TABLE OF CONTENTS

General Laboratory Instructions i

General Instruction for Laboratory Report ii
Experiment No. 1 Inspection of Laboratory Testing 2
Experiment No. 2 Reducing Field Sample of Aggregates 3
Experiment No. 3 Sieve Analysis of Coarse and Fine Aggregates 5
Experiment No. 4 Specific Gravity and Absorption 10
Experiment No. 5 Determination of Unit Weight (Bulk Density)

of Coarse Aggregate 15
Experiment No. 6 Surface Moisture of Fine and Coarse Aggregate 19
Experiment No. 7 Fineness of Cement 22
Experiment No. 8 Normal Consistency of Portland Cement 24
Experiment No. 9 Slump Test of Portland Cement Concrete 26
Experiment No. 10 Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle 28
Experiment No. 11 Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimen
in the Laboratory 31
Experiment No. 12 Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimen 34
Experiment No. 13 Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimen 36
Experiment No. 14 Flexural Strength of Concrete 38
Experiment No. 15 Nondestructive Test of Concrete 40
Experiment No. 16 Determination of Compressive Strength of
Concrete Hollow Blocks 42
Experiment No. 17 Moisture Content of Wood 44
Experiment No. 18 Compression Test of Wood Parallel to the Grain 46
Experiment No. 19 Static bending of Wood 47

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Experiment No. 20 Tensile Test Parallel to the Grain of Wood 49
Experiment No. 21 Shear Test Parallel to the Grain of Wood 50
Experiment No. 22 Tensile Strength of Steel Bar 52
Experiment No. 23 Penetration of Bituminous Materials 55

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 GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

LABORATORY MANUALS

This manual has been prepared to present the standardized test procedures for
checking materials in conformance with the American Society for Testing Materials. This
manual describes the test procedures that are currently in use in the Construction Materials
and Testing Laboratory. Please read the appropriate materials in the laboratory manuals
carefully before attending the Laboratory. Data sheet are in the appendix of this document
or will be provided during Laboratory class.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this manual is to acquaint the student with some physical and
mechanical properties of selected construction materials and standard methods to be used
to evaluate these properties selected construction materials and standard methods to be
used to evaluate these properties. A secondary objective is to develop the students’
proficiency in preparing an engineering report. The report is to resemble professional
engineering reports as much as possible. Grammar, efficient communication, and result
will weigh heavily in the final grade.

FIELD TRIPS

Field trips are considered as an inspection visit. The observations of the field trip
will be included in the appendix of the report. They should have observed the general
operation, quality control and other factors that may affect the facility’s ability to meet the
requirements of the construction contract.

THE REPORT

All reports are to be written in the third person; for example, “the test was
conducted,” “not we conducted the test”. Each student is expected to come up with
fictitious company name and logo. Reports are to apply to the hypothetical project scenario
given in this manual. Report must be typed (excluding raw data sheet), and all figures and
tables must be computer generated unless otherwise stated. Bind the material neatly. NO
BULKY NOTEBOOKS! Points will be deducted for multiple and sloppy stapling. You are
encouraged to work together in preparing the reports. However, the report must be your
individual effort. If the grader discovers identical charts, tables and discussion between
reports he/she can only assume someone did not do their own work. Reproducing reports
from past electronic files is prohibited. In other words, zeros will be assigned to reports

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that give any indication of being duplicated or copied from previous lab reports or another
team’s report.

LABORATORY TEST

The construction Materials and testing course provides credit for three hours of
lecture and three hours of laboratory work per week. The laboratory testing has been
arranged so that each test may be performed well within the three-hour period.

Each laboratory will consist of three parts. These are:

I. A short briefing on the test which is to be performed.

II. The actual laboratory testing. This will be done in groups of three or four
students. In some cases, this may be a demonstration by the instructor.
III. The reduction of rough data. Once the testing is complete each group has
secured its own data, the data will be reduced and all necessary
computations will be made. Each student will secure a copy of all data and
calculations before leaving the laboratory room.

In general, the laboratory report will be submitted one week after each laboratory is
performed. General notes on the laboratory reports are given on the following page.
Specific instruction will be given for each test.

Most of the experiments require some preparation that must be done before coming to
class. Completing this reading and/or calculation will prevent needless delay, mistakes,
and wasted effort during the laboratory period.

During the laboratory period reasonable care should be exercised to prevent damage
to equipment and personnel. The equipment in the laboratory is for your use and most of it
is quite rugged and not easily damaged; however, if in doubt concerning the operation of
the equipment, ask the instructor.

An essential element of good laboratory practice is maintaining a clean and orderly

laboratory. It will be the responsibility of each group to clean its own equipment and area
where their laboratory work is performed. All equipment will be returned to its proper
place. One group will be responsible each week for the over-all clean up. The clean-up
group will see to it that all equipment is in its proper place. This group will check out with
instructor each week.

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 Some of the test will require that someone will check on the test on the day following
the laboratory period. The group may delegate one person to do this. However, each group
will be responsible for securing any data obtained.

GENERAL INSTRUCTION FOR LABORATORY REPORT

The report is to be written in the style of a professional engineering report such as

to be submitted by a material-testing laboratory to a construction company or an
engineering firm. The report should look like engineering documents. It is recommended
that they be neatly typed.

The instructor and this manual will provide specific instructions for laboratory reports
for each test. The following are the components of formal report:

1. The Title Page/Cover Page

The first page of the report is the title page or a cover page. This page identifies the
test to be performed. It shows course number and the laboratory section number, name
of person submitting the report, party number, name of persons in your party, and date
of submission (date actually submitted, not the date due).

2. Table of Contents

The table of contents is used to facilitate the grading of the reports, and will be used
to record the points awarded for each category. The table of contents should include
page numbers and the report pages should include computer generated page numbers.
Chart and table titles and numbers should also be shown in the table of contents.

3. Introduction

Brief statement as to what you are attempting to accomplish by performing the test.
State the significance (usefulness) of the test.

4. Procedure

This section identifies materials, specimen, testing apparatus, and testing

procedure.

5. Test Result

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 This section will contain those facts or answer that you obtained in your
experiment, either direct measurements or calculations based on measurement. The
section should also include some text referring to tables and charts. This section should
also include some text referring to tables and charts. This section may also include a
brief statement of the method and materials used to obtain the results. The appropriate
standard or test method should be cited on this section. Each table or graph should be
self-explanatory-to include suitable title, use a legend or data points and curves.

6. Discussion of Results

In this section the writer provides the foundation upon which his/her conclusion
will rest. This acceptance or rejection of the conclusion by the reader will depend
largely on discussion of results. Under this heading the writer will comment upon the
validity of the results and make comparison with typical values for the measures
parameters.
Remember “the acceptance and rejection of the conclusions drawn in the report is
directly related to the skill of the reporter in providing an accurate and convincing
discussion of the reasoning upon which the conclusions are based.” Give reasons for
discrepancies if serious difference appears to exist. Mention limitation of test.

7. Conclusion and Recommendation

It is a brief statement presenting a personal analysis of the results. Conclusions must

be reported by, but do not include, the actual results. Statement about the
reasonableness of the results should be included. Apply conclusions and
recommendations to the fictitious objective given at the beginning of each experiment
or to a project scenario created by the student.

8. Appendices

This section includes laboratory data, calculation and data sheets.

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 RAW DATA AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Inspection: This section should describe the findings of the inspection visit and the
comment on the company’s quality control and ability to meet the
specifications and requirements of the contract.

Data Form: Include the raw data recorded on the forms during the laboratory test. Your
laboratory data usually be taken on the forms provided. Do not erase errors.
Line them out. It is neither necessary nor desirable to copy data on to clean
data sheets for the sake of neatness, since the important results have been
provided in the test result section. Also include computer spreadsheets or
other information that should not be in the body of the report.

References: Include a list of all references used, including any software (excluding word
processing or spreadsheets). Include consolation with the laboratory
Consultants, Instructor, or Professor. Make sure each reference is complete.
The reference section of this document should be used as a guide. If the
reference is to certain page numbers, include this information. If you
referred to a laboratory report prepared in previous term by another student,
this should be the referenced as well. Reference to a previous laboratory
report is acceptable; however, plagiarism and other inappropriate uses of
those old reports will be considered a violation of the Honor of Conduct.

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 PART I. AGGREGATES

Mineral aggregate comprises the relatively inert filler materials in Portland Cement
Concrete and in asphalt concrete. However, in as much as the aggregate usually occupies
about 70 to 80 percent of the volume of the mass of concrete, its selection and proportioning
should be given careful attention in order to control the quality of the mixtures. The
principal qualifications of aggregate for concrete are numerous. In this manual, the testing
methods for determining some of the properties of aggregate that could affect the mix
design some of the properties of aggregate that could affect the mix design for Portland
Cement Concrete will be presented. They are:

1) Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to testing Size

(ASTM 702-98, C 330-89, D 75, AASHTO T 248)
2) Sieve Analysis (ASTM C 136, C 136-76, C 139-95a, D 702, AASHTO 27-74)
3) Unit Weight (ASTM C 29/C 29 M-91a, C 29, D 75, AASHTO 19-74)
4) Specific Gravity and Absorption (ASTM C 127, C 128, AASHTO 85-74)

These four tests will be performed in two laboratory periods. Reducing Field
Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size and Sieve Analysis will be conducted in period and
the Unit Weight and Specific Gravity and Absorption test will conducted in another period
or on discretion of the Instructor.

Aggregate generally occupy 70 to 80 percent of concrete and therefore have

significant effect on its properties. Strength of concrete and mix designs is independent of
the composition of aggregate, but durability may be affected. Aggregate are classified
based on specific gravity as heavyweight, normal-weight and lightweight. The normal
weight of the aggregate make-ups about 90 percent of concrete used in the construction.

Shape and texture affect the workability of fresh concrete. The ideal aggregates
would be spherical and smooth allowing good mixing and decreasing intersection between
particles. Natural sands are close to its shapes. However, crushed stone is more angular and
requires more paste to coat the increased surface area. Long, flat aggregate should be
avoided due to increase intersection with other particles and the tendency toward aggregate
during handling.

Shape and texture of coarse aggregate affect the strength of the concrete mix;
increased surface area provides more opportunity for bonding and increases strength.
However, excessive area in aggregate can lead to internal stress concentration and potential
bond failure.

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 Grading of aggregate size distribution is a major characteristic in concrete mix
design. Cement is the most expensive material in concrete. Therefore, by minimizing the
amount of cement, the cost can be reduced.

