M MCQ Questions Q.4 Which of the following is true?

(A) Precipitation = evaporation + run

Q.1 Which of the following is a non-
off
recording raingauge?
(B) Precipitation = infiltration + runoff
(A) Symon’s raingauge
(C) Runoff = Evaporation +
(B) Tipping bucket type raingauge precipitation
(C) Weighing type raingauge (D) Evaporation = precipitation +
runoff
(D) Floating type raingauge
[SSC JE 2018]
[SSC JE 2011, 2018] Q.5 Rainfall of intensity 20 mm/h occured
Q.2 Rainfall hyetograph shows the variation over a watershed of area 1 km2 for
of _______. duration of six hours. It measures a
direct runoff for a volume of 30,000 m3.
(A) Cumulative rainfall with time
In the stream. Find the precipitation
(B) Rainfall intensity with time NOT available for runoff In this
case?
(C) Rainfall depth over an area
(A) 9 cm (B) 3 cm
(D) Rainfall intensity with the
(C) 5 mm (D) 17.5 mm
cumulative rainfall
[SSC JE 2018]
[SSC JE 2016]
Q.6 For a large catchment, contours joining
Q.3 The areal characteristics of a rain storm points of equal monthly rainfall values
are represented by a – were plotted.
(A) DAD curve The plot is known as:
(A) Isohyetal map
(B) Hyetograph
(B) Mass curve
(C) Mass curve
(C) Isobar map
(D) Double mass curve (D) Thiessen polygon
[SSC JE 2016] [SSC JE 2018]
 ®
1.2 All State - AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.7 The area under a hyetograph represents Q.4 Consider the following with respect to
(A) Total runoff received in the period double-mass curve :
(B) Total intensity of rainfall received 1. Plot of accumulated rainfall with
in the period respect to two chronological orders
(C) Total precipitation received in that 2. Plot for estimating multiple missing
period rainfall data
(D) Average intensity of rainfall 3. Plot for checking the consistency of
received in the period the rainfall data
[SSC JE 2019] 4. Plot of accumulated annual rainfall
of a station vs accumulated rainfall
A Assignment Questions
of a group of stations
Q.1 Ombrometer (pluviometer) is used to Which of these statements are correct?
measure
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(A) soil moisture stress of a plant
(C) 3 and 4 (D) 1 and
(B) rainfall depth
Q.5 Generally to estimate PMP,
(C) leaf area
Pm  42.16 D 0.475 is used ( Pm is
(D) root zone depth
maximum depth of precipitation, D =
Q.2 The coefficient of variation of the duration). What are the units of Pm and
rainfall for six rain gauge stations in D in the equation?
catchments was found to be 29.54%.
(A) mm, second (B) cm, second
The optimum number of stations in the
catchments for an admissible 10% error (C) mm, hour (D) cm, hour
in the estimation of the mean rainfall Q.6 Inconsistency of rainfall data can be
will be checked by which one of the following?
(A) 3 (B) 6 (A) Normal ratio method
(C) 9 (D) 12 (B) Mass curve method
Q.3 What is Hydrological Cycle ? (C) Double-mass curve method
(A) Processes involved in the transfer (D) Depth duration frequency curve
of moisture from sea to land Q.7 What is the Probable Maximum
(B) Processes involved in the transfer Precipitation (PMP)?
of moisture from sea back to sea
(A) Projected precipitation for a 100 yr
again
return period
(C) Processes involved in the transfer
(B) Maximum precipitation for all past
of water from snowmelt in
recorded storms
mountains to sea
(C) Upper limit of rainfall, which is
(D) Processes involved in the transfer
justified climatologicaliy
of moisture from sea to land and
back to sea again (D) Effective precipitable water
GATE ACADEMY ® Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrological Cycle 1.3
Precipitation
Q.8 Match List I (Parameter) with List I Codes :
(Relatable term) and select the correct
A B C D
answer during the codes given below the
lists. (A) 1 4 5 2
List – I List - II (B) 4 3 5 2
A Rainfall 1 Isohyets (C) 1 4 2 5
intensity
(D) 4 3 2 5
B Rainfall 2 Cumulative
Q.10 In a water shed, for rain gauges I, II, III
excess
and IV are installed. The depths of
C Rainfall 3 Hyetograph normal annual rainfall at these stations
averaging are 60, 75, 80 and 100 cm respectively.
D Mass 4 Direct run-off The rain gauge at station III went out of
curve hydrograph order during a particular year. The
annual rainfall for that year, recorded at
the remaining three stations was 90, 60
Codes :
and 70 cm. The rainfall at station III can
A B C D be considered as
(A) 1 2 3 4 (A) 60 cm (B) 70 cm
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 80 cm (D) 120 cm
(C) 1 4 3 2
Q.11 If ‘p’ is the precipitation ‘a’ is the area
(D) 3 2 1 4 represented by a raingauge, and ‘n’ is
Q.9 Match List I (Type of precipitation) the number of raingauges in a catchment
with List II (Principal cause) and select area, then the weighted mean rainfall is
the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists. ap ap 2
(A) (B)
n a
List – I List - II
A Convective 1 Atmospheric ap ap 3
(C) (D)
disturbance a a 2
B Cyclonic 2 Mountain [RPSC – VPITI - 2016]
barrier Q.12 Humidity refers to the ____
C Frontal 3 Pressure
(A) Volume of the air
difference
(B) Water vapor in the air
D Orographic 4 Temperature
difference (C) Pressure of the moisture

5 Warm and cold (D) Mass of the air

air masses [PEB – SUB ER- 2017]
 ®
1.4 All State - AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.13 The precipitation caused by natural Q.18 When raindrops evaporate before
rising of warmer lighter air is colder and reaching the earth while passing through
denser surrounding is called dry air is called as:
(A) Cyclonic precipitation (A) Drizzle (B) Virga
(B) Convective precipitation
(C) Snowfall (D) Sleet
(C) Orographic precipitation
(D) None of these [DMRC - 2018]
[KPSC-JE] Q.19 Which of the following represents a
Q.14 The flow mass curve is an integral curve tropical cyclone?
of
(A) Zone of low pressure with
(A) Hydrograph
clockwise winds in northern
(B) Hyetograph hemisphere
(C) Flow duration curve
(B) Zone of low pressure, with
(D) S-curve anticlockwise winds in northern
[LBS – ASST. PROF. 2017] hemisphere
Q.15 The water from the ocean to the
(C) Zone of high pressure with
atmosphere, atmosphere to the ground
anticlockwise winds in northern
and back to the ocean again is called
hemisphere
(A) Hydrologic cycle
(D) Low pressure zone that occurs in
(B) Climate effect change
northern hemisphere
(C) Low pressure
(D) High pressure [AEC - 2017]
[Haryana JE - 2018] Q.20 Hyetograph is a graph representing
Q.16 What is the diameter of receiver tipping rainfall intensity against _____
bucket rain gauge?
(A) Runoff (B) Velocity
(A) 400 mm (B) 500 mm
(C) 300 mm (D) 100 mm (C) Volume (D) Time

[Haryana JE - 2018] [DMRC - 2018]

Q.17 Isohyets are the imaginary lines joining Q.21 A fine sprinkle of numerous water
the points of equal droplets of size less than 0.5mm and
(A) Pressure intensity less than 1 mm/h is known as :
(B) Height
(A) Hail (B) Drizzle
(C) Humidity
(D) Rainfall (C) Glaze (D) Fog

