Assignments in Mathematics Class IX (Term I)

2. POLYNOMIALS

Important Terms, Definitions and Results

l An algebraic expression in which the variables polynomials. In general, every real number is a
involved have only non-negative integral powers constant polynomial. Clearly, the degree of a non-
is called a polynomial. For example, x2 + 5x – 6, zero constant polynomial is zero.
x3 – 7x2 + 11, x5 – 3x + 2, x2 + 5 , x4 + 5x3 –
l A polynomial consisting of one term namely zero
2x2 + 7x – 3, etc. are polynomials.
only, is called a zero polynomial. The degree of
l In the polynomial 5x3 – 4x2 + 6x – 3, we say that zero polynomial is not defined.
the coefficients of x3, x2 and x are 5, – 4 and 6
l Let p(x) be a polynomial. If p(α) = 0, then we
respectively, and we also say that – 3 is the constant
say that α is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
term in it.
Finding the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) means
l In case of a polynomial in one variable, the highest
solving the equation p(x) = 0
power of the variable is called the degree of the
polynomial. For example, 2x + 3 is a polynomial l The constant polynomial has no zero.
3
in x of degree 1, 4x2 – x – 5 is a polynomial in l Every real number is a zero of the zero
2
polynomial.
x of degree 2, and 3x4 – 5x2 + 1 is a polynomial
in x of degree 4. l A linear polynomial has one and only one zero.

l A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear l If a polynomial p(x) is divided by d(x) = x – a,

polynomial. For example, 3x + 5 is a linear then the remainder is given by p(a).
polynomial in x. [degree of p(x) > degree of d(x)].
l A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic l Factor Theorem : Let f(x) be a polynomial of
1 degree n > 1 and let a be any real number.
polynomial. For example, x2 + 5x – is a quadratic
polynomial in x. 2 (i) If f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of f(x).
(ii) If (x – a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.
l A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic
polynomial. For example, 4x3 – 3x2 + 7x + 1 is a l Following results are known as identities as they
cubic polynomial in x. are true for all values of the variables a, b and
c.
l A polynomial of degree 4 is called a biquadratic
polynomial. For example, x 4 – 3x 3 + 2x 2 (i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
+ 5x – 3 is a biquadratic polynomial in x.
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
l A polynomial having one term is called a monomial.
Thus, 5x, 7x2, 11x3, 3xy and 2xyz are some examples (iii) (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
of monomials in one, two and three variables. (iv) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab
l A polynomial having two terms is called a + 2bc + 2ca
binomial. Thus, x + 1, 2x3 + 5, x2 –1, x6 + 1,
x + y, x2 + y2 are some examples of binomials in (v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
one and two variables. (vi) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
l A polynomial having three terms is called a (vii) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
trinomial. Thus, x2 – 3x + 1, x3 – 7x2 + 11,
x + y + z are some examples of trinomials. (viii) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

l A polynomial containing one term only, consisting (ix) a 3 + b 3 + c 3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)

of a constant is called a constant polynomial. (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
7
For example, 3, – 5, , etc. are all constant
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 Summative Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions [1 Mark]

A. Important Questions
1. (2x + 5) (2x + 7) is equal to : (a) (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
(a) 4x2
+ 12x + 35 (b) 2x2 + 12x + 35 (b) (x + 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
(c) 4x2 + 24x + 35 (d) 4x2 + 24x – 35 (c) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)
2. On factorising x2 + 8x + 15, we get : (d) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 2)
(a) (x + 3) (x – 5) (b) (x – 3) (x + 5) 12. Which of the following is a monomial of degree
(c) (x + 3) (x + 5) (d) (x – 3) (x – 5) 50 ?
3. On dividing x2 – 2x – 15 by (x – 5), the quotient is (a) 50x (b) x50 + 50
(x + 3) and remainder is 0. Which of the following
statements is true ? (c) 50x (d) 50 x 50
(a) x2 – 2x – 15 is a multiple of (x – 5) 13. 8x40 + 3 is a :
(b) x2 – 2x – 15 is a factor of (x – 5) (a) monomial of degree 8
(c) (x + 3) is a factor of (x – 5) (b) monomial of degree 40
(d) (x + 3) is a multiple of (x – 5) (c) binomial of degree 40
4. The value of the polynomial 3x + 2x2 – 4 at (d) binomial of degree 3
x = 0 is : 14. If (x – 2) is a factor of the polynomial x4 – 2x3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) – 4 (d) 4 + ax – 1, then the value of a is :
5. x140+ x139 + x138 + ......... x2 + x + 1 is a polynomial 1 1
with : (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) −
2 2
(a) infinite terms (b) 140 terms 1 2 1
15. If x − = 3 , then x + 2 is :
(c) 141 terms (d) 139 terms x x
6. The coefficient of x in (x + 5) (x – 7) is : (a) 11 (b) 75 (c) 10 (d) 5
(a) – 12 (b) 2 (c) – 2 (d) 12 16. The coefficient of x0 in 5x2 – 7x – 3 is :
7. The remainder when x3 – px2 + 6x – p is divided (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) – 3
by x – p is : 17. On factorising x2 – 3x – 4, we get :
(a) p (b) 5p (c) – 5p (d) 5p2 (a) (x – 4) (x + 1) (b) (x – 4) (x – 1)
8. If (y – p) is a factor of y6 – py5 + y4 – py3 + 3y (c) (x + 4) (x – 1) (d) (x + 4) (x + 1)
– p – 2, then the value of p is : 18. If p(x) = x + 3, then p(x) + p(–x) is equal to :
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) – 1 (a) 3 (b) 2x (c) 0 (d) 6
9. On factorising a 3 + 3 3b3 , we get : x2
19. If + kx + 6 = (x + 2) (x + 3) for all x, then the

