down direction (e.g. inversed switching
sequence)

down

Assessment

> Measurements done without dynamic shorting show even stronger differences between up and down
direction
> the influence of the main inductance is much higher if the transformer is not short circuited during switching
(transient currents)
> circulating currents between the taps (when two transition resistors are in parallel) change direction if winding
turns are added or subtracted

up down

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 40

Assessment

> Assessment tip 3: Small bounces can be sign of normal aging or design
> Periodic trending can be helpful to identify drastic changes
> Comparison to fingerprint measurement is helpful

Assessment

> Each tap changer type behaves differently.

MR OILTAP® V MR OILTAP® M

MR OILTAP® R MR VACUTAP® VRF

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 41

Dynamic OLTC scan measurement

> Example 1: modified OLTC

Phase A – no modification Phase B – two resistors Phase C – resistors

bridged disconnected

Dynamic OLTC scan measurement

> Example 1: modified OLTC

3,5 Ω
Phase A/H1 7,0 Ω

Phase B/H2 open Loop

Phase C/H3

Switching from 5 > 6

Switching direction

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 42

Dynamic OLTC scan measurement

> Example 1: modified OLTC

Phase A/H1
Phase B/H2 3,5 Ω
7,0 Ω
Phase C/H3 open Loop

Switching from 4 > 5

Switching direction

Case study: Delayed switching of one phase

> Looking at switching time

> excessive contact wear difference in travel time
> depends on mechanisms and springs
> comparison to other measurements

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 43

Components of a power transformer

Insulation Materials

> Moisture in solid insulations

> Aging, moisture, contamination of
insulation fluids
> Partial discharges

Oil insulated transformers

> Winding arrangement

HV winding

barriers

LV winding

CORE
spacers

insulation oil

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 44

Failure Modes of Insulation

Detectable Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Dielectric Partial Partial Online dielectric
Faults (frequency) Discharge Discharge condition
Response Analysis Localization monitoring
At As tip-Up At variable
Analysis
50/60Hz test frequency

Moisture in ; ; ;
Solid
Insulation

Aging, ; ; ;
moisture,
contamination
of insulating
fluids
Partial ; ; ; ;
Discharges

Capacitance and dissipation factor

Capacitance and power/dissipation factor measurement

Introduction / Why
> Performed to investigate the condition of bushings and the transformer’s
overall insulation
> Aging and decomposition of the insulation, or ingress of water, increase the
energy that is turned into heat in the insulation
> The level of this dissipation is measured by the power/dissipation factor
(PF/DF) Insulation principle of a transformer

> Capacitance (C) values of bushings show if there have been breakdowns
between capacitive layers

Capacitive layers in bushings

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 45

Capacitance and dissipation factor

Introduction / Why
> Different possibilities, depending on the intended frequency range and measurement approach

Capacitance and power/dissipation factor measurement ...

at mains/line
frequency 1 with variable
frequency 2 as tip up test
3
• For comparison with reference • Aging can be detected much earlier • Faults can be detected which couldn’t
measurements and for (especially at lower frequencies) be detected otherwise (e.g. poor
assessment according to • Measurement faults can be detected contact of measurement tap
standards immediately connections or very wet insulation)

Capacitance and dissipation factor

2. With variable frequency

Introduction / Why
> Power/dissipation factor measurement at line frequency equates to
a blind spot Superposition of ...
Conductive Polarization
> Aging can be detected much earlier especially at lower frequencies Losses Losses
Equivalent
Circuits

> See details you cannot see with a single measurement

> Helps to better understand increased conductive and polarization

Typical Loss

losses, which may pass a test at line frequency

Shapes
Superposition of
both Effects

new moderate

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 46

Capacitance and dissipation factor

2. With variable frequency

How it works
> PF/DF is measured by comparing a test object to a known reference
> The phase difference between the reference current and the test
object current is determined
> Calculating the tangent of δ gives the dissipation factor
> Calculating the cosines of φ (= 90°- δ) gives the power factor

Capacitance and dissipation factor

3. As tip up test
How it works
> Decreasing PF/DF with increasing voltage is a sign of bad
contact of the bushing layers to the center conductor or
measuring tap Bushing phase
1.1 %

> C and PF/DF are measured at different voltages 1%

Dissipation Factor

0.9 %
Power Factor/

0.8 %
> C and PF/DF should basically stay constant with increased 0.7 %

voltage 0.6 %
0.5 %
Æ If there are deviations, faults can be assumed
0V

10000 V

12000 V

14000 V
2000 V

4000 V

6000 V

8000 V

Voltage

Bad contact of measuring tap (red)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 47

Insulation diagnostics

> Simplified model of an insulation

Insulation
IC IR
current through insulation
test Itest
object

Definition of dissipation factor / power factor

Itest
> tan = Dissipation factor (DF) or tan delta
IC
δ > cos(φ) = Power factor (PF)

IC IR
φ
test Itest
object

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 48

Losses are caused by

> Conductive losses

> Movement of conductive particles
> carbon in oil
> Movement of ions and electrons
> leakage current through the insulation or on the surface of a bushing
> Partial discharge

> Polarization losses

> Interfacial polarization
> Polarization of dipoles in insulation material (rotation/suspension)
> Increased moisture causes more dipoles and hence more losses

> Partial discharges

> Surface discharges – Corona discharges
> Void discharges,...

Definition of losses

= .....

Conductive Losses Polarization Losses

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 49

Profile of frequency response

tan δ

Sum

Polarization Losses

Conductive Losses

f [Hz]

CP TD1 frequency range

15 Hz 400 Hz
© OMICRON Page 86

Winding insulation capacitance

> Why measurement of...?

Capacitance
o Short circuit to ground
o Mechanical deformation
Windings o Change of the geometry
between winding
o Displacement

Transformer o Mechanical deformation

core o Floating core to ground

Dissipation / Power factor (DF/PF)

o Moisture in solid insulation

o Ageing products, moisture,
Insulation
contamination of insulation
fluids

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 50

Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CHL

LV winding

barriers

3-limb core

spacers
HV winding
LV winding one limb
of
transformer
core

insulation
oil
HV winding

Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CHL

CHL

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 51

Winding insulation capacitance

> 2-winding transformer: capacitance CH and CL

CH1 CL1 CH2 CL2 CH3 CL3

Measurement modes

Dissipation / power factor Capacitance

Frequency sweep
Frequency sweep

Voltage sweep
Voltage sweep

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 52

Components
p of a power transformer
Bushings

> Partial breakdown between capacitive

graded layers, cracks in resin-bonded
insulation
> Aging and moisture
> Open or compromised
measuring tap connection
> Partial discharges in insulation
> Loss of oil in an oil-filled bushing

Construction of capacitive bushings

Emax = high
CE

C1 CC C1
A
CENTER CONDUCTOR

without capacitive layers

Emax = smaller
C2

A
TAP ELECTRODE
GROUNDED GROUNDED
with capacitive layers
LAYER/FLANGE LAYER/FLANGE

1 1 1 1
...
C1 C A CB CE
© OMICRON Page 93

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 53

Construction of bushings
Solid bushing Capacitive bushing

Emax = high

Emax = smaller

A
A

© OMICRON without capacitive layers Page 94 with capacitive layers

Construction of capacitive bushings

> Schematic example

Aluminium foil
Paper
Aluminium foil Conductor

Aluminium foils with equal areas

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 54

Insulation systems

> Resin Bonded Paper (RBP)

> paper core wound out of resin-coated paper
> resin coated paper layers bonded to next layer
> voltage range 15 – 230kV RBP

> Resin Impregnated Paper (RIP)

> paper core wound out of untreated paper
> impregnated with curable resin
> voltage range 15 – 800kV
RIP
> Oil Impregnated Paper (OIP)
> paper core wound out of untreated paper
> impregnated in oil
> voltage range 15 – 800kV
OIP
> Resin Impregnated Synthetics (RIS)
> synthetic textile instead of paper layer
> voltage range 25 – 170kV

RIS

Failure Modes of Bushing

Detectable Faults Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Dielectric Partial Online dielectric
(frequency) Discharge condition
Response Analysis monitoring
At 50/60Hz As tip-Up At variable
Analysis
test frequency

Partial Breakdown ; ; ; ; ;
between capacitive
graded layers, cracks
in resin-bonded
insulation
Aging, moisture ; ; ; ;
ingress
Open or ; ; ;
compromised
measuring tap
connection
Partial discharges in ; ; ;
insulation

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 55

Bushing insulation capacitance

> Why measurement of...?