[ISRO - 2015] [PEB-SUB ER.-2017]

GATE ACADEMY ® Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrological Cycle 1.5
Precipitation Q.4 A river basin has 5 rain gauges having
C Conventional Questions
annual precipitations are 820, 1020,
Q.1 The normal rainfall at station P.Q.R.S
1100,980
and T In a basin are 69.5.81.2,72.3,89.4
and 1360 mm. Determine-
and 63.7 cm respectively. In the year
1989, the station T was Inoperative and (A) Standard error In the estimation of
the stations P,Q,R,S recorded annual mean rainfall loathe easting set of
precipitation of 91.1, 72.73, 79.89 and raingauge.
83.2 cm respectively estimate the (B) Optimum no. of rain gauges (i.e.
rainfall at station T in that year. additional required or not) If error
Q.2 The area shown in fig. below. The In computation Is limited to 10%.
annual precipitation of the rain gauge P Practice Questions
stations located at the four comers and
centre of square plot and apex of the Q.1 The area between the isohyets 45 cm
triangular plot are indicated In fig. Find and 55 cm is 100 square km and
mean precipitation over area by thiessen between 55 cm and 65 cm is 150 square
polygon method and compare with km. The average depth of annual
arithmatic mean. precipitation over the above basin of
250 square km will be
(A) 50 cm (B) 55 cm
(C) 56 cm (D) 62 cm
Q.2 The DAD (Depth Area Duration)
analysis for a catchment would indicate
that
(A) for a given storm, the maximum
depth increases with area
(B) for a given area, the maximum
average depth of rainfall increases
Q.3 Rainfall due to storm in a basin is shows with storm duration
using isohytes. Find average depth of (C) for a given area, the maximum
ranfall in basin average depth of rainfall decreases
with storm duration
(D) None of the above
Q.3 Cyclonic precipitation is caused by
lifting of an air mass due to
(A) Pressure difference
(B) Temperature difference
(C) Natural topographical barriers
(D) All of the above
 ®
1.6 All State - AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.4 A raingauge should preferably be fixed Q.9 The normal annual precipitation at
(A) Near the building stations X, A, B and C are 700 mm,
1000 mm, 900 mm and 800 mm
(B) Under the tree
respectively. If the storm precipitation at
(C) In an open space
three station A, B and C were 100 mm,
(D) In a closed space 90 mm and 80 mm respectively, then the
Q.5 If allowable percentage error in the storm precipitation for station X will be
estimate of basic rainfall is E and (A) 70 mm (B) 80 mm
coefficient of variation of rainfall is Cv , (C) 90 mm (D) 105 mm
then the optimum number of raingauge Q.10 According to Indian standards, the
is given by number of raingauge stations for an area
Cv Cv of 5200 km 2 in plains should be
(A) (B) (A) 10 (B) 15
E E
2 3/2
(C) 20 (D) 40
C  C  Q.11 Percentage of raingauge stations which
(C)  v  (D)  v 
E E should be equipped with self recording
Q.6 Which of the following types of gauges for knowing the intensity of
raingauge is used for measuring rain in rainfall should be about
remote hilly inaccessible areas? (A) 5% (B) 10%
(A) Tipping bucket type (C) 15% (D) 20%
Q.12 If the coefficient of variation of rainfall
(B) Weighing type
values at 4 raingauge stations is 30%
(C) Floating type
and permissible error in the estimation
(D) Simon’s raingauge of mean rainfall is 10%, then the
Q.7 A 70% index of wetness means additional number of rainguage stations
(A) Rain excess of 30% required in the catchment is
(B) Rain deficiency of 30% (A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 9
(C) Rain deficiency of 70%
Q.13 The convective precipitation results
(D) None of the above
from
Q.8 Coefficient of variation is given by (A) Frontal disturbances during the
Standard deviation cyclonic movement of barometric
(A) 100
mean low
Variance (B) The rising of colder air into warmer
(B)  100
mean surroundings
mean (C) The rising of warmer air in colder
(C) 100 denser surrounding
standard deviation
(D) The interface of water and air on
mean
(D)  100 surface due to sudden change of
variance temperature
GATE ACADEMY ® Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrological Cycle 1.7
Precipitation
Q.14 The intensity-duration-frequency curves (A) Small where rainfall gradient is
for precipitation indicate that steep
(A) The greater the intensity of rainfall (B) Large where rainfall gradient is
the shorter length of time it steep
continues
(C) Small for hilly areas
(B) The days on which rainfall occurs
at a location (D) Large for level terrain
(C) Cumulative rainfall over a period Q.19 DAD (depth-area-duration) studies for a
with frequency of periodic peaks, is particular stream indicate that the
ultimately constant average depth of rainfall
(D) The intensity of rainfall increases as (A) Remains constant
the duration increases
(B) Decreases as the area decreases
Q.15 Intensity of rain fall is
(C) Decreases as the area increases
(A) Total rainfall in a period
(D) Decreases as the duration of rainfall
(B) Rainfall per unit area
increases
(C) Volume of water collected per unit
Q.20 Interception loss is
time
(A) more towards the end of a storm
(D) Depth of rainfall per unit time
during which it fell (B) more at the beginning of a storm
Q.16 Cyclonic precipitation results from (C) uniform throughout the storm
(A) Thermal convection currents (D) low in the beginning of storm and
gradually increases
(B) Orographic convection currents
(C) Frontal disturbances during the Q.21 A self recording raingauge
movement of barometric low (A) Records the cloud cover
pressure (B) Records the snowmelt
(D) None of the above (C) Records the rainfall intensity
Q.17 Convective storm rainfall generally (D) Records the depth of rainfall
(A) Of long duration and high intensity Q.22 Isohyetal method gives accurate mean
(B) Of short duration but of high areal depth of rainfall
intensity (A) in a basin consisting of plains and
(C) Of short duration and of low hills
intensity (B) in a gently sloping basin
(D) Of long duration and of low (C) when there are optimum number of
intensity rain gauge stations
Q.18 The number of rain gauges required per
(D) when the precipitation includes
unit area to give fairly reliable data on
snow melt
rainfall over an area is
 ®
1.8 All State - AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.23 If a cold air mass drives out a warm air Q.29 A line joining places of equal rainfall
mass it is called a cold front. A cold depth in a given duration is known as
front causes (A) isogonic line
(A) no precipitation (B) isohyet
(B) intense precipitation on small area (C) wet contour
(C) intense precipitation on large area (D) none of the above
(D) light precipitation on large area Q.30 Ombrometer (Pluviometer) is used to
Q.24 The diameter of the area of a standard measure
Symon's type rain gauge (A) soil moisture stress of a plant
(A) 5.0 cm (B) 7.5 cm (B) rainfall depth
(C) 10 cm (D) 12.7 cm (C) Catchment area
Q.25 In India the water year starts from (D) root zone depth
(A) 1st January
(B) 1st April
(C) 1st June
(D) 1st October
Q.26 The water equivalent of snowfall is
taken as
(A) 10% (B) 30%
(C) 60% (D) 75%
Q.27 A plot of accumulated precipitation VS
time in chronological order is called
(A) Hyetograph
(B) Unit hydrograph
(C) Mass curve
(D) Hydrograph
Q.28 A plot of rainfall intensity versus time in
known as
(A) Hyetograph
(B) Mass flow curve
(C) Duration curve
(D) Unit Hydrograph
GATE ACADEMY ® Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrological Cycle 1.9
Precipitation
Answers Hydrological Cycle & Precipitation
MCQ Questions
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A
6. A 7. C
Assignment Questions
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. A
16. C 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. D
21. B
Conventional Practice Questions
(a) 8.39% (b) No extra
1. 67.56 cm 2. 4.89 cm 3. 31.58 cm 4.
rain gauge
Practice Questions
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. D
16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B
21. C 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C
26. A 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. B