Aggregate can contain, water, internal, based on porosity, and external, based on
surface moisture. This gives the aggregate the ability to absorb water. This effectively
reduces the amount of water available for hydration, or conversely, if the aggregate is very
wet, adds excess water to a cement mix.

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Experiment No. 1: INSPECTION OF LABORATORY TESTING

Objective:

To let the student become acquainted with material testing laboratory, the
equipment’s available, and course requirement.

Preparatory Reading: Apps. A, B, and C (ASTME 380)

Procedure:

1. Under the guidance of an instructor and staff member, visit the laboratory and
notice where the general equipment is located.
2. Ask to be instructed in the operation of the Universal Testing Machine.
3. Make a list of the major types of equipment available. Note the units of calibration
and the dial division.

Report:

Write an informal report that includes:

1. A guide to the laboratory with the major features indicated on a sketch.

2. A brief description of each major testing machine. This should include appropriate
factor necessary to convert from the calibration units to SI units.
3. An assessment on the role of the course in your education.
4. Draw the floor plan of the testing laboratory on the space below.

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Experiment No. 2: REDUCING FIELD SAMPLE OF AGGREGATE
Discussion:
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to testing size employing
techniques that are intended to minimize variation in measured characteristics between the
test samples selected and the field sample.
Specifications for aggregate require sampling portion of the material for testing.
Other factors being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total
supply.
These methods provide for reducing the large sample obtained in the field to a
convenient size. This is for the purpose of conducting a number of tests to describe the
material and measure its quality in manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a
representation of the field sample and thus the total supply. The individual test methods
provide for minimum weights of material to be tested.
Objective: To learn and understand the correct method of obtaining sample aggregate
for mechanical analysis.
Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 702 – 98, C 33, D 75, C 330 – 89)
AASHTO T 248
Selection of Method:
1. Fine Aggregate – Filed sample of fine aggregate that are drier than the saturated
surface-dry condition shall be reduced in size by a mechanical splitter according to
Method A. Field sample having free moisture on the particle surface may be
reduced in sizes by quartering method according to Method B.

1.1 If the use of Method B is desired and the field sample does not have free
moisture on the particle surfaces, the sample may be moistened to achieve this
condition, thoroughly mixed and then the sample reduction performed.
1.2 If the use of Method A is desired and the field sample has free moisture on the
particle surfaces, the entire field sample may be dried to at least surface-dry
condition using the temperature that do not exceed those specified for any of
the test contemplated and then the sample reduction performed.

2. Coarse Aggregates and Mixture of Coarse and Fine Aggregates – Reduce the
sample using a mechanical splitter in accordance with Method A (preferred
method) or by a quartering method in accordance with Method B.

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 Apparatus and Materials:
1. Representative sample of aggregate
2. Spade
3. Container
4. Sample Splitter
Procedure:
Method A – Mechanical Splitter

1. Check moisture condition of aggregate – If the sample has free moisture on the
particle surface the entire sample must be dried to at least the SSD condition
prior to reduction by splitter.

2. Check sample splitter chute opening. (Their number and width relative to
maximum size of aggregate)

3. Place the sample in the hopper or pan and uniformly distribute it from edge to
edge, so that when it is introduced into the chutes, approximate and equal
amounts will flow through each chute.

4. The rate of which the sample is introduced shall be of such as allow free flowing
through the chutes into the receptacle below.

5. Reintroduce the portion of the sample in one of the receptacles as many times
as necessary to reduce to specified size for the intended test.

6. The portion of the material collected in the other receptacle may be reserved for
reduction in size for other test.

Method B – Quartering

1. Place the sample on a hard, clean, level surface where there will neither loss of
material nor the accidental addition of foreign material.

2. Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample over three times. With
the last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each
shovel on top of the preceding one.

3. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and diameter, by

pressing down the apex with a shovel or other device so that each quarter sector
of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in it. The diameter
should be approximately four to eight times the thickness.

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 4. Divide the flattened mass approximately into four equal part quarters with a
shovel, trowel or other suitable device and remove to diagonally opposite
quarters, including all fine materials and brush the cleared spaces clean.

5. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced
to the desired size.

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Experiment No. 3: Sieve Analysis of Coarse and Fine Aggregate

Discussion:

The sieve analysis is used to determine the particle size distribution or gradation of
an aggregate. A suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order
to secure workability of concrete mix and economy in the use of cement. For asphalt
concrete, suitable gradation will not only affect the workability of the mixture and economy
in the use of asphalt, but will affect significantly the strength and other important
properties.

The sieve analysis of an aggregate is performed by “sifting” the aggregate through

a series of sieves nested in order, with smallest opening at the bottom. These sieves have
square openings and are usually constructed of wire mesh. In the testing of concrete
aggregates, there is generally employed a series of sieves in which any sieves in the series
has twice the clear opening of the next smaller size in the series. The U.S. Standard Sieve
Series and the clear opening of the sieve are given below:

U.S Standard Sieve Size Clear Opening (in.)

No.100 0.0059
No.50 0.0117
No.30 0.0232
No.16 0.0469
No. 8 0.0937
No. 4 0.187
3/8” 0.375
½”(half size) 0.500
¾” 0.750
1 in. (half size) 1.000
1 ½ in. 1.500

Sometimes closer sizing than is given by the standard series is desired, in which
case “half size or odd” sizes are employed; the ½ in. and 1 in. shown are half size.

Coarse aggregate is usually considered to be larger and fine aggregates smaller than
#4 sieve. Thus all series need to be used physically in the nest but are still considered in
the analysis. For example, sieve larger than 3/8 in. is not used for the sand and sieve smaller
than No. 8 are seldom used for gravel.

The fineness modulus is an index number, which is roughly proportional to the

average size of the particles in a given aggregate. It is computed by adding the cumulative
percentages coarser than each of certain sieves and dividing by 100.

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(Note: Even though some material may be retained on the pan, it is not considered a sieve
and does not enter into computations for fineness modulus. In addition, if sieves other than
those standard sieve listed above are used, they are not used, they are not used directly in
the computations and any material retained on such sieves should be considered as being
retained on the next smaller sieve of the series used in the computations e.g. any material
retained on a 1 in. sieve would be added to the ¾ in. sieve for purposes of fineness modulus
computation. However, the amount and percentage of the 1 in. material would appear in
the tabular listing in the sieve analysis.

The following illustration the calculations of the fineness modulus:

Sieve No. Weight Retained Cumulative Weight % Cumulative

Retained Retained
4 30 30 9.7
8 40 70 22.6
10 30 100 --*
16 30 130 42.0
30 35 165 53.3
50 45 210 67.8
80 40 250 --*
100 50 300 96.8
Pan 10 310 100

Fineness modulus of sand = 9.7 + 22.6 + 42.0 + 53.3 + 67.8 + 96.8 = 2.92
100
“odd” sieves not used directly in fineness modulus calculations.
An interpretation of the fitness modulus might be that it represents the (weighted)
average of the group upon which the material is retained, NO. 100 being the first, NO. 50
second, etc. thus for the sand with FM of 3.00, sieve NO.30 (the third sieve) would be the
average sieve size upon which the aggregate is retained.
Objective: to determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregate by
sieving.
Referenced Documents: ASTM (136-96a, C 702, e 11, D 75)
AASHTO (T 27-91, T 11- 65 )

Apparatus:
1. Balance, accurate to 0.1 g
2. Set of sieves with pan and cover
3. Mechanical sieve shaker ( optional)

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 4. Brush
5. Oven

Procedure:
1. Obtain the representative sample by quartering or by the use of sample splitter. The
sample to the tested should be the approximate of fine aggregate and about 10 – 12
kilograms of coarse aggregate.

2. Dry the sample to constant temperature in the oven at a temperature 110±5°C( 230
±41°F)

3. Assemble the sieves in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and
place sample on the top of the sieve and cover it with the lid.
a. For coarse aggregate: 1”, ¾’’,1/2’’, 3/8’’, #4 , #8, pan
b. For fine aggregate: 3/8’’, #4, #8, # 30, # 50,#100,pan

4. Agitate the sieve by hand or by mechanical shaker for five minutes or for a
sufficient period.

5. Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all the particles have
opportunity to reach sieve openings a number of times during the sieving
operations. For the sieve with openings smaller than No. 4 (4.75 mm), the weight
retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall not exceed 6
k/m2 of sieving surface. For the sieve with openings No. 4 (4.75 mm) and larger,
the weight in kg/m2 of the sieving surface shall not exceed the product of 2.5 x
(sieve opening in mm). In no case shall the weight be so great as to cause permanent
deformation of the sieve cloth.

6. Continue sieving for sufficient period in such a manner that, after completion, not
more than 0.5 percent by weight of the total sample passes any sieve during one (1)
minute of continuous hand sieving.

7. Weigh the material that is retained on each sieve, including the weight retained in
the pan, and record in the data sheet. The total weight of the material after sieving
should check closely with original sample placed on the sieve. Of the sum of these
weights is not within 1 percent (0.3 for ASTM requirement) of the original sample,
the procedure should be repeated.

8. Compute the cumulative percent retained on, and percent passing each sieve.

9. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and the fine aggregates from the experiment
on the graph provided. Plot the specified gradation curves for coarse and fine
aggregates (to be specified by the laboratory instructor). Plot the combine-grading
curve using the 40% aggregate and 60% fine aggregate.

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 10. Compute the Fineness Modulus for fine and coarse aggregate.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING LABORATORY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SIEVE ANALYSIS DATA SHEET

Name:__________________________________________ Group
No.:______________

COARSE AGGREGATE
Initial Weight:____________________

Sieve Weight Cum. Weight Cum. Percent Percent

No. Retained Retained Retained Passing

FINE AGGREGATE
Initial Weight:_________________

Sieve Weight Cum. Weight Cum. Percent Percent

No. Retained Retained Retained Passing

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING LABORATORY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SIEVE ANALYSIS
Name: ___________________________________________
Date:________________
Group No.: ____________________

100

90

80

70

60
PERCENT PASSING

50

40

30

20

10

220 210 100 50 30 16 6 4 3/8” ¾” 1”

SIEVE SIZE

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Experiment No. 4: Specific Gravity and Absorption

Discussion:

Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material
to the weight of an equal volume of water. However, there are several variations on this
definition depending upon the material and the purposes for which the value of specific
gravity are to be use. In concrete work, the term specific gravity customary refers to the
density of the individual particles, not to the aggregated mass as a whole. The most
common definition of specific gravity in concrete aggregate is based upon the bulk volume
of the individual aggregate in saturated surface-dry condition (SSD). The bulk (oven-dry)
specific gravity and the apparent specific gravity are use to a lesser degree. Solid unit
weight in pounds per cubic foot (pcf) of an aggregate is customarily defined as the specific
gravity times 62.4 pcf.