Capacitance

Resin-impregnated
o Partial breakdowns of layers
paper (RIP)

Oil impregnated
o Partial breakdowns of layers
paper (OIP)

Resin bonded o Partial breakdowns of layers

paper (RBP) o Oil in cracks

Dissipation / Power factor (DF/PF)

o Partial breakdowns of layers,

Resin-impregnated
o high degree of ageing
paper (RIP)
o moisture in the insulation
o Partial breakdowns of layers,
Oil impregnated
o high degree of ageing
paper (OIP)
o moisture in the insulation
o Partial breakdowns of layers,
Resin bonded
o high degree of ageing
paper (RBP)
o moisture in the insulation

Bushing insulation capacitance

> Capacitance C1

Source: MOSER-GLASER

Source: MICAFIL

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 56

Case study: Bushing tan delta measurements

> Influence of humidity: 220kV RIP bushing stored outside

© OMICRON Page 100

Case study: Bushing tan delta measurements

> Influence of humidity: 220kV RIP bushing stored outside

0.85 %
after removing from TR
0.75 % 3 months after removing
6 months afetr removing
0.65 %
Tan Delta

0.55 %

0.45 %

0.35 %

0.25 %
0.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz

© OMICRON Page 101

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 57

Case study: Bushing trending

> Trending of capacitance and tan delta over time

C Tan-Delta Progression of a 220 kV RBP (Hard Paper) Bushing

Year of Manufacturimg 1961, horizontal mounted, oil filled
Tan Delta Change of Capacitance

20
Change of Capacitance %
Tan Delta x 10 -3

0
75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89

-5
Date of Measurement
© OMICRON Page 102

Fault mechanism and diagnosis

Partial breakdowns Rated Number of Change of

Voltage layers capacitance
> Measurement of capacitance
123 kV 14 7.1 %
> PF/DF measurement
> PD measurement 245 kV 30 3.3 %

420 kV 40 2.5 %

Voids, cracks 550 kV 55 1.8 %

> Measurement of capacitance (RBP)
> PD measurement

Contact problems on measurement taps

> PF/DF voltage sweep (tip-up test)

Ageing, moisture
> Dielectric response measurements
> Power factor/ Dissipation factor

© OMICRON Page 103

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 58

How can we save time during testing?

Diagnostic methods on power transformers

Oil analysis Advanced

o Breakdown voltage o Dielectric Response Analysis (DRA)
o Color o Sweep Frequency Response Analysis
o Water content (SFRA)
o Acidity o Partial discharge (PD)
o Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) o Furan in oil

Online monitoring
o Voltage, current, temperature, ...
o Tap changer, cooling, ...
o Oil, bushings,...
Electrical
o Turns Ratio (TTR)
o Winding resistance
o No-load current (exciting current) Post mortem
o Short-circuit impedance o Degree of polymerization
o Capacitance and DF/PF o Moisture and pressboard / paper

© OMICRON Page 105

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 59

Testrano 600

Exciting Current
DC Winding Resistance

Transformer Dynamic Resistance

Turns Ratio (TTR)
Short-Circuit Impedance /
Leakage Reactance

Frequency of
Stray Losses (FRSL)

For every power transformer part:

Fo
9 Windings Demagnetization
9Tap Changer
9
Power Factor /
9Bushing
9
Dissipation Factor
9Insulation
9 (with CP TD1)
9Core
9
© OMICRON Page 106

Connection concept

> Easy connection to the high-voltage and

low-voltage side of the power transformer

4-wire connection
by using Kelvin
clamps for ensuring
precise results The intuitive description
on the side panel
supports you in carrying
out safe and reliable
measurements

© OMICRON Page 107

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 60

Connection concept

For on-load tap changer one additional cable is needed

> Automatically switch between different tap positions
> Records motor current and voltage

Two specially designed,

color-coded multi-purpose
cables to perform various
electrical tests

© OMICRON Page 108

Advantages of three-phase testing

One setup can be used to perform various tests

+
Rewiring effort is significantly reduced
Duration

+
All three phases are energized at once

+
Phase-shift of any winding configuration is verified

+
1
Fully automated control of tap changer during the test 3
=
Speeds up and simplifies testing 1-phase testing 3-phase testing

© OMICRON Page 109

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 61

Advantages of three-phase testing

> Example for a 400kV transformer having 19 taps (this is a rather extreme example)

Action Single phase testing Three phase testing

Disconnect jumpers/connect test 60min 60min
leads
Transformer winding resistance 140min (rewiring for each phase required) 40min
+ dynamic resistance test on HV
Rewiring for winding resistance 20min -
on LV
Transformer winding resistance 30min (rewiring for each phase required) 10min
test on LV
Rewiring for demagnetization 20min -
Transformer demagnetization 5min (only done on one limb) 5min
Disconnect test leads/connect 40min 40min
jumpers
Total outage time 315min 155min
© OMICRON Page 110

...continuing with additional (advanced) diagnosis tests

Action Single phase testing Three phase testing

Rewiring for transformer ratio + 20min -
excitation current test
Transformer ratio + excitation 30min (rewiring for each phase required) 10min
current test
Rewiring for short-circuit 20min 10min (less rewiring effort)
impedance + FRSL test
Transformer Zsc + FRSL test 30min (rewiring for each phase required) 10min
Rewiring for transformer C + 20min 20min
DDF test
Transformer C + DDF test 20min 20min
Rewiring for bushing C + DDF 10min 10min
Bushing C + DDF test 20min (rewiring for each phase required) 20min (rewiring for each phase required)

Additional outage time 170min 100min

© OMICRON Page 111

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 62

Case study: Transformer test (30MVA YNyn0(d))

© OMICRON Page 112

Case study: Transformer test

> Following tests have been performed:

> Start: 14:43

> Transformer turns ratio + excitation current per tap

> Transformer primary DC winding resistance per tap

> Transformer secondary DC winding resistance

> Demagnetization

> Transformer short-circuit impedance

> Tan Delta + capacitance on main winding insulation (CHL)

> Finish: 16:03 (total testing time: 1hour 20min)

© OMICRON Page 113

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 63

Case study: Transformer test

> Transformer turns ratio + excitation current per tap Start time

Finish time

© OMICRON Page 114

Case study: Transformer test

> Transformer primary DC winding resistance per tap Start time

Finish time

© OMICRON Page 115

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 64

Case study: Transformer test

> Transformer secondary DC winding resistance Start time

Finish time

© OMICRON Page 116

Case study: Transformer test

> Demagnetization Start time

Finish time

© OMICRON Page 117

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 65

Case study: Transformer test

> Transformer short-circuit impedance Start time

Finish time

© OMICRON Page 118

Case study: Transformer test

> Tan Delta + capacitance on main winding insulation (CHL) Start time

approx. 16:00

Finish time

approx. 16:03

© OMICRON Page 119

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 66

Fast and Efficient Inspection and calibration of Instrument

Transformers
Khushbu Thakur, OMICRON Asia

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 67

Instrument transformer failures

Instrument transformers can put a spoke in the operators wheel from a

technical perspective!

Source: CIGRE WG A3-06 Reliability of High Voltage Equipment -

Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformer failures

It is not all about insulation!! Components responsible for failure.

Source: CIGRE WG A3-06 Reliability of High Voltage Equipment -

Instrument Transformers

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 68

Instrument transformers - basics

n1 n2

V Z>> Z<<

CT VT
Extreme condition 1: Extreme condition 2:

Effective short circuit Effective open circuit

n1>n2
n1<n2

Functions of Instrument Transformers

Two main functions:

Transformation
Æ electrical performance
Insulation
Æ di-electrical performance
?

¾ To be able to operate the instrument transformer over a long

period of time without failure, within the specs, diagnostics and
?
maintenance is very important
¾ To perform diagnostics one has to know the design of
instrument transformer
> Insulation
> Windings
> ...

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 69

Voltage transformers

• In general single-phase transformers

• Operated in “quasi open condition”
• Standardized sec. voltages, e.g. 100/√3 V
• Types
• Inductive Voltage Transformer (IVT)
• Combined Voltage-Current Transformer
• Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT)
• Insulations
• Oil-Paper
• Epoxy
• Gas- or Gas-Mixture

MV inductive voltage transformer

Components:
> Iron core of grain oriented or
non-oriented silicon iron
> Primary winding
> double layer voltage
> trapezoidal design

> concentrically wound secondary

windings
> Terminal box
> HV Terminal
> Grounding terminal
> Insulation

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 70

HV inductive voltage transformer - VT
High voltage terminal
Expansion bellows (hermetically sealed)
Porcelain or composite insulation

Oil insulation

HV bushing with oil-paper insulation and

field grading

Active part comparable to the MV IVT

Terminal box

HV capacitive voltage transformer – CVT / CCVT

High voltage terminal

Expansion bellows (hermetically sealed)

Porcelain or composite insulation

Capacitive divider

Bushing (up to ~ 10-20kV)

Compensating coil

MV VT

Damping unit, installed...