(
(a) a + 3b a + 3ab + 3b )( 2
) 2

value of k is :
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 5 (d) 3

(b) (a + 3b) (a2 −

3ab + 3b ) 2 20. Which one of the following is a polynomial ?
x2 2
(c) ( a + 3b ) ( a 2 − 3ab − 3b ) 2 (a) − 2 (b) 2 x − 1
2 x

3
(d) ( 3a + b ) ( a 2 − 3ab + 3b ) 2
3x 2 x −1
(c) x 2 + (d)
x x +1
10. The value of 73 + 83 – 153 is :
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 840 (d) – 2520 21. Degree of the polynomial 4x4 + 0x3 + 0x5 + 5x
+ 7 is :
11. On factorising x3 – 2x2 – x + 2, we get : (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 7

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 ( )
22. If p(x) = x2 – 2 2x + 1, then p 2 2 is equal to : 32. On factorising x 2 +  m +


1
 x + 1, we get :
m
(a) 0 (b) 1
 1
(a) (x + m) (x – m) (b)  x +  ( x − m)
(c) 4 2 (d) 8 2 + 1  m
23. If x – 1 is a factor of mx 2 − 2 x + 1 , then the
 1  1
value of m is : (c) ( x + m)  x +  (d) ( x − m)  x − 
 m  m
(a) 2 (b) 2 + 1 (c) 1 (d) 2 −1
33. The coefficient of y in (x + y + z)2 is :
24. If x – 1 is a factor of 2x3 + x2 – 4x + m, then the
(a) 2x (b) 2z
value of m is :
(c) x + z (d) 2x + 2z
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
25. On factorising x2 + y2 + 2 (xy + yz + zx), we a b
34. On factorising x 2 +  +  x + 1, we get :
get  :  b a
(a) (x + y) (x + y + z) (b) (x + y + z)2
 a  a  a  b
(c) (x + y) (x + y + 2z) (d) (x + y) (x + y + z)2 (a)  x +   x −  (b)  x +   x + 
 b  b  b  a
26. The value of a for which (x + a) is a factor of
x3 + ax2 – 3x + 16 + a is :  a  b
(c)  x −   x −  (d) (x + ab) (x – ab)
(a) – 4 (b) 4 (c) – 2 (d) 2  b  a
27. When p(x) is divided by ax – b, then the remainder 2
35. One of the factors of 2 − is :
is : 2 2
x y
 −b 
(a) p(a + b) (b) p   1 1
 a (a) 1 + (b) 1 −
 b xy xy
b
(c) p   (d)
 a a  1
(c) 2 1 + (d) all the above
28. (x + y)3 – (x – y)3 is equal to :  xy 
36. If ab = 5 and a – b = 2, then the value of a3 – b3
(a) 2(x3 + 3x2y) (b) 2(y3 + 3x2y) is equal to :
(c) 2(x3 – 3xy2) (d) 2(y3 – 3x2y) (a) 10 (b) 38 (c) – 38 (d) 76
29. If p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x), r(x) ≠ 0, where p(x), 1 1 1
q(x), g(x), and r(x) are polynomials, then :
37. If x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0, then the value of (x + y – z)2
(a) degree of r(x) = degree of g(x) is :
(b) degree of r(x) > degree of g(x) (a) 2xy (b) 2yz (c) 4xz (d) 4xy
(c) degree of r(x) < degree of g(x) 38. The value of x3 + y3 + 9xy – 27, if x = 3 – y
(d) degree of r(x) = 0 is  :
30. On factorising x4 + y4 + x2y2, we get : (a) 1
(a) (x2 + y2 + xy)2 (b) – 1
(b) (x2 + y2 + xy) (x2 + y2 – xy) (c) 0
(c) (1 + x2 + y2) (1 – x2 – y2) (d) cannot be determined
(d) (x2 – y2 + xy) (x2 – y2 – xy) 39. The coefficient of x2 in (3x2 + 2x – 4) (x2 – 3x
– 2) is :
31. The value of (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 is :
(a) 2 (b) – 16 (c) 16 (d) 8
(a) xyz
(b) 3xyz
40. The value of
( x − y )3 + ( y − z )3 + ( z − x)3
(x ) + (y ) + (z )
(c) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) 2 3 3 3
− y2 2
− z2 2
− x2
is :
(d) 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
(a) (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)

