Vector Spaces and Subspaces

Lecture 6

Dr. Quanita Kiran (quanita.kiran@seecs.edu.pk)

SEECS-NUST

April 18, 2022

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 Key Idea

A vector space is any collection of objects that behave as vectors do in Rn

Vector Spaces resemble with Rn
A vector is simply an object that belongs to the vector space

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 Important Notation
The definition of a vector space V , whose elements are called vectors,
involves an arbitrary field R, whose elements are called scalars. The
following notation will be used (unless otherwise stated or implied):

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 Important Notation
The definition of a vector space V , whose elements are called vectors,
involves an arbitrary field R, whose elements are called scalars. The
following notation will be used (unless otherwise stated or implied):

Throughout this text, we will use the following set notation: begincenter

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 Vector Space
Let V be a nonempty set with two operations:
1 Vector Addition: This assigns to any u, v ∈ V a sum u ⊕ v in V .

2 Scalar Multiplication: This assigns to any u ∈ V , k ∈ R a product

k  u ∈ V.
Then V is called a real vector space (over the field R) if the following
axioms hold for any vectors u, v , w ∈ V :
A1 (u ⊕ v ) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w )
A2 There is a vector in V , denoted by 0 and called the
zero vector , such that, for any u ∈ V ; u ⊕ 0 = 0 ⊕ u = u.
A3 For each u ∈ V , there is a vector in V , denoted by −u, and
called the negative of u, such that u ⊕ (−u) = (−u) ⊕ u = 0.
A4 u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u.
M1 k  (u ⊕ v ) = (k  u) ⊕ (k  v ), for any scalar k ∈ R.
M2 (a + b)  u = (a  u) ⊕ (b  u), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M3 (a  b)u = a  (b  u), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M4 1  u = u, for the unit scalar 1 ∈ R.
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 Vector Space
Let V be a nonempty set with two operations:
1 Vector Addition: This assigns to any u, v ∈ V a sum u + v in V .

2 Scalar Multiplication: This assigns to any u ∈ V , k ∈ R a product

ku ∈ V .
Then V is called a real vector space (over the field R) if the following
axioms hold for any vectors u, v , w ∈ V :
A1 (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w )
A2 There is a vector in V , denoted by 0 and called the
zero vector , such that, for any u ∈ V ; u + 0 = 0 + u = u.
A3 For each u ∈ V , there is a vector in V , denoted by −u, and
called the negative of u, such that u + (−u) = (−u) + u = 0.
A4 u + v = v + u.
M1 k(u + v ) = ku + kv , for any scalar k ∈ R.
M2 (a + b)u = au + bu, for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M3 (ab)u = a(bu), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M4 1u = u, for the unit scalar 1 ∈ R.
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 Examples of vector spaces

1 The zero vector space {0} consisting of the zero vector alone.
2 The vector space Rm consisting of all vectors in Rm .
3 The space Mmn of all m × n matrices.
4 The space of all (continuous) functions.
5 The space of all polynomials.
6 The space Pn of all polynomials of degree at most n.

The set of all matrices is not a vector space.

The set of polynomials of degree n is not a vector space.

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 Polynomial Space P(t)

Let P(t) denote the set of all polynomials of the form

p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + · · · + as t s (s = 1, 2, · · · )

where the coefficients ai belong to a field R. Then P(t) is a vector space

over R using the following operations :
Vector Addition: p(t) + q(t) in P(t) is the usual operation of addition of
polynomials.
Scalar Multiplication kp(t) in P(t) is the usual operation of the product
of a scalar k and a polynomial p(t).

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 Polynomial Space Pn (t)

Let Pn (t) denote the set of all polynomials where the degree of p(t) is less
than or equal to n

p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + · · · + as t s , where s ≤ n,

and the coefficients ai belong to a field R. Then P(t) is a vector space

over R using the following operations :
Vector Addition: p(t) + q(t) in P(t) is the usual operation of addition of
polynomials.
Scalar Multiplication kp(t) in P(t) is the usual operation of the product
of a scalar k and a polynomial p(t).

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 Matrix Space Mmn
The notation Mmn or simply M; will be used to denote the set of all m × n
matrices with entries in a field R.

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 Matrix Space Mmn
The notation Mmn or simply M; will be used to denote the set of all m × n
matrices with entries in a field R.

Function Space F (X )

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 Subspaces

Let V be a vector space and let W be a subset of V . Then W is a

subspace of V if W is itself a vector space with respect to the operations
of vector addition and scalar multiplication on V .
Theorem
Suppose W is a subset of a vector space V . Then W is a subspace of V if
the following two conditions hold:
(a) The zero vector 0 belongs to W.
(b) For every u, v ∈ W , k ∈ R:
(i) The sum u + v ∈ W .
(ii) The multiple ku ∈ W .

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 Let V = R 3 . Show that Wi are subspaces of V or not,
where

1 W1 = {(a, b, c)|a ≥ 0},

W2 = (a, b, c)|a2 + b 2 + c 2 ≤ 1 ,

2
  
 x1 
3 W3 =  x2  | x1 = x2 + x3
x3
 

Let V = R 2 . Show that L is not subspace of V , where

  
x1
L= | x1 = x2 or x1 = −x2
x2

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Dr. Quanita Kiran (quanita.kiran@seecs.edu.pk) Vector Spaces and Subspaces
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Dr. Quanita Kiran (quanita.kiran@seecs.edu.pk) Vector Spaces and Subspaces
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 Example:

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 Solution:

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 Solution cont..

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 Solution cont..

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 Solution cont..

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 Solution cont..

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