> in the tank
> in the terminal box
© OMICRON Page 9

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 71

HV current transformer

Source: ABB Instrument Transformers Application Guide

Important design criteria

# 1: Turns Ratio

# 2: Excitation Curve

# 3: Accuracy
Electrical

I.T.
.T.
Design
sign
Criteria
teria

Di- Mechani-
electrical
ctrical cal

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 72

Current Transformer – Model and Error

> Equivalent circuit diagram similar to transformer

> “Ideal current source IP”: R1 and XV1 not considered Iμ
'I
I0
> Excitation current I0 is responsible for CT error
IFE
> Error can be illustrated in a vector diagram
> Error is complex: Magnitude and phase IP
IS
> V2 defines the induction I0 of the CT
GI

' V2
V2
Reconstructed acc. to Freiburg, Sperling, Krueger
CIRED Lyon 2015

Voltage Transformers – Model and Error

> Equivalent circuit diagram (transformer model)

> Two error sources: Excitation and burden current VX1
Æ voltage drops across short circuit impedance VR1
'V VX2
> Error can be illustrated in a vector diagram
VR2
> Error is complex: Magnitude and phase
V1
V2
GV

' V1 ' V2
V1 V2

Reconstructed acc. to Freiburg, Sperling, Krueger

CIRED Lyon 2015

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 73

Capacitive Voltage Transformers

> Capacitive divider + inductive transformer

> Inductive transformer to provide output power (impedance transformation)
> Phase shift of C-divider compensated by reactor
> C-L resonant circuit Æ required active or passive ferroresonance damping

damping

Onsite Testing of Instrument Transformers

How can we save time?

3 June 2019

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 74

On-site testing of instrument transformers

very heavy
primary cable
necessary for
onsite test.

On-site testing of instrument transformers

burden box boost current

booster

CT verify standard
instrument CT

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 75

On-site testing of instrument transformers

equipment for
onsite test.

CT-Analyzer 8kg

How can we save time in testing?

CT Analyzer VOTANO 100

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 76

Performing CT test

> Connection setup with CT Analyzer

Performing CT test
Transmission line / busbar
> Do not forget to short unused CT cores
Circuit breaker

Disconnector switch
Short via burden Short via short-circuit lead
Earth switch
CT
1S1/1X1
Burden
P1/H1 1S2/1X2

2S1/2X1
P2/H2 Burden
2S2/2X2
Earth switch

Disconnector switch

Circuit breaker

Transmission line / busbar

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 77

Procedure of model-based measurement

Current transformer testing with CT Analyzer

Step 1: measurement of parameters Step 2: modeling

Software-guided measurement of different Determination of CT model elements and

CT parameters such as excitation curve, calculation of CT parameters through
eddy current, ratio, etc. embedded mathematical functions

Procedure of model-based measurement

Current transformer testing with CT Analyzer

Step 3: IEEE/IEC assessment Step 4: reporting

Automated comparison of test results with Data is available as XML file and can be
the defined values in accordance with the displayed via the reporting tool
selected IEEE or IEC standard, corporate
standards, or self-defined assessment rule
sets

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 78

Model-based testing with CT Analyzer

The 3 parts of the CT Analyzer model

1 2 3 4
Winding Core (Excitation CT model
Ratio
resistance curve) calculation

IP 3 IP ´ 2 IS 1
P1/H1 RCT S1/X1
NP NS Iexc
IL IE VRCT
RH Lm
Reddy Zb

Vprim Vcore
P2/H2 S2/X2

Winding resistance measurement

> Procedure

> DC current is injected on the secondary side

> Due to inductance of the core current no stable immediately
> Saturation of core Æ winding resistance is calculated (stable values)

235 + .
. = .
235 + .

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 79

Excitation curve measurement

> Procedure

IEC 61869-2 Excitation graph

> Voltage is injected on the secondary side 10

> Voltage, current and the phase are measured for

1
determination of the excitation curve

Applied Voltage
> Below 120V is the nominal frequency (50/60Hz) is 0.1
used
0.01
> Above 120V is the test frequency lowered under
consideration of the eddy losses 0.001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
RMS current

Excitation curve measurement

> Variable voltage vs. variable frequency

> = 2π × × ×

> ⟹ = × × ×
⟹ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑

BR
Flux density B [T]

Magnetic Force H [A/m]

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 80

Ratio measurement

> Procedure

> Turns ratio Nturns measurement based on equivalent circuit

> AC voltage applied on secondary terminals and Iexc measured
> Voltage drop VRCT known subtracted from terminal voltage to
know the core voltage
> Primary voltage Vprim is measured
∗
= =
> Turns ratio Nturns can be calculated through:

Ratio measurement

Frequency selective measurement

> Small voltage on secondary windings applied
Æ very small voltages measured at primary terminals
> Induced voltages in primary terminals due to live parts in substation
Æ prone to interference
> Suppress interference induced at primary terminals of the CT
> Measurement at 53Hz with narrow bandwidth (120db / 3Hz)

CT ratio vs. frequency in substation

V 0dB 110
108

106
CT ratio [N]

104
102

100
98
-60dB 96
0 20 40 60 80 100
50Hz 53Hz f Frequency [f] = Hz

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 81

Calculation of amplitude- and phase error

> Procedure

> Calculation
IEC 61869-2 Excitation Graph
> Parameters from , excitation curve 10

and Ratio measurement required Vcore 1

Rect Voltage
0.1
= × ( + )+ ) Iexc
0.01

´= × = ´ × 0.001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
RMS current
© OMICRON Page 30

Assessment

> Automatic assessment after IEC and IEEE standards

> Assessment is directly available after the test is finished
> Complete assessment of the accuracy class
> Different current ratio values
> Different burden values
> Phase and Polarity
> Excitation curve
> Winding resistance
Burden Current ratio error in % at % of rated current Designation
VA cos(φ) 1% 5% 10 % 20 % 50 % 100 % 120 % 200 %
30 0.8 -0.173 0.039 0.090 0.136 0.200 0.251 0.265 0.303 100 % nom. burden
15 0.8 0.128 0.289 0.321 0.346 0.377 0.401 0.407 0.427 50 % nom. burden
7.5 0.8 0.306 0.422 0.446 0.462 0.478 0.489 0.492 0.502 25 % nom. burden
Burden Current ratio error in % at % of rated current Designation
VA cos(φ) 1% 5% 10 % 20 % 50 % 100 % 120 % 200 %
30 0.8 21.40 14.85 12.54 10.00 6.63 4.19 3.52 1.63 100 % nom. burden
15 0.8 15.36 9.81 8.55 7.21 5.31 3.87 3.48 2.48 50 % nom. burden
7.5 0.8 12.64 7.11 6.12 5.35 4.22 3.32 3.08 2.43 25 % nom. burden

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 82

Simulation after test

Special feature: RemAlyzer

RemAlyzer: determination of residual magnetism

> Software-based tool to determine the residual
magnetism in current transformers
> Analysis of remanence condition before putting
CT into operation to assure proper function
> Simplifies power grid failure analysis after
unwanted operation of protective relays
> Demagnetizes CT core after measurement

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 83

Further function: Burden test

Why is it important to measure the burden?

> A lot of CT parameters are depending on the burden:

> Current ratio error
> Phase displacement
> Over-current factor (FS and ALF)

> Burden measurement ensures that CT is operating within its specifications

Security
Factor (FS) IP
εc
I P ,rated
1 5 10
0%
0,2FS5

-5% Core saturates too late

-10%

OK Failed

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 84

Further function: Polarity check

Procedure
> Correct wiring (polarity) from CTs secondary winding, over terminals, to
meter or protection relay is checked
> Defined signal e.g. saw tooth shaped current signal (with CT Analyzer)
injected at the secondary terminals (with one-side opened)
> The CPOL2 checks the polarity of the injected signal and provides a clear
indication as to whether the polarity is correct or not

CPOL2: Polarity checker

Performing VT test

Ratio tests (amplitude and phase error)

rror)

How it works...
> Device under test is a VT without a connected
nnected burden

> Test signal is applied to primary side

> high voltage (VOTANO 100 Vtest / max. 4 kV)

> Measurement is applied

to the secondary side of the VT

> VOTANO 100 simulates HV area

performance of VT accordingly
Safe area

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 85

VOTANO 100: Voltage transformer test instrument

> Test sequence for accuracy test

VT measurement procedure:
1 2 3 4
Measure short Measure Measure Model non- Measure ratio
circuit secondary excitation curve measurable Calculate
considering
impedance from winding (core loss) from parameters IVT error
winding
secondary resistance (DC) secondary correction

Measurements

X Vmeas
~
AC

The four parts of the VOTANO VT test:

• Short circuit impedance

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 86

Measurements

- -
DC
Vmeas DC

The four parts of the VOTANO VT test:

• Short circuit impedance
• Winding resistances

Measurements

~
Vmeas AC

The four parts of the VOTANO VT test:

• Short circuit impedance
• Winding resistances
• Magnetic core (represented with excitation curve)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 87

Measurements

~
AC Vmeas

The four parts of the VOTANO VT test:

• Short circuit impedance
• Winding resistances
• Magnetic core (represented with excitation curve)
• Ratio (Vp/V‘p)

Assessment

> Automated calculation and assessment as per IEEE and IEC standards
> Assessment is completed within seconds after measurement
> Complete class assessment considering:
> different burden values
> different primary voltage values
> other secondary windings under load and no-load conditions
> protection and metering class, simultaneously assessed per winding
> up to five windings in assessment matrix
> open delta winding

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 88

Simulation after test

> Simulation and re-assessment of existing measurement data at any time

> No further on-site measurement necessary when the following
transformer parameters have changed:
> Burden (Important regarding digital burden installation [k:])
> Nominal voltage factor
> Accuracy class

Diagnostic measurements – An overview

Electrical part of the instrument Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

transformer

Winding (Inter turns) Short-circuits, open Accuracy measurement (conventional and

circuits unconventional), winding resistance
measurement,
Turns ratio measurement,
Excitation measurement
Magnetic core Mechanical deformation, floating Accuracy measurement (conventional and
core ground, residual magnetism unconventional), Excitation measurement,
“RemAlyzer”
Capacitive voltage divider (only Partial breakdown of capacitive Accuracy measurement (conventional and
in CVTs) layers unconventional),
Capacitance and dissipation factor
measurement
Reactance coil (only in CVTs) Short-circuits of single turns Accuracy measurement, model method),
Short-circuit impedance measurement

Insulation materials Partial discharge, moisture in solid Partial discharge measurements, dissipation
insulation, aging, contamination of factor and capacitance measurement,
insulation fluids Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS),
Polarization and depolarization currents (PDC)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 89

Winding

Electrical part of the Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

instrument
transformer
(Inter turns) Short- Accuracy measurement
circuits, open circuits (conventional and
unconventional), winding
resistance measurement,
Winding
Turns ratio measurement,
Excitation measurement

Winding

> Winding resistance measurement – current profile

( )=

U, R, I

Dev.
Δt = 10 s

time
© OMICRON Page 47

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 90

Winding

> Winding resistance results corrected to a reference temperature (75°C according to IEC 61869-2)

> =
. (IEC 60076-1)
. .
.