The absorption capacity is determined by finding the weight of an aggregate under

SSD condition and oven-dry condition. The difference of weights expressed as a
percentage of the oven-dry sample weight is the absorption capacity. Coarse aggregate are
considered to be saturated surface-dry when they have wiped free of visible moisture films
with cloth after the aggregates have been soaked in a water for a long period of time (over
24 hours). The saturated-dry condition of fine aggregate is usually taken as that at which a
previously wet sample just became free-flowing.

Objective: Test method covers the determination of the specific gravity and absorption
of coarse and fine aggregate.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 127, C 136, C 70, C 702)

AASHTO T 85

Apparatus:

For Coarse Aggregate:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 lb or gram

2. Wire mesh basket
3. Drying oven
4. 3/6” sieve
5. Water tank

For Fine Aggregate:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 lb or gram

2. 500 ml Chapman Flask

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 3. Dryer
4. Drying Oven

Preparation of Sample (for Coarse Aggregate)

1. Thoroughly mixed the sample aggregate and reduce it to the approximate quantity
needed using quartering or mechanical shaker method
2. Reject all materials passing at 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve sieving and thoroughly
washing to remove dust or other coatings from the surface.
3. The minimum weight of test sample to be used is given below:

Nominal Maximum Size Maximum Weight of Test Sample

Mm (in.) Kg (lb.)
12.5 (1/2) or less 2 (4.4)
19.0 (3/4) 3 (6.6)
25.0 (1) 4 (8.8)
37.5 (1½) 5(11)
50 (2) 8 (18)
63 (2½) 12 (26)
75 (3) 18 (40)
90 (3½) 25 (55)
100 (4) 40 (22)
112 (4½) 50 (110)
125 (5) 75 (165)
150 (6) 125 (276)

Procedure:

For Coarse Aggregate

1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of 110 ± 5ºC (230 ±9ºF).

2. Cool in air at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or until the aggregate has cooled to a
temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50ºC) and weigh.

3. Soak aggregate under water for 24 ± 4 hours.

4. Obtain approximately 5 kg of saturated coarse aggregate (retained on 3/8” sieve

preferably.

5. Towel the aggregate to a saturated surface-dry condition (SSD). A moving steam

may be used to assist drying operation. Take care to avoid evaporation of water
from aggregate pores during the surface-drying operation.

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 6. Measure SSD weight (B) of aggregate in air to the nearest 1 gm. Do this quickly to
prevent evaporation.

7. Place the sample in the wire mesh basket, and determine its weight in water (C) at
23 ± 1.7ºC (73.4 ± 3ºF). Take care to remove all entrapped air before weighing by
shaking the container while immersed. Be sure to subtract the submerged weight of
the basket from the total.

8. Place wet aggregate in oven, and dry to constant weight at temperature of 110 ±
5ºC (230 ± 9ºF) (leave the aggregate in oven overnight). Cool the aggregate in air
at room temperature 1 to 3 hours, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature
that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50ºC) and weigh (A).

9. From the above data (i.e., A, B, and C) calculate the three types of specific gravity
and absorption as defined below:

(1) Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) = ___A___

B–C

(2) Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) = B___

B–C

(3) Apparent Specific Gravity = A___

A–C

(a) Absorption = B – A___ x 100

A

A = weight of oven-dry test sample, gm

B = weight of saturated surface-dry sample in air, gm
C = weight of test sample in water, gm

Procedure:

For Fine Aggregate

1. Obtain approximately 4 kg air-dry fine aggregate (all groups working together).

2. Bring fine aggregate to SSD condition as explained by the instructor.

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 3. Each group takes approximately 500 gm of the SSD aggregate. Record exact
weight of SSD sample (D).

4. Fill Chapman Flask to 450 ml marks and record weight of water and flask in
grams (B). The water temperature should be about 23 ± 1.5ºC (73 ± 3ºC).

5. Empty water in flask to about 200 ml marks and adds SSD aggregate to flask.
Fill flask to almost 450-ml mark with additional water.

6. “Roll” flask on top surface to eliminate air bubbles. Then fill the flask with
water up to 450-ml. record total weight (in gm) of flask plus the water plus
aggregate (C).

7. Pour entire contents of flask into pan and place in oven. Additional tap water
may be used as necessary to wash all aggregate out of the flask. Return after 24
hours or as long as it takes for the aggregate to dry and record weight of oven-
dry aggregates (A).

8. From the date above, calculate specific gravities and absorption defined below:

(1) Apparent Specific Gravity = A____

B+A–C

(2) Bulk Specific Gravity = A____

B+D–C

(3) Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) = D____

B+D–C

(4) Absorption = D – A____ x 100%

A

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION

DATA SHEET

FINE AGGREGATE

ITEM WEIGHT
SSD Weight in Air (D)
Weight of Pyc. + Water (B)
Weight of Pyc. + Water + Sample (C)
Oven Dry Weight (A)

COARSE AGGREGATE

ITEM WEIGHT
SSD Weight in Air (B)
Weight in Water (C)
Oven Dry Weight (A)

RESULTS

COARSE FINE
Apparent Specific Gravity
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry)
Bulk Specific Gravity
(SSD)
Absorption

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 5: Determination of Unit Weight (Bulk Density) of Coarse Aggregate

Discussion

The test covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a
compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or
mixed aggregates based on the same determination.
Unit weight or bulk density is the weight of a given volume of material. Basically,
unit weight is measured by filling a container of known volume with a material and
weighing it. The degree of moisture and compaction will affect the unit weight. Therefore,
The ASTM has set standard oven-dry moisture content and a rodding method or
compaction. The maximum unit weight of a blend of two aggregates is about 40% fine
aggregate by weight. Therefore, this is the most economical concrete aggregate since it will
require the least amount of cement.
The bulk density of aggregate is a mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material,
in which the volume includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume of
voids between the particles and is expressed in lb/ft³ (kg/m³). Unit weight is a weight (mass)
per unit volume.
Objective: To determine the unit weight (bulk density) values that is necessary for use for
several methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 29, C 29M – 97, C 127, C 702, C 136 AASHTO
T 11)

Apparatus:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 lb or 0.05 kg

2. Tamping rod, 5/8” (1 6 mm) diameter
3. Volume measure

Procedure:

1. Obtain a representative sample of air-dry thoroughly mixed coarse aggregate and

reduce the sample by quartering method.
2. Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with fingers.
3. Rod or tamp the layer 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over the
surface.
4. Fill the measure to two-thirds full and rod 25 times without penetrating the previous
layer.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 5. Fill the measure to overflowing and 25 times. Level the surface with fingers or the
rod such that any slight projections of larger pieces of aggregate approximately
balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure. Do not
compress the aggregate.
6. Determine the weight (or mass) to the nearest 0.1 lb (0.05kg)
7. Calculate the unit weight
Calculation:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 DATA SHEET

Name: ________________________________________________Group No.: ________

Date: __________________

Aggregate:

Maximum Size:

Nom. Grad:

Source:

ITEM Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Total weight, lb (kg)
Measured Weight, lb (kg)
Weight of Aggregate, lb
(kg)
Measure Volume, ft³ (m³)
Unit Weight, lb/ft³ (kg/m³)
% Difference from
Average

Calculation:

UW = (Wt – Wm)

UW = Unit Weight (Bulk Density), lb. ft³ (kg/m³)

Wt = weight of aggregate plus measure

Wm = weight of calibrated measure

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 TABLE 1

DIMENSIONS OF MEASURES (U.S CUSTOMARY SYSTEM)

Capacity Inside Inside Minimum Max.

(ft³) Diameter Height Thickness of Nominal
(mm) (mm) Metal (in.) Size of
Agg.ᵇ (in.)
Bottom Wall
1/10 6.0 ± 0.1 6.1 ± 0.1 0.20 0.10 ½
1/3 8.0 ± 0.1 11.5 ± 0.1 0.20 0.10 1
½ 10.0 ± 0.1 11.0 ± 0.1 0.20 0.12 1½
1 14.0 ± 0.1 11.2 ± 0.1 0.20 0.12 4

TABLE 2

DIMENSIONS OF MEASURES (METRIC SYSTEM)

Capacity Inside Inside Minimum Max.

(liters) Diameter Height Thickness of Nominal
(mm) (mm) Metal (in.) Size of
Agg.ᵇ (mm)
Bottom Wall
3 155 ± 2 160 ± 2 5.0 2.5 12.5
10 205 ± 2 205 ± 2 5.0 2.5 25.0
15 255 ± 2 295 ± 2 5.0 3.0 37.5
30 355 ± 2 305 ±2 5.0 3.0 100.0

TABLE 3

UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER

Temperature lb/ft³ Kg/m³

°F °C
60 15.6 62.366 999.01
65 18.3 62.366 998.53
70 21.1 62.301 997.97
(73.4) (23.0) (62.274) (997.53)
75 23.9 62.261 997.32
80 26.7 62.216 996.60
85 29.4 62.166 995.80

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

*The Indicated size of container may be used to test aggregate of a maximum nominal size
equal to or smaller than that listed.
*Based on sieves with square openings.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 6: Surface Moisture of fine and coarse aggregate

Discussion

This test method describes a rapid procedure in the field for determining the
percentage of surface moisture in the both fine and coarse aggregate by displacement in
water or by oven dry method. Surface moisture is defined as moisture in excess of that
contained by the aggregate when in the standard surface dried-condition. This is the value
desired in correcting the batch masses for the Portland cement concrete. The accuracy of
the methods depends upon the accurate information on the bulk specific gravity of the
material in a saturated surface dry condition.