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(b) (a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d)
( x − y )( y − z )( z − x) 2
47. One of the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 + 7x – 4
1
(c) is :
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x) 1 1
(d) (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) (a) 2 (b) (c) −
(d) – 2
2 2
41. One of the factors of (25x2 – 1) + (1 + 5x)2 is : 48. If x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 2x2 + kx,
then the value of k is :
(a) 5 + x (b) 5 – x (c) 5x – 1 (d) 10x
(a) – 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) – 2
42. The value of 2492 – 2482 is :
(a) 12 (b) 477 (c) 487 (d) 497 49. x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial :
43. The factorisation of 4x2 + 8x + 3 is : (a) x3 + x2 – x + 1
(a) (x + 1) (x + 3) (b) (2x + 1) (2x + 3) (b) x3 + x2 + x + 1
(c) (2x + 2) (2x + 5) (d) (2x – 1) (2x – 3)
44. Which of the following is a factor of (x + y)3 – (x3 (c) x4 + x3 + x2 + 1
+ y3) ? (d) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(a) x2 + y2 + 2xy (b) x2 + y2 – xy
 1  1
(c) xy2 (d) 3xy 50. If 49 x 2 − b =  7 x +   7 x −  , then the value
 2  2
45. The coefficient of x in the expansion of (x + 3)3 of b is :
is : 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 27 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2
3 3 3
51. If a + b + c = 0, then a + b + c is equal to :
x y
46. If + = −1 (x, y ≠ 0), then the value of x3 – y3
y x (a) 0 (b) abc (c) 3abc (d) 2abc
is :
B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers
1. If a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – a, then (b) 3(2a – b)(b – 2c)(c – a)
remainder is : [T-I (2010)] (c) 6(2a – b)(b – 2c)(c – a)
(a) f(0) (b) f(a) (d) 2a × b × 2c
(c) f(–a) (d) f(a) – f(0) 7. In which of the following (x + 2) is a factor ?
2. The coefficient of x in the product of [T-I (2010)]
(x – 1)(1 – 2x) is : [T-I (2010)]
(a) 4x3 – 13x + 6 (b) x3 + x2 +x+4
(a) –3 (b) 3 (c) –2 (d) 1
(c) 4x3 + 13x – 25 (b) –2x3 + x2 – x – 19
3. One of the factors of (x3 – 1) – (x – 1) is :
8. If P(x) = 7 – 3x + 2x2, then value of P(–2) is :
[T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)]
(a) x + 1 (b) x2 – 1 (c) x – 1 (d) x + 4
(a) 12 (b) 31 (c) 21 (d) 22
4. The coefficient of x2 in (2 – 3x2)(x2 – 5) is :
9. If x1/3+ +y1/3 z1/3
= 0, then which one of the
[T-I (2010)] following expressions is correct ? [T-I (2010)]
(a) –17 (b) –10 (c) –3 (d) 17 (a) x3 + y3 + z3 = 0
5. One of the factors of (x – 1) – (x2 – 1) is : (b) x + y + z = 3x1/3y1/3z1/3
[T-I (2010)] (c) x + y + z = 3xyz
(a) x2 – 1 (b) x + 1 (c) x – 1 (d) x + 4
(d) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
6. The factors of (2a – b)3 + (b – 2c)3 + 8(c – a)3
10. (x + 2) is a factor of 2x3 + 5x2 – x – k. The value
is  : [T-I (2010)]
of k is : [T-I (2010)]
(a) (2a – b)(b – 2c)(c – a)
(a) 6 (b) –24 (c) –6 (d) 24

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  1
11. The coefficient of x2 in (3x + x3)  x +  is : 21. a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca equals :
 x
[T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2 (a) (a + b + c)2 (b) (a – b – c)2
12. What is the remainder when x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 is
(c) (a – b + c)2
divided by (x – 1)? [T-I (2010)]
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 1
(d) [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ]
x 2 x2 2
13. If p ( x) = 2 + + x − , then p(–1) is :
2 3 22. If x51 + 51 is divided by (x + 1), the remainder
is  : [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 49 (d) 50
15 17 1 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) 23. 2 is a polynomial of degree :
6 6 6 6
1
14. Zero of the polynomial p(x) where p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0 (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)
is : [T-I (2010)] 2
24. Which of the following is a polynomial in one
1 variable ? [T-I (2010)]
(a) 1 (b) a (c) 0 (d)
a (a) 3 – x2 + x (b) 3 x + 4
15. Which of the following is a polynomial in x ?
[T-I (2010)] 1
(c) x3 + y3 + 7 (d) x +
x
1
(a) x + (b) x 2 + x 25. The value of p for which x + p is a factor of
x x2 + px + 3 – p is : [T-I (2010)]
(c) x + 2 x 2 + 1 (d) 3 x + 1 (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) –3
2
16. The remainder when x + 2x + 1 is divided by 26. The degree of the polynomial p(x) = 3 is :
(x  + 1) is : [T-I (2010)]
(a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) –2 [T-I (2010)]
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 1  1  2 1  x y
17. Product of  x −   x +   x + 2  is : 27. If + = −1,( x, y ≠ 0), the value of x3 – y3 is  :
 x  x  x 
[T-I (2010)] y x
[T-I (2010)]
1 1
(a) x 4 − (b) x 3 + 3 − 2 (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 1/2 (d) 0
x4 x
28. (1 + 3x)3 is an example of : [T-I (2010)]
1 1 (a) monomial (b) binomial
(c) x 4 − 4 (d) x 2 + 2 + 2
x x (c) trinomial (d) none of these
18. Which of the following is a binomial in y ? 29. Degree of zero polynomial is : [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)] (a) 0 (b) 1
1 (c) any natural number (d) not defined
(a) y 2 + 2 (b) y + + 2
y 30. The coefficient of x2 in (3x2 – 5)(4 + 4x2) is :
[T-I (2010)]
(c) y + 2 y (d) y y + 1 (a) 12 (b) 5 (c) –8 (d) 8
19. The remainder obtained when the polynomial p(x) 31. One of the factors of (16y2 – 1) + (1 – 4y)2 is  :
is divided by (b – ax) is : [T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
 −b   a (a) (4 + y) (b) (4 – y) (c) (4y + 1) (d) 8y
(a) p   (b) p  
 a  b 32. If x2 + kx + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3) for all x, the value

of k is : [T-I (2010)]
 b  −a  (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 5 (d) 3
(c) p   (d) p  
 a  b 33. Zero of the zero polynomial is : [T-I (2010)]

20. Which of the following is a trinomial in x ? (a) 0 (b) 1
[T-I (2010)] (c) any real number (d) not defined
34. If (x – 1) is a factor of p(x) = x2 + x + k, then
(a) x3 + 1 (b) x3 + x2 +x
value of k is : [T-I (2010)]
(c) x x + x + 1 (d) x3 + 2x (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) –2 (d) 1