> Results can be compared to reference results (FAT) or between phases (identical class, ratio, etc.)
> Deviations from FAT results should be less than 1%
> Deviation between phases should be less than 3%

Winding

> Turns ratio (Nturns) measurement

N
P1 RCT S1
Iext
IL
VPrim Vcore
VRCT
IE
RH Lm
Reddy

Np Ns
P2 S2

− ∗
=

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 91

Winding

> Turns ratio measurement – Case study

> 600:1 metering CT was measured with the CT Analyzer

> Test Results:

> Question: The CT has only 599.5 turns instead of 600. Is this CT OK?

Winding

> How does a turns ratio compensation work?

> Let‘s have a look at the equivalent circuit diagram:
Ip I‘p Is
P1 RCT S1
IL Iext
Np Ns Vcore
VRCT
IE
RH Lm
ZB
Reddy

P2 S2

The 3 parts of the CTA model:

Is Iext
> Winding Ratio
> Core (Represented by the excitation curve)
I‘p
> Winding Resistance
© OMICRON Page 51

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 92

Magnetic core

Electrical part of the Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

instrument
transformer
Mechanical Accuracy measurement
deformation, floating (conventional and
Magnetic core core ground, residual unconventional), Excitation
magnetism measurement, “RemAlyzer”

Magnetic core

> Excitation test

N
P1 RCT S1
IExt
IL
Vcore
VRCT AC source with
IE
RH Lm variable voltage
Reddy
or frequency

Np Ns
P2 S2

0
0
© OMICRON Page 53
H

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 93

Magnetic core

> Excitation test – Case study

> Two CTs with the identical class and ratio have been investigated

IEC 60044-1 Excitation Graph

100

10 Core 1
Core 2
Uo / V

Knee1 (C 1)
Knee1 (C 2)
Knee2 (C 1)
Knee2 (C 2)
1
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

0.1

Io / A

Magnetic core

> Excitation test – Case study

> Shorted CT shield electrode:

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 94

Magnetic core

> Residual magnetism

> Remanence due to DC components (switching, DC measurements, lightning)

> Remanence in a CT can lead to
> shift of the operation point
> tripping without malfunction of protection relays
> misinterpretation of the system current
> Remanence measurements and analysis should be performed
> before putting the CT into operation
to assure proper function
> after an event and exposure to DC components
> after a DC winding resistance measurement

> CTs should be demagnetized after exposure to DC components

Impact of residual magnetism on differential protection

F1 F2
CT1 CT2

Protection Protection
device 1 device 2

2,5

Different
2

1,5 saturation
IDiff

Similar
saturation
0,5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
IStab
© OMICRON Page 57

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 95

Magnetic core

> How to get rid of residual magnetism?

> Sinusoidal signal is applied to the CT

> CT is saturated first
> The magnitude of the applied signal is decreased slowly down to zero

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

Electrical part of the Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

instrument
transformer
Partial breakdown of Accuracy measurement
capacitive layers (conventional and
Capacitive voltage unconventional),
divider (only in Capacitance and dissipation
CVTs) factor measurement

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 96

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Capacitance and dissipation factor measurement

> Losses in the insulation due to
> Conductive losses
> Polarization losses
> Losses due to partial discharge (PD)

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Capacitance and tan delta tests

> Most common problem: impact of inductive part on dissipation factor -> negative tan delta
> Capacitance can be used as reference and for diagnostic purposes

C1
Lcomp
VP
a
C2
VS
NHF
N n
nP:nS

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 97

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Capacitance and tan delta tests

> Negative tan delta – how is it possible?
> Measuring in UST (IC2) or GST (ITest) mode?

ITest
IL

IC2

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Capacitance and tan delta tests

> Negative tan delta – how is it possible?
> Measuring in UST (IC2) or GST (ITest) mode?

ITest
IL

IC2

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 98

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Capacitance and tan delta tests

> Negative tan delta – how is it possible?
IC2

UC2
UC1
ITest ITest
UTest IL

UC2 IL
IC2

UC1 UTest
© OMICRON Page 64

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Accuracy measurement – Case study

> A CVT producing a too low secondary voltage has been investigated

> CVT nameplate data:

> Voltage ratio: 110kV / 100V
> Nominal capacitive ratio: 7.5
> Class: 1 metering
> Rated load: 120VA @ power factor of 0.8

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 99

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Accuracy measurement – Case study

Capacitive voltage divider (only in CVTs)

> Accuracy measurement – Case study

> Rated voltage ratio of capacitive stack is 7.5

> Measured voltage ratio of capacitive stack is 8.35
> -> produces negative ratio error (less secondary voltage)

> capacitive voltage ratio

> =1+
> -> shorted capacitive layers in C2

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 100

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

Electrical part of the Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

instrument
transformer
Short-circuits of single Accuracy measurement,
turns model method),
Reactance coil (only Short-circuit impedance
in CVTs) measurement

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test

> AC current is injected into the secondary winding while primary winding is short-circuited (capacitive
stack); Voltage drop is measured across the secondary winding
> Result is expressed as impedance
∗
> = = , + , ′′ + , + , + ′′ +

I I

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 101

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test – Case study

> Two CVTs of the same age and make have been investigated
> CVT #2 produced high level of gases (PD and arcing)

> Nameplate information:

> Voltage ratio: 220kV / 110V
> Class: 0.2/3P / 0.2/3P
> Rated load: 100VA / 100VA

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test – Case study

Ratio error / other windings not loaded

0.25%
0.20% 100% Load

0.15%
Voltage deviation [%]

0.10% 25% Load

0.05%
0.00% + Error

-0.05% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

Phase displacement / other windings not loaded
-0.10% - Error
15.00
-0.15%
100% Load
-0.20% 10.00
Phase displacement [min]

-0.25%
Upr [%] 25% Load
5.00

0.00 + Error
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
-5.00
- Error

-10.00

-15.00
Upr [%]

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 102

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test – Case study

> = 0.0628Ω + 0.143Ω

> = 0.0628Ω + 0.1349Ω

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test – Case study

Ratio error / other windings not loaded

0.60%
100%
0.40% Load

0.20%
Voltage deviation [%]

0% Load
0.00%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
-0.20%
+ Error
-0.40%
Phase displacement / other windings not loaded
-0.60% - Error
160.00
-0.80%
140.00 100% Load
-1.00%
Phase displacement [min]

120.00
-1.20% 0% Load
Upr [%] 100.00
80.00
+ Error
60.00
40.00
- Error
20.00
0.00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
-20.00
Upr [%]

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 103

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Short-circuit impedance test – Case study

> = 0.0628Ω − 1.0958Ω

> = 0.0628Ω − 1.0973Ω

Reactance coil (only in CVTs)

> Coil had shorted turns > Example of a different CVT where the coil can
be placed

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 104

Insulation materials

Electrical part of the Detectable fault Diagnostic measurement

instrument
transformer
Partial discharge, Partial discharge
moisture in solid measurements, dissipation
insulation, aging, factor and capacitance
contamination of measurement, Frequency
Insulation material
insulation fluids domain spectroscopy (FDS),
Polarization and
depolarization currents (PDC)

Capacitance and dissipation factor measurement

> Why is it important to measure the capacitance as well (not just the dissipation factor)?
> Capacitive bushing of a 123kV CT

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 105

Insulation materials

> Dissipation factor measurement

screen accessible screen not accessible no screen

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 106

Systematic Approach to Circuit Breaker Testing and
Diagnosis
Khushbu Thakur, OMICRON Asia

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

Why testing circuit breakers?

