Republic of the Philippines

Division of Davao City

TOYOZU TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOUNDATION INC.
#25 Dacudao Avenue Agdao, Davao City

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(Grade 11 - First Quarter)
WEEK 2
(August 31, 2020 – September 24, 2020)

MODULE 2
S.Y. 2020 - 2021
General Mathematics
Lesson 3: Rational Function

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of rational functions.

Learning Competency
The learner should able to accurately formulate and solve real-life problem involving
rational functions.

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Represent a real-life situations using rational functions
2. Distinguish rational function, rational equation and rational inequality
3. Solve rational equations and inequalities

ABSTRACTION

Rational Functions

An equation that contains rational expressions is referred to as rational equation. A

rational function of the form f(x) = p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions
and q(x) is not the zero function. The domain of f(x) is the set of all values of x where q(x) ≠
0. The following are examples of rational equations.

i. 2x = 4 – 2x ii. x – x = 4 –3 iii. x2 – 16 = 1
15 5 2–x x+4 x+4 x2 + 4x + 4

In solving rational equations, multiply each term of the equation by the least common
denominator (LCD). Then, solve the resulting equation.

Example 1: Solve each rational equation:

a. 5x – 1 = 1 b. 4x – 6 = 7 c. x + 12 = x – 2
6 2 2x – 3 x + 1 3 x

Solution:
Multiply both sides by the LCD 6.

a.1 5x - 1 = 1 5x =2+3
6 2 3 5x =5
(6) 5x – 1 = 1 (6) 5 =5
6 2 3 x =1
5x – 3 = 2

Check: If x = 1 and 5x – 1 = 1, then,

6 2 3
 a. 5x - 1 = 1 2 =1
2
6 2 3 2 3
5(1) – 1 = 1 1 =1 (True statement)
6 2 3 3 3
5–3 =1
6 3
Hence, x = 1 is the solution of the given 5x – 1 = 1
6 2 3
The given equation is in proportion form. Hence, the product of the extremes 4x – 6
and x + 1 is equal to the product of the means 2x – 3 and 7.

b.1 4x – 6 = 7
2x - 3 x+1
(4x – 6)(x + 1) = (2x – 3)(7)
4x2 – 2x – 6 = 14x – 21
4x2 – 2x – 14x – 6 + 21 =0
4x2 – 16x + 15 =0
(2x – 3)(2x – 5) =0
x = 3 or x = 5
2 2

Check: If x = 3 and 4x – 6 = 7
2 2x – 3 x + 1

b. 4x – 6 = 7
2
2x - 3 x+1
4( )– 6
3/2 = 7
3/2 3/2
2( ) - 3 ( )+1
6-6 = 7
3-3 = 5
2
0 = 14 (False Statement)
0 5
The value x = 3/2 is not a root of the given equation. Such kind of value is referred to
as extraneous root.
If x = 5 and 4x – 6 = 7 , then
2 2x - 3 x + 1

b. 4x – 6 = 7
3
2x - 3 x+1
4( )– 6
5/2 = 7
2( ) - 3
5/2
( )+1
5/2

10 -6 = 7
5-3 7
2
4 = 14
2 7
2 =2 (True Statement)
 Hence, x = 5 is the only root of the given 4x – 6 = 7
2 2x – 3 x + 1
c. The given equation can be reduced to quadratic form. x + 12 = x – 2, x ≠ 0
3 x

c. x + 12 = x – 2
1
3 x
3x x + 12 = 3x (x – 2) Multiply both sides by the LCD 3x
3 x
x + 36 = 3x2 – 6x
2
Apply distributive property
x -3x + 6x + 36 = 0
2 2

-2x2 + 6x + 36 = 0 Combine similar terms

x – 3x - 18 = 0
2
Divide both sides by -2
(x – 6)(x + 3) = 0 Factor the trinomial
x – 6 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 6 or x = (-3)
Check: If x = 6 and x + 12 = x – 2
3 x
c.2 x + 12 = x – 2
3 x
6 + 12 = 6 – 2
3 6
2+2 =4
4 =4 ( True Statement)
Check: If x = (-3) and x + 12 = x – 2
3 x
c.3 x + 12 = x – 2
3 x
(-3) + 12 = (-3) – 2
3 (-3)
(-1) - 4 = (-5)
(-5) = (-5) ( True Statement)
Thus, the roots of the given equation are 6 and -3.

Rational Inequalities
An inequality that contains rational expression is referred to as rational inequality.
The following are examples of rational inequalities.

i. x – 5 - 7 < - 1 ii. 4x + 5 > 5x iii. x +x–3≠0

3x x-5 x–4 x–4 3x + 2 2x -4

Rational inequalities are easier to solve if their denominators are eliminated.

Remember that the sense of an inequality is unchanged if the same real number is added
to, or subtracted from both sides of the given inequality. Moreover, the sense of inequality
remains if both sides of the inequality is multiplied by, or divided by the same positive real
number.

