ue" || SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND THE RUSSIAN 2 _|| REVOLUTION | - WORKSHEET 1. (a) January 9, 1905 became the dress rehearsal for the Revolution of 1917. (6) On this day, thousands of peaceful workers were killed and wounded by the troops of the Czar, when they came to present a petition to him. (©) This started disturbance throughout Russia including the army and navy. It prepared the people for revoh 2, (a) Reduction in the working day to eight hours; (b) An increase in wages. 3. The Czar, Nicholas II had imposed the use of the Russian language on them. He tried to demolish their culture. They were not considered equal citizens like the Russians. 4. (a) They wanted changes in the old order. (6) They supported the ideas of religious tolerance. 5, Socialists considered private property as the main cause for class division. That is why they favoured abolition of private property. Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the properties were concerned only with personal gains and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive. Therefore, capitalism with its profit motive became the main target of the socialists to abolish it completely. They highlighted collective social interests and campaigned for it. 6, Karl Marx argued that industrial society was ‘capitalist’. It meant that the capitalists owned the capital invested in factories and the profit ofthe capitalists was produced by the workers. So, the conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by the capitalists. In order to come out of capitalism, workers had to overthrow it. Marx believed that in order to free themselves from the capitalist exploitations, workers had to construct communist society where all property was socially controlled, (WORKSHEET-10) 1, (a) The freedom to speak freely. (b) The freedom of press. (©) The freedom to form association. 2, Cheka was an Extraordinary Commission which was used to find out the opponents of the Bolshevik Party and used to punish them. It was a kind of secret police organisation, later called OGPU and NKVD. 3. (a) Peace should be established in the country and every peasant should be given land. (b) The industries should be under the control of workers. (©) The non-Russian communities should enjoy equal status and the entire powers should be put in the hands of the Soviets. 4, Kerensky failed to feel the pulse of the nation. People wanted peace, but he tried to continue the war. The non-Russian nationals failed to get an equal status under his Government. 5, Three features of Russian economy are as follows: (a) A major proportion (about 85%) of people in the empire earned their living from agriculture. 12 Bognoao eo(b) The cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was ‘a major exporter of grain, (©) Most of the industries were the private properties of the industrialists. 6, The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed by the socialists who were active in the countryside. It was formed in 1900. This party struggled for peasants rights and demanded ‘that land belonging to nobles be transferred to the peasants. This notion of the socialist revolutionaries was disapproved by Social Democrats. Lenin felt that peasants were not ‘one united group. Some were poor while others rich. Hence, they could not be part socialist movement. The party thus got devided into Bolsheviks (majority) and Menshe 3/123 (minority). ‘The liberals wanted to change society. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. ‘They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. They argued for a representative elected parliamentary ‘government but they did not believe in universal Adult Franchise. They were not in favour of giving voting rights to women. On the contrary, the radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population. They favoured women’s suffragette movements. Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. 8, The First World War had a severe impact on the Russian industries. Russia's own industries ‘were few in number and the country was cut off ftom other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipments disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than in any part of Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result there was shortage of labour. Small workshops, which produced essentials were shutdown. Large quantity of grains were sent to feed the army. In the city, supply of bread and flour became scarce. 1. WORKSHEET-I 1, Nomadism is a type of lifestyle of those people who do not live at one place but keep moving from one area to another to earn their living. 20) 3.(a) 4, (a) The personality shown in the picture is of Tsar Nicholas II. (b) He ruled the Russian Empire in 1914. (c) Besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian Empire included current day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It stretched to the Pacific and comprised today’s Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. 5, (a) The Kerensky government was not popular as it failed to meet the needs of the people. ‘The people wanted Russia to withdraw from the First World War, but Kerensky could'nt do it. (b) The peasants demanded a redistribution of land, but Kerensky failed. So, peasants formed land committees to seize land between July and September 1917. (c) Other unfulfilled demands were giving control of the workers’ industries and giving equal status to non-Russian nationalit 6, Stalin started collectivisation programme in order to increase production. Under his collectivisation programme, peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms, ie., Kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of BOSD 00080 00 GOGORE O00 ae 13,urms. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz, profits was shared. In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. Stalin's collectivisation programme enraged peasants. They resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. WORKSHEET-12 L@ 2@ 3s) 4) 5.) 6. The First World War proved fatal to the Russian empire. Russia's armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916, The defeats were shocking and demorlising. ‘There were over 7 million casualties by 1917. As the Russian army retreated, they destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land. The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war. ‘The war ruined Russian industries. Industrial equipments disintegrated rapidly in Russia. There were labour shortages and small workshops producing essentials were shutdown. 