> Failure statistics

> Wear and tear
> Climatic influence
> pollution
> wear of contacts
> jammed mechanism

> Potential risk of network – earthing system

> Checking reliability in all states (close, open)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 107

Circuit breaker failures

281.090 HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS TESTED WORLDWIDE

Interrupters
20%

operating
mechanism
50%

electrical control
and auxiliary
circuit
30%

Source: CIGRE brochure 510:

Final Report of the 2004 – 2007 International Enquiry on Reliability of High Voltage Equipment
Part 2 - Reliability of High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breakers

Motivation – Circuit breaker failure

> Potential risk on network – earthing system

> Fault clearance within specified time to
> prevent further damages due to short circuit currents of nearby assets
> protect electrical network from further damages
> protect environment & persons from step and touch voltages

> Fault currents cause voltage potential rise at grounding system

> danger of step and touch voltages at structure of substation

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 108

What is a circuit breaker?

Definition of a circuit breaker (IEC 62271-100 & ANSI C37.100-1992)

˃ Automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit
˃ Basic function: immediately discontinues electrical flow

Ideal switch

making carrying breaking

What is a circuit breaker?

Static behavior
˃ Carry operational currents
˃ Insulating HV parts to ground
˃ Isolating faulted parts to the grid (in case the breaker is open)

Dynamic behavior
˃ Breaking and making operational currents
˃ Breaking and making fault currents (fault clearance)

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 109

Overview components

> Example: Live-Tank circuit breaker

Interrupter unit(s)
˃ Breaking chamber, interrupter chamber,
interrupter housing, etc.
˃ Contains interrupter, interrupting medium

Support insulator
˃ Line-to-ground insulator
˃ Contains insulated pull-rod,
mechanical linkage, insulating
medium

Operating mechanism & control

˃ Stored energy, secondary wiring

Extinguishing medium

Compressed Air (Air Blast)

> Inefficient at higher voltages
> Loud or noisy during operation
> Large physical size and is maintenance intensive
> Extremely high pressures (>17 bar)

Oil
> Flammability (ancillary plant and operator safety risks)
> Poor capacitive switching capability
> Oil handling issues with maintenance (incl. possible environmental issues)
> Large and expensive designs

Vacuum
> Cost effective for medium voltages
> Highest number of switching operations (maintenance free)
> Limited interrupting capabilities
> Inefficient at higher voltages

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 110

Operating mechanism

Spring Pneumatic Hydraulic

mechanism

Goal: Reliability and costs

Decreasing complexity
Increasing reliability

TRIP

Spring mechanism

Control circuit

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 111

Command and result during a TRIP event
U

Trip 110V
command
t

I
2A

Coil
Current

2cm
Armature
travel

d 10% of contact travel

Main contact 100cm

90% of contact travel
travel
t
contact travel
U

Auxiliary 110V
closed-contact
t

Auxiliary 110V
open-contact
t

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7

How can we save time?

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

3 June 2019

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 112

How can we save time in testing?

CIBANO 500: 3-in-1 test system

> Multi-channel timing analyzer
> Checks the mechanical performance
> Detects problems during coil actuation
> Reveals defects of the trip or close coils

> High-accuracy micro-ohm meter

> Assesses the condition of the main and arcing contacts and resistor switches

> Powerful coil and motor supply

> Applies a stable DC voltage
level to the breaker, even
if a station battery is
not available

Test procedure

CIBANO 500: modular concept for simplified testing

> CIBANO 500 + 3 x CB MC2 + CB TN3: all tests on 3-phase circuit breakers
without any rewiring
> Unique connection concept minimizes wiring effort, reduces time and
improves safety

CB MC2
CB MC2
CB MC2
CB MC2

CB TN3

CIBANO 500 CB TN3

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 113

Diagnostic measurements – An overview

> Identify contact wear and tear of main and arcing contacts
> Static & Dynamic Contact Resistance

Interrupter unit(s)
Functional breaker model

Control Operating mechanism Mechanical linkage

Diagnostic measurements – An overview

> Identify contact wear and tear of main and arcing contacts
> Static & Dynamic Contact Resistance
> Test performance of kinematic chain
> Timing of main and auxiliary contacts
Interrupter unit(s)

> Contact travel (motion) of main contacts

Functional breaker model

Control Operating mechanism Mechanical linkage

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 114

Diagnostic measurements – An overview

> Identify contact wear and tear of main and arcing contacts
> Static & Dynamic Contact Resistance
> Test performance of kinematic chain
> Timing of main and auxiliary contacts

Interrupter unit(s)
> Contact travel (motion) of main contacts
> Test performance of charging motor
> Motor current analysis

Functional breaker model

Control Operating mechanism Mechanical linkage

Diagnostic measurements – An overview

> Identify contact wear and tear of main and arcing contacts
> Static & Dynamic Contact Resistance
> Test performance of kinematic chain
> Timing of main and auxiliary contacts
Interrupter unit(s)

> Contact travel (motion) of main contacts

> Test performance of charging motor
> Motor current analysis
> Performance of control circuits
> Coil current profile analysis
> Undervoltage test
> Minimum pick-up test
Functional breaker model

Control Operating mechanism Mechanical linkage

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 115

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

1. Static/contact resistance test (μΩ)

> Principle of measurement is to use μΩ-
meter
> Can be used for circuit breakers,
bus bar joints, etc.
> Conventional procedure
> Inject a high current
> Measure small voltage in a
noisy environment
> Use 4-wire technique for
connection

Performance of trip and close components

2a. Timing test

> Connect to all main contacts
> Connect to trip & close coil
> Connect auxiliary contacts

CIBANO 500 setup:

same wiring as resistance test

Measured values: open time, close time, contact spread,

phase spread, trip-free time, reclose time

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 116

Characteristics Time Quantities (IEC 62271-100 and ANSI C37.04-1999)

Rated time quantities

˃ Opening time
˃ Closing time
˃ Simultaneity or synchronization
˃ Close-open time
˃ Open-close time

Rated operating sequence

˃ O – t – CO – t‘ – CO

Timing explanations

[O] Opening time the interval of time between the specified instant of initiation of the
opening operation and the instant of energizing the opening release,
the circuit-breaker being in the closed position, and the instant when
the arcing contacts have separated in all poles

Closed po
position
Contact movement

Open
p position

OPENING
NING
Current Flow BREA
BREAKING
time
m
Opening time
time
m Time
T

m
Arcing time
Break time
Final arc extinction in all poles

Separation
io arcing contacts in all poles
io

Energising of opening release Separation

n arcing contacts in first pole

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 117

Performance of trip and close components

[O] Opening time

CB opening time
e
Opening
O pening time PhA Instant when the arcing contacts
have separated in all the poles
Opening time PhB
O

Opening
O i time
i PhC
C

Instant of energising
the opening release

Timing explanations

[C] Closing time the interval of time between

tween the initiation
ween the initiation ofofthe
theclosing
closi goperation
closing operation
p
and the instant when thee contacts
cts
t touch
t h in
i all
ll poles
l

Closed position
Contact movement

Open position

Current Flow
Time
Make time

Pre-arcing time

Closing time

Contacts touch in all poles

Start of current flow in first pole
Energising of closing release

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 118

Performance of trip and close components

[C] Closing time

CB closing time
Instant when the contacts touch in
all the poles
Closing time Phase B

Closing time Phase A

Closing time Phase C

Instant of energising
the closing release

Bouncing

Example: Bouncing of main contacts during Close-Open

Close-Open [CO]

Debounce

Open-Close [OC]

Debounce

Source: Schneider Electric

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 119

Simultaneity or Synchronization

Two or more interrupting units connected in series (per phase)

If one pole consists of more than one interrupter unit connected in series, the maximum difference
between the instants of contact separation within these series connected interrupter units shall not
exceed 1/8 of a cycle of rated frequency, and between the instants of contacts touching within these
series connected interrupter units shall not exceed a 1/6 of a cycle of rated frequency.

Timing measurement with both sides grounded

> Breaker closed, measured

resistance
1
=
1 1
+

But because ≫
=

> Breaker open, measured

resistance
=

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 120

Connection at GIS with both sides grounded

> Current sensor measurement (CSM) with CIBANO 500 & CB MC2

Principle current sensor

> 1st condition: breaker contacts closed

> Current through ground path and main contacts of
interrupter unit

> 2nd condition: breaker contacts open urog

> Current through ground path only,

> induction of voltage through current change in the path ig

ig
1st condition: current through contact & ground

open
urog
close

urog
t ig

2nd condition: current through ground path only

close open
induced
voltage
t
© OMICRON Page 30

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 121

Practical example

> AREVA F35 72.5kV

Rogowski
coil
Phase A / H1

Rogowski
coil
Phase B / H2

Rogowski
coil
Phase C / H3

Principle of CSM method

Threshold level for detection

> Open [O]: C-O threshold set on signal (induced voltage) when
last peak appears
> Close [C]: O-C threshold set on signal (induced voltage) when
first peak appears

Open [O]: threshold with last voltage peak Close [C]: threshold with first voltage peak

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 122

Principle of CSM method

Conclusions from measurement

> 1st peak: transition of main contact to arcing contact
> last peak: last contact finger of arcing contact separates

1st last

First trip test

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 123

First trip test

Performance of trip and close components

2b. Undervoltage test

> Coils are usually powered through station battery
> Condition of the station battery?