 M MCQ Questions Q.2 A standard, ground-based evaporation
pan, corresponding to Indian Standards,
Q.1 Calculate the evaporation (mm) from a is installed at the banks of a surface
pond if the pan evaporation is 45 mm, reservoir. The water surface area on a
the pan coefficient is 0.70. particular day is 100 hectare. The
(A) 13.5 (B) 19.28 recorded evaporation loss from the pan,
(C) 31.5 (D) 64.28 on a certain day, is nearly 4.0 cm. What
[SSC JE 2017] is the anticipated evaporation loss from
Q.2 An irrigation canal is 80 km long. It has the reservoir for that day?
an average width of 15 m. If the (A) (1.8 to 2)  104 m3/day
evaporation measured in a class A pan is
(B) (2.5 to 2.75)  104 m3/day
5 mm/day, the volume of water
evaporated in a month of 30 days is : (C) (3.0 to 3.25)  104 m3/day
(take pan coefficient as 0.7) (D) (3.8 to 4.05)  104 m3/day
(A) 18000 m3 (B) 126000m3 Q.3 The quantitative statement of the
3 3
(C) 180000m (D) 12600 m balance between water gains and losses
[SSC JE 2018] in a certain basin during a specified
period of time is known as which one of
A Assignment Questions the following?
Q.1 Consider the following chemical 1. Water budget
emulsions :
2. Hydrologic budget
1. Methyl alcohol
2. Cetyl alcohol 3. Groundwater budget
3. Stearyl alcohol Select the correct answer using the
4. Kerosene codes given below.
Which of the above chemical emulsions (A) 1 only
is/are used to minimize the loss of water
(B) 2 only
through the process of evaporation?
(C) 3 only
(A) 1 only (B) 1 and 4
(C) 2 and 4 (D) 2 and 3 (D) None of these
 ®
2.2 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.4 Which one of the following defines Q.7 Match List I with List II and select the
Aridity Index (AI)? correct answer using the codes given
PET  AET below the lists.
(A) AI  100
PET List I :
PET
(B) AI  100 A. Anemometer
AET B. Rain simulator
AET
(C) AI  100 C. Lysimeter
PET
D. Hygrometer
AET  PET
(D) AI  100 List II :
AET
1. Humidity
where, AET= Actual Evapotranspiration
and PET = Potential Evapotranspiration 2. Evapotranspiration
Q.5 The Penman’s evapo transportation 3. Infiltration
equation is based on 4. Wind speed
(A) water budget method Codes :
(B) energy balance method A B C D
(C) mass transfer method
(A) 4 3 1 2
(D) energy balance and mass transfer
approach (B) 3 4 1 2
Q.6 Regional hydrological cycle is shown in (C) 4 3 2 1
the figure. (D) 3 4 2 1
Q.8 The process in which liquid changes to
gaseous state at the surface, below the
boiling point due to the transfer of heat
is known as
(A) Boiling (B) Evaporation
(C) Run off (D) Drainage
[KPSC-JE]
Q.9 Lysimeter is used to measure
(A) Infiltration
(B) Evaporation
(C) Evapotranspiration
(D) Vapour pressure
[MPSC-2012]
The correct hydrologic budget equation
is Q.10 Water loss through the leaves of plants
(A) P  R1  R2  Rg  Es  Ts  I  DS s is termed as
(A) Precipitation
(B) I  G1  G2  Rg  Eg  Tg  DS g
(B) Infiltration
(C) P  ( R2  R1 )  ( Es  Eg )  (Ts  Tg )
(C) Transpiration
 (G2  G1 )  D ( S s  S g ) (D) Surface evaporation
(D) P  R  G  E  T  DSs [TSPSC-AE-2015]
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Evaporation 2.3
Q.11 Relative humidity is the ratio of actual Q.3 Evapo-transpiration is
vapour pressure to the saturation vapour (A) Water equivalent of moisture
pressure contained in air which is lost
(A) At the same temperature through evaporation
(B) At the same pressure (B) Unaccounted loss of water by
(C) In the same volume evaporation at a location
(D) In the same atmosphere (C) Evaporation from plants in a
[ISRO-2015] catchment area
C Conventional Practice Questions (D) The total evaporation and
transpiration from the catchment
Q.1 A water surface elevation of a lake was area
150 m above datum at the beginning of
Q.4 The instrument used for the
certain month. In that month, the, lake
measurement of wind speed is
received an average inflow of 40 m3 /s
(A) Anemometer
from surface runoff. In the same period,
out flow from the lake had an average (B) Rotameter
value of 30 m3 /s . Further in that month, (C) Odometer
lake received a rainfall of 180 mm and (D) Atmometer
the evaporation from the lake was 8.3 Q.5 Evaporation from water surface
cm. (A) increases with humidity
Write water budget equation for lake (B) decreases with wind speed
and calculate - water surface elevation at
(C) is proportional to the deficit of
the end of month. The average lake
vapour pressure
surface area is 4000 ha. Assume no
contribution to or from ground water. (D) increases if there is salinity or
pollution
P Practice Questions
Q.6 Evapo-transpiration depends on
Q.1 A lysimeter is used to measure (A) hours of bright sun shine
(A) infiltration (B) type of crop
(B) evaporation
(C) method of irrigation
(C) evapotranspiration
(D) all of the above
(D) radiation
Q.7 When I is the inflow, O is the outflow
Q.2 The phenomenon of evaporation from
and S the change in storage then the
water surfaces, from the soil and from
hydrologic equation can be written as
plants is generally known as
(A) I  O. S
(A) Evapo-transpiration
(B) Boiling (B) O  I . S
(C) Transpiration (C) O  I  S  0
(D) Hydration (D) I  O  S
 ®
2.4 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.8 Evaporation taking place from plant
surfaces is called
(A) interception
(B) interflow
(C) infiltration
(D) transpiration
Q.9 The amount of irrigation water required
to meet the evapotranspiration needs of
the crop during its full growth is called
(A) Effective rainfall
(B) Consumptive use
(C) Consumptive irrigation requirement
(D) Net irrigation requirement
Q.10 The most suitable chemical which can
be applied to the water surface for
reducing evaporation is
(A) methyl alcohol (B) ethyl alcohol
(C) cetyl alcohol (D) butyl alcohol
[Haryana JE-2018]

Answers Evaporation
MCQ Questions
1. C 2. B
Assignment Questions
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. D
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. C
11. A 12. A
Conventional Practice Questions
1. 150.745 m
Practice Questions
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C
6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. C


