N PRINCIPLES f cOGENERATIO Jd as the arrangement of plants for producing, more than one useful ion is define Its working pri ity and the process heat ii buildings. ene) ciple is simple. In cogeneration plants, the fuel is used to oe te electricit 's used to boil the water to produce steam for space peating and even for cooling Combi along with heat utilization fields where both power redusry and chemical industry are the industrie processes and cogeneration is an attractive option for getting electricity along with pro steam. In the conventional power plant, th eam, This high pressure steam is used to drive a tu tubine drives an‘alternator to produce electric energy. The exhaust steal ted into water. Therefore, it returns to er refers to the arrangement in which the cycle prod ined heat and pow process heating. This cogeneration concept is applied in for and process heats are simultaneously required. Food pr s where steam is required for di e fuel is burnt in a boiler to produce high pressure bine connected to an alternator. The m is then fed to the condenser where'it gets cooled down and it gets conve! te boiler for producing more electrical energy. The efficiency of this conventional power plat is 359%, Either a steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle or a gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle or even zcambined eyele (discussed later) can be used as the power cycle in a cogeneration plant. 434. Technical Options for Cogeneration Cogeneration technologies have been widely commercialized include extraction/back ithout bottoming Pressure ‘ , ' a nee turbines, gas turbine with heat recovery boiler (with or wil ine) and reciprocating engines with heat recovery boiler. $4, Typ, . ES OF COGENERATION POWER PLANTS. ere are basi : no two types of cogeneration power plants such as * *0pping cycle power plant 2 i Bottoming cycle power plant. Scanned nth CamScannerThermal Engineeringsy_ 4.4.1. Topping Cycle Power Plant Power is cogenerated in both topping and bottoming cycles. In a topping cycle, power js generated prior to the delivery of thermal energy to the process. Power generation is dong -y (combined cycle steam turbine output generation), from recovery of excess thermal ener Power generation is derived from exothermic process reactions and heat recovery from kilns, process heaters and furnaces. In this type of combined cycle power plant, electricity is first generated and then wa oor exhaust steam is used to heat water or building space. There are basically three types of topping cycles as follows. (i) Gas turbine topping Combined Heat Power (CHP) plant: ‘A natural gas fired turbine is used to drive a synchronous generator to prodi electricity, A gas turbine or diesel engine producing electrical or mechanical power follow by a heat recovery boiler to create steam to drive a secondary steam turbine, The exhaust is passed to a heat recovery boiler where the water is converted into steam or useful heat for heating purposes. This is called a combined-cycle topping system. Combustor [1 -——> Electricity Compressor] 1 Generator ‘Steam to waste heat recovery boiler Steam to process heating ‘Supplemental fuel Feed water Figure 4.2 Gas turbine topping CHP plaut ‘The advantages of using a gas turbine cogeneration system arc as follows. (i) Gas turbines have a short start up time. (ii) Gas turbines provide the flexibility of intermittent operation. Gi) At high temperatures, more heat can be recovered. Scanned ith CamScannerogenrton ort Residual Heat Rocovory _ (ae) seam turbine topping Combined Heat Power (CHP) Plants (i inthis case the fuel is burt to produce steam to generate power as shown in Figure 4.3, ins stem, the fuel is burnt to produce high-pressure steam. Then, it passes through a In ° ver am turbine £0 produce power and the exhaust steam provides low-pressure process steam. ste The exhaust steam is used as low-pressure process steam to heat water for various purposes. isa steam-turbine topping system, Steam pipe [| ———s Electriaty : [ Boiler Generator Water = Steam to process heating Figure 4.3 Steam-turbine topping CHP Plant (ii) Combined-cycle topping Combined Heat Power (CHP) plant: In this type of plant, the fuel is first bumt in a steam boiler. The steam produced in a boiler is used to drive turbine. A synchronous generator which is coupled to the turbine produces electrical energy. The exhaust from the turbine can be used either for process heating or heating the building in winter or heating a recovery system to generate steam. It is further used to drive a secondary steam turbine. 442, Bottoming Cycle Power Plant The bottoming cycle is exactly opposite to a topping cycle. In this plant, the excess heat oma manufacturing process is used to generate steam and this steam is used for generating ‘lctical energy. In this case, no extra fuel is needed to produce electricity because the fuel is aeady bum hh bottoming cycles, power is produced from the recovery of process thermal energy is normally rejected to the heat sink, Figure 4.4 shows the bottoming cycle "eration system with condensing steam turbine. The excess heat from the thermal whi TEER Scanned ith CamScannerrT produced to drive a stem Fuel Figure 4.4 Bottoming cycle cogeneration with condensin, rocess is used by a Hei wat Recovery m turbine to genes ‘Thermal process 1 Generator (HRSG) to generate si rate electricity. Waste heat Heatrecovery [| steam generator Generator Turbine ———— ; Condenser Pump 1 1g steam turbine 4.5. CONFIGURATION OF COGENERATION PLANTS L F A Gas turbine combined heat power plants which use the waste h emerging from gas turbines. 2. Stes it it : a turbine combined heat power plants use the heating syst: Jet is used for the steam turbine. 3. Molten carbonate fuel cells have a hot exhaust which will be more Sut heating, em in which the eat in the fue & steal able £0 4. Combined cycle power plants can be adapted for combined heat and power sen ‘ ned mith CanScanner