> Checks behavior of coils in case of undervoltage supply

> Perform test with reduced supply voltage (e.g. 80%)
> Do the coils work at all?
> Are there any delays compared to nominal voltage?

> Before: impact of undervoltage supply on close and trip operation

was a rough simulation
> CIBANO 500: set exact undervoltage of nominal value and check
behavior of the coils

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 124

Coil current analysis

Interpretation of oil current analysis

1-2 coil energized

Coil current analysis

Interpretation of oil current analysis

1-2 coil energized

2-3 armature induces back

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 125

Coil current analysis

Interpretation of oil current analysis

1-2 coil energized

2-3 armature induces back

3-4 armature hits trigger

releases spring

Coil current analysis

Interpretation of oil current analysis

1-2 coil energized 4-5 armature comes to stop

2-3 armature induces back 5 current overcomes

inductance
3-4 armature hits trigger
releases spring

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 126

Coil current analysis

Interpretation of oil current analysis

1-2 coil energized 4-5 armature comes to stop 6-7 aux. contact interrupts
coil supply
2-3 armature induces back 5 current overcomes
inductance
3-4 armature hits trigger 6 auxiliary contact opens
releases spring

Performance of trip and close components

2b. Undervoltage test

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 127

Performance of trip and close components

2c. Coil currents

> Detection of potential problems in actuating coils
> Reveals information on power supply
> Comparison is the best method of analysis

coil current
Maximum
End of stroke Coil current opening
Trip latch opened

Performance of trip and close components

3. Minimum pick-up test

> Indicates the lowest voltage to operate the trip or
close coil
> Conventional procedure
> Start at a certain voltage level
> Try to operate
> If not working, increase voltage
and try again
> Ramp the voltage pulse until minimum voltage
is reached with which the circuit breaker
switches
> Everybody has a „self-made“ solution for this test
> CIBANO 500: automatic testing after setting
pass/fail level to certain percentage of nominal value

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 128

Performance of trip and close components

3. Minimum pick-up test

> Under voltage test of trip & close coil
> continuously increase of coil supply voltage
> ramp of voltage pulse to avoid overheating of coils

Coil supply voltage

Performance of charging motor

4. Motor current
> Trend of motor current shows you the
power needed by the motor
> Procedure
> Connect source to charging motor or
use current clamp
> Check charging times and charging
currents
> Compare with previous measurements
> Analyze undervoltage conditions

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 129

Performance of charging motor

4. Motor current

Source: Schneider Electric

Performance of kinematic chain

5. Contact travel (motion) of main contacts

> Reveals mechanical defects of the cinematic chain
> Overall mechanical performance
> Slow operation due to jammed mechanism
> Deterioration of mechanical damping (dashpots)
> Contact wear
> Arcing contact length (combined with DRM)

Functional breaker model

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 130

Performance of kinematic chain

5. Contact travel (motion) of main contacts

> What information do we get? e.g. during Close-Open [CO]

Closed Position
Position

Contact Closure

Contact Stroke
Arcing Zone

Total Travel

Speed Damping Zone

Calculation
Zones Open Position

Time

Performance of kinematic chain

5. Contact travel (motion) of main contacts

Linear transducer

Rotary transducer

© OMICRON electronics Asia Limited 2019 131

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

> Records contact resistance during breaker Main contact

operation (resistance over time)

> Combination of contact resistance, timing and Contact travel
travel measurements
> Use DRM to find out Arcing contact length

> The arcing contact length

> Contact finger problems
> Lubrication problems Resistance

> Procedure
> Inject high current
> Start recording current
and voltage
> Operate circuit breaker
> Calculate resistance
Start of Separation of Arcing contact
contact travel main contact is seperated

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

Closed position Arcing Open position

Idc R<100μΩ R>>100μΩ

2 Stationary arcing contact 7 Stationary main contact

3 Moving arcing contact 8 Moving main contact

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

Arcing

Idc R<100μΩ R>>100μΩ

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

Source: SIEMENS

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

Source: SIEMENS

Contact wear and tear of main contacts

6. Dynamic contact resistance (DRM)

Case study: Assessment with DRM

SF6 MV CB – discontinuity of main contact

travel (mm)

DRM (Ω)

coil current (A)

Video: Schneider Electric

Insulation

7. Capacitance and dissipation factor test

Case study - Norway

> Case study by Odd Tangen, EB Elektro AS, Norway

> Details about breaker

> 315kV Live-tank SF6 breaker

> Manufacturing year 1986

> Rated current 3,15 kA
> Rated s.c. current 40,0 kA
> Pole operation ganged
> Operating mechanism pneumatic

Function principle

> Interrupter unit – cutaway view

Condition assessment // 2014-09-10

> Contact resistance measurement

Condition assessment // 2014-09-10

> Timing Close [C]

Condition assessment // 2014-09-10

> Timing Open [O]

Condition assessment // 2014-09-10

> DRM Open [O] - resistances

Condition assessment // 2014-09-10

> DRM Open [O] - currents

Before maintenance

> Main contacts

Before maintenance

> Arcing contacts

After maintenance

> Main and arcing contacts

After maintenance // 2015-09-15

> Contact resistance measurement

After maintenance // 2015-09-15

> DRM Open [O] - resistances

After maintenance // 2015-09-15

> DRM Open [O] - currents

Additional Advanced Diagnostic Tests:
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA)
Khushbu Thakur, OMICRON Asia

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

Motivation

Source: GE Industrial, USA

Motivation

Sweep frequency response analysis

> Introduction
> Type of SFRA measurements
> Interpretation of test results
> Factors affecting the reproducibility
> Case studies

Introduction

> A geometrical change in the transformer causes a change in the complex RLC network

> -> Measure the response of the RLC network

> First steps were made in Poland in 1966 (LVI)

> -> Refined in GB and the US

What FRA can detect

> Axial and radial winding deformation

> Displacements between high- and low-voltage windings
> Partial winding collapse
> Shorted or open turns
> Faulty grounding of core or screens Deformed core Collapsed tap winding

> Core movement

> Broken clamping structures
> Problematic internal connections

Damaged main Displaced internal

winding connections

SFRA

Amplitude

Results Phase

SFRA test setup

SFRA response

CS1 C12 CS2

windings

R1 L1 Rm Lm core
L2 R2
C
core
g1
Cg2

N1 // N2

SFRA response

HV winding response

LV winding response

Type of SFRA measurements

> End to end open circuit test

> End to end short circuit test
> Capacitive inter winding test
> Inductive inter winding test

End to end open circuit test

End to end short circuit test

Capacitive inter winding test

Inductive inter winding test

Interpretation of test results

> Time-based comparison

> Type-based comparison
> Phase-based comparison

> Is reference data available?

Time-based comparison

Reference
measurement
(fingerprint)

New
measurement

Type-based comparison

1.000e+002
e 5.000e+002
e 1.000e+003
e 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
f/Hz

-1
--10
10
1 0

-2
-2
20
-200

-3
--30
30

-4
--40
40

-5
--50
50
50

-60
0

-70
0
Transformer A
-80
0

dB
B

Transformer B
-1
--10
10
10
1.000e+002
e 5.000e+002
e 1.000e+003
e 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
f/Hz

Comparison
-2
-2
20
-200

--30
30

-4
--40
40
40

--50
50
50

-60
0

-70
0

--80
80
0

dB
B

Phase-based comparison

Phase U vs. phase V

U V W

1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006

f/Hz

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

Example: 10MVA, 33kV/2x1.31kV

Factors affecting the reproducibility

Factors affecting reproducibility

Transformer test Test and instrument

Stochastic factors
conditions related factors

Connection of non- Measurement Remanence

tested windings mistakes Noise
Connection of Injection point
tertiary windings FRA instrument
Temperature & Connection
moisture technique
Bushings Arrangement of
Tap position cables
Tank
Core grounding
Oil

Example: residual magnetism

Phase A before demag

Phase A after demag

Example: tap changer position

Example: open delta winding

0
Tertiary open
-20 tertiary closed
Magnitude (dB)

-40

-60

-80
2 4 6
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

Assessment example: Bulk movement

∆d

0 20

-10
0
-20
-20

Magnitude (dB)
Magnitude (dB)

-30
-40
-40

-50 -60
bN Test1
Bb Test1
-60 -80 bN Test2
Bb Test2
-70
-100
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10
-80
2 3 4 5 6 Frequency (Hz)
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)

Assessment example: Shorten turns on one phase

20 0
NA
0 -10
NB
Magnitude (dB)
Magnitude (dB)

-20 NC
-20
-40 ab
-30 bc
-60
ca
-80 -40

-100 -50
2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Case study I: 150kV/20kV 30MVA