 M MCQ Questions Q.5 A watershed having an area of 4 km2 is
Q.1 If the length of overland flow from the subjected to a rainfall event of 9 cm.
critical point to the mouth of drain is thereby generating stream flow at the
13.58 km and difference in level outlet of the watershed for 10 h. If the
between the critical point and drain average stream flow rate at the outlet of
mouth is 10 m, the inlet time is the catchment is 5m3 /s . occurring for a
(A) 2 hours (B) 4 hours period of 10 h, the runoff co-efficient of
(C) 6 hours (D) 8 hours the watershed for the storm is
[SSC JE 2016] (A) 0.3 (B) 0.5
Q.2 The intensity of the rainfall for (C) 0.6 (D) 0.4
successive. 1 Hours period of a 6 hours
[SSC JE 2019]
storm are 2, 6, 8, 9, 7 and 3 cm/hr. The
runoff is 4 cm/hr. Calculate the  -index A Assignment Questions
(cm/hr). Q.1 A catchment consists of 30% area with
(A) 2.5 (B) 3.5 run-off coefficient 0.40 with the
(C) 4.6 (D) 7.67 remaining 70% area with run-off
[SSC JE 2017] coefficient 0.60. The equivalent run-off
Q.3 Calculate the runoff (cm) from a rainfall coefficient will be
of 3 hours. The intensity of the rainfall (A) 0.48 (B) 0.54
is 2 cm/hr. The evaporation and
(C) 0.63 (D) 0.76
infiltration losses are 8 mm and 16 mm.
Q.2 The land use of an area and the
(A) 1.2 (B) 2.8
corresponding run-off coefficients are as
(C) 3.6 (D) 6.8
follows :
[SSC JE 2017]
Q.4 What is the rainfall intensity (mm/hr) S. Area Run-off
Land use
according to the formula given by No. (ha) coefficient
British Ministry of Health, if the time of 1. Roads 10 0.70
concentration is 540 second? 2. Lawn 20 0.10
(A) 20 (B) 30 3. Residential area 50 0.30
(C) 40 (D) 50 4. Industrial area 20 0.80
[SSC JE 2017]
 ®
3.2 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
What is the equivalent run-off Q.7 A 6 h storm has 6 cm of rainfall and the
coefficient? resulting run-off was 3 cm. If  - index
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.36 remains at the same value, which one of
(C) 0.40 (D) 0.51 the following is the run-off due to 12 cm
of rainfall in 9 h in the catchment?
Q.3 Kirpich equation is used to determine
(A) 4.5 cm (B) 6.0 cm
which one of the following?
(C) 7.5 cm (D) 9.0 cm
(A) Run-off from a given rainfall Q.8 A storm with 14 cm precipitation
(B) Base time of a unit hydrograph produced a direct run-off of 8 cm. The
(C) Time of concentration in run-off time distribution of the storm is as
hydrograph shown in the table below.
Incremental
(D) None of the above Time from start (h)
rainfall in cm
Q.4 Maximum possible discharge from a
small catchment corresponding to a 1 1.0
particular rainfall intensity is 2 2.0
independent of which one of the 3 2.8
following?
4 3.3
(A) Soil moisture conditions
5 2.5
(B) Drainage characteristics of 6 1.8
catchment
7 0.6
(C) Area of the catchment
What is the value of  - index of the
(D) Duration of the rainstorm
storm?
Q.5 A 4 h storm had 4 cm of rainfall and the (A) 0.5 cm/h (B) 0.7 cm/h
resulting direct run-off was 2.0 cm. If (C) 0.8 cm/h (D) 0.9 cm/h
the  - index remains at the same value, Q.9 Consider the following statements :
the run-off due to 10 cm of rainfall 8 h 1. An ephemeral stream is one which
in the catchment is has a base-flow contribution.
(A) 6.0 cm (B) 7.5 cm 2. Flow characteristics of a stream
(C) 2.3 cm (D) 2.8 cm depend upon rainfall and catchment
characteristics and also the climatic
Q.6 The total observed run-off volume
factors which influence evapo
during a 4 h storm with a uniform
transpiration.
rainfall intensity of 2.8 cm/h is 25.2  106
3. Sequent Peak Algorithm is used for
m3 from a basin of 280 km2 area. What
estimating run-off from rainfall.
is the average infiltration rate for the
basin? Which of these statements is/are
correct?
(A) 3.6 mm/h (B) 4.8 mm/h
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 3
(C) 5.2 mm/h (D) 5.5 mm/h (C) 2 and 3 (D) 2 alone
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Infiltration & Runoff 3.3
Q.10 A 6-h rainstorm with hourly intensities Q.16 A hydrological study conducted in a
of 7, 18, 25, 17, 11 and 3 mm/h small town revealed that the intensity of
produced a run-off of 39 mm. Then, the rainfall is more than the infiltration
 - index is capacity of soil. The infiltration rate in
(A) 3 mm/h (B) 7 mm/h this case will be :
(C) 8 mm/h (D) 10 mm/h (A) = infiltration capacity
Q.11 A 3 h storm on a small drainage basin (B) = rate of rainfall
produced rainfall intensities of 3.5 crn/h, (C) > rate of rainfall
4.2 cm/h and 2.9 cm/h in successive
(D) < infiltration capacity
hours. If the surface run-off due to the
[Coal India - 2017]
storm is 3 cm, then the value of  - index
Q.17 The infiltration capacity of a soil was
will be
measured under fairly identical general
(A) 2.212 cm/h (B) 2.331 cm/h
conditions by a flooding type infiltro
(C) 2.412 cm/h (D) 2.533 cm/h
meter as ( f f ) and by a rainfall simulator
Q.12 The runoff increase with
(A) Increase in intensity of rain as ( f r ) . One can expect
(B) Increase in infiltration capacity (A) No fixed pattern (B) f f  f r
(C) Increase in permeability of soil
(D) All of these (C) f f  f r (D) f f  f r
Q.13 Pick out the factor which does not affect [AEC-2017]
runoff [TSPSC-AE-2015] Q.18 Infiltration rate is always
(A) Shape of catchment
(A) More than the infiltration capacity
(B) Existence of vegetation
(B) Less than the infiltration capacity
(C) Type of soil
(D) Existence of building (C) Equal to or less than the infiltration
Q.14 The time required by rain water to reach capacity
the outlet of drainage is generally called (D) Equal to or more than the
(A) Time of concentration infiltration capacity
(B) Time of overland flow Q.19 Infiltration capacity
(C) Concentration time of overland (A) Is a constant factor
flow (B) Changes with time
(D) Duration of the rainfall
(C) Changes with location
[Chandigarh JE – 2016]
Q.15 The rates of rainfall for successive 20 (D) Changes with both time and
rain period of 140 minutes are 2.5, 2.5, location
10, 7.6, 1.25, 1.25 and 5 cm/h. Taking Q.20 Infiltration is the
the value of  -index as 3.2 cm/h, the (A) Movement of water through the soil
total runoff (in cm) is:
(B) Absorption of water by soil surface
(A) 6 (B) 4.33
(C) 10 (D) 5 (C) Both (A) and (B)
[LMRC-2018] (D) None of the above
 ®
3.4 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.21 If the intensity of rainfall is more than P Practice Questions
the infiltration capacity of soil, then the
infiltration rate will be Q.1 Which one of the following is not a
hydrometeorological factor influencing
(A) Equal to rate of rainfall
the surface run off and characteristics of
(B) Equal to infiltration capacity stream flow?
(C) More than rate of rainfall (A) Precipitation
(D) More than infiltration capacity (B) Vegetation cover
Q.22 If it rains between 2 P. M. and 3 P. M. (C) Evapo-transpiration
and the entire basin area just starts
(D) Air temperature and humidity
contributing water at 3 P.M. to the
outlet, then time of concentration will Q.2 The infiltration capacity is
be (A) Maximum rate of accumulation of
water in an area
(A) 15 minutes (B) 20 minutes
(B) (Precipitation - evaporation loss)
(C) 30 minutes (D) 60 minutes
per unit time
Q.23 The rainfall on five successive days
(C) Maximum rate at which water
were measured as 100 mm, 80 mm, 60
enters the soil
mm, 40 mm and 20 mm respectively. If
the infiltration index or the storm loss (D) Rainfall water entering subsoil
rate for the catchment area is earlier Q.3 Run off can be estimated by
estimated as 50 mm/day, the total (A) Infiltration method
surface run off will be (B) Unit hydrograph
(A) 50 mm (B) 60 mm (C) Rational method
(C) 90 mm (D) 140 mm (D) Any of the above
Q.24 The rainfall in four successive 12 hours Q.4 Maximum surface run off is favoured
period on a catchment are 40, 80, 90 and due to
30 mm. If the infiltration index  for the (A) a flash storm
storm is 5 mm/hour, then the total (B) leaf shaped catchment
surface run off will be
(C) improved land management
(A) 0 (B) 50 mm
(D) presence of forest area
(C) 120 mm (D) 180 mm
Q.5 Infiltration occurs at capacity rate
C Conventional Questions (A) due to watershed leakage
Q.1 A seven hour storm over a basin of 1830 (B) if there had been antecedent rain
km2 produced the rainfall at half an fall
hour duration are 2.2, 1.6, 3.5, 4, 1.9, (C) if the intensity of rain fall is lower
3.7, 2 cm. If the corresponding runoff is than the capacity rate
10.248 107 m3 . Estimate the Index of (D) during a first flash storm following
storm. Also draw the hyetograph. summer
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Infiltration & Runoff 3.5
Q.6 Base flow is
(A) The annual minimum flow in a
stream
(B) The flow not obstructed by man
made structures
(C) Delayed ground water flow
reaching a stream
(D) None of the above
Q.7 A 4-hour rainfall in a catchment of 250
km2 produces rainfall depth of 6.2 cm
and 5.0 cm in successive 2 hour unit
periods. Assuming the (  ) -index of soil
is- 1.2 cm/hour, the runoff volume in ha-
m will be
(A) 1 (B) 22
(C) 1600 (D) 2200

