Multimedia Systems

Lecture 5
Assignment 3
• Median cut algorithm for Color Look Up Table Diverse.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P95ZDIzjg0Q (video)

https://muthu.co/reducing-the-number-of-colors-of-an-image-using-median-cut-
algorithm/ (python)
Fundamentals of Video
Video is :
• A combination of image and audio.
• It consists of a set of still images called frames displayed to the user one
after another at a specific speed.
• Speed is known as the frame rate measured in number of frames per
second (fps).
• The frame rate should range between 20 and 30.
• light reflected from an object passes through a video camera lens, is
converted into an electronic signal by a special sensor called a charge-
coupled device (CCD).
• Top-quality broadcast cameras and have as many as three CCDs (one for
each color of red, green, and blue) to enhance the resolution of the camera
and the quality of the image.
Frame Rate and Resolution
• A cinema or motion picture reel moves 24 frames every second, a television
monitor 25 frames every second. This means, between every single frame there
must be an interval of time.

• The minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image [persistence of
vision] is about 15 frames per second.
• PAL Phase Alternating Line (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.):
25 frames per second.
• SECAM Séquentiel Couleur avec Mémoire (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.)
25 frames per second.
• NTSC National Television Systems Committee (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.)
29.97 frames per second.
Frame Rate and Resolution
• So, every frame is constructed in 1/25 of a second.
• A typical television screen consists of 576 horizontal lines.
• Each line is made up of 625 dots, creating a matrix of :
576 x 625 = 360,000 dots.
• So each point of light constructed on the screen stays for 1/9,000,000 of a
second.
• The information available in the original video is extended over a larger
area leading to a loss in quality.
• Notice that 640/480 or 800/600 or 1024/768 is in the ratio 4:3. This ratio,
known as the aspect ratio, is in fact the standard for video.
• With the emergence of High Definition television (HD TV), a ratio of 16:9
is also becoming popular.
Analog Video
• Analog video has a resolution measured in the number of horizontal scan lines (due to
the nature of early cathode-tube cameras), but each of those lines represents continuous
measurements of the color and brightness along the horizontal axis.

• Analog data, such as video recorded on tape, is transmitted as electronic signals of

varying frequency or amplitude that are added to carrier waves of a given frequency.

• Electricity and Electromagnetic waves, are transmitted as a continuous wave depends

on the frequency and the amplitude of the varying quantity( say voltage, or color and
intensity of the light).

• Any signal which can be carried on these waves can use them as a carrier and be
transmitted across large distances or stored on magnetic or optical media.
Digital Video
• Digital video signals consist of a discrete color and brightness (RGB)
value for each pixel.

• Digitizing analog video involves reading the analog signal and

breaking it into separate data packets.

• A digital signal is composed of a square wave, the flat peak

representing one or on or true and the base line representing zero or
off or false.
• All computers and therefore computer displays receive and process
digital signals.
Video Representation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-kxIP3FhCk
Scanning methods (Interlaced and Non-interlaced )
1) Progressive Scan ( Non Interlaced)
• A picture gets “painted” on the screen by scanning, line by line, from
top to bottom.
• An electron beam “paints” the image by moving from left to right
starting from the top.
• When it reaches the other end of the screen, the beam turns off and
quickly moves back to the left side and going down a little bit.
• It repeats this process till it finally reaches the bottom right hand
corner.
• Now the beam has painted one frame of the TV picture on the TV
screen. The electron beam offs and then moves back up and repeats the
process.
Scanning methods (Interlaced and Non-interlaced )
1) Progressive Scan ( Non Interlaced)
Standards for Analog Color TV:
- NTSC: (525 lines)
• designated by U.S.'s National Television Systems Committee
• U.S., Japan, Taiwan, parts of the Carribean, South America

- PAL: ( 625 lines )

• Phase Alternating Line
• Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Asian

- SECAM: ( 625 lines )

• Séquentiel Couleur avec Mémoire
• France, former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe
Scanning methods (Interlaced and Non-interlaced )

2) Interlaced Scanning
Each picture (frame) is divided into two separate sub-pictures, referred to as fields.
Two fields make up a frame. An interlaced picture is painted on the screen in two
passes, by:
• First scanning the horizontal lines of the first field and then retracing to the
top of the screen (odd).
• Then scanning the horizontal lines for the second field in-between the first set
(even).

The odd-numbered lines are traced first, then the even-numbered lines. This results
in “odd” and “even” fields—two fields make up one frame.
Scanning methods (Interlaced and Non-interlaced )
• Broadcasting interlaced video was cheaper than broadcasting progressive-
scan images but also resulted in :
- lower quality images
- higher risk of artifacting and other visual imperfections.

•Progressive-scan displays all lines at once.

•Interlaced-scan displays half of the lines at a time .

• De-Interlace : To remove the interlace artifact Common method:

• discard one field
• fill in the gaps by duplicating or interpolating the other field

For more details see:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_o5h5SK_70