Case study II: 115kV/34.5kV 30MVA

deviation in phase
B

Case study II: 115kV/34.5kV 30MVA

B phase with buckling

C phase without buckling

Source: CIGRE A2.26 / 342

Case study II: 115kV/34.5kV 30MVA

Case study III: 69kV/23kV 33MVA

1.000e+002 1.000e+003 1.000e+004 1.000e+005 1.000e+002 1.000e+003 1.000e+004 1.000e+005

f/Hz f/Hz
-10
-10

-20 -15

-20
-30

-25

-40
-30

-50
-35

-60 -40

-45
-70

-50

dB dB

H1 H2 Test 1 H1 H2 Test 2 x0 x2 Test1* x0 x2 Test2**

Case study III: 69kV/23kV 33MVA

Secondary lead holder

slipped down

Case study IV: 110kV/11.5kV-28kV 7MVA

> Remote controlled model areo plane hit overhead line

Case study IV: 110kV/11.5kV-28kV 7MVA

> Measurement at low voltage windings

Case study IV: 110kV/11.5kV-28kV 7MVA

> Inspection of active part

Conclusion

> SFRA is a powerful method for detecing and diagnosing defects in the active part of a power
transformer
> reliable information about the mechanical and electrical condtion of the core, windings, internal leads
and contacts can be gathered
> The key for a successful application is the reproducibility -> attention to test setup
> very good references in form of international standards and CIGRE guidelines

Additional Advanced Diagnostic Tests:

Moisture Determination with DIRANA
Khushbu Thakur, OMICRON Asia

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

Dielectric spectroscopy

> Risks of water in oil/paper insulation

> Conventional methods for measuring water content
> Dielectric response measurements (DIRANA)
> Case studies
> Conclusion

Risks of water in oil/paper insulation

1. Dielectric strength decreases 75

Breakdown Voltage in kV

TAN 0,01
> PD inception voltage 70 TAN 0,10
> breakdown voltage TAN 0,3
TAN 0,49

60
2. Bubble evolution (only on power transformers) from wet paper
Î PD or breakdown may occur
50
0 5 10 15 20
Moisture Saturation in %

Risks of water in oil/paper insulation

3. Accelerated aging of cellulose

> Depolymerization by hydrolysis

Î short circuit current forces may destroy winding

Cellulose and aging

> Cellulose: Built of glucose chains

> Degree of polimerization (DP): Average number of glucose rings in a chain

> New paper: DP: ~ 1200
> End of life: DP: ~ 200
> Water splits the chains (Hydrolysis)
> Water is a byproduct of the hydrolysis
¾ Self-accellerating process
¾ The higher the water content, the faster the aging

Results of aging

> Problem: mechanical strength is reduced with decreased DP

tensile strenght
DP

Aging by water and temperature

• Temperature accelerates aging

• Water accelerates aging
• „Rule of thumb“: 1000

– Each 8 K ↑: half life expectance

– Each 1 wt.% ↑: half life expectance 100
life expectance in years

0,1
50 70 90 110 130
temperature in °C
Source: L. E. Lundgaard, “Aging of oil-impregnated paper in power transformers”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2004

Moisture content and age of 80 transformers

4%
Water content

1%
Age of
transformers
in years
0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Sources of water

Leaky seals
Installation, repair

Breathing Water from aging

Residual moisture

Water content in the

paper / pressboard:
• New: 0.3 wt.% - 0.8 wt.%
• Aged: 3 wt.% - 5 wt.%

[Cigré WG12.18 Life Management of Transformers, 1999]

Moisture distribution – Power Transformer Example

cellulose:
W = 3 wt.% Æ 210 kg H2O
Distribution example:
> 150 MVA,
> 7 t cellulose
> 70 t mineral oil oil: 16 ppm Æ 1.1 kg H2O
> temperature 40°C
> 3% water content in paper

Moisture in oil

• Solubility of water in oil is low (ppm)

• Solubility of water in oil is strongly dependent on
– temperature
– temperature history
– aging of oil
cellulose:
x Water content of the oil is strongly dependent on oil status W = 3 wt.%

x Water content of the paper is barely influenced Æ 210 kg H2O

x Measurements of paper would be ideal

Oil Paper Paper Oil Oil
status (kg) (wt.%) (kg) (ppm)
New 210,0 kg 3,00 % 0,4 kg 6 ppm
Aged 209,3 kg 2,99 % 1,1 kg 15 ppm
Heavily 207,8 kg 2,97 % 2,6 kg 39 ppm
aged

Moisture distribution
800

water saturation in ppm

600

400

cellulose 200

20 30 40 50 60 70 80
temperature in °C

TK TL

oil

Conventional methods for measuring water content

Paper Oil

Karl Fischer titration

?
Water
content
[ppm, wt.%]

Water
saturation
[0-100%]

Round robin test at oil-immersed paper samples
140

Deviation from average in %

120

3,64 3,40
3,38 100
3,27
3,02 2,97
80
2,43
2,25 2,25 2,19
1,97 60
1,79 1,78
1,70 1,64 1,65
1,45 1,36
1,24 40
1,02 1,08
20

0
US B C D E F G
Î Poor comparability between different laboratories!
M. Koch, "Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers”,
Dissertation, IEH, University of Stuttgart, Sierke Verlag Goettingen,
© OMICRON Page 14
Germany, 2008

Conventional methods – Moisture in oil (ppm)

Paper Oil

Karl Fischer titration Karl Fischer titration

?
Water
Equilibrium
diagram

content
[ppm, wt.%]

Equilibrium Equilibrium
diagram = diagram
Water (Equilibrium)
saturation
[0-100%]

Conventional methods – Moisture in oil (ppm)
8 Sampling
> Equilibrium diagram to estimate water content in paper depending on water 8 Uncertainty of KFT
content in oil 8 Equilibrium
> Published by Oommen, Piper, Du Zahn conditions
8 Literature sources
> Influence factor: temperature, oil aging
8 Absorption capacity
8 aging

wt.% water in paper

new oil aged oil
5.0

4.0 heavily aged oil

3.0
aging
2.0

1.0

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ppm water in oil
Î aging and other restrictions lead to inferior accuracy

Conventional methods – Moisture in oil (ppm)

Round robin test with 7 laboratories 340,5 ppm
Deviation from average in %

60 180
water in oil in ppm

Uni Stuttgart 54,8

B 160
C
50 D
E 44,3 140
F
G 39,8 39,7
40 120
35,3
32,8 100
30
80

19,8
20 60
16,2 15,2
11,2 12,1 12,2 40
9,5 8,9
10 7,5
6,7
4,7 4,8 5,8 20
3,5

0 0
Sample A Sample B Sample C US B C D E F G
Î Comparability is dissatisfying!
M. Koch, "Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers”,
Dissertation, IEH, University of Stuttgart, Sierke Verlag Goettingen,
© OMICRON Page 17
Germany, 2008

Summary: Moisture in oil analysis (KFT)

> Advantages:
> Can be done when the asset is online
> Low costs for sampling equipment
> Disadvantages:
> Not usable at low asset temperatures
> Inaccurate as
> Values depend strongly on oil condition
> Small errors in sampling or at the laboratory
cause large deviations
> Equilibrium condition required

Moisture in oil analysis (ppm) is very common, but not very accurate
for determining the water content of the transformer.
The result tells more about the oil condition than the moisture content.

Conventional methods – Moisture saturation

Paper Oil

Karl Fischer titration Karl Fischer titration

?
Water
content
[ppm, wt.%]

Equilibrium diagram
E
=
Water (Equilibrium)
b ium)
saturation
[0-100%]

Conventional methods – Moisture saturation

Based on moisture equilibrium Î Moisture relative to saturation

diffusion
upper porous electrode

polymer film

bottom electrode glass substrate

Working principle:
> Hygroscopic polymer film
> Change of capacity
Possible errors:
> Diffusion of aging byproducts
> Corrosion of electrodes
Î Calibration necessary!

Dissipation factor
I A dielectric can be modeled by:
IR IC • Capacitance
U R C • Resistance (losses)

Dissipation factor tan(GG):

Im IR
IR • Tangent of angle between
tan(G) = sum current I and capacitive current IC
IC IC
• Quality of a dielectric
I

G(f)

U
Re

Dielectric spectroscopy

I (f)
IR(f) IC (f)
U f R C
Measurement of tan(G) at different frequencies
10

Im IR (f) 1
IR(f)
tan(G,f) =

tan(G)
IC (f) IC(f) 0.1
I (f)
0.01
G(f)

0.0001 0.01 1 100

U Frequency in Hz

Dielectric measurement at line frequency

• Tan(δ) around 50 Hz usually insensitive to moisture < 2%

• High dependency on oil conductivity and temperature

Simulated tan(δ) at 50 Hz dependent on moisture

Temperature = 20°C - Barriers = 20% - Spacers = 20%
0.6%
tan(δ)
Oil conductivity: 1 pS/m 10 pS/m
0.5%
tan(δ) at 50 Hz

0.4%

0.3%

0.2%

f
0.1%
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
water in paper (in wt.%)

Interpretation of measurements

Measured dielectric curve

Dissipation factor
10

1
?
0.1

0.01

0.001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency in Hz

Factors influencing the dielectric response

Influence factors: tan(δ)

aging
• Temperature
% ↑ byprod. ↑
• Moisture
1 geometry
• Insulation geometry
aging
• Oil conductivity 0.1 byprod. ↓
%↓
• Aging byproducts ϑ↓ ϑ↑
0.01 oil conduct. ↓ oil conduct. ↑
aging byprod. ↓ aging byprod. ↑