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Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

A. Important Questions
1. Find the remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4 is 6. Give an example of a polynomial which is :
divided by x + 2. (i) monomial of degree 1
2. Write whether the following statements are true (ii) binomial of degree 20
or false : In each case justify your answer. 7. Find the value of a, if x + a is a factor of the
1 polynomial x4 – a2x2 + 3x – 6a.
1
(i) x 2 + 1 is a polynomial 8. Find the value of the polynomial at the indicated
5
value of variable p ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 11, at
3 x  =  2.
6 x+x 2
(ii) is a polynomial, x ≠ 0. 9. Find p(1), p(–2) for the polynomial p(x) = (x + 2)
x (x – 2).
3. Write the degree of each of the following 10. Show that x + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11x – x2
polynomials : + x3.
(i) x5 – x4 + 2x2 – 1 (ii) 6 – x2 11. If (x + 1) is a factor of ax3 + x2 – 2x + 4a – 9,
find the value of a.
(iii) 2x – 5 (iv) 5
12. Verify that 1 is not a zero of the polynomial
4. Find the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – 5x
4y4 – 3y3 + 2y2 – 5y + 1.
+ 6.
x3 + 2 x + 1 7 2 13. Factorise :
5. For the polynomial − x − x5 ,
write  : 5 2 (i) x2 + 9x + 18 (ii) 2x2 – 7x – 15
(i) the degree of the polynomial 14. Expand :
(ii) the coefficient of x3 (i) (4a – b + 2c)2 (ii) (–x + 2y – 3z)2
(iii) the coefficient of x6 15. Factorise : a 3 − 2 2b3
(iv) the constant term
B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers
1. Evaluate using suitable identity (999)3. 1
11. If x 2 + = 38, then find the value of
[T-I (2010)] x2
2. Factorise : 3x2 – x – 4. [T-I (2010)]  1
 x −  .
3. Using factor theorem, show that (x + 1) is a factor x [T-I (2010)]
of x19 + 1. [T-I (2010)] 12. Check whether the polynomial 3x – 1 is a factor
4. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the of 9x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1. [T-I (2010)]
value of 303 + 203 – 503. [T-I (2010)]
 1  1  1
5. Evaluae (104)3 using suitable identity. 13. Find the product of  x −  ,  x +  ,  x 2 + 2 
 x  x  x 
 4 1
[T-I (2010)] and  x + 4  .
 x  [T-I (2010)]
6. F i n d t h e v a l u e o f t h e p o l y n o m i a l
p ( z ) = 3 z 2 − 4 z + 17 when z = 3. [T-I (2010)] 14. Using factor theorem, show that (2x + 1) is a factor
7. Check whether the polynomial t + 1 is a factor of of 2x3 + 3x2 – 11x – 6. [T-I (2010)]
4t3 + 4t2 – t – 1. [T-I (2010)] 15. Check whether (x + 1) is a factor of x3 + x + x2
x 1 + 1. [T-I (2010)]
8. Factorise : x 2 + − .
4 8 [T-I (2010)] 16. Find the value of a if (x – 1) is a factor of
1 9 1 2 x 2 + ax + 2 .
9. Factorise : 27 p3 − − p2 + p. [T-I (2010)]
216 2 4 [T-I (2010)] 2
17. Factorise : 7 2 x − 10 x − 4 2 . [T-I (2010)]
10. If 2x + 3y = 8 and xy = 4, then find the value of
18. If a + b + c = 7 and ab + bc + ca = 20, find the
4x2 + 9y2. [T-I (2010)]
value of a2 + b2 + c2. [T-I (2010)]

6
 19. If – 1 is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax3 – x2 20. Check whether the polynomial p(s) = 3s3 + s2
+ x + 4, find the value of a : [T-I (2010)] – 20s + 12 is a multiple of 3s – 2. [T-I (2010)]
21. Factorise : 125x3 + 27y3. [T-I (2010)]

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

A. Important Questions

6. Find the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (x – 2)2

1. Check whether p(x) is a multiple of g(x) or not, – (x + 2)2.
where 7. What must be added to x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 19 so that
p(x) = x3 – x + 1, g(x) = 2 – 3x. the result is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 6  ?
2. Check whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) or not, 8. Using suitable identity, evaluate the following :
where :
(i) 1033 (ii) 101 × 102 (iii) 9992
x 1
p(x) = 8x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 3, g(x) = − 9. Factorise : 16x 2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 – 16xy – 12yz
3 4
+ 24xz
3. Using factor theorem show that x – y is a factor
of x (y2 – z2) + y (z2 – x2) + z (x2 – y2). 10. If x + y + z = 9 and xy + yz + zx = 26, find x2
+ y2 + z2.
4. Find the value of a, if x – a is a factor of x3 – ax2
+ 2x + a – 1. 11. Find the following product : (2x – y + 3z)
(4x2 + y2 + 9z2 + 2xy + 3yz – 6xz).
5. Find the value of the polynomial 3x3 – 4x2 + 7x
– 5, when x = 3 and also when x = – 3.