Objective: To determine the percentage of surface moisture in both fine and coarse
aggregate.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 566-96, C 127, C 128, C, 125)

Apparatus:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm

2. Sample container
3. Stirrer or spoon or spatula
4. Flash or pycnometer
5. Small rubber syringe or medicine dropper

Procedure:

Methods A – Pycnometer or Flash Method

1. Obtain a representative sample or specimen of fine and coarse aggregate.

2. Fill the Pycnometer with water at temperature of between 18°C – 29°C (65°F -
85°F) to the mark taking care not to trap air bubbles. The final increments of water
shall be added using a syringe or medicine dropper.
3. Thoroughly wipe any excess water from the outside of the container and determine
the weight (mass) to the nearest 0.1 gm.
4. Empty the container and partially fill with enough water to cover the specimen
when introduced.
5. Introduce the weighted specimen into the container and remove the entrapped air
by using a vacuum or by stirring and carefully rolling or shaking the container unit
no significant air bubbles rise to the surface.
6. Completely fill the container with water to the original mark, wipe off any excess
water and determine the weight (mass) to the nearest 0.1 gm.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Calculation:
𝑉−𝐷
% 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 100%
𝑊−𝐶

Where:

C = weight (mass) of pycnometer filled with water.

W = weight (mass) of pycnometer, specimen and water
V = weight (mass) of displaced water = C + S - W
S = weight (mass) of specimen

D = weight (mass) of specimen divided by the bulk specific gravity of Aggregate in

saturated surface dry condition = S/G.

G = bulk specific gravity of aggregate in saturated dry condition

Method B – Oven D

1. Obtain a representative sample of aggregate. For fine aggregate, obtain a

specimen with a weight (mass) of approximately 500 gm. For coarse aggregate,
obtain a specimen of approximately 1000 gm.

2. Identify and weigh sample container.

3. Put the sample aggregate into a container.
4. Weigh the container with sample aggregate to the nearest 0.1 gm.
5. Dry the sample to a constant weight (mass) at 110°C±5°C (230°F).
6. When dry weigh to the nearest 0.1 gm. And record the oven dry.

Calculation:

1. Total percentage of moisture in an oven dry basis:

𝑊𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑡 − 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑊𝑡
% 𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = × 100%
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑊𝑡.

Wet Wt = original weight (mass) of aggregate

Dry Wt = oven dry weight (mass) 0f aggregate

2. Calculate the percent surface (free) moisture:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 % Surface moisture = (% Moisture, Oven Dry Basis) (% Absorption, from Mix
Design)

PART II. PORTLAND CAMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a very important material at construction, composed essentially of

Portland cement, water and mineral aggregates. The mixture of these ingredients is plastic
when mixed and placed, and gradually hardens and develops strength with age. The quality
of concrete may be expressed in terms of certain basic properties required in plastic and
hardened concrete. These properties are common to all concrete, regardless of its use. The
difference in concrete requirements for various construction and structural uses are in
degree, not in kind. Thus, the same principle in the mix design, placing and cutting govern
the production of all concrete.

In general, there are four basic steps in the production of concrete, each of which has
an important effect upon the quality of the concrete. The steps are:

1) Mix Design – Quality of material and mix proportion

2) Production – Measuring and mixing materials
3) Handling and Placing – Workability of concrete, placing and finishing
4) Curing – Methods, time and temperature of curing

To maintain quality control of Portland cement, a set of ASTM specifications for both
chemical and physical requirements have been established. A series of “standards” test
have been developed to ensure that these specifications are met. However, since results
from different test for the same property can vary widely, direct comparison of these tests
is difficult.

a) Chemical requirements – These specifications are not very strict since

cements with different chemical compounds can have similar physical
behavior.

b) Physical requirements – These specifications are more important than

chemical requirement.

The experiment included in this part are aimed toward familiarizing the student with
use of a concrete mix design method and laboratory concreting practice, observing the
characteristics properties of fresh concrete, and familiarizing with the testing methods for
determining the properties of hardened concrete.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 7: Fineness of Cement

Discussion

The rate of hydration and hydrolysis and the consequent development in cement
mortar depends upon the fineness of grinding of cement. To have the same rate of
hardening in different brands of cement, the fineness has been standardized.
1. The rate of hydration increase with fineness and leads to high strength and heat
generation.
2. Hydration takes place on the cement particle surface. Finer particles will be more
completely hydrated
3. Increasing fineness decreases the amount of bleeding bur also requires more water
for workability, which can result in an increase in dry shrinkage.
4. High fineness reduces the durable of freeze-lhaw cycles.
5. Increased fineness requires more gypsum to control setting.
The most important properties are specific surface of the particles, and particle size
distribution. Fineness was originally measured using sieve analysis, but this method is very
awkward and really gives no information about the distribution of fine particles. In general,
fineness is measured by a single parameter, specific surface area. This parameter is
considered the most useful measure of cement fineness even though it does not measure
particle distribution.

There are two ASTIM test for fineness:

1. Wagner Turbidimeter - measured specific surface area from suspension of the

cement in a tall glass container. The test is based on Stroke's Law that states a sphere
will obtain a constant velocity under the action of gravity.

2. Blaine air permeability apparatus - This test is based on the relationship between
the surface area in porous bed and the rate of the fluid flow ( air ) through the bed.
The test is compared to a standard sample determined by the U.S. Bureau of
standards. The Blaine method is used more often and is generally 1.8 times larger
than the Wagner method. However, in cases of dispute, the Wagner method
governs.

Objective: To determine the fineness of Portland cement by sieve analysis.

Referenced Documents: ASTM 115 - 96a

AASHTO ( T98 - 99, T 192 )

Apparatus:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm.
2. Sieve No. 200
3. Container
Procedure:

1. Weight accurately 100 gm of cement and place it on No. 200 sieve.

2. Breakdown any air-set lumps in the sample with fingers but do not rub it on the
sieve.
3. Sieving is done by a gentle motion of the wrist for fifteen ( 15 ) minutes
continuously
4. Weight the residue and should not exceed ten percent ( 10% ) by weight of the
cement sample

Calculation:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 8: Normal Consistent of Portland Cement

Discussion

Consistent, one property of the fresh concrete is an important consideration in the

securing of workable concrete that can be properly compacted in the forms. Workability is
a relative term referring to the comparative ease with which concrete can be placed on a
given type of work. The term consistency relates to the state of fluidity of the mix and
embraces the range of fluidity the mix and embraces the range of fluidity from the driest
to the wettest mixtures.

The most common tests to determine consistency:

1. Slump test – is made by measuring the subsidence of a pile of concrete 20mm (12
in.) high, framed in the mold that has the shape of the frustum of a cone.

2. Ball penetration – is made by measuring the settlement of a 150 mm steel ball

(weighing 13.6 kg with its handle) into the surface of the concrete.

For convenience, various degrees of wetness of a mix may be roughly classified as dry,
stiff, medium, wet, or sloppy. Concrete is said to have medium or plastic consistency when
it is just wet enough to flow sluggishly- not so dry that is crumbles or so wet that the water
or paste runs from the mass.

The principal factors affecting consistency are:

1. The relative proportions of cement to aggregate

2. The water content with the mix.
3. The size of the aggregate
4. The shape and the surface characteristics of the aggregate particles.
5. The fineness and type of cement and the kind and amount of admixture.

Objective: To determine the normal consistency of Portland cement Vicat apparatus.

Referenced Documents: ASTM C 187 -56

AASHTO T 129

Apparatus:

1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm.

2. Vical apparatus
3. Spatula

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 4. Mixing pan
5. Graduated cylinder, capacity 50 ml to 200 ml

Temperature and Humidity:

1. The temperature of the air in vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry cement, molds,
and the base plates shall be maintained between 20°C- 27.5°C (68°C- 81.5°F). The
temperature of the mixing water shall not vary from 23°C (73.4°F) by more than
plus or minus 1.7°C (3°F).

2. The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 percent.

Procedure:

1. Weigh accurately 300 gm of neat cement sample and place it on the mixing pan.

2. Mix about 25% of clean water to the cement by means of spatula for about one
minute.

3. Mixed it thoroughly with hands for at least one minute.

4. The kneaded paste is formed into a ball and tossed six times from one hand to the
other, maintaining the hand about 6 inches apart.

5. The ball is pressed into a conical ring or conical mold completely filling the ring
with paste.

6. Sliced off the excess paste at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of a
sharp edge spatula or trowel and the top smoothed, if necessary, with a few light
touches of the toward or spatula. Care shall be taken not to compress the paste.

7. Center paste confined in the ring under the larger end of the rod.

8. The larger end of the rod is brought in contact with the surface of the paste and
tightened the screw.

9. Set the movable indicator to zero marks of the scale and tightened the screw.

10. The rod is then quickly released without any jerk and the penetration noted.

11. If the rod penetrates 33 to 35 mm the paste is said to be normal consistency

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 12. Trial paste shall be made with varying percentage of water until the normal
consistency is obtained. Each trial shall be made with fresh cement. The amount
of water is expressed as percentage by weight of dry cement usually 30%.

13. The time taken between adding of water to cement and filling of the ring or mold
should be between 3 to 5 minutes.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 9: Slump Test of Portland Cement Concrete

Discussion

The slump test is made by measuring the settlement of a 12 in.(300 mm) high concrete.
Formed in a mold that has a slope of the frustum of a cone. This method may be used to
deetermine the slump of plastic concrete,both in the laboratory and in the field having up
coarse aggregate up to 1 1/2 (38mm) in size. This test method is not cosedered applicable
to non-plastic and no cohesive concrete, nor where there is a considerable amount of coarse
aggregate over 2inches in size in concrete.

The test specimen shall be formed in a mold of metal not thinner than No.16 gage and
not readily attached by the cement paste and in the form of the lateral surface of the frustsm
of a cone with the base of 8inches (205mm) in diameter, the top is 4 inches (102mm) in
diameter, and the high 12 inches (307mm). The base and the top shall be open and parallel
to each other and the right angles to the axis of the cone. The mold may be constructed
either with or without a seam.

The tamping rod shall be roond. Straight stell rod 5/8 inches (16 mm) in diameter and
approximately 24 inches (615 mm)in length, having one end rounded to hemispherical tip
the diameter of which is 5/8 inches.