0.001 aging
%↑
byprod. ↑

0.0001
aging
%↓
geometry byprod. ↓

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 f (in Hz)

Water determination using dielectric response

• Dielectric response: dielectric properties (tan(δ), C’, C’’...) tan(δ)

dependent on frequency

• Moisture determination:
→ →
Dielectric + Temperature Comparison with database Water content
response Measurement: Database:

tan(δ)
tan(δ)
tan(δ) Temp

f f
...%
f Unknown water content Known water content

Moisture determination using dielectric response

Dielectric response meas.,

Database
temperature
10
i ti factor
f t

Y
Dissipation

X-Y-Modell Oil Spacers

0,1
Di

(Geometry, Barriers X
0,01
0,0001 0,01 100
oil conductivity)
Frequency in Hz 10
Dissipation factor

0,1
Comparison
0,01
10 0,0001 0,01 Frequency in Hz 100
Dissipation factor

Moisture content
0,1

Case Study I: Heavily aged transformer

• Manufactured in 1950

• Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965, acidity 0.5 mg KOH / g

oil, conductivity 1300 pS/m @ 21°C

• DP 593 top / 718 bottom

DP from furane analysis: 237
Water content in wt. %

6
Dielectric methods
Moisture in cellulose from dielectric
5 properties (PDC, FDS, DIRANA)
4 Oil sampling
3 Moisture in cellulose derived from oil
2
Paper samples
Moisture in cellulose by KF titration
1
Î Contradictory results
0
DIRANA

wc in Oil
FDS

sat in Oil

paper
KFT on
PDC

Heavily aged transformer

Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,

Tangens Delta

10
acidity 0,5 mg KOH / g oil,
1
conductivity 1300 pS/m @ 21°C

0,1
6
Water content in wt. %

5
0,01
0,0001 0,01 1 1000
Frequency in Hz 4
3
Dielectric methods:
High losses appear as water 2
1
Î Aging products appears as water
0
DIRANA

Î DIRANA gives 2,9 wt. %,

FDS
PDC

wc in Oil

paper
KFT on
sat in Oil

FSD/PDC give 3,8wt. % / 4 wt. %

Heavily aged transformer

6
Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,
5
Water content

acidity 0,5 mg KOH / g oil,

4
conductivity 1300 pS/m @ 21°C
3
2
5
1 4,5

Water in pressboard in wt. %

0 4
DIRANA

wc in Oil
FDS

paper
KFT on
PDC

sat in Oil

3,5
3
2,5
21°C
2
Equilibrium diagram 40°C
6,7 % RS @ 24°C Î W = 2,5 wt. % 1,5
1 60°C

KF titration of paper samples 0,5 80°C

W = 2,6 wt. % 0
Î Compensation of aging byproducts 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Moisture relative to saturation in %
required!

Case Study II: Transformer in Meiningen, Austria

Technical data
• Manufactured in 1967
• Rated power 133 MVA
• 230/115/48 kV
• Cooling: Oil forced/air forced

Drying required?

Transformer in Meiningen, Austria

Measurement Results: Water in cellulose

5
Water in cellulose in wt. %

0
Dira Dira Dira Oil sample Oil sample
HV-LV LV- Tertiary Tertiary RS PPM
- Tank

Transformer in Meiningen, Austria

Water concentration after drying

• On-line drying with oil circulation for 1,5 years

5
Water in cellulose in wt. %

0
Dira Dira Oil sample
HV-LV LV-Tertiary RS

Transformer in Meiningen, Austria

Estimation of financial benefit:

1000

Life expectance in years

Successful drying
• Extension of lifespan by 13 years 100

• Investment of 1,5 Mio. € postponed

10
by 13 years, money invested by 5 %,
minus 2.5 % inflation
1

i.e. profit of 570 Thousand Euro 0,1

50 70 90 110 130
• Costs for drying app. 2 x 2 T€ + 60 T€ Temperature in °C
• Needless drying
• Overestimation by conventional equilibrium diagrams
• Costs of drying Î app. 60 T€
• Compared with this costs for reliable moisture determination by dielectric response methods Î app.
2 T€

Conclusion

> Water is an aging product and accelerator

> Temperature as an important parameter of aging
> aging is very dependent on operation parameters
> Moisture distribution cellulose : oil is approx. 1 : 2000
> The big amount of water is in the paper, not the oil
> Differences in relative saturation cause moisture migration
> The water content is not homogeneously distributed
> A wet insulation ages faster than a dry one
> knowing the water content is essential in order to plan the neccessary actions
> Dielectric response at lower frequencies more sensitive to water

Additional Advanced Diagnostic Tests:

Partial Discharge (PD) Measurements
Seokhoon Hong, OMICRON Asia Limited

Time Optimized Substation Asset Testing and Diagnosis

4 June 2019

What is partial discharge?

> Partial discharge (PD) is a localized dielectric breakdown of a small portion

of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress.

> Definition from IEC 60270 Specification:

Localized electrical discharge that only partially bridges the insulation
between conductors and which can or cannot occur adjacent to a conductor.

Evidences of partial discharges

photo: VATech Hydro Austria

Type of PD – External PD

Surface discharge
Corona discharge

Type of PD – Internal PD

Internal discharge Cavity / void discharge

in laminated material

Partial discharge mechanism

Ut(t)

U1(t)

Phase resolved partial discharge - PRPD

> How is a PRPD created?

Amplitude

Trigger Trigger Trigger Trigger Trigger Trigger

1 2 3 4 5 50
...
Time
Amplitude

Time (ms)
10
20

Internal discharge – PRPD pattern

Cavity / void discharge

Internal discharge – cast resin transformer

Surface discharge – PRPD pattern

Surface discharge

Corona discharge – PRPD pattern

Corona discharge

How can PD be measured

> Coupling methods:

> Coupling capacitors

> High frequency current transformers (HFCT)

> Measurement on bushings

> UHF sensors

> Acoustic sensors

> UV cameras

Coupling capacitors

MCC 124 MCC 205

Off-line PD measurement according to IEC 60270

Blocking
impedance Coupling
capacitor
z

Ck
ut(t)

Ca
CD

Test Coupling
Object device

> Advantage: The measuring device is not exposed in case of total

breakdown of the test object.

Connection with coupling capacitors

PD measurements – Dry type transformer

On-line PD measurement & monitoring

On-line PD measurement Temporary on-line PD monitoring

9 Clarify installation issues 9 Observe assets at risk over

within the warranty period. extended periods of time.
9 Periodically check asset 9 Identify assets that require
insulation condition. permanent monitoring.
9 Identify assets that require 9 Plan maintenance and
immediate attention. investments based on
asset condition.

MONTESTO 200: For various electrical assets

Dry-type transformers Power transformers

MONTESTO 200

OHL cable terminations MV cable terminations

Power cables & accessories GIS cable terminations Rotating machines

2001

High-frequency current transformers HFCT

Monitoring Diagnostic
HFCTs HFCTs

MCT110 MCT100

MCT120

PD measurement & monitoring on cable terminations

High-voltage cable terminations 3 x HFCT sensors

A terminal box is required only if the Terminal box

sensors remain permanently installed. (optional)

Laptop for 1 LAN

setup and
viewing data
(optional, not 2 WiFi
included)

MONTESTO 200

PD measurement & monitoring on cable joints

High-voltage cable joints

3 x HFCT
sensors

Terminal box

Laptop for
setup and 1 LAN
viewing data
(not included) 2 WiFi

MONTESTO 200

High-frequency current transformers HFCT

PD measurement on ground connection

PD measurement & monitoring on Power Transformers

Power transformers
3 x CPL 844
bushing tap
sensors with
adapters

Terminal box

UHF drain valve CPL 844 permanent

sensor and UHF installation kit
620 bandwidth
convertor
(optional)

PD measurement on HV bushings

MPD 600 PeliCase

Tap adapter

Bushing Tap Adapter

UHF PD measurement

I / Qiec E/H

IEC compliant PD measurement UHF PD measurement

IEC measurement UHF measurement

Dispersion Compensation current Electromagnetic field
Coupling Discrete capacitor Antenna
Frequency kHz – some MHz 100-2000 MHz
Calibration Small setups, low Magnitude and damping
frequencies depends on position of defect

PD signal propagation in UHF-Range

Test
object

UHF620

MPD600

Picture of a GIS measurement

Ultra-High Frequency PD measurement

UHT1 Hatch type sensor

UVS 610

> Transformer valve sensor for DN50 and DN80 valves

> Measuring frequency range 150 MHz to 1 GHz
> Usable for online measurements

3PARD – 3 Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram

Signal Separation Technique – 3 PARD (3 Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram)

On-line PD monitoring

Historical trend diagram

> Scroll over data points to view scalar values with timestamp.
> Zoom into any part of the diagram to see more detail.
> Click on the trend points to see additional information.

Scalar values with timestamp Visualize PRPD patterns Automated cluster separation Pulse distribution Navigation panel

On-line PD monitoring

Automatic cluster separation

> Click on the automatically separated clusters
to obtain its individual PRPD pattern.
> All raw PD data can be saved and can be
downloaded for detailed analysis.

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