B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

1. Find the value of x3 + y3 – 12xy + 64 when −1

12. If x = is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = 27x3
x + y = –4. [T-I (2010)] 3
2. If x = 2y + 6, then find the value of x3 – 8y3 – ax2 – x + 3, then find the value of a.
– 36xy – 216. [T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
3. Factorise : 27(x + y)3 – 8(x – y)3. [T-I (2010)] 13. Factorise : 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2.
4. Factorise : (x – 2y)3 + (2y – 3z)3 + (3z – x)3. [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)] 14. Simplify : (a + b + c) 2
+ (a – b + c) 2
2
+ (a + b – c) . [T-I (2010)]
5. If 2a = 3 + 2b, prove that 8a3 – 8b3 – 36ab
= 27. [T-I (2010)]  1 1
15. If  x +  = 9, then find the value of x 3 + 3 .
6. If a – b = 7, a2 + b2 = 85, find a3 – b3.  x  x
[T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
3 3
 1 y  1 16. Factorise : 4(x2 + 1)2 + 13(x2 + 1) – 12.
7. Expand : (a)  +  (b)  4 −  .
 x 3  3x 
[T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)] 1 2
17. Factorise : x 2 + + 2 − 2x − . [T-I (2010)]
8. The polynomials kx3 + 3x2 – 8 and 3x3 – 5x + k x 2 x
are divided by x + 2. If the remainder in each case
is the same, find the value of k. [T-I (2010)] 18. Determine whether (3x – 2) is a factor of
3x3 + x2 – 20x + 12 ? [T-I (2010)]
9. Find the values of a and b so that the polynomial
3 3
x3 + 10x2 + ax + b has (x – 1) and (x + 2) as  2   2 
factors. [T-I (2010)] 19. Simplify :  x − y −  x + y .
 3   3  [T-I (2010)]
10. Factorise : 8x3 + y3 + 27z3 – 18xyz. [T-I (2010)]
11. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 90 and a + b + c = 20, then 20. Factorise : (2x – y – z)3 + (2y – z – x)3 + (2z – x
find the value of ab + bc + ca. [T-I (2010)] – y)3. [T-I (2010)]

7
 21. If a + b = 11, a2 + b2 = 61, find a3 + b3. 36. Factorise : 2x3 – x2 – 13x – 6. [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)] 37. Factorise : a3(b – c)3 + b3(c – a)3 + c3(a – b)3.
22. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 30 and a + b + c = 10, then find the
[T-I (2010)]
value of ab + bc + ca. [T-I (2010)]
23. Using suitable identity evaluate : 38. If p = 4 – q, prove that p3 + q3 + 12pq = 64.
(42)3 − (18)3 − (24)3 . [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)]
24. Find the values of p and q, if the polynomial x4 +
px3 + 2x2 – 3x + q is divisible by the polynomial 39. Find the value of k so that 2x – 1 be a factor of
x2 – 1. [T-I (2010)] 8x4 + 4x3 – 16x2 + 10x + k. [T-I (2010)]

25. Simplify (x + y + z)2 – (x + y – z)2. 40. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions
of the cuboids whose volume is given below ?
[T-I (2010)]
26. Factorise 9x2 + y2 + z2 – 6xy + 2yz – 6zx. Hence Volume = 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k. [T-I (2010)]
find its value if x = 1, y = 2 and z = –1.
41. If the polynomial P(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax
[T-I (2010)] + 8 is divided by (x – 2), it leaves a remainder
10. Find the value of a : [T-I (2010)]
27. Find the value of a3 + b3 + 6ab – 8 when a + b
= 2. [T-I (2010)] 42. Without finding the cubes, find the value of :
3 3 3
28. If x + y + z = 9, then find the value of (3 – x)3  1  1  7
  +   −   . [T-I (2010)]
+ (3 – y)3 + (3 – z)3 – 3(3 – x)(3 – y)(3 – z). 4 3 12
[T-I (2010)]
43. Simplify : (a + b + c)2 – (a – b – c)2.
29. If x – 3 is a factor of x2 – kx + 12, then find the
value of k. Also, find the other factor for this value [T-I (2010)]
of k. [T-I (2010)]
44. Factorise (x – 3y)3 + (3y – 7z)3 + (7z – x)3.
30. Find the value of x3 + y3 + 9xy – 27, if x + y
= 3. [T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
31. If a + b + c = 6, then find the value of (2 – a)3 45. Factorise : 2 2 a3 + 8b3 − 27c3 + 18 2 abc.
+ (2 – b)3 + (2 – c)3 – 3(2 – a)(2 – b)(2 – c).
[T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]

32. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 250 and ab + bc + ca = 3, 46. Factorise : x6 – y6. [T-I (2010)]

find a + b + c. [T-I (2010)]  1
47. If both (x – 2) and  x −  are factors of
1  2
1 3
33. If x + = 7, then find the value of x + 3 . 2
px + 5x + r, show that p = r. [T-I (2010)]
x x

[T-I (2010)] 48. Find the value of a if (x + a) is a factor of

x4 – a2x2 + 3x – a. [T-I (2010)]
1 3 1
34. If x − = 3, then find the value of x − 3 . 49. Factorise by splitting the middle term :
x x
9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13. [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)]
35. If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has (x + 2) as a factor and 50. Find the remainder obtained on dividing
leaves a remainder 4 when divided by x – 2, find 1
2 x 4 − 3 x 3 − 5 x 2 + x + 1 by x − .
the values of a and b. [T-I (2010)] 2
[T-I (2010)]

8
Long Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

A. Important Questions

4. Without actual division prove that (x – 2) is a

1. If (x + 2) is a factor of x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20, then factor of the polynomial 3x3 – 13x2 + 8x + 12.
factorise it. Also, factorise it completely.
2. If the polynomials ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and x3 – 4x 5. If a, b, c are all non-zero and a + b + c = 0, prove
+ a leave the same remainder when divided by a 2 b2 c2
that + + = 3.
x – 3, find the value of a. bc ac ab
6. Prove that (a + b + c) 3 – a 3 – b 3 – c 3
3. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a
= 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a).
– 7 when divided by x + 1, leaves the remainder
19. Find the value of a. Also, find the remainder 7. If a + b + c = 5 and ab + bc + ca = 10, then
when p(x) is divided by x + 2. prove that a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = – 25.