Answers Infiltration & Runoff

MCQ Questions
1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B
Assignment Questions
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. D 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C
11. D 12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
16. A 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. C
21. B 22. D 23. C 24. B
Conventional Practice Questions

1. index  3.92 cm/hr

Practice Questions
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. C 7. C


 A Assignment Questions (A) 117.5 km2 (B) 235 km2
(C) 470 km2 (D) 705 km2
Q.1 A direct run-off hydrograph due to
Q.5 In constructing a 4 h synthetic unit
isolated storm was triangular in shape
hygrograph for a basin, the lag time is
with a base of 80 h and peak of 200
estimated to be 40 h. When will the peak
m3/s. If the catchment area is 1440 km2,
discharge in the synthetic unit
the effective rainfall of the storm is
hydrograph occur from the start of the
(A) 20 cm (B) 10 cm
storm?
(C) 5 cm (D) 2 cm
(A) 36 h (B) 40 h
Q.2 An S-curve hydrograph has been
obtained for catchment of 270 km2 from (C) 42 h (D) 44 h
a 3 h unit hydrograph. The equilibrium Q.6 Consider the following statements :
discharge for the S-curve is 1. Only the surface flow constitutes
(A) 750 m3/s (B) 277.8 m3/s the flood hydrograph due to an
(C) 250 m3/s (D) 187 m3/s isolated storm.
Q.3 A triangular direct run-off hydrograph 2. For a given storm, the flood peak is
due to a storm has a time base of 60 h dependent on the drainage density.
and a peak flow of 30 m3/s occurring at
3. Fan shaped catchments give narrow
20 h from the start. If the catchment area
hydrograph with low peak.
is 300 km2, what is the rainfall excess in
the storm? Which of these statements is/are
(A) 50 mm (B) 20 mm correct?
(C) 10.8 mm (D) 8.3 mm (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
Q.4 A 3 h unit hydrograph U1 of a (C) 2 only (D) 3 only
catchment of area 235 km2 is in the form Q.7 A unit hydrograph for a watershed is
of a triangle with peak discharge 30 triangular in shape with base period of
m3/s. Another 3 h unit hydrograph U 2 is 20 h. The area of the watershed is 500
also triangular in shape and has the same hectare. What is the peak discharge in
m3/h?
base width as U1 but has a peak flow of
90 m3/s. What is the catchment area of (A) 7000 (B) 6000
U2 ? (C) 5000 (D) 4000
 ®
4.2 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.8 A 252 km2 catchment area has a 6 h UH Q.12 A 2h storm hydrograph has 5 unit of
which is a triangle with time base of 35 direct run-off. The 2h unit hydrograph
h. What is the peak discharge of the for this storm can be obtained by
DRH due to 5 cm effective rainfall in 6 dividing the ordinates of the storm
h from that catchment? hydrograph by
(A) 45 cumec (B) 115 cumec (A) 2 (B) 2/5
(C) 5 (D) 5/2
(C) 200 cumec (D) 256 cumec
Q.13 Which of the following principles
Q.9 A 4 h unit hydrograph of a basin can be
related to a unit hydrograph?
approximated as a triangle with a base
1. The hydrographs of direct run-off
period of 48 h and peak ordinate of 300
due to effective rainfall of equal
m3/s. What is the area of the catchment
durations have the same time base.
basin?
2. Effective rainfall is not uniformly
(A) 7776 km2 (B) 5184 km2 distributed within its duration.
(C) 2592 km2 (D) 1294 km2 3. Effective rainfall is uniformly
Q.10 For a given storm, other factors distributed throughout the whole
remaining same, area of drainage basin.
4. Hydrograph of direct run-off from a
(A) basins with large drainage densities
basin due to a given period of
give smaller flood peaks
effective rainfall reflects the
(B) low drainage density basins give combination of all the physical
shorter time bases of hydrographs characteristics of the basin.
(C) the flood peak is independent of the Select the correct answer using the
drainage density codes given below.
(D) basins having low drainage density (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1, 2 and 4
give smaller peaks in flood (C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 3 and 4
hydrographs Q.14 If the base period of a 6 h hydrograph of
Q.11 In Synder’s method of synthetic unit a basin is 84 h, then a 12 h unit
hydrograph development, basin lag is hydrograph derived from this 6 h unit
taken as hydrograph will have a base period of
(A) 72 h (B) 78 h
(A) the time interval between centroid
(C) 84 h (D) 90 h
of the rainfall excess and surface
run-off Q.15 The use of unit hydrograph for
estimating floods is limited to the
(B) the time interval from mid point of
catchment of size less than :
the unit rainfall excess to the peak
(A) 5000 km2
of the unit hydrograph
(B) 500 km2
(C) independent of rainfall duration (C) 106 km2
(D) independent of catchment (D) No upper limit
characteristics [MPSC-2012]
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrograph 4.3
Q.16 A direct-runoff hydrograph due to an Q.2 The following table gives the ordinate of
isolated storm was triangular, in shape flood hydrology resulting from three
with a base of 60 successive 6h duration of rainfall of 5
3
h and a peak of 100 m /s. If the cm, 3.2 cm, 2.7 cm respectively index
catchment area is 500 km2, the effective for 1st storm of 6 hr duration is 0.25
rainfall of the storm is cm/hr and three after it remains constant
(A) 10 cm (B) 2.16 cm of 0.2 cm/hr. derive the 6 hr unit
(C) 21.6 cm (D) 1.08 cm hydrology for this catchmen. Assume
[AEC-2017] base flow  10 m3 /s
C Conventional Practice Questions Time Flood Time Flood
(hr) hydrograph (hr) hydrograph
Q.1 The ordinates of 4hr unit hydrograph of ordinate ordinates
a catchment Is given below: (m3 /s) (m3 /s)
Time Ordinate of Time ordinate 0 10 24 397.5
4 hr UH of 4 hr UH 3 132.5 27 205
0 0 20 36 6 272.5 30 92.5
2 25 22 25 9 517.5 33 10
4 50 24 16 12 807.2
15 767.5
6 85 26 8
18 685
8 125 28 0
21 457.5
10 160
12 185 Q.3 The ordinates of 4 hr UH is given
14 160 below. Find out the ordinates of 6 hr
16 110 hydrograph.
18 60 Time Ordinate Time Ordinates
(hr) of 4 hr (hr) of 4 hr UH
Derive the flood hydrograph in the UH
catchment due to the storm given below (m3 /s)
Time from start of Accumulated (cm) 0 0 20 36
storm (hr) rainfall 2 25 22 25
0 0 4 50 24 16
4 2.4 6 85 26 8
8 9.5 8 125 28 0
10 160
12 14
12 185
 index is given to be 0.3 cm/hr. The 14 160
16 110
base flow is 10 m3 /sec
18 60
 ®
4.4 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY

P Practice Questions The correct answer is

(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (i) and (iv)
Q.1 The unit hydrograph due to a storm
may be obtained by dividing the (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (iii) and (iv)
ordinates of the direct runoff hydrograph Q.6 A unit hydrograph has one unit of
by (A) Rainfall duration
(A) Direct runoff volume (B) Rainfall excess
(B) Period of storm (C) Time base of direct runoff
(C) Total rainfall (D) Discharge
(D) None of the above Q.7 The peak of a 4 hour flood hydrograph
Q.2 S – hydrograph is used to obtain unit
is 240 m3 /sec . If the rainfall excess is
hydrograph of
80 mm and base flow which is constant
(A) Shorter duration from longer
duration is 40 m3 / sec , then the peak of 4 –
(B) Longer Duration from shorter hours unit hydrograph will be
duration (A) 203 / sec (B) 25 m3 /sec
(C) Both (A) and (B) (C) 30 m3 /sec (D) 35 m3 /sec
(D) None of the above
Q.8 Figure shows the curve of a hydrograph.
Q.3 If two 4 – hour unit hydrographs are
staggered by 4 hours and added
graphically, the resulting hydrograph
will be
(A) 4 – hour unit hydrograph
(B) 4 hour hydrograph with 20 mm
runoff
(C) 8 - hour unit hydrograph
Which of the following would cause the
(D) 8 hour hydrograph with 20 mm run
peak of the curve to shift to the right?
off
1. When the length of the overland
Q.4 The shape of recession limb of
flow is more.
hydrograph depends upon
2. When the slope of the land surface
(A) Basin characteristics only is less.
(B) Storm characteristics only 3. When the run-off is more.
(C) Both (A) and (B) 4. When the rainfall is moderate.
(D) None of the above Select the correct answer using the
Q.5 Instantaneous unit hydrograph is codes given below.
hydrograph of Codes :
i) Unit duration (A) 3 and 4 (B) 2 and 4
ii) Unit rainfall excess (C) 1 and 2 (D) 2, 3 and 4
iii) Infinitely small duration
iv) Infinitely small rainfall excess
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrograph 4.5
Q.9 Which one of the following constitutes Fig. The unit hydrograph refers to
the basic assumption of unit-hydrograph catchment of area.
theory?
(A) Non-linear response and time
invariance
(B) Non-linear time variance and linear
response
(C) Linear response and linear time
variance
(D) Time invariance and linear response
Q.10 The following four hydrological features
have to be estimated or taken as inputs Q.13 If the duration of the unit hydrograph
before one can compute the flood decreases infinitely, approaching zero,
hydrograph at any catchment outlet : the unit hydrograph becomes
1. unit hydrograph (A) Instantaneous unit hydrograph
2. rainfall hydrograph (B) Constant unit hydrograph
3. infiltration index
(C) Straight line hydrograph
4. base flow
(D) Poly unit hydrograph
The correct order in which they have to
be employed in the computations is Q.14 The S-curve can be used to obtain a unit
hydrograph from that of
(A) 1, 2, 3, 4 (B) 2, 1, 4, 3
(A) A longer duration
(C) 2, 3, 1, 4 (D) 4, 1, 3, 2 (B) Normal duration
Q.11 The following steps are involved in (C) Shorter duration
arriving at a unit hydrograph : (D) Both (A) and (C) above
1. Estimating the surface runoff in Q.15 Identify the incorrect statement
depth (A) For a given basin, the durations of
2. Estimating the surface runoff in run off from rain falls of the same
volume duration and uniform intensity in
time and space are the same and do
3. Separation of base flow
not depend on the total effective
4. Dividing surface runoff ordinates rainfall depth
by depth of runoff (B) Volume of direct surface runoff
The correct sequence of these steps is : within the same time increments are
directly proportional the total
(A) 3, 2, 1, 4 (B) 2, 3, 4, 1
volumes of run off
(C) 3, 1, 2, 4 (D) 4, 3, 2, 1 (C) A unit hydrograph is the
Q.12 A-2-hour unit hydrograph can be hydrograph of a base time duration
approximated as trapezoidal as shown in and of a unit run off volume
 ®
4.6 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
(D) The concept of the unit hydrograph (D) all of the above
is, theoretical not correct. Indeed no Q.20 A synthetic unit hydrograph is
two rainfalls have the same pattern developed
in time and space
(A) by measuring the main stream
Q.16 It is not ordinarily possible to get unit
lengths and area of the basin
hydrograph
(B) by taking certain constants from
(A) From an ungauged catchment area
another basin which is hydro
(B) By superposition from a unit
meteorologically homogeneous
hydrograph of a large duration
(C) From a hydrograph due to a (C) for a basin having a rain gauge
complex storm network but with no stream gauging
(D) From a hydrograph due to a single station
isolated storm (D) all of the above
Q.17 Which of the following is the Q.21 The shape of the hydrograph of run off
assumption of unit hydrograph theory? is affected by
(A) The effective rainfall is uniformly (A) the duration of the storm
distributed within its duration
(B) areal distribution of the storm
(B) The effective rainfall is uniformly
(C) the intensity of the storm
distributed throughout the whole
area of the drainage basin (D) all of the above
(C) The ordinates or direct run off of Q.22 In case a 4 hour unit hydrograph area
common base time are directly catchment has a peak ordinate of 60
proportional to the total amount of m3/s, the peak ordinate of an 8 hour unit
direct run off represented by each hydrograph for the same catchment will
hydrograph be
(D) All of the above (A) 60 m3/s
Q.18 Unit hydrograph method for flood (B) less than 60 m3/s
estimation is usually applied to (C) more than 60 m3/s
(A) large basins (D) non of the above
(B) hilly areas Q.23 The peak discharge of the instantaneous
(C) small and medium sized basin unit hydrograph of a basin, when
compared to the peak discharge of a 4-
(D) all of the above
hour unit hydrograph of that basin
Q.19 The shape of the hydrograph is effected
would be
by
(A) greater (B) equal
(A) shape of the basin
(C) equal or lesser (D) lesser
(B) direction of storm movement
(C) non-uniform areal distribution of
rainfall
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Hydrograph 4.7

