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1650chapter 6 Notes2023

Memory is the brain's ability to process, store, and retrieve information. There are three main steps to memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memories are stored both in the short-term and long-term through different models such as the three-box model. Memories can be explicit, semantic, episodic, implicit, or procedural. Retrieval of memories involves cues and is susceptible to biases. The biology of memory involves physical changes in the brain through processes like long-term potentiation and consolidation. There are various reasons we can forget memories, including encoding failure, interference, aging, and decay over time.

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10 views3 pages

1650chapter 6 Notes2023

Memory is the brain's ability to process, store, and retrieve information. There are three main steps to memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memories are stored both in the short-term and long-term through different models such as the three-box model. Memories can be explicit, semantic, episodic, implicit, or procedural. Retrieval of memories involves cues and is susceptible to biases. The biology of memory involves physical changes in the brain through processes like long-term potentiation and consolidation. There are various reasons we can forget memories, including encoding failure, interference, aging, and decay over time.

Uploaded by

Camille Kelley (Dani)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6

Memory is the brain’s ability to analyze, use, store and retrieve information
information-processing model
- Three steps: encoding, storage and retrieval
- Encoding – you must be paying attention to something if you want to
remember it
Flashbulb memories are memories for highly significant public events
maintenance rehearsal aids memory – repeated over and over
depth of processing model
Storage
There is a three-box model that explains storage
– sensory, STM and working memory
- sensory memory – iconic for sight and echoic for sound
- STM (Short-term memory) may include chunking and become a
working memory
- Working memory
LTM (Long-term memory) is where your life’s memories are
– some argue that we have memories in semantic networks so that newer
memories are classified and placed in your brain based on previous memories, i.e.,
associated items are connected (a connectionist model) so that all memories are not
in the same place
Other types of memories
a. Explicit – know are memories
b. Semantic – like book facts
c. Episodic – personal memories
d. Implicit – memories built on others
e. Procedural – things like walking

Retrieval – memory stored in brain


retrieval cues – things that trigger a memory
primacy and recency effects – we tend to remember things we learn first or last – it’s
the serial-position effect
context-dependent learning – context may involve sensory and emotional
information
culture specific learning differences – different cultures encode information
differently – everyone learns differently
Reconstructive nature of LTMs
It’s interesting – memories are not unchangeable – every time one is recalled it is
susceptible to things in the environment so that when it is re-encoded, it may be
different – a misattribution may occur so that it gets mixed up with other memories,
or false memories may be implanted
Biology of memory
Papez circuit
consolidation
when you form a memory, is there a physical change (an engram) created? Yes! Long-
term potentiation (LTP) occurs to enhance synaptic consolidation
There is also a long-term depression (LTD) – some things, when not used, undergo
forgetting
Chemical effects on memory
Yerkes Dotson Law – inverted U curve
Forgetting
Possible reasons include:
a. Encoding failure – not stored well
b. Proactive interference
c. Retroactive interference
d. Aging
e. decay theory

There are a couple of kinds of amnesia – retrograde and anterograde


Retrograde – inability to remember events from the past, brief
Anterograde - unable to create new memories
Motivated forgetting
- Repression - pushed into the unconscious mind
- Dissociation - cannot recall personal things about themselves
Memory improvements
Things leading to a great memory include:
a. Expert knowledge -
b. Eidetic memory - vividly recall
c. Super memorists -
d. Savant syndrome - has prodigious intellectual gifts in a specific area

For ordinary folks there are a few things you can do


First be aware of your own memory – metamemory
Use spaced as opposed to mass practice
Use mnemonics – ROYGBIV is an example
And live a healthy life! Exercise gets more blood to the brain

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