Objectives: To determine the slump of concrete mixture,both in the laboratory and in

the field.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 143-74,C 143M -00,C 172-71)

AASHTO (T-23,T-119,T-126)
Apparatus:

1. Slump
2. Spade
3. Container
4. Mixing box
5. Graduated cylinder
6. Meter stick

Procedure:

1. Take a representative sample of aggregate; wash so that it will be free from still and
clay and dry.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 2. Using a proportion of 1:2:4 by weight, equal amount of sand and gravel for a total
of 12 kg and place them on the mixing box. Add 2 kg of cement, and water,
using water- cement ratio of 0.45, 0.55, 0.65. Keep precise record of the
amount of the materials. It is convenient to measure the water in the graduated
cylinder (1000 ml= 1 kg) Mix them thoroughly.
3. Dampen the mold and place it on the flat, nonabsorbent and the rigid surface.
The operator standing on the two foot pieces shall hold it firmly in place during
filling.
4. Fill the mold in three years, each layer should be approximately one-third the
volume of the mold.
5. Rod each layer 25 strokes with a tamping rod. Uniformly distribute the stroke over
the cross-section of each layer by using approximately half the stroke near the
perimeter (outer edge) and progressing spirally toward the center.
6. Rod the bottom layer through its depth.
7. Rod the second and the layer each throughout its depth, so that the strokes just
penetrate into the underlying layer.
8. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap the concrete above the mold before rodding
is started. If the rodding operation results in a subsidence of the concrete below the
top edge of the mold add additional concrete to keep excess at all time.
9. After the top layer has been rodded, strike off the surface of the concrete by means
of scree ding and rolling motion of the tamping rod.
10. Remove the mold immediately from the concrete by raising it carefully in a vertical
motion. Raise the mold a distance of 12 inches (300 mm) in 5 + 2 second by a
steady upward lift with no lateral or torsional motion. Complete the entire test from
the start of filling through removal of the mold without interruption and complete
it within an elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
11. Place the meter stick horizontally across the inverted mold so that the meter stick
extends over the slumped concrete. Immediately measure the distance from the
bottom of the meter stick to the original center of the top surface of the specimen.
12. If a decided falling away or shearing off of concrete from one side or portion of the
mass occurs. Disregard the test and make a new test on another portion of the
sample.
13. Record the slump in term of inches (mm) to the nearest 1/4 inches (6mm) of
subsidence of the specimen during the test.

Calculation:

Slump= 12 inches -inches of the height after subsidence.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 10: Time of Settings of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle

Discussion

Cement paste setting time is affected by the number of items including: cement
fineness, water-cement ratio, chemical content (especially content) and admixtures. Setting
time test are used to characterize how a particular cement paste sets. For construction
purposes, the initial set must not be too soon and the final set must not be too late.
Additionally setting times can give some indication whether or not cement is undergoing
normal hydration. (PCA, 1988).

To ensure sufficient time to take place concrete while it remain plastic, a minimum
limit is imposed on the time of “initial” set, which may be taken as a condition of the mass
when if begins to stiffen appreciably. ASTM specification requires that the initial set
should not take place within one hour. Depending on the test used to determine it the initial
set usually takes place within two to four hours. To ensure that cement will harden for use,
a maximum limit is imposed on the time of “final” set. ASTM specification requires that
the final set occur within 10 hours. With much commercial cement final set occurs within
five to eight hours. The condition of initial and final set is determined by penetration of
standard needles o rods into a “neat) (straight cement) paste of specified consistency.

Both common setting time test, the Vicat needle and the Gillmore needle, define
the initial set and final set based on the time at which a needle of particular size and weight
either penetrates a cement paste sample to a given depth or fails to penetrate a cement past
sample.

Time of setting by Vicat needle – Initial setting occurs when a 1-mm needle penetrates 25
mm into cement paste. Final set occurs when there is no visible
penetration.

Time of setting by Gillmore needle – Initial set occurs when a 113.4 grams Gillmore
needle (2.12 mm in diameter) fails to penetrate. Final set
occurs when a 453.6 grams. Gillmore needle (1.06 mm in
diameter) fails to penetrate.

The Vicat needle test is more common and tends to give shorter times than Gillmore needle
test.

ASTM C 150 Specified Set Times by Test Method

Test Method Set type Time Specification

Vicat Initial  45 minutes
Final  375 minutes

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 Gillmore Initial  60 minutes
Final  600 minutes

Objective: To determine the time of setting of hydraulic cement by the use of Vicat
needle.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C191-82 , C 191-04 , C 403/C403M – 99 , C 266)

AASHTO (T 131 , T 154)

Apparatus:
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.1 gm.
2. Vicat needle apparatus
3. Graduated cylinder, 200 ml or 250 ml capacity
4. Trowel or spatula
5. Mixing container

Procedure:

1. Mix 650 gm of cement with the percentage of mixing water required for normal
consistency.

2. Quickly form the cement paste into a ball will gloved hands and tossed six times
from one hand to another maintaining the hands about 6 inches (152 mm) apart.

3. Press the ball, resting in the palm of the hand, into a larger end of the conical
ring held on the other hand completely filling the ring with paste.

4. Remove the excess of the larger end by a single movement of the palm of the
hand.

5. Place the large end on a glass plate and slice off the excess paste at the smaller
end at the top of the ring by a single oblique stroke of a sharp edged trowel or
spatula held at a slight angle with the top of the ring.

6. Smooth the top of the specimen, if necessary, with one or two light touches of
the pointed end of the trowel.

7. During the operation of cutting and smoothing, take care not to compress the
paste.

8. Place the test specimen in the most closet or moist room immediately after
molding and allow it to remain there except when determination of time of

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 setting are being made. The specimen shall remain in the conical mold
throughout the test period.

9. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the moist cabinet for 30 minutes
after molding without being disturbed.

10. Determine the penetration of the 1 – mm needles at this time and every 1.5
minutes thereafter until the penetration of 25 mm or less is obtained.

11. For penetration test, lower the needle of the rod until it rests on the surface of
the cement paste. Tighten the setscrew and set indicator at the upper end of the
scale. Take an initial reading. Release the rod quickly by releasing the setscrew
and allow the needle to settle for 30 seconds and take the reading to determine
the penetration. No penetration test shall be made closer than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm)
from any previous penetration and no penetration shall be made closer than 3/8
in (9.5 mm) from the inside of the mold.

12. Record the results all penetration tests and, by interpolation determine the time
when a penetration of 25 mm is obtained. This is the initial setting time. The
final setting time is when the needle does not sink visibly into the paste.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

WORKSHEET REPORT:

TIME OF SETTING OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT BY VICAT NEEDLE

NAME:__________________________________TESTED BY:___________________

DATE: ____________________________

Specimen No. Time (second) Penetration (mm)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 11: Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimen in the Laboratory

Discussion
This practice covers procedure for making and curing concrete test specimen of
concrete in the laboratory under accurate control of materials and test conditions using
concrete that can be consolidated by rodding or vibration. The values stated in either in
pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standards. The SI units are shown in
brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalent; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of each other. Combining values from two systems may result
in non-conformance.
This practice provides standardized requirements for preparation of materials,
mixing concrete, and making and curing concrete test specimens under laboratory
conditions. If the specimen preparation is controlled, the specimen may be used to develop
information for following purposes:
1. Mixture proportioning for concrete project
2. Evaluation of different mixtures and materials
3. Correlation with nondestructive tests
4. Providing specimens for research purposes

The number of specimen and the number of test batches are dependent on the
established practice and the nature of the test program. Usually three or more specimens
should be prepared for each test age and test conditions unless otherwise specified.

Objective: To produce and cure concrete test specimen in the laboratory under
accurate control and test conditions using concrete that can be
consolidated by rodding or vibration.

Reference Documents: ASTM (C 192, C 192M-95, c3 1/31M-95, C 470-94, C617-

94)
AASHTO (T 126-70, T 119-74)
Apparatuses:
1. Cylindrical molds
2. Tamping rods, 5/8” (16mm) inch-diameter and 3/8” (10mm) inch-diameter
3. Trowel or Shovel
4. Slump cone device
5. Sampling and mixing pans
6. Balance
7. Air content device (optional)
8. Vibrator (optional)
9. Mixer (optional)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Procedure:

MIXING CONCRETE
1. Mix concrete in a suitable mixer or hand in batches as to leave about 10% excess
after molding the test specimens. Hand-mixing procedures are not applicable to air
entrained concrete or concrete with no measurable slump. Hand mixing should be
limited to batches of ¼ ft3 (0.007 m3) volume or less.

2. In the case of machine mixing, add the cored aggregate; some of the mixing water,
and the solution of admixture (if required), to the mix before starting its rotation.
Start the mixer, and then add the fine aggregate, cement, and water with the mixer
running. If it is impractical for a particular test to add the fine aggregate, cement
and water while the mixer is running, these components may be added to the
stopped mixer permitting it to turn a few revolutions following charging with coarse
aggregate and some of the water. Mix the concrete, after all the ingredients are in
the mixer for 3 minutes followed by 3- minute rest, followed by 2 minutes final
mixing. To eliminate segregation, deposit machine-mixed concrete in the clean,
damp mixing pan and remix by shovel or trowel until it appears to be uniform.

3. In the case of hand mixing, mix the batch in water tight, clean, damp, metal pan or
bowl with a brick layer’s blunted trowel.

4. Mix the cement, powdered insoluble admixture (if required), and fine aggregate
without the addition of water until they are thoroughly blended.

5. Add the coarse aggregate and mix the entire batch without the addition of water
until the coarse aggregate in uniformly distributed throughout the batch.

6. Add water and admixture solution and mix the mass until the concrete is
homogeneous in appearance and has a desired consistency.

7. Select portions of the batch of mixed concrete to be used in the tests for molding
specimens so as to be representative of the actual proportions and conditions of the
concrete. When the concrete is not being remixed or sampled cover it to prevent
evaporation.

8. Measure the slump of each batch immediately after mixing.

9. Mold specimens as near as practicable to the place where they are to be stored
during the first 24 hours. If it is not practicable to mold the specimens where they
will be stored, move them to the place of storage immediately after being struck
off. Place molds on a rigid surface free from vibration and other disturbances.
Avoid harsh, striking, tilting, or scarring of the surface of the specimen when
moving to the storage place.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 12: Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen

Discussion
Concrete mixture can be design to provide a wide range of mechanical and durability
properties to meet the design requirements of the structure. The compressive strength of
the concrete is the most resisting the load and reported in units of pound force per square
inch (psi) in English system or megapascals (mPa) in SI units. Concrete compressive
strength can vary from 2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000 psi (28 MPa)
and higher in commercial structures. Higher strength up to and exceeding 10,000 psi (70
MPa) are specified for certain applications.
Compressive strength test results are primarily used to determine that the concrete
mixtures are delivered meets the requirements of the specified strength, f’c in the job
specifications.
Design engineers use the specified f’c to design structural elements. Their specified
strength is incorporated in the job contact documents. The concrete mixture is design to
produce an average strength of f’c higher than the specified strength such that the risk of
not complying with the strength specifications is minimized. To comply with the strength
requirements of a job specification both the following criteria shall apply:
a) The average of three consecutive tests should equal or exceed the specified
strength f’c.

b) No single strength tests should fall below f’c by more than 500 psi (3.45 MPa), or
by more than 0.10f’c when f’c is more than 5,000 psi (345 MPa).