7. Role of Bolsheviks in building a socialist society: (a) The Bolsheviks made banks and industries nationalised. (b) They permitted peasants to cultivate the socialised land. Bolsheviks used confiscated lands to demonstrate what collective work could be. (©). A process of centralised planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy 15/123 work and set targets for a five year period. On this basis they made the Five Year Pla, (d) Centralised planning led to economic growth. It resulted in increase of industrial production. New factory sites came into being. (e) An extended schooling system developed and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities. (P Creches were established in factories for the children of women workers. WORKSHEET-13 1, The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the interplay of many factors like social, economic and political. (a) The Russian state under Tsar Nicholas II was completely unsuited to the needs of modern times. The Tsar still believed in the autocratic rule of the king. Members were recruited on the basis of privileges and patronage and not on merit. (b) The hopes and efforts of the gradual changes and democratic Constitutional government after the 1905 Revolution ended in failure. (©) The condition of the peasants and workers, who formed large population, was miserable. (d) The Tsar had built a vast empire and imposed Russian language and culture on diverse nationalities (©) The Tsar was supported only by the nobility and upper layers of the society. The rest of the population was hostile to him. The liberal ideas of the west and growth of socialist ideology led to the formation of many social groups. These groups infused revolutionary spirits among workers and peasants. They started protesting against the Tsarist regime, which finally collapsed in 1917. Russia became a socialist country. 2, Main events: * In February 1917, acute food shortages were felt in the workers’ quarters, located on. the right bank of the river Neva. 14+ OnFebruary 22, a lockout took place at a factory onthe right bank. The next day, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy. Demonstrating workers crossed from the factory quarters to the centre of the eapital—the Nevskii Prospekt. Demonstrators dispersed by the evening due to the curfew, imposed by the government but they eame back on the 24th and 25th. + On 25 February, the government suspended the Duma. The demonstrators resented this step and organised huge demonstration on the left bank on the 26th. + Police headquarters were ransacked on 27th February. The streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. + Many army regiments joined the strike and the capital eame into the hands of demonstrators. Main effects: + On March 2, the Tsar abdicated. * Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country. + Thus, the February Revolution marked the end of Tsardom in Russia. 3. Many changes were brought about by the Bolsheviks soon after the October Revolutic 15/123 (a) The Bolsheviks under Lenin declared land as social property and peasants were allowe. to seize the land of the nobility. (©) Incities large houses were partitioned according to family requirements. (c) Use of old title was banned. (d) All the banks and industries were nationalised. (e) New uniforms were designed for the army officials. The Soviet hat (budeonovka) came into use as a result of a clothing competition organised in 1918. 4. (a) Kulaks were well-to-do peasants of Russia, In 1927-28, the towns in Soviet Russia faced acute shortage of grains. The state under Stalin blamed the Kulaks for this shortage. Many Kiulaks were raided under the collectivisation programme. The land of Kulaks was taken away and converted into large modern farms. Resistance from Kulaks was met severely. Many were deported and exiled. (b) The Duma was the elected consultative Parliament set-up after the Revolution of 1905, Setting up of Duma made Russia a Constitutional monarchy. Tsar Nicholas It dissolved the first Duma within 75 days. Three other Duma were elected. sar changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservatives and politicians. Liberals and Radieals were kept out of it, Many members of the Duma became a part of the Provisional Government. (©) Women workers in Russia made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914. They formed the unprivileged class having no political status nor political rights. They were discriminated, were paid less wages than men, However, women were in the forefront in agitation and strikes for better and equal wages, improvement in working conditions and voting rights. They were a source of inspiration for the male co-workers. On February 22, 1917 women led the way to strike. Due to their active and significant role, February 22 is celebrated as International Women’s Day. (d) Under Stalin's collectivisation programme, peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms, ie, Kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz profit was shared. In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. 15Chapter Test] 16) 2@ 38@ 46) 5a 6, The First World War had a severe impact on the Russian industries. Russia's own industries were few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipments disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than in any part of Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result there was shortage of labour. Small workshops, which produced essentials were shutdown. Large quantity of grains were sent to feed the army. In the city, supply of bread and flour beeame scarce. 7, Stalin started collectivisation programme in order to increase production. Under his collectivisation programme, peasants were forced to cultivate in collective far ie., Kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownersh_ 16/123 collective farms. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz, profits was shared. In s, of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. Stalin’s collectivisation programme enraged peasants. They resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. 8, The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the interplay of many factors like social, economic and political. (a) The Russian state under Tsar Nicholas II was completely unsuited to the needs of ‘modern times. The Tsar still believed in the autocratic rule of the king. Members were recruited on the basis of privileges and patronage and not on merit. (6) ‘The hopes and efforts of the gradual changes and democratic Constitutional government after the 1905 Revolution ended in failure. (©) The condition of the peasants and workers, who formed large population, was miserable. (d) The Tsar had built a vast empire and imposed Russian language and culture on diverse nationalities. (©) The Tsar was supported only by the nobility and upper layers of the society. The rest of the population was hostile to him. The liberal ideas of the west and growth of socialist ideology led to the formation of many social groups. These groups infused revolutionary spirits among workers and peasants. They started protesting against the Tsarist regime, which finally collapsed in 1917. Russia became a socialist country. 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