‘Example 6. Find the volume of tetrahedron having vertices Ci-b, Gissjeab, Giag}+4ah and 4-i+j+h. Also find the value of q for which these four points are coplanar. (Nagpur Unizersity, Summer 2004, 2003, 2002) Solution. Let 4 wy AB = =. BD = B-Raf CPO ab rstesé Volume of the tetrahedron = 2 (AB AC AD] sft 6 ge, =i] 310 5 | = 2(4(50-25)-605+20)+(q+1)(15+40)) “4505 = (100-210 + 55(q+1)} = (110 +55 +554) (554559) = 2 (g-1) 6 If four points A, B, C and D are coplanar, then (AB AC AD) = ie., Volume of the tetrahedron 55 = 2 q-1 61 )Example 3. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are i - 2j + 3k and 2i+j- 4k. to Solution. Vector area of || gm = |1 -2 21 = 697-4 oj 40+ Hk = 57410) 52 Area of parallelogram = (5° + (10) + (5) = 56 Ans.5.27 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF GRADIENT, NORMAL (UP. Ist Semester, Dee 2006) Ifa surface (x, y; 2) = c passes through a point P. The value of the function at each point con the surface is the same as at P. Then such a surface is called a level surface through P. For example, If (x, y, 2) represents potential at the point P, then equipotential surface (x, ¥, 2) = ¢ is a evel surface. ‘Two level surfaces can not intersect. Let the level surface pass through the point P at which the value of the function is §. Consider another level surface passing through Q, where the value of the function is 6 + dé. Let ¥ and ¥ +87 be the position vector of P and Q then PQ = 37 26, +2672) ag veur = (iz $hi28) (ae njv shan = 2 ae 20, ax ** ay If Q lies on the level surface of P, then dp = 0 Equation (1) becomes VO. dr=0. Thenyg is 1 to a (tangent). Hence, Vo is normal to the surface 4x, A)Let Vo = |VolA, where % is a unit normal vector Let 6 be the perpendicular distance between two level surfaces through P and 2. Then the rate of change of @ in the direction of the ‘normal to the surface through P is ae 1b iy BB gy SOE? an aan ee ae son Wola? ? ae #18 ces 0=80 - Jin er vol a “ va = & vol on Hence, gradient @ is a vector normal to the surface @ = ¢ and has a magnitude equal to the rate of change of @ along this normal.§.17 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION, The scalar triple product @ .(B x ¢) represents the volume of the parallelopiped having @, b, cas its co-terminous edges. S F @.(Bx c) = @~ Area of || gm OBDC y = Area of || gm OBDC x perpendicular distance *| between the parallel faces OBDC and AEFG. = Volume of the parallelopiped Note. (1) f @.(b xc) =0, then @,b,¢ are coplanar.Example 12. 4 particle moves along the curve F=(° 401 +(P +4) 7+8F 3°), where tis the time. Find the magnitude of the tangential components of its acceleration att=2. (Nagpur University, Summer 2005) Solution, We have, P= (F —4Ni+(P 447+ (8? —3°)K Velocity = 22 = Ge 4)? + 2r+ 4) j + (6-92 )8 i At 1 Velocity = gi +8j-4k 4 dP ye s Avcclention = @ = p= 61) +27 +6 180)k At t= 2 Ga127425-20k The direction of velocity is along tangent. So the tangent vector is velocity. Unit tangent vector, 4 2B _Siaj—ak _si+sj-ak_2i+27-k mibrangent 0D Ty] fone oa 16 12 3 Tangential component of acceleration, a,~ = an} 2) 208) 21427 -kExample 21. Find the constants m and n such that the surface mx° — 2nyz = (m + 4)x will be orthogonal to the surface 4x"y + 24 = 4 at the point (1,1, 2). (MD.U, Dee. 2009, Nagpur University, Summer 2002) Solution. The point P (1, —1, 2) lies on both surfaces. As this point lies in imc — nye = (m+ Ax, 30 we have m—2n (2) = (m+ 4) = ntdi=ms4 > nat 2 Let 6, = me? 2yz—(m + yr and 4, = avy + 2-4 Normal to 6; = Vo, = (F245 2482) tm? - 292 -(m + = (FSFE AZ)? Dye (m+ 4x = iQme—m—4)—22j-2yk Normal wo g, at (1, -1, 2) = iQm—m—4)-45-+2k = (m—4)i-4j 42k ‘Normal 10 d = Vb, 4848 28 . ss [iS-iZ +82) ary» = iy tar 74378 Normal to. at (1,1, 2)= 874454128 Sincc 6, and, are orthogonal, then normals are perpendicular to each other. Vo, . Vo, = 0 = [m= 4)i 49 428)-81 44) +128) = 0 > -8(m—4)— 16 + 24 = 0 = m-4= 243 > mas Hence m=5,n=1 Ans.Example 22. Find the values of constants 2. and so that the surfaces Ix° — py= = (A + 2) x, 4x’y + 2 = 4 intersect orthogonally at the point (1, — 1, 2). (AMIETE, IT Sem., Dec. 2010, June 2009) Solution. Here, we have (1) 2) Normal to the surface (1), =V|2x?-w2-@+2)x| +3082] [a7 we 0.42)x] =i (Qhx-A-2)+ j (He) +k (wy) F QR-2-2)- j Cw + kw 3B) 7 Q-2+ jzQu+ kw |, 2) Normal at (1 ‘Normal at the surface (2) 238 72) gra £4 jFsk£| ary+ 3-4 Sy 2h y ) (% = 7 &xy)+ 7 4r)+ & BA) Normal at the point (I, -1,2)=-87 +47 +126 AA)‘Since (3) and (4) are orthogonal so [fame jaweén][-sivajenad]-o 80.-244CH)+IE=0 > “46+ Bu4IIU=0 B-M:416=0 DESHI 4 hsSped =o = Pint (1, ~ 1,2) wil satisfy (1) 2A)? —w-D2)= O42) (Y= 2+ IW in (5), we get Putting = n-s-4 > n= 2 9 Henee 2 =2 and wt Ans, Example 23. Find the angle between the surfaces ° + y? + 2° =9 and z =x" + y* —3 at the point (2, -1, 2). (Nagpur University, Summer 2002) 2 Example 25. Find the direction in which the directional derivative of (x, y) = ~* at xy (J, 1) is zero and hence find out component of velocity of the vector 7 = (73 4 1)i 4° j in the same direction ai t = 1. (Nagpur University, Winter 2000) Example 29, Find the directional derivative of V*, where j= xy?j 4 22 j-+a22h, at the point (2, 0, 3) in the direction of the outward normal to the sphere x° + y’ + 2 = 14 at the point (3, 2,1). (A.MLE.LE., Dec. 2007)