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Trunk Councils

Trunk_councils

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Lasha Chakhvadze
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86 views9 pages

Trunk Councils

Trunk_councils

Uploaded by

Lasha Chakhvadze
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBLEMS IN EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION SERIES. The Holocaust Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation ‘Third Eition Edited by Donald L.. Niewyk Southern Methodist University Houghton Miflin Company Boston New York 162 Yebuds Baner Letus ot eget, There were commutes ht colaped. One camotever find the dignity of qi! deta in some Jew exposes. Ty Copenhagen, for example the whole Jewish cont ma saved shat its iting fnge > hel ite in Vienna, but fo a fe hun- red people ining. nothing bt abject albson wr the le, Uhfrsantely its impossible t explore here the resent behind this yparent lethargy “The range of Jewish resistance wn road as Thave sho red, unsried but orginized, sem arganized or semispontancen. Lote mclude with a fom of tesisance which I have sted to the lst because itis the most peignent. My example is from Auschte and | tm elatngiton the autho ofthe lt Vessel Resensf head ofthe BergerrBelien Survivor” Assocation. Yoel wat alo a “grudate” of| ‘Auschiita, and he testified that in December 1944 he and a group of inmates calelated when Hana would cccur. They went ot ‘of their block and found 2 piese of wood Iyng in the mow. With thei apoons they eared out eight oles and pt peces of cute in them. Then they litthese and sang the Manuka sng, Ma Oz Tour Yeshvati" ‘None ofthe people who id this were igo Baton he hesbeld cf death, ard inthe ell of Asch, they demonshated, They aseted sever] principles that contra to Nazi lore, they were human; that Jesish tation, history, end values hada meaning for them in the face of Asch; and dat they ant ete thir aan Jewish tea, We Bnd a large rberof ssh instances in concentration and death camps. Of course thee vere uncounted instanes of éshuman- Tasion ina sa ight for sna bread wast om aang inmate bytheir comces, visleatstuggles bok aut oer sup, over blankets, cover wotk details — seugles which only too een ended wih death Inthe conitins ofthe cams, nidens ofthis kind are not uprsing ‘or nna, bat examples suck st the one mentioned sre. The few Jowe ‘odd suv could not have done so wihoutthe companionship and cooperation of ends. And fendthip under such conditions is iself a fematiable achievement Think the sory af Kaas lio appropiate. I exrnpliis meet ‘isl the weal o 0 many Jesh vietins o il hee humanity {he ce of impending murder. Kos isa sll town in eastern Cali, and st bad Jaden which erat very eiferent fom often, On Prasner (94%, the Gestpo znpoanced i would come into the get It Why the Jvish Courses Cooper ‘The Jena belied tat his asthe sgl fer the ligation of the lt, and to all he fest hide or ee Ofte weno dene tember, four deeded t meet the Getrans an fer theaches at ‘sec vetins ~ delet he wrath fhe enemy. With fe zeta imply and sent, the fur men sa ed aed fr thr exeetener ‘While ey wae wating ene of thm tered, The eter ele hi fo 2 and hide, The tee men of Kosdw prepared © meet toe Nai on Pasover of 142 Was ther act ese than ing gn? 168 Isaiah Trunk Why the Jewish Councils Cooperated Une lowlesses and vial anaschy prevailed inthe tories under ‘Gennan occupation during Wedd WarTL. With expetto the cn pop ‘lan in general andthe Jes in paticus, the German sutolia applied no eg moras sch sae commonly undentood and practiced inthe relations between govetnments and govemed ori human zl ‘ions inthe clad word The Jer were jt plain outlawed a soon asthe Germans exught up with ther in a} given town, trai ot hamlet thet came onder thei tle. Unbear-of at of textraguis ie Jes