Answers Hydrograph
Assignment Questions
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C
6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. D 15. A
16. B
Conventional Practice Questions
1. TIME 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
32 34 36
FH 10 40 70 259.5 455 786 1134.5 1426.5
1646 1554 1312.7 922 604.4 365.1 223.2 139.7
62.8 36.4 10
2. Time 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Flow (m3/s) 0 35 75 125 185 130 55 0
3. Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
32
6 hr ordinate
0 16.67 33.33 73.33 100 146.67 166.67 170
(m3/s)
133.33 86.67 50.67 30 21.33 11.33 4.67 0.8
0
Practice Questions
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C
6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. C
16. B 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. D
21. D 22. B 23. A


 M MCQ Questions Q.3 Match List-I (Technique/Principle) with
List-II (Purpose) and select the correct
Q.1 Which of the following is not connected answer using the codes given below the
with stream flow measurement? lists.
(A) Hygrometer List-I :
(B) Echo-depth recorder
A.  - index
(C) Electro-magnetic flow meter
B. Slope-area method
(D) Sounding weight
C. Flow duration curve
[MPSC - 2012]
D. Dilution technique
A Assignment Questions
List-II :
Q.1 Calibration of a current meter for use, in 1. Dependable flow
channel flow measurement is done in a
2. Reservoir regulation
(A) wind tunnel (B) water tunnel
3. Steady stream discharge
(C) towing tank (D) flume
determination
Q.2 Consider the following with respect to
4. Run-off volume
measurement of stream flow during
flood : 5. Unsteady stream discharge
determination
1. Timing of the travel of floats
released in the stream Codes :
2. Use of weir formula for spillways A B C D
provided on a dam (A) 3 5 1 4
3. Calculation of flow through a (B) 4 1 2 3
contracted opening at a bridge
(C) 3 1 2 4
4. Using a current meter
(D) 4 5 1 3
Which of the above is/are reliable and
Q.4 In the case of large rivers, a number of
accurate?
equidistant vertical sections of the total
(A) 1 only (B) 4 only width of flow are identified, for the
(C) 3 and 4 (D) 2 and 3 purpose of finding by numerical
 ®
5.2 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
integration, the total discharge on any P Practice Questions
day. On each section, the mean velocity
is taken as the arithmetic average of two Q.1 Which of the following methods is used
typical depths on that section. Then the to estimate flood discharge based on
mean velocity is worked out for that high water marks left over in the past?
section. Usually, the mean velocity of (A) slope-area method
any section, corresponds to which one of
(B) area-velocity method
the following? (V represents the point
velocity at the given section and the (C) moving boat method
depth such as 0.1 d, 0.2 d,..., etc.) (D) ultra-sonic method
V0.1d  V0.9 d V0.2 d  V0.8 d Q.2 A current meter is used to measure the
(A) (B)
2 2 (A) Velocity of flow of water
V0.3 d  V0.7 d V0.4 d  V0.6 d
(C) (D) (B) Depth of flow of water
2 2
(C) Discharge
Q.5 Match List I with List II and select the
correct answer using the codes given (D) None of the above
below the lists. Q.3 A current meter measures, the velocity
List I : of flow, if it is held
A.  - index (A) At the bottom surface of the
B. Lysimeter channel
C. Dilution technique (B) At the surface of the channel
D. Synder’s equation (C) At the centroid of the channel
List II : section
1. Used for measurement of evapo (D) At any point within the cross-
transpiration for given vegetation section
2. Used for flow measurement Q.4 The slope-area method is extensively
3. Average rainfall above which the used on
rainfall volume is equal to the run- (A) development of rating curve
off volume
(B) areas where shifting control is
4. Relates the basin lag to the basin predominant
characteristics
(C) estimation of flood discharge based
Codes : on high water marks
A B C D (D) all of the above
(A) 3 1 2 4
(B) 4 2 1 3
(C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 4 1 2 3
GATE ACADEMY ®Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Stream Flow Measurement 5.3

Answers Stream Flow Measurement

MCQ Questions

1. A

Assignment Questions

1. C 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A

Practice Questions

1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C


 M MCQ Questions A Assignment Questions

Q.1 Pick up the correct statement from the Q.1 A culvert is designed for a flood
following : magnitude of return period 100 yr and
(A) The maximum rate of storm run-off has expected life of 20 yr. The risk in
is called peak drainage discharge this hydrologic design is

(B) Rational method estimating peak (A) 1 – 0.9920 (B) 1 – 0.0120

run off, may be used precisely for
areas less than 50 km2. (C) 1 – 0.0920 (D) 1 – 0.1020

(C) The period after which the entire Q.2 A catchment area of 60 hectare has a
area starts contributing to the run run-off coefficient of 0.40. If a storm of
off is called the time of intensity 3 cm/h and duration longer
concentration than the time of concentration occurs in
the catchment, then what is the peak
(D) All option are correct.
discharge?
[SSC JE 2016]
(A) 2.0 m3/s (B) 3.5 m3/s
Q.2 Which of the following statement is true
for the linear reservoir? (C) 4.5 m3/s (D) 2.5 m3/s
(A) Storage is proportional to inflow Q.3 From the analysis of rainfall data at a
discharge particular station, it was found that a
(B) Storage is proportional to outflow rainfall of 400 mm had a return period
discharge of 20 yr. What is the probability of
rainfall equal to or greater than 400 mm
(C) Storage is proportional to square of occurring at least once in 10 successive
inflow discharge years?
(D) Storage is proportional to square of
(A) (0.95)10 (B) 1 – (0.95)10
outflow discharge