B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

1 12. Find the value of (x – a)3 + (x – b)3 + (x – c)3
1. Verify : x 3 + y3 + z 3 − 3 xy = ( x + y + z)
2 – 3(x – a)(x – b)(x – c), if a + b + c = 3x.
2 2 2 [T-I (2010)]
[( x − y) + ( y − z ) + ( z − x ) ]. [T-I (2010)]
13. Simplify by factorisation method : [T-I (2010)]
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
2. Simplify : (a − b ) + (b − c ) + (c − a ) . 9 − 2 3x − x 2
3 3 3
( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a) 3 − x2

[T-I (2010)] 3 2
14. If p(x) = x – ax + bx + 3 leaves a remainder
3. Prove that : 2x3 + 2y3 + 2z3 – 6xyz = (x + y + –19 when divided by (x + 2) and a remainder 17
z) [(x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2]. hence evaluate when divided by (x – 2), prove that a + b = 6.
2(7)3 + 2(9)3 + 2(13)3 – 6(7) (9) (13). [T-I (2010)]
T-I (2010)] 15. The volume of a cube is given by the polynomial
4. Using factor theorem show that x2 + 5x + 6 is p(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 12x – 8. Find the possible
factor of x4 + 5x3 + 9x2 + 15x + 18. [T-I (2010)] expressions for the sides of the cube. Verify the
truth of your answer when the length of cube is
5. Prove that
2 2 3 3 3 3 cm. [T-I (2010)]
( x + y + z ) × [( x − y) + ( y − z ) ] = 2( x + y + z − 3 xyz )
16. Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial :
[T-I (2010)] x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 – 3x – 3. [T-I (2010)]
6. The polynomials p(x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and 17. Factorise a7 + ab6. [T-I (2010)]
q(x) = x3 – 4x + a leave the same remainder when
18. Using factor theorem, factorise the polynomial.
divided by x – 3. Find the remainder when p(x) is
divided by (x – 2). [T-I (2010)] x4 + 2x3 – 7x2 – 8x + 12. [T-I (2010)]
7. If both (x + 2) and (2x + 1) are factors of ax2 19. Without actual division, show that the polynomial
+ 2x + b, prove that a – b = 0. [T-I (2010)] 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x + 2 is exactly divisible by
x2 – 3x + 2. [T-I (2010)]
8. Simplify by factorisation method :
2 20. If x and y be two positive real numbers such that
6 − 2 2 x − x . [T-I (2010)] 8x3 + 27y3 = 730 and 2x2y + 3xy2 = 15, then
2 − x2 evaluate 2x + 3y. [T-I (2010)]
9. Show that (x – 1) is a factor of P(x) = 3x3 – x2
– 3x + 1 and hence factorise P(x). [T-I (2010)] 21. Factorise : (x2 – 2x)2 – 2(x2 – 2x) – 3.
10. The polynomials x3 + 2x2 – 5ax – 8 and x3 + ax2 [T-I (2010)]
– 12x – 6 when divided by (x – 2) and (x – 3) 1
22. If x 2 + = 51, find
leave remaindens p and q respectively. If q – p = x2
10, find the value of a. [T-I (2010)] 1 1
(i) x − (ii) x 3 − . [T-I (2010)]
11. Prove that (x + y)3 – (x – y)3 – 6y(x2 – y 2) x x3
= 8y3. [T-I (2010)]
9
 23. Find the values of m and n so that the polynomial
1 27a2 9a
f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + mx – n is exactly divisible by 34. Factorise : 27a3 + 3
+ + .
(x – 1) as well as (x – 2). [T-I (2010)] 64b 4b 16b2
24. Factorise : x8 – y8. [T-I (2010)] [T-I (2010)]
35. Find the values of a and b so that (x + 1) and
25. Without actual division prove that x4
+ 2x3 – 2x2 (x – 2) are factors of (x3 + ax2 + 2x + b).
2
+ 2x – 3 is exactly divisible by x + 2x – 3. [T-I (2010)]
[T-I (2010)]
36. W i t h o u t a c t u a l d i v i s i o n , p r o v e t h a t
26. Factorise : a12x4 – a4x12. [T-I (2010)]
(2 x 4 − 6 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x − 2) is exactly divisible by
27. Without actual division, prove that the polynomial
2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x + 2 is exactly divisible by ( x 2 − 3 x + 2). [T-I (2010)]
x2 – 3x + 2. [T-I (2010)] 37. Simplify : (5a + 3b)3 – (5a – 3b)3. [T-I (2010)]
28. Factorise : (x2 – 3x)2 – 8(x2 – 3x) – 20. 38. Find the value of a if (x – a) is a factor of x5
[T-I (2010)] – a2x3 + 2x + a + 3, hence factorise x2 – 2ax – 3.
29. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a [T-I (2010)]
– 7 when divided by (x + 1), leaves the remainder 39. The polynomial ax3 + 3x2 – 3 and 2x3 – 5x + a
19. Find the value of a. Also, find the remainder, when divided by x – 4 leave the same remainder
when p(x) is divided by x + 2. [T-I (2010)] in each case. Find the value of a. [T-I (2010)]
30. Find the values of a and b so that (x + 1) and 40. Factorise : 3u3 – 4u2 – 12u + 16. [T-I (2010)]
(x – 1) are factors of x4 + ax3 – 3x2 + 2x + b. 1 1
41. If x + = 5 , then evaluate x 6 + 6 .
[T-I (2010)] x x
[T-I (2010)]
31. Multiply 9x2 + 25y2 + 15xy + 12x – 20y + 16 by
3x – 5y – 4 using suitable identity. 42. Without actual division, prove that 2x4 – 8x.3 + 3x2
[T-I (2010)] + 12x – 9 is exactly divisible by x2 – 4x + 3.
[T-I (2010)]
32. If x2 – 3x + 2 is a factor of x4 – ax2 + b then find
a and b. [T-I (2010)] 43. If f(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b is divided by
(x – 1) and (x + 1), it leaves the remainders 5 and
33. Without actual division show that x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 19 respectively. Find a and b. [T-I (2010)]
+ 2x – 3 is exactly divisible by x2 + 2x – 3.
[T-I (2010)]