It is important to understand that an individual testing below f’c does not necessarily
constitute failure to meet specifications requirements.When the average of strength test on
a job are to be required , f’c the probability that individual strength tests will be less than
the specified strength which is about 10 percent and ,this is accounted for the acceptance
of criteria.
When the strength tests results indicate that concrete delivered fails to meet the
requirements of the specifications ,it is important to recognize that the failure may be in
the testing,not the concrete.

Objective: To determine the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens

such as molded concrete cylinder.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 39-94,C 39/C 39-01,C31,C617, C873)

Apparatus:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 1. Universal testing machine
2. Measuring device
3. Balance, sensitive, to 0.1 gm.
4. Capping device

Procedure:
1. Compression tests on specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after
removal from the moist storage. A 28-day test shall be performed within +-20
hours of the 28thday. Test specimens shall be kept moist by any convenient
method during the period between removals from moist storage and testing. The y
shall be tested in moist condition.

2. All test specimens for a given test age shall be broken within the permissible time
tolerance prescribed below.

3.

TEST AGE PERMISSIBLE TOLERANCE

24 HOURS +-0.5 HOURS OR 2.1%
3 DAYS 2 HOURS OR 2.8%
7 DAYS 6 HOURS OR 3.6%
28 DAYS 20 HOURS OR 3.0%
90 DAYS 2 DAYS OR 2.2 %

4. With a clean rag or rush clean the bearing faces of the bearing blocks, test the
specimens and exclusion controller (elastomeric cps).

5. Rest the specimen on the lower extrusion controller, place the top extrusion
controller on the specimen on the specimen, and check the spacing between the
sides of the specimen and the extrusion controllers to ensure no contact between
the cylinder and the steel. Slide the specimen and extrusion controller
configuration into the center of the concentric circles of the lower bearing block.
Check the alignment with the upper bearing face after lowering it into position.

6. Apply the load to the specimen. During the first half of the anticipated loading
phase, a higher loading rate shall be permitted. The remainder of the loading shall
be 20 to 50 psi/second(0.14 to 0.34 Mpa)

Note: For 6 inches (150 mm) diameter specimens, the loading rate shall be 550
to 1400 lbs. /second. For 4-inch (100 mm) diameter specimen, the loading
rate shall be 250 to 620 lbs. /second.

7. Apply the load until the specimen fails, and record the maximum load supported
by the specimen during the test rounded to the nearest 500lb.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

CALCULATION:
Cs= q/πR2
Where:
Cs=compressive strength (psi)
Q=load at failure (lb-force)
R=radius of specimen (in)
For 6 –inch (150 mm) diameter specimen =Q/28.274
For 4-inch (100 mm) diameter specimen = Q/12.566

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No.13: Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen

Discussion:

Concrete has very low tensile strength due to the inhomogeneous nature of the
material. When loaded in tension it typically fails along the interface between the aggregate
and cement. Measuring the tensile the tensile strength of concrete directly is very difficult
(i.e., grasping the ends of a long specimen and pulling); therefore, indirect method is used.
The procedure involves loading a right cylinder on its side, until splits down the center.

Splitting tensile strength is used to evaluate the shear resistance provided in

concrete in reinforced aggregate concrete members.

Objective: To measure the splitting tensile strength of concrete by the application of

a diametric compressive force on a cylindrical concrete specimen placed
with its axis horizontal between the platens of testing machine.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (C 496-96, C 498-71, C 496)

AASHTO (T198-74, T 23, T 126)
ACI 318-63

Apparatus:

1. Testing Machine capable of 100,000 lb

2. Concrete test cylinder
3. Bearing strips
4. Supplementary bearing bar or plate

Test Specimen:

1. Moist-cured specimens, during the period between their removal from the
curing environmental and testing, shall be kept moist by a wet burlap or
blanket covering, and shall be tested in a moist condition as practicable.

2. Specimen tested at 28 days shall be in air-dry condition after 7 days moist

curing followed by 21 days at 23ΟC ± 1.7ΟC (73 ΟF ± 3 ΟF) and 50 ± 5%
relative humidity.

Procedure:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 1. Measure the dimension of the cylinder. Determine the diameter of the
specimen to the nearest 0.01 in (0.25 mm) by averaging three diameters
measured near the ends and the middle of the specimen and lying in the
plane containing the lines marked on the two ends.

2. Determine the length of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 inch (2.5 mm) by
averaging at least two length measurements taken in the plane containing
the lines marked on the two ends.

3. Center one of the plywood strips along the center of the lower bearing block
of the testing machine. Place the cylinder on the plywood strip and align
so that the lines marked on the ends of the specimen are vertical and
centered over the plywood strip.

4. Place the second plywood strip lengthwise on the cylinder and place a 2ˮ x
2ˮ x 14 steel bar over the plywood strip.

5. Lower the upper loading head until the assembly is secured in the machine.

6. Apply the compressive load slowly and continuously until failure. The rate
at which the specimen should be loaded is 100 to 200 psi (690 to 1380kPa)
per minute.

7. Record the maximum load applied, the type of failure and appearance of the
concrete specimen.

Calculation:

T = (T = 2Pmax IxI d) = 2Pmax / πLd)

Where:

T= splitting tensile strength, psi (kPa)

Pmax = maximum applied load, lb-force (KN)
L = length, in. (mm)
D = diameter, in. (mm)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 14: Flexural Strength of Concrete

Discussion
Flexural strength is a measure of the tensile strength concrete. It is a measure of
unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by 6 x 6
inches ( 150 x 150 mm ) concrete beam with a span length at least three times the depth.
The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR) in psi (MPa) and is
determined by standard test method ASTM C 78 (Third-point loading) and ASTM C 293
(center point loading)
Flexural (MR) is about 10 to 20 percent of the compressive strength depending on
the type, size and volume of coarse aggregate used. However, the best correlation for
specific materials is obtained by laboratory test for given materials and mix. The MR is
determined by third-point loading is lower that MR determined by center-point loading by
as much as 15%.
Designer of pavement use a theory based on flexural strength. Therefore, laboratory
mix design based on flexural strength test may be required or a cementitous material
content may be selected from past experience to obtain the needed design MR. some also
use MR for field control and acceptance pavements. Very few use flexural testing for
structural concrete. Agencies are not using flexural strength.
Many state highway agencies have use flexural strength but are not changing to
compressive strength for job control of concrete paving. Cylinder strength are also used for
concrete structures.
The concrete industry and inspection agencies are much familiar with traditional cylinder
and compression test for control and acceptance for concrete. Flexural can be used for
design purposes, but the corresponding compressive strength should be used to order and
accept of the concrete. Any time trial batches are made, both flexural and compressive tests
should be made so that correlation can be developed for field control.

Objective: To determine the flexural strength of concrete specimens by the use of

simple beam with center point loading.

Referenced Documents: ASTM ( 293-94, , C 78 – 94, C 31, C 192, C 293 _ 02 )

AASHTO (T 198-74, T 23 )
ACI (325, 330 )

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing machine
2. Loading apparatus

Procedure:

1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen and the record them in the date sheet

2. Turn the specimen on its side with respect to its position as molded and center in
on life support blocks.

3. Center the loading system in relation to the applied force.

4. Bring the load applying-block in contact with the surface of the specimen at the
center and apply a load between 3 and 6% of the estimated load.

5. Grind cap, or use leather shims on the specimen contact surface to eliminate any
gap in excess of 0.004 inch (0.10 mm). Gaps in excess of 0.15 inch (0.38 mm) shall
be eliminated by capping or grinding.

6. Apply the load on the specimen continuously and without shock. The load shall be
applied at the constant rate to the breaking. Apply the load at such a rate that
constantly increases the extreme fiber stresses between 125 and 175 psi/min. (0.86
and 121 MPa/min) when calculated in accordance with 7.1 until rupture occurs.

7. Take three measurements across each dimensions (one at each edge and at the
center) to the nearest0.05 in. ( 1 mm ) to determined the average width and depth
of the specimen at the point of fracture. If the fracture occurs at a capped section,
include the cap thickness in measurement.

Calculation:
MR = 3PL / 2bd2
Where:
MR- modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)
P= maximum load applied as indicated by testing machine, in lb(N)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 L= span length .in inches (mm)
b= average width of specimen in inches (mm)
d= average depth of specimen, at the fracture, in inches (mm)

Note: The weight of the beam is not included in the above calculation.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 15: Nondestructive Test of Concrete

Discussion
Often it is desirable to know the characteristic on properties of a product without
subjecting it to destructive tests. With the exception of some hardness test and proof
loadings, the method discussed in the previous experiments will not permit the attainment
of this objective, since most of the procedures, instead of using finished product, use
specially prepared specimens and test them to either partial or complete destruction.
Nondestructive tests may be divided into two general groups. The first group
consists of tests used to locate defects just like visual inspection of the surface as well as
the interior by use of drilled holes. Also test involving the application of the penetrants to
locate surface cracks or examination of welded joints by the use of a stethoscope to detect
changes in sounds caused by hidden defects.
The second group of nondestructive tests consists of those used for determining
dimensional, physical, or mechanical characteristics of a material or part. In this group are
tests for the thickness of materials from only one surface or the determination of moisture
content of wood by electrical means. It also includes certain hardness tests, surface-
roughness test or methods employing force mechanical; vibration to determine the changes
in natural frequency of the system due to changes in the properties of material.
The evaluation of the condition of structure without destroying their usefulness
must be accomplished by tests that are nondestructive. This applies to materials other than
Portland cement concrete (PCC); but PCC is the material that will be used to illustrate some
of the types of nondestructive tests available. This laboratory exercise investigates certain
PCC properties using nondestructive test.

Objective: To determine the approximate compressive strength of concrete in-place.

Referenced Documents: ASTM ( C 803, C 803 , C 805 – 02)

Apparatus:
1. Test Hammer with carborundum

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Field Checks:

1. Prior to use, make a check of the hammer calibration by hammering concrte of

known strength. When possible, a more accurate check should be made by
hammering test cylinders, immediately prior to checking.

2. When using the hammer to test concrete for a pour on which the cylinder breaks
indicated low strength (for compressive purposes) should also be made on other
pour where cylinder breaks indicated satisfactory strength. This comparison should
only be done with other pours made during approximately the same time period
using the same mix and preferably on the same structure or project.