Example 2: Solve each rational inequality, then graph its solution set
a. 3x – 5 > -2x b. x < 3 – 2
6 3 x–2 x-2

Solution
a. The LCD of the fractions involved is 6.
a. 3x - 5 > -2x
6 3 The solution set in interval form is ( 5/22, ∞). Its
6 3x - 5 > -2x 6 graph is given below.
6 3
18x - 5 > -4x
18x + 4x – 5 > 0
22x – 5 > 0 5
22x > 5 22
22x > 5
22 22
x > 5
22
b. The LCD of the fractions involved is x – 2. This implies that x – 2 ≠ 0 or x ≠ 2.
b. x <3- 2
x-2 x-2
Simplify
x + 2 - 3 <0
x – 2 x- 2
x+2–3 <0
x–2 2 4
x + 2 -3 (x – 2) < 0
x–2
x + 2 – 3x + 6 < 0
x–2
-2x + 8 < 0
x–2
Find zeroes from the numerator and undefined values from the denominator.
Critical values:
-2x + 8 = 0 x–2=0
-2x = -8 x=2
-2 -2
x=4
Intervals: (-∞, 2), (2, 4), (4, ∞)

(-∞, 2) (2, 4) (4, ∞)

0 2 3 4 5
 -2x + 8 8 4 2 0 -2
x-2 -2 0 1 2 3
- undefined + 0 -
ACTIVITY 3.0

A. Direction: Solve each equation.

1. 5x + 1 = 7 2. 2x2 – x = 3 3. x2 + 11x = 5
6 3 12 4 6 2 3 12

4. x + 2 – 2x – 4 = 0 5. 5x + x – 2 = 2
3 2 2 8

B. Solve each inequality.

1. 3 + 2 > 1 – 4 2. 1 –5<0 3. x + 1 + x – 3 > 2

x x x 2x + 5 3 5

4. x – x < 9 5. 1 – 7 < 3
5 4 2x 5x
General Mathematics
Lesson 4: Rational Functions

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.

Learning Competency
The learner should able to accurately formulate and solve real-life problem involving
rational functions.

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Represents real-life situations using rational functions
2. Represents a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph and (c)
equation
3. Finds the domain and range of a rational function

ABSTRACTION

A number of real-life situations can be modeled by rational functions, rational

equations or rational inequalities. Here are some situations that can be modeled by rational
functions, rational equations or rational inequalities.

i. Bryan can create a full-length music video in four days. His youngest brother Bert can
create the same full-length music video in three days. If they work together, the
rational equation can be used to determine the number of days it would take for them
to complete the full-length music video.
d+d=1
4 3

ii. Bus A travels a distance of 240 km. Bus B travels a distance of 320 km. Bus A travels
10 kph more than the speed of Bus B. If the two buses travel at the same time, the
speed of the two buses can be determined using the relation. Where r is the rate of
Bus A

Distance Bus A travels = Distance Bus B travels

Rate Bus A travels Rate Bus B travels
240 = 320
r r – 10
Rational Functions

The ratio of one polynomial function to another polynomial function is called rational
function. A rational function, r(x) is a function of the form.
 r(x) = p(x)
q(x)
Where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions, and q(x) ≠ 0. The domain of r(x) is the
set of real numbers such that q(x) is not zero

Example 1: Construct a table of values and sketch the graph of the following rational
functions:

a. f(x) = 1 b. g(x) = 1
x x–2

Solution

a. The function f(x) = 1/x which can be represented by the equation y = 1/x is not define
when x =0. The graph of the line x = 0 will not be crossed by the graph of f(x) = 1/x.
The table of values for the function is constructed and shown below.

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1.0 undefined 1 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20

b. The function g(x) = 1 which can be represented by the equation y = 1 is not defined
x- 2 x- 2
when x = 2. The graph of the line x = 2 will not be crossed by the graph of g(x) = 1
The table of values for the function is constructed and show below. x- 2

x -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -0.14 -0.17 -0.20 -0.25 -0.33 -0.50 -1 undefined 1 0.50 0.33

Domain of Rational Function

A rational function which is a ratio of two polynomial functions in many cases is not a
polynomial function. Unlike a polynomial function which is defined for every real number, a
rational function is defined only when its denominator is not equal to zero.

Example 2: Find the domain of each rational function.

a. r(x) = x b. f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5
x(x – 3) x 2 + 2x – 8

Solution

a. The domain of r(x) = x is the set of all real numbers, except those that make the
x(x – 3)
denominator zero. These are x = 0 and x – 3 = 0 or x = 3. These values of x will make
the function undefined.
D = {x|x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 3}

In interval form, the domain is (-∞, 0)U(0, 3)U(3, ∞)

b. The domain of f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 is the set of all real numbers except those values of x
x2 + 2x – 8
 that make x2 + 2x – 8 equal to 0. These values are determined by solving x 2 + 2x – 8
= 0.

x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
x+4=0 or x–2=0
x = -4 or x=2
D = {x|x ≠ -4 and x ≠ 2}

In interval form, the domain is (-∞, -4)U(-4, 2)U(2, ∞)

Range of Rational Function

The range of rational function can easily be determined through its graph.

Example 3: Determined the range of each rational function.

a. f(x) = 1 b. f(x) = 1
x x–2

c. g(x) = x d. g(x) = 2
x +1 (x – 2) 2

Solution

The graph of each function is determined and constructed in the previous illustrative
examples.

a. The graph of f(x) = 1 shows that its range is R = {f(x)|f(x) ≠ 0}

x
b. The graph of f(x) = 1 shows that its range is R = {f(x)|f(x) ≠ 0}
x-2
c. The graph of g(x) = x shows that its range is R = {f(x)|f(x) ≠ 1}
x+1
d. The graph of g(x) = 2 shows that its range is R = {f(x)|f(x) ≠ 0}
(x – 2) 2

ACTIVITY 4.0

A. Direction: Represent each rational function by its equation, table of value and graphs.

1. f(x) = 1 2. f(x) = 1 3. f(x) = 1 4. f(x)= 1

2x 3x x–1 x+2

5. f(x) = 2
x+1

B. Direction: Determine the domain and the range of each rational function.

1. f(x) = x 2. f(x) = 1 3. f(x) = 2x – 5 4. f(x) = x2

x+3 x2 x+4 x-1
5. f(x) = x – 1
x2