by the Cerman amy and plice bear wites: oa bloody wave of Aegadetio,splaton, and mart, Wie sal nw endemer to analyze. rercusthroughovek” as a fandamentl element in the setegy ofthe Couns vedi te Get mars befee“esetlemens" and even alt sstlement” were pial completed. The pactical iplementtion ofthis state sermed from the asamp thatthe work of ews within and ouside the gto forthe benefit cf German war indus cot see a 2 bs or a, ee a ein the prin of aon Dn of Sino Se, 164 Iscich Thnk ora eat for a epieve om extermination. One finds these thee tnnsideratiens in the preserved speches of roineat ade in ev larger gets The mest outspoken propagator ofthe idea tat the lives of eto inmate could be presend only by work waste Elder ofthe dé fet, Rumfowa On fnnimerabe acesins in ll his pli tes nce both before ad daring he estenent"heuntingly repented that he physical existence ofthe gheto depended solely on abo wef tothe Germans and that under no ercursances, even the mot age nes shoul the ghetto ge up this json fr ts continuation. In nares delivered to depetees fom Cental Europe on Novener I, 1941, barely ane month before mepartons or deportations from Ldé ad Begun he sa inter ab ‘When {mone int he gheto on Api, 1940, ld the mayer that ‘hae moving the Bel that thew gold ine. When he xe Ihedy ake fr [ol i" hae forty ound Fandango an hie my gal mine” A Be su ‘ely onze ver, the ethereal ego to dal With Ine end cont one more ond ave. Ted hare 52 ator Inthe ght tang oy aca nating places of emplymer ‘hae fetrs hav Ben vst By the hight ore othe te yen Syn en el Ty Th td tht pnw hy Kt rom fel an pe See teen mio ano nin terete Irate et Neng pad i ate pit {Reape gtane fom Bein Noten ptf lt le {nie fry he crt tray hae pool vr. Tema i onan thr tery fh olen at air tothe ay ternary people onary marci forme nd of ores Wok ps eb pub forte gto end eens ‘Sidon Despite the fit thatthe ghettos had been sald of the assump tin that empleyment ight make rescue pose spread from ghetto to file tough easpee, pci erimaris, and oer channel. ‘When people inthe town of Pu (Lublin dsc) complained that the Jeni Coun had dane nothing m prevent imminent Sse, they eveved the anaver that itis necenary to work st poable {hal the German wil not baer workers at employent pers, and Li Why the fish Counce Conperatd ‘hat they wl ive” A frantic serch fo the laces to work eed. People ted by ging bribes and gis fo find ete, more secure Cera en plonment laces, is aleged that Hendler, the charan ofthe Jewish {Counc Bren (Cracow dri), advised the Jesh population on ‘the second day ofthe “resetlementt clench thee teth and eontine ‘orking since labor wasthe only resee posi availabe. “The ply of employment xa neue aalegy was probably er- ough atid of enn cicero the ose pation utr, aly the ity, who had sometimes expesed the oppesiton othe ‘apa tal physical etemdnation ofthe Jee Though on the whole the Welnmac and the Einategppen in the ocupied trtories of Sit Rus cooperated inthe Final Salution his eeoperation was not ays moat, The intoficeconespondence of some occupation at thors in area invaded by the Germans aller ne 104] (when rae rnuder fhe Jews began ake place cancumeniy with the itrious ‘avance ofthe German anny) inicets thatthe contradiction between Phe economi ntert of he Webrmacht nd he plea exigencies of caning ou the Final Soliton apeated very erly When the Germans ‘occupied the Ukraine and Osta they found that Jewish atsans anid thle worken were predominant. Ina ramber of smal towns he only tins ond sled worker were fen. Shep gating thai of ena oil eter sation othe using led br hich nena, on he Geman next thing) ws alo expend by he Naren seit machine ihe cep estore of aad, bh he Govern Generale tc Watanabe een the mide of 18 when he Conan nar enemy bgen fee dieing sry fees The ete af be sudden man clin Soton os abr ss dae Sve in