Procedure:
1. If the concrete surface is rough, grind points o be tested with the carborundum.

2. Operate the hammer in a horizontal position, when feasible.

3. Press the hammer plunger at exactly right angles to the surface of the concrete being
tested. Press the plunger slowly and uniformly until released. Do not jerk or try to
anticipate the plunger release. Do not press the lock button while apply pressure to
the plunger.

4. After impact, the rider will show the rebound value. Record the reading.

5. Take a minimum of 15 rebound readings. Take only one reading at a given point.
Very high readings may be caused by rock or steel near the surface at the point of
impact, and very low readings may be caused by trapped air pocket near the surface
at the point of impact.

6. Covert the average reading to psi (kPa) from the chart. (Do not use the calibration
curves on the hammer).

7. Make correction to the psi (kPa) for the position of the hammer.

Position Correction
Horizontal None
Vertical Up Minus 500 (3400 kPa)
Vertical Down Plus 500 (3400 kPa)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 16: Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow
Blocks
Discussion
Hollow masonry units of Portland cement and sand, gravel, or other suitable
aggregate are termed concrete blocks. Concrete blocks are used for interior and exterior
bearing and nonbearing walls, partitions, and backing.

The weight, color, and texture of concrete block depend largely on the type of
aggregate used in its manufacture. Block made with sand and gravel or crushed rock
weights 40 to 50 lb (18.1 kg to 20.4 kg) per 8” x 8” x 16” (203 x 203 x 406 mm) unit. These
blocks are strong and durable, with a low absorption rate. Lightweight blocks are produced
as non-load-bearing units, for use as backup walls, or as load-bearing units, for use as the
finished surface of both interior and exterior walls.

Standard concrete hollow blocks have the typical light-gray color of concrete.
Colored blocks may be made with naturally colored aggregates or by including inert
pigments in the concrete mix.

Lightweight concrete block is used where a lightweight material with good strength
and high insulating or acoustical qualities desired. Its use also simplifies the attachment of
finish materials or accessories to structural wall, in that common nail can be driven into the
block.

Objective: To determine the compressive strength of concrete hollow block.

Referenced Documents:
Apparatus:
1. Compression Machine

Procedure:
1. Place the bottom of the concrete hollow block on a compression block made of
1-inch thick plywood. Place another 1-inch thick plywood on top of the concrete
hollow block.

2. Apply the compression load slowly until failure is attained and record the
reading. Take note of the appearance of the concrete hollow block as well as
the type of failure that will occur.

3. Test a total of three hollow blocks for each batch.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Calculation:
Compressive Strength (CS) = P/A
Where:
CS = compressive strength of the specimen, psi (KN/m3)
P = maximum load, lb (KN)
A = cross-sectional area of the specimen, inches (m2)

PART III. WOOD

Wood is a natural renewable product from tress. Due to its availability, relatively low
cost, ease of use and durability if properly maintained continues to be used as an important
civil engineering material. Wood is used extensively for buildings, bridges, utility poles,
floor, roofs, trusses and piles. Civil engineer used both natural wood and engineering wood
products, such as laminates plywood, and strand board. In order to use wood efficiently it
is important to understand its basic properties and laminations. That is why the civil
engineer must run tests on wood.

Advantages of using Wood as an Engineering Material

1. The low energy content needed for production

2. The low cost of production
3. Wood is an environmentally friendly material
4. Wood is renewable material
5. Wood has a very high specific strength due to its low density and reasonable
strength
6. Wood’s low density also makes it easier to transport
7. There are very low cost associated with the disposal of wood
8. Wood is electrically conductive
9. Most wood are non-toxic
10. Wood is low in thermal conductivity
11. Nails and screws do not measurably weaken wood, if put in care, showing that
wood is very resistant to stress concentration.

Advantages of using Wood as an Engineering Material

1. There is large variability in properties between species and depending on

growing conditions and the position of the wood within a trunk, within a species
2. Wood is dimensionally unstable, as water change its dimension

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 3. Wood’s strength decreases when wet
4. Time-dependent deformation such as creep and viscoelasticity occurs in wood
5. Wood is highly combustible
6. Wood is susceptible to termites, woodworm and infestations
7. Wood can’t be use at high temperature
8. Wood is susceptible to rot, and disease
9. Wood is highly anisotropic, although this can be limited by the use of plywood

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

EXPERIMENT No. 18: COMPRESSION TEST OF WOOD PARALLEL
TO THE GRAIN
DISCUSSION
Compression test is merely the opposite of the tension test with respect to the
direction or sense of the applied forces. Compression parallel to the grain shortens the fiber
in the wood lengthwise. An example would be chair or table legs, which are primarily
subjected to downward, rather than lateral pressure. Wood is very strong in compression
parallel to the grain and this is seldom a limiting factor in design. Specimen for
compression test of small, clear pieces of wood parallel to the grains must be 50 x 50 mm
(2 x 2 x 6 in.) or 50 x 50 x 200 mm.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compressive strength of wood parallel to the grain.

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS: ASTMD 143-83
APPARATUS:
1. Compressive Machine
2. Compressometer
3. Load indicator
4. Bearing block

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the cross section and length of the specimen to the nearest 0.01 inches.
Record the dimensions and indicate the species of wood.

2. Place the specimen in the machine. Adjust dials or compressometer. Have an

instructor check before starting the test.

3. Apply loads continuously throughout at the rate of 0.003in/in. of specimen length

per minute

4. Record the maximum load to a point beyond the proportional limit. After failure,
draw sketches and identify the type of failure. In case two or more kinds of failure
develop, all shall be describe in the order of their occurrence.

5. Compute compressive strength in psi.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

CALCULATION:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 19: Static Bending of Wood
Discussion
Most structures and machines have members whose primary function is to resist
loads that cause banding. Examples mare beams, hooks, plates slabs, and columns under
eccentric loadings. The design of such structural members may be based on tensile
compressive and shearing properties accounted by various bending formulas. In many
instances, however, bending formulas give results that only approximate the real
conditions. The bending test may serve then as a direct means of evaluating behavior under
bending loads, particularly for determining limits of structural stability of beams of various
shapes and sizes.
Flexural tests on beams are usually made to determine the strength and stiffness in
bending; occasionally they are made to obtain a fairly complete picture of stress
distribution in a flexural member. Beam test also offer a means of determining the
resilience and toughness of material in bending.
If a beam specimen is to be tested for flexural failure, as in the case when modulus
of rupture of a material is to be determined. It must be proportional that it does not fail by
lateral buckling or in shear before the ultimate flexural strength is reached. In order to avoid
shear failure, the span must not be too short with respect to the depth. For wood, small
clear pieces of wood, 50 X 50 X 750 mm (2 X 2 X 30 in.) in size are tested under center
loading, but large timber beam having a length of 5 m. are often tested under third-point
loading.

Objective: To determine the mechanical properties of wood subjected to bending and

to study the failure of the material.

Referenced Documents: ASTM (D 143 – 83, D 198 – 84)

Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Beam support
3. Deflection gage

Procedure:
1. Mark the center and end points of the specimen for a 30-in span.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 2. Place the beam in the machine with the ends placed on the supports and place the
loading block at the center of the beam. The whole assembly shall be properly
centered such that the loading block is at the center of the machine’s loading head.
3. Lower the loading head until a small compressive load is applied to the beam. Place
the deflection gage at the midspan in such a way that it can measure the midspan
deflection of the beam.

4. Apply the load continuously at the rate of approximately 1000 pounds per minute.
Take simultaneous load and deflection readings for increment of every 200 pounds
until the maximum load has been reached. Remove the dial gage prior to the failure
of the beam.

5. Sketch the appearance of the failure.

6. Plot a load-deflection curve and compute all the properties called for using the
formula shown below.

Calculation:

3PmaxL
MR =
2bh2
PL3
E=
(S) 4bh3

Where:
Pmax and L = maximum load and span of the beam
B and h = width and height of the cross-section
S = slope of the load-deflection curve

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 20: Tensile Test Parallel to the Grain of Wood
Discussion:
Tensile stress elongates or expands an object. Measurement of tensile stress
perpendicular to the grain is useful for quantifying resistance or spilling. Wood is relatively
weak in tension perpendicular to the grain but it is very strong in tensile parallel to the
grain. Due to the difficulties in testing and the limited use for such data, tension parallel to
the grain has not been extensive measured and/ or reported to data. Tensile stress is
measured in psi.
The ultimate tensile stress parallel to the grain (UTS) is difficult to obtain
experimentally with clear defect-free wood. The value parallel to the grain is of the order
of 46-120 MPa at 12% moisture content whereas the tensile stress perpendicular to the
grain may only be 2-6% of the parallel-to-grain value. Thus, it is difficult to get wood to
fail in tension parallel to reason; only a limited value of data is available on the tensile
strength of clear wood parallel to the grain. Values of tensile strength perpendicular are
determined as an average of the values in the radial and tangential directions.
Objectives: To determine the tensile strength of wood parallel to the grain.
Referenced Documents: ASTM (D-143-83, D 198-84)
Apparatus:
1. Testing machines
2. Special grips
3. Calipers
4. Dial gage

Procedure:
1. Measure and record the actual dimension of the specimen and indicate species of
wood.
2. Assemble the necessary equipment and set up the test for loading.
3. Place the wood sample in the special grips.
4. Apply load continuously throughout test at rate of 0.05 inch/minute.
5. Record the tensile load and elongation as the load is applied.
6. Draw sketches and identify type of failure.
7. Compute the tensile strength of wood parallel to the grain.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Calculation:

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑇 =
𝐴

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 21: Shear Test Parallel to the Grain of Wood
Discussion
Shear stress involves the application of stress from two opposite direction causing
portions of an object to move parallel but opposite directions. Wood is very resistant to
shearing perpendicular to the grain and this property is not measured via a standard test.
Wood shears is much easier in a direction parallel to the grain _ consider a screw running
perpendicular to the grain: it will shear out to the nearest end grain if a sufficiently large
force is applied to the grain. Shear stress is measured in psi.
A shear strength parallel to the grain ranges from 3 to 15 Mpa at 12% moisture
content. Because wood is highly orthotropic .it is very difficult to get fail in shear
perpendicular to the grain usually result in failure in another failure mode, such as
compression perpendicular to the grain. A very limited amount of data suggests that shear
strength perpendicular to the grain may be 2.5 -3 times that of the shear parallel to the
grain.
Objective: To test the shearing stress parallel to the grain of wood.
Referenced Documents: ASTM 143-18
Apparatus:
1. Testing machine
2. Caliper
3. Shear tool apparatus

Procedure:
1. Measure and record actual dimensions of the shearing surface.
2. Place specimen in shear test assembly.
3. Place the assembly in the testing machine. Provide 1/8 inch offset along which
failure occurs.