Formative assessment

Activity-1
Objective : To verify the identity (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Materials Required : White sheets of paper, a pair of scissors, gluestick, colour pencils, geometry box, etc.
Procedure : Let us verify the identity for x = 3, y = 2, z = 1
1. On a white sheet of paper, draw three squares of dimensions 3 cm, 2 cm and 1 cm. Shade these squares
using different colours and cut them out.

Figure-1

2. Draw 2 rectangles of dimensions 3 cm × 2 cm each, 2 rectangles of dimensions 2 cm × 1 cm each and

2  rectangles of dimensions 1 cm × 3 cm each. Colour and cut these rectangles.

10
 Figure-2
3. Rearrange and paste the squares and the rectangles obtained in steps 1 and 2 above to form a square as
shown below.

Figure-3
Observations :
1. In figure 3, we see that the resulting figure is a square of side (3 + 2 + 1) cm.
So, area of this square = (3 + 2 + 1)2 sq. cm.
2. In figure 1: Area of the square of side 3 cm = 32 sq. cm.
Area of the square of side 2 cm = 22 sq. cm
Area of the square of side 1 cm = 12 sq. cm.
In figure 2:
Area of the rectangles of dimensions 3 cm × 2 cm = 2 × 3 × 2 sq. cm.
Area of the rectangles of dimensions 2 cm × 1 cm = 2 × 2 × 1 sq. cm.
Area of the rectangles of dimensions 1 cm × 3 cm = 2 × 3 × 1 sq. cm.
So, total area of the squares and the rectangles in figures 1 and 2
= [32 + 22 + 12 + (2 × 3 × 2) + (2 × 2 × 1) + (2 × 3 × 1)] sq. cm.
This area is equal to the area of the square in figure 3.
So, (3 + 2 + 1)2 = 32 + 22 + 12 + (2 × 3 × 2) + (2 × 2 × 1) + (2 × 3 × 1)
So, (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx   [ x = 3, y = 2, z = 1]
Conclusion : From the above activity, it is verified that (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx
Do Yourself : Verify the identify (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx by taking
(i) x = 1, y = 3, z = 4; (ii) x = 2, y = 2, z = 3; (iii) x = 4, y = 1, z = 2; (iv) x = 1, y = 2, z = 5

Activity-2
Objective : To verify the identity a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Materials Required : Unit cubes made of wood or plastic
Procedure : Let us verify the identity by taking a = 3, b = 1
1. Using the unit cubes make a cube of edge a =  3 cm.

Figure-1

11
 2. Since b = 1, remove a cube of edge 1 cm.

3 cm

Figure-2

3. Now, rearrange the unit cubes used in figure 2(c) to form three cuboids of following dimensions.
(a) (3 – 1) cm × 3 cm × 3 cm or 2 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm.
(b) (3 – 1) cm × 3 cm × 1 cm or 2 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm.
(c) (3 – 1) cm × 1 cm × 1 cm or 2 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm.

Figure-3

Observations :
1. Volume of the cube in figure 1 = 33 cm3
Volume of the cube in figure 2(b) = 13 cm3
2. Volume of the shape in figure 2(c) = (33 – 13) cm3
3. We see that the shape in figure 2(c) can be split into three cuboids shown in figure 3.
4. Volume of cuboid in figure 3(a) = (2 × 3 × 3) cm3 = {(3 – 1) × 3 × 3} cm3
Volume cuboid in figure 3(b) = 2 × 3 × 1 cm3 = (3 – 1) × 3 × 1 cm3
Volume of cuboid in figure 3(c) = 2 × 1 × 1 cm3 = (3 – 1) × 1 × 1 cm3.
So, total volume of all the cuboids in figure 3
= {(3 – 1) × 3 × 3} cm3 + {(3 – 1) × 3 × 1} cm3 + {(3 – 1) × 1 × 1} cm3
= {(3 – 1) × 32 + (3 – 1) × 3 × 1 + (3 – 1) × 12} cm3
∴ 33 – 13 = (3 – 1) × 32 + (3 – 1) × 3 × 1 + (3 – 1) × 12 [From 2]
or a3 – b3 = (a – b) × a2 + (a – b) × a × b + (a – b) × b2 [ a = 3, b = 1]
or a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

12
 onclusion : From the above activity the following identity is verified :
C
   a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Do Yourself : Verify the above identity by taking
(i) a = 4, b = 2 (ii) a = 3, b = 2

Activity-3
Objective : To verify the identity a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)
(a2 – ab + b2) using a set of unit cubes.
Materials Required : Unit cubes made of wood or
plastic
Procedure : Let us verify the identity by taking
a = 4, b = 2.
1. Using the unit cubes make a cube of edge
a = 4 cm.
2. Now, make a cuboid of dimensions a × a × b (4 cm × 4
cm × 2 cm) and place it adjacent to the cube in figure 1.
Figure-1

Figure-2

3. Now, make a cuboid of dimensions a × b × b (4 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm) and place it over the cuboid in
figure 2.