podcston, hich {utd wna eng the econense end adainetave sors ‘some be pedoct expat German ans noning sy were recat eth Jew ith wien goand ed winters whe SS and ples n oer tsenpt fenton a fcr sept won Ge ‘en chor fees sounded esa, wed apt redaction CF labor comand veal now woe fo epee Shes Intern llowedon pase Ue cor geneva te 165 166 Iasi Trunk German army direc fected by negate reals ofthe “esetlement for woe produetion potential We inow now that the Jewish Councils made a eat mite in Daliesng that Naz policy wath respect the Jews had been motisted by lon or utilitarian considerations of any kind. Now we kao for sure thatthe ference of opinion berveen the Welmacht and the S$ had been ony about slung doom the tmp ofthe Fina Solution snd tat aout step the tll pia destin ofthe Jews The sry tis interested solely inthe explaation of Jewish ave labor for the benefit ofthe Geran war machine unt the tine when replacement if Joos with nowJenish workers om the ative poplstion would Dacome fui ‘Adie ower i hoe times of unprecedented aay the Jewish Counel, groping toward meen to cope withthe "esetdements” Ina choice bat fo ry te mam employment sate I should be sided that wide dele of the woking segmens ofthe population shard this smatey, hough perhaps under the infenceof the Counel Tn repeat ose mo remained inthe ghet perahed snort toa an, having been deponed te eteminition samp bled on he spat Onthe other hand a certan perentage suived om among ose tho, before or during the qidaton of the ghetes, were shipped ova Jos labor or concennton camps Thee iso doa thatthe dese ‘actor exteading the lies of seme of the gees was the mess of ‘hei onubstion to the Geman war economy. Thos the Rl ligule tion ofthe 6 Gheto tok plece a teas the end of Angst 144 (cacep fr Theresia, 40 the in het in cece Earope to beligiiatd). Among the lave lang ved ght, mpatant fr ‘he Gentian war economy, were how of Bahk apa Vina, which were ligigated in Angot ond September 1983 repost. The gheton of Kyonat and Slasin,which were converted into concenmtin comps, were ligated in Joy 94. Thee fow ghee were almost the att remaining ones in oecupied Hater Europe the ine Each of them ‘was what the Gennans ealed an Ainge (Tabor ghet" iad the war ended ears, a sable number ofthe labor clemen's sight ve munied. Let ake theese of the Ls Chet, In Ag 1944, when the Soviet armies had alteadyteached the enna of Wee 2, appresinately 700 Jes stl ied in Lat datance of some "Smiley Had he Soviet my ot topped is advance il amsaty 1945, Why the Jovi Counets Capra 2 lage nner of tee 72.00 people wall cerahy hve caged thea chimes of nce =u Sat were the tn wel by the Jet Counc vii the sete ppultoa dung the “eetlenert sedans? Wha seve ould hey ret plete ightned people ing nto ener about the ming ness fom neigh ptr of daar deed ing upon then ‘fine Cues had no it whoever what he tenons of the Cemnans were A ont hey rn hn pd nie ha hi ‘was ol asinple mater sd that thet people ee dnget itsinplywashurunlyinpoutl to pers teste mart ‘ysl Jessucon of he ete eu pope, pact ne 4 pes nd ihe litter nd eno ‘ck ie and dung the ero heaton To ke he in the da abot es monauo intent. Aw examples wl sie teihweateGeona fd and dee Cn aly 2 192 barely day bei the Cestap men cae the off of eu Conn n Weed the exer or ma “resettlement” to Adam Czeriakow,! he noted in his diary: {vita the Catapo ot 730 in the morning. | gird of Mand in ‘charge of ai] how mich rath tho eth amo eb ening rxitomerd He nmr ht fetes nating aoe Te ‘ny gusto wither thi a tal pe he agin oven’ ht He bey ing cea 1 ef ati | aed ci Komi Bech, io nro tha the mo nh ore ‘unc that Fvemann fa ean Gap mar mgt be 2 pnt tion a gv me inoration seme that acording fanart “ration wo at ody a 1230730 [Hej ono ht Ie ould etsy hve hd sone formation f hire. hing. no cour, | epreched Scher, te dpa he of Deprinet il [ofthe