4. Set dials to monitor rate of load of application.

5. Applied continuously throughout at the rate of 0.0004 in./sec until failure.
6. Sketch the failure pattern and compute the shearing stress.

Calculation:

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

PART IV. METALS

The element called metals together surely constitutes most important engineering
materials. They can be combined with another and some nonmetals to form alloy that have
characteristics superior to any pure metal for most purposes. Alloys with a great much
combination of properties can be made.

The reference to pure metals has to be taken, almost literally, with a grain of salt. Even
when absolute purity is desirable, which is the case quire rarely, it cannot be fully attained.
Whenever we speak of “pure” metals, therefore, we mean metals with less than one (1)
percent impurities.

Metals are thought of as being divided into two groups, ferrous and nonferrous metals
depending on whether the major constituents are iron or not. The word “ferrous” is derived
from the Latin noun ferrum, meaning iron.

Ferrous metals are principally iron-carbon alloys containing small amounts of sulfur,
phosphorous, silicon and manganese. Some are alloyed with copper, nickel, chromium,
molybdenum or other elements to alert their physical and mechanical properties.

Nonferrous metals and their alloys are also important group of engineering materials.
Some have high strength-mass ratio, whereas, others have good antifriction quantities and
resistance to corrosion, and still others are suitable for die-casting and extrusion. Heat-
treatment does not generally improve their properties to the same extent as it does those of
steel alloys. Cold-working, however, quite effective increases the yield strength of most
nonferrous metals.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

Experiment No. 22: Tensile Strength of Steel Bar
Discussion
Most commercial specification for metal has requirements for physical properties
as determined by the tensile-strength test. The properties include ultimate strength, yield
strength or yield point, elongation, character of fracture, and reduction of area. In order to
obtain complete information concerning tensile properties of metal, a stresses-strain curve
should be determined experimentally. Strain corresponding to definite stresses imposed
upon the specimen is measured by means of extensometer.
For metal having no well-defined yield point, the yield strength is ordinarily
determined, as explained previously. Ductile carbon steel has well-defined yield point.
The tension test of steel is quite illustrative for some mechanical properties. If force
deformation diagram are drawn, it is very easy to have an idea about the ductility or
brittleness of the material. A ductile material is one in which large deformation is produced
before the specimen fractures. Whereas a brittle material is one in which comparatively
small deformation occurs before fracture.
Besides, if the gage length and the original cross-sectional area are known, strain
and stresses can be calculated from the force-deformation diagrams. The yield stress, at
which large plastic deformation begin with small increase in stress, is an important
characteristic of the concrete reinforcing steel. Another important in stress, is the ultimate
stress, i,e., the maximum stress that can be carried by the material without any failure.
While plain bars have circular cross-sections, so a nominal diameter is defined.
Nominal diameter of a deformed bar is the diameter of the plain bar which has the same
weight per unit length as the deformed bar.
In tension test, percent elongation and percent reduction of area may be considered
as the quantitative measures of ductility. Temperature, rate and type of loading affect the
result of tension test.
Laboratory test show that the increase in yield strength is accompanied by an
increase in tensile strength and hardness, too. However, the increase in tensile strength is
not much. On the other, strain hardening reduces ductility.

Objective: To obtained the force-deformation diagram (stress-strain diagrams) of a

plain bar and a deformed bar of concrete reinforcing steel and compare
some of their mechanical properties in tension

Referenced Documents: ASTM (A6/A6M, A36M, E8 -69)

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 AASHTO (T 68-74)

Apparatus:
1. Universal testing machine
2. Extensometer
3. Vernier caliper

Procedure:
1. Measured the total length L and weight W of the deformed bar specimen. Mark
the gage length.
2. Attach the specimen to the universal testing machine (100 ton-capacity ).
3. Apply a tensile load satisfying all the requirements of the related standard.
4. Obtain the force- deformation diagram (stress-strain diagram) as graphs from the
mechanical recorder of the machine. Reload the ultimate load Pu . Continue until
load fracture of the specimen.
5. Measure the gage length after fracture (Lf) by connecting the two pieces.
6. Measure the final diameter dfd by vernier. Make about three mutual
measurements.
7. Make calculation:

a) Determine the nominal diameter dn (mm) of the deformed bar using dn =12.8G0.5
G=weight /unit length (kh/m) which can be calculated using L and W
b) Calculate the yield strength of the bar as 𝜎𝑦 .
c) Calculate the ultimate strength of the bar as 𝜎𝑢 using the ultimate load Pu and
Ao = original cross-sectional area
Pu = read from graph
d) Calculate the modulus of Elasticity E for the bar using:
𝑃2 𝑃1
𝜎2 − 𝜎1 ( )−( )
𝐴𝑛 𝐴𝑛
e) Calculate the percent reduction in are using:
𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑟

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 f) Calculate percent elongation using:
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑖

PART V. ASPHALT

Asphalt is a sticky brownish or black and highly vinous liquid or semi-solid that is
present in most crude petroleum and in some natural deposits. Asphalt is composed almost
entirely of bitumen. There is some disagreement amongst chemists regarding the structure
of asphalt, but it is moats commonly modeled as a colloid, with asphalteness as the
dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase. It is literally scraped from the
bottom of the barrel after all other petroleum-based products have been refined or
processed. Asphalt is at least 80% carbon that explains its deep color. Sulphur is another
ingredient found in the tar-like asphalt, as well as trace minerals.

Asphalt is sometimes confused with tar, which is an artificial material produced by

the destructive distillation of organic matter. Tar is predominantly composed of bitumen,
but the bitumen content of tar is typically lower than that asphalt. Tar and asphalt have very
different engineering properties.

The tar from the crude oil is usually mixed with sand and gravel to form the finished
product we call asphalt. The black tar forms a strong adhesive bond with the aggregate,
which makes it durable. When used in road construction, asphalt is usually poured over a
bed of heavier aggregate in a heated state, and then pressed into place by an extremely
heavy steam roller. Once the fresh asphalt cools to ambient temperature, it becomes sturdy
enough flexibility to accommodate natural variations in the roadbed.

Because asphalt bears the weight of cars extremely well, it has become a very popular
material for parking lot construction. Asphalt can be applied quickly on a prepared surface,
which means a parking lot can be graded, poured and painted with little delay. Patching
asphalt is usually a matter of bringing a new material to the affected area and pressing it
into the cracks or potholes. This makes asphalt preferable to be more permanent material
such as concrete. Repair crews can fix asphalt problem without blocking or removing entire
section of roadway.

Asphalt is also popular sealant for roofs. Heated asphalt can be pumped to the roof of
a new building and poured into place. While it is pliable, roofers can spread an even layer
to form a nearly-impenetrate barrier between the building and the elements. Over time, the
aggregate may work its way out of the tar, but the overall integrity is comparable to other
roofing methods.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 Asphalt is rather hard to transport in bulk (it hardens unless kept very hot) so it is
sometimes mixed with diesel oil or kerosene before shipping. Upon delivery, this lighter
material is separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called bitumen feedstock or
BFS.

Other uses include airport runways, playgrounds, fence post treatments, and
waterproofing for fabrics.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

EXPERIMENT No. 23: PENETRATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

DISCUSSION

The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance, both at high

temperatures encountered in processing and application and at low temperatures to which
bitumen are subjected in service. Flow properties are complex and are further confused by
changes in the colloidal nature of the bitumen that occur with heating. When the
temperature is high enough for the bitumen to be liquid, the rate or shear is directly
proportional to the shearing stress. As the temperature drops, however, these flow
properties are complicated by elasticity and other effects. This has necessitated empirical
test, which are used by the producer and consumer to measure the consistency of the
bituminous materials at temperature comparable to those encountered in the service life of
the bitumen. Among the most common of these test are the penetration and softening point
test and various indices using them.

Penetrate is the consistency of bituminous material expressed as the fiancé in tenths

of a millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates a sample under known
conditions of loading, time, and temperature. The most common conditions are 100 grams
penetrating for 5 seconds at a temperature of 25°C (77°F). the penetration is measure of
hardness, and typical values obtained are approximately 10 for hard coating grade asphalt,
15 to 40 for roofing asphalt, and up to 100 or more for keratin waterproofing materials.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials.

The penetration test is used to determine the consistency of bituminous
(asphaltic) material.

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS: ASTM (D5-97, C 670, D 36)

AASHTO T 49-74

APPARATUS:

1. Standard needle – 50.8 length by 1 mm

2. Penetrate Apparatus – with removable spindle (total weight of spindle is 50 gm)
3. Weight – 50 gm as required to bring total weight penetration less than 200
4. Sample Container – 55 mm by 35 mm depth for penetrate less than 200
5. 70mm diameter by 45mm depth for penetration between 200 and 350
6. Transfer dish
7. Water bath – 10 liter capacity with temperature control of 25°

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

 8. Timing device – 0.1 sec resolution

PROCEDURE:

1. Heat the sample, stirring to prevent local overheating, until it is sufficiently fluid to
pour. Avoid incorporating bubble into the sample.

2. Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth, which is 10mm greater than
the depth to which the needle to which the needle is expected to penetrate when
cooled to the test temperature of 25° (77°F).

3. Allow the sample to cool for 1 to 1.5 hour for the small container and 1.5 to 2 hour
for large container.

4. Place the container in the transfer dish and place it in the water bath at 25° (77°F).
The small container shall remain in the bath for 1 to 1.5 hours and large container
for 1.5 to 2 hour.

5. Place the 50 gm weight above the needle and spindle. The total weight is 100 gm.

6. Cover the container with water from the bath and place the transfer dish on the
stand of the penetration apparatus (the penetrometer).

7. Position the needle by lowering it slowly until the needle’s tip just makes contact
with the surface of the sample.

8. Zero the penetrometer dial.

9. Release the needle holder, allowing penetration of the asphalt to occur. After 3
seconds stop the penetration test.

10. Read the penetration in tenths of millimeter, from the penetrometer dial.

11. Makes at least three measurements (return the sample and transfer dish the constant
temperature bath between measurements).

12. If the penetration is greater than 200, use at least three needles leaving them in the
sample until three determinations have been completed.

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON EdD 2