[SSC JE 2017] (C) 1 – (0.05)10 (D) (0.05)10

 ®
6.2 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.4 Recorded annual maximum 24 h rainfall (A) 16100 m3/s to 19900 m3/s
magnitudes at stations KTX are as
(B) 17050 m3/s to 18950 m3/s
under:
Year Rainfall (cm) (C) 14080 m3/s to 21920 m3/s
1960 12.0 (D) 13600 m3/s to 22400 m3/s
1961 6.0 Q.7 A catchment has an area of 150 hectare
1962 4.8 and a run-off/rainfall ratio of 0.40. If
1963 7.9 due to 10 cm rainfall over the
catchment, a stream flow at the
1964 12.0
catchment outlet lasts for 10 h, what is
1965 14.2 the average stream flow in the period?
1966 13.6
(A) 60000 m3/h (B) 100 m3/min
1967 6.0
(C) 3.5 m3/s (D) 1.33 m3/s
1968 3.7
1969 2.9 Q.8 Which one of the following flood
routing methods involves the concepts
What is the return period, in year, for a
of wedge and prism storages?
6.0 cm annual rainfall according to
Hazen formula. (A) Coefficient method
10 20 (B) Muskingum method
(A) (B)
7 13
5 20 (C) Pul’s method
(C) (D)
3 11 (D) Lag method
Q.5 The time of concentration at the outlet in
Q.9 Abridge has an expected life of 50 yr
an urban area catchment of 1.5 km2 area
and is designed for a flood magnitude of
with a run-off coefficient of 0.42 is 28
return period 100 yr. What is the risk
min. The maximum depth of rainfall
associated with this hydrologic design?
with a 50 yr return period for this time
of concentration is 48 mm. What is the (A) 1 – (0.99)50 (B) (0.5)50
peak flow rate at the outlet for this (C) (0.99)50 (D) (0.99)100
return period?
(A) 12 m3/s (B) 14 m3/s Q.10 A catchment area of 90 hectare has a
(C) 16 m3/s (D) 18 m3/s run-off coefficient of 0.4. A storm of
Q.6 By using Gumbel's method, the flood duration larger than the time of
discharge with a return period of 500 yr concentration of the catchment and of
at a particular township neighborhood intensity 4.5 cm/h creates a peak
was estimated as 18000 m3/s with a discharge rate of
probable error of 2000 m3/s. What are (A) 11.3 m3/s (B) 0.45 m3/s
the 95% confidence probability limits of
(C) 450 m3/s (D) 4.5 m3/s
the 500 yr flood at the location?
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Floods & Flood Routing 6.3
3 3
Q.11 The probability that a 100 yr flood is (A) 5 m /s (B) 10 m /s
equalled or exceeded, at least once in
(C) 100 m3/s (D) 360 m3/s
100 yr is
(A) 99% (B) 64% C Conventional Practice Questions
(C) 36% (D) 1%
Q.1 Flood frequency commutation yield the
Q.12 Match List I (Flood) with List II following results.
(Parameters) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the Return period (years) Peak Flood
lists. 25 15600
List – I List - II
45 19200
A Standard 1 includes
Project catastrophic
Flood floods Using gumbels method, estimate the
(SPF) flood for a return period of 60 years.
B Maximum 2 Includes floods Q.2 Determine the return period of a flood,
Probable of severe which has a 10% risk of being flooded.
Flood conditions
(a) In next 100 years
(MPF)
C Design 3 Peak flow (b) In next 50 years.
Flood obtained from Q.3 Route the flood hydrograph given below
observed data through a channel reach and derive the
D Maximum 4 Flood of desired outflow hydrograph. The values of K
Flood recurrence and x for the reach may be taken as 6h
interval and 0.32 respectively.
Codes : Time Flow Time Flow
A B C D (hr) 3
(m /s) (h) (m3 /s)
(A) 2 1 4 3 0 56 54 40
6 70 60 20
(B) 1 2 3 4
12 95
(C) 2 1 3 4 18 120
(D) 1 2 4 3 24 135
30 115
Q.13 A catchment of area 200 hectare has a
36 90
run-off coefficient 0.5. A storm of
duration larger than the time of 42 75
concentration of the catchment and of 48 60
intensity 3.6 cm/h causes a peak
discharge of P Practice Questions
 ®
6.4 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY
Q.1 Dickens formula predicts maximum (D) Hydrological channel routing
flood discharge, Q, in terms of the area, method
A, and the coefficient, c, as Q = cA. The
value of c is Q.6 A 100 year peak discharge means
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.50 (A) A maximum discharge which
(C) 0.67 (D) 0.75 occurs in 101st year
Q.2 The standard project flood is
(B) A maximum discharge of 100 year
(A) The same as the probable maximum
Hood recurrence interval
(B) the same as the design flood (C) The peak discharge during
(C) smaller than the probable maximum preceding years will occur 100
flood years after that
(D) larger than the probable maximum
flood by a factor implying safety (D) A maximum discharge with 100%
factor probability of reoccurring during
Q.3 The design flood for a culvert should be next 99 years
preferably Q.7 Which of the following formula is used
(A) the probable maximum flood for Ghat area of Bombay
(B) obtained from statistical (A) Inglis formula
considerations, say a flood of 50 (B) Lacey’'s formula
years return period (C) Khosla’a formula
(D) Parker's formula
(C) The highest observed flood
Q.8 Most of the formula for flood discharge
(D) Obtained from a flood formula are of the form
Q.4 The design flood commonly adopted in (A) Q  CAn
india for barrages and minor dams is (B) Q  Cen
(A) Probable maximum flood (C) Q  C log e (n)
(B) A flood of 50-100 years return (D) Q  C  A  n
period
Q.9 What is the probability that only one
(C) Peak flood flood equal to or exceeding the 50 year
(D) Standard project flood or a 100 flood
years flood, whichever is higher (A) 2% (B) 5%
(C) 25% (D) 50%
Q.5 The muskingum method of flood routing
Q.10 What is the probability that one or more
is a
floods equal to or exceeding the "50-
(A) form of hydraulic routing of a flood year flood" will occur in a 50-year
(B) from of resevoir routing period?
(C) complete numerical solution of st. (A) 5% (B) 50%
venant equation (C) 64% (D) 88%
 ®
GATE ACADEMY Hydrology & Irrigation Engineering : Floods & Flood Routing 6.5
Q.11 Unit hydrograph method for flood (C) more than 7500 sq-km
estimation is usually the methods of (D) more than 10000 sq-km
mitigating floods are
(A) by temporary evacuation of low
lying areas and flood warnings
(B) by construction of levees, flood
banks and dykes
(C) by channel improvement
(D) all of the above
Q.12 Probability of a 10 year flood to occur at
least once in the next 4 years is
(A) 25% (B) 35%
(C) 50% (D) 65%
Q.13 The standard project flood is
(A) derived from the probable
maximum precipitation in the
region.
(B) derived from the severe most
meteorological conditions
anywhere in the country
(C) the flood with return period of 1000
yrs.
(D) the same as the probable maximum
flood.
Q.14 If one wants to 90% sure that the design
flood in a dam project will not occur
during the design life period of 100
years the recurrence interval for such a
flood would be
(A) about 90 years
(B) equal to 100 years
(C) about 110 years
(D) roughly 1000 years
Q.15 Unit hydrograph method is usually
adopted for estimating floods when the
catchment area is
(A) 100 sq-km only
(B) less than 5000 sq-km
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6.6 All State-AE/JE & SSC-JE [CE] GATE ACADEMY

Answers Floods & Flood Routing

MCQ Questions

1. D 2. B

Assignment Questions

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. D

6. C 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D

11. B 12. A 13. B

Conventional Practice Questions

1. 20952 m3/s 2. (a) 950 years (b) 475 years

3. C0  0.1525, C1  0.6949, C2  0.1525

Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42

48 54 60

Out flow
56 58.12 71.56 95.3 118.5 129.4 113.35 91.22
(m3/s)

75.16 59.3 39.88

Practice Questions

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D

6. B 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. C

11. D 12. B 13. B 14. D 15. B

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