Figure-3

13
 4. Make a cube of edge b = 2 cm and place it over the figure 3 as shown below.

Figure-4

5. From the above figure, remove the cuboid, attached in step 3, i.e., the cuboid of dimensions 4 cm × 2 cm
× 2 cm.

Figure-5

6. Finally, from the above figure, remove the cuboid attached in step 2, i.e., the cuboid of dimensions 4 cm
× 4 cm × 2 cm.

14
 Figure-6
Observations :
1. Volume of the shape in figure 4 = [(4 + 2) × 4 × 4 + (4 + 2) × 2 × 2] cm 3
2. Volume of the shape in figure 5 = [(4 + 2) × 42 + (4 + 2) × 22] cm3 – 4 × 22 cm3
3. Volume of the shape in figure 6
= [(4 + 2) × 42 + (4 + 2) × 22] cm3 – 4 × 22 cm3 – 42 × 2 cm3
But, figure 6 is a combination of two cubes of edges 4 cm and 2 cm.
So, its volume = (43 + 23) cm3
∴ 43 + 23 = (4 + 2) × 42 + (4 + 2) × 22 – 4 × 22 – 42 × 2

⇒ 43 + 23 = (4 + 2) (42 + 22) – 4 × 2 (4 + 2)
⇒ 43 + 23 = (4 + 2) [42 + 22 – 4 × 2]
⇒ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) [ a = 4, b = 2]
Conclusion : From the above activity, the following identity is verified :
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
Do Yourself : Verify the above identity by taking :
(i) a = 2, b = 1   (ii) a = 3, b = 2   (iii) a = 4, b = 1

Activity-4
 o verify the identity (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 using unit
Objective : T
cubes.
Materials Required : Unit cubes made of wood or plastic.
Procedure : Let us verify the identity for a = 2, b = 1
1. Using unit cubes make a cube of edge 2 cm.

Figure-1

2. Now, make three cuboids, each of dimensions 2 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm.

Figure-2

15
 3. Again, make three cuboids each of dimensions 2 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm.

Figure-3

4. Take a cube of edge 1 cm (unit cube).

Figure-4

5. Now, rearrange all the unit cubes used in figures

1 to 4 to form a cube as shown below.

Observations :
1. Volume of the cube in figure 1 = 23 cm3
2. Volume of 1 cuboid in figure 2 = 2 × 2 × 1 cm3 Figure-5
So, volume of the three cuboids in figure 2 = 3 × 2 × 2 × 1 cm3 = 3 × 22 × 1 cm3
3. Volume of 1 cuboid in figure 3 = 2 × 1 × 1 cm3
So, volume of the three cuboids in figure 3 = 3 × 2 × 1 × 1 cm3 = 3 × 2 × 12 cm3
4. Volume of the cube in figure 4 = 1 cm3
5. So, the combined volume of all these shapes = [(2)3 + (3 × 22 × 1) + (3 × 2 × 12) + (1)3] cm3
In figure 5, each side of the cube is 3 cm

So, volume of the cube in figure 5 = 33 cm3 = (2 + 1)3 cm3

But, the combined volume of figures 1 to 4 = the volume of the cube in figure 5

So, (2 + 1)3 = (2)3 + (3 × 22 × 1) + (3 × 2 × 12) + (1)3

⇒ (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 [ a = 2, b =1]
Conclusion : From the above activity, the following identity is verified :
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Do Yourself : Verify the above identity by taking :
(i) a = 3, b = 1 (ii) a =1, b = 3 (iii) a = 3, b = 2

Activity-5
Objective : To verify the identity (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3 using unit cubes.
Materials Required : Unit cubes made of wood or plastic
Procedure : Let us verify the identity for a = 4, b = 2.
1. Using unit cubes make a cube of edge 4 cm.

Figure-1

16
 2. Add three cuboids each of dimensions 4 cm × 2  cm
× 2 cm to the cube in figure 1 to get a shape as
shown.

Figure-2
3. From the shape obtained in figure 2, remove three cuboids each of dimensions
4 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm. The resulting shape is shown.

Figure-3

4. From the shape obtained in figure 3, remove a cube of edge 2 cm. The resulting
shape is shown.

bservations :
O
1. Volume of the cube in figure 1 = 43 cm3
2. Figure 2 is obtained by adding three cuboids each of dimensions 4 cm × 2 cm ×
2 cm to figure1. Figure-4
3 3
So, volume of the shape in figure 2 = [4 + (3 × 4 × 2 × 2)] cm = [4 + (3 × 3

4 × 22)] cm3
3. Figure 3 is obtained by removing three cuboids each of dimensions 4 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm from figure 2.
So, volume of the shape in figure 3 = [43 + (3 × 4 × 22) – (3 × 42 × 2)] cm3.
4. Figure 4 is obtained by removing a cube of edge 2 cm from figure 3
So, volume of the shape in figure 4 = [43 + (3 × 4 × 22) – (3 × 42 × 2) – 23] cm3.
But, figure 4 is a cube of edge 2 cm, i.e., its volume = 23 cm3 = (4 – 2)3 cm3
So, (4 – 2)3 = 43 + (3 × 4 × 22) – (3 × 42 × 2) – 23

or (a – b)3 = a3 + 3ab2 – 3a2b – b3

or (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

Conclusion : From the above activity, the following identity is verified :

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
Do Yourself : Verify the above activity by taking :
(i) a = 2, b = 1 (ii) a = 4, b = 1 (iii) a = 3, b = 2 (iv) a = 3, b = 1

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