Goal Me suved spre end na hat he ob nth Ing then ced whee mg ifr the [eis] bapa tha theres no fdtion fr teal [He] arevered at | oul oe so. Brething at bar buorramord sunbed gi ad avd tab hae [herr nated [leet Lei comma Ant othe ght elie] wo nr te putin cccrtrgy Dough the ce cormitn, "cha fh oth Coren Waren — 167 168 Isiah Tank ex m cnyyt hit athe ear eine of eth rh ned Reena Al thisintenonl fadslece and cheng in ok ood dng the Final Seaton proces wer ted byte Cemame in order othe fe prices Jon sce he sees, and ely dosent ‘het hate ey at te ty ado ning a ha ee: iment ely ean The itn! ef lento, which peeps deol rit he ought of nin ection and ing Eres fhe, here pled nh ef he encone. A ‘ero ghetor fl ey ois combination of crewman ‘alae dpe th age ois pin at «cle igh yt cecur etna vey et roment conte othe fale Stade of Count meen and of ghee pops a wal pr tay nee no ber olton athe ape aston wasn ght "The Jonah Counc eds ptt grave ema here fl ine of he “rien came I eae te wo er ‘ructing worl pecan encuntred by epee boy vote Cama aoe fed the Cone mal re re lina proto br "setlenet on he Dba ver ata inthe desogpy and empaymentl be ght poplin preps, in acodane wher sel guidln, ne of xed cana Seder ore th Jew repo the pls designated “Toko sac fr depratin Cate who ied conced themchves and dele them in enon er re he het pls 0 fd tem azar es repted ye Coueds geno em the thorn = ‘Ducing these most awful times, the Councils realized that it was ‘myonble tose he ete pet cam. Tiegh they ay ave ‘corel are ese a ing mgm fb ght poplin, te young nem fd were, ‘ode ft cecal ey wnt tere Ue tat opt on nelae oot oo wong bd cane ITS peop eth lyf lw ned de es Ih Why the fw Cours Cooperate ‘yy a ag fais wt ml chien wll the chien ‘hemseos. Bs by the mpeg one asecle momber of Cosy ciel came tothe su conchson ha since nota om col be me it as beter to dlr the Nat Mach tee shat cll wih tte o och of tal ner toe es despr reseing tat iat iy tht ho belle hes ae ses aa Kind fee sae aie oo ae aos Tl depen ver loa id depo fhe cshing mova lr that on age be Jen Coes ring the rsclenen cos fate amas Chto: On Oct 25 19, thw ane ne ght nevl apoio, the Gea man Rau who reed he coe Jewish population, wis! extn to anata e Dermeee, Spa wo dns nr. All were ong te mring ops che sold be nae, end the uns work weal be roped ca hese, Whos at Fund at hae ate 6 aan the ayo the ‘nc weld be thot Oh il we emp hoes yaad gees aceite oma dcr The vie cera af he Cool thu describe the anguth ature in semis ‘The Count! faced problem efconciene ad eponuiiy the xine fi... [Thar we alratine)atrtcomply, etree Bt Gotapo oder tothe plato nntania, ad ase oper nations the Ghats pote o ony sabetag th ane dengandng ie Te Count that it fllased the fi altomate, parte parkas aot, ofthe gto might ret be cued a et or ton. Sho owe the othe aerate coxn, ery meas of peseenon youl low gut he enti ght, cd poy tine nes ain ger), * ‘sae ofthe sion nd of thin cosy re {isbn caren eld th dcse telat, arming ide Sri sect inte cen gt with fr i. ‘ieok te peop oer Wis lea om nallable sources that the msn of the Councils wee bgt the ies of epaived resatance. There were Counc that ‘Isvely oppor underromnd groups and denounced them t the Gem ‘an They were sai thal open esstance might pal hei stegy of fing the gto inaates weil the Germans. Collecive repeals eit the gheti alter Jows hed been cough sth ams or waging ‘her fone of esitance cone these Coors their negative at thes To give oul oe nance of many: On Jul 22,1983, membess fa goup of dae Jewah United Partsn Oxgantaation inthe Vina (Chet ie rte Naroteh Faves. Fousteen people ined the on the ‘wy. During an eacowmte wit he Germans se ofthe figs Li Whyte fevish Goaneils Cooperate Teo re ten pion and persed in Pony statin, he Gestap ciel, Neagehaer,eere ha the fe of Ue escapes Be

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