Burdwan Model School

Mirzapur, Katwa Road ,Burdwan

Pin-713102

Chemistry Project
Session-2022-23

Under the guidance of :-

Mr Soudam Sain and Mr Pronob Monda

Student Details:-
Name- SOUVIK KONAR

Class- XI Roll- 44 Section-FIR

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 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the project work

entitled
“To study the Rate of Evaporation of
Different Liquids”
as a record of investigatory work done
by the student Souvik Konar during the
academic year 2022-23 under my
guidance and supervision in practical
fulfillment of the requirement for the
“All India Senior School Certificate
Examination” conducted by CBSE.

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 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO.

 CERTIFICATE 2

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 5

 INDRODUCTION 6

 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE 7

OF EVAPORATION

 APPLICATION 8

 THEORY 8-9

 EXPERIMENT I 10-12

 EXPERIMENT II 12-14

 EXPERIMENT III 14-16

 CONCLUSION 17-18

 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to

the Principal, Shree Bipin Bihari Singh for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided
for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to ,Mr Soudam Sain and Mr
Pronob Mondal our Chemistry Teacher, who guided me
to the successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for his
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages
of this Project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out
this project work successful and for their valuable advice
and support, which I received from them time to time.

SOUVIK KONAR

Class: - XI – FIR
Burdwan Model School

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 In this project, My aim is
TO STUDY THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS

We shall investigate various factors that have

already been discussed
such as nature of
liquid, surface of
liquid and
temperature and find
their correlation
with the rate of
evaporation of different liquids.
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When liquid is place in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous
phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known
as evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the term of
kinetic molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive
forces which hold molecules together. The molecules having sufficient
kinetic energy can escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to reason that molecules which
undergoes evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic
energy of the molecule which are left behind are less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic
energy. Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid
will have same distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high
molecular energy will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase
of the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will continue until
whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of water cycle. Solar energy drives
evaporation of water from oceans, lake, moisture in the soil and other
sources of water. Evaporation is caused when water is exposed to air
and the liquid molecules turn into vapors which rises up and forms
cloud

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 Factors influencing rate of
evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air :- If the air
already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then
the given substance will evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air :- If the air is already

saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the
substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance :- If the substance is hotter, then

evaporation will be faster.

4. Flow rate of air :-This is in part related to the concentration points

above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with
time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition, molecules in
motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the
flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces :- The stronger the forces keeping the

molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more energy that
must be input in order to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature : –

Because molecules or atoms evaporate from a liquid’s surface, a larger

surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the liquid, and

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evaporation occurs more quickly. For example, the same amount of
water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table than if it is left in a cup.

Higher temperatures also increase the rate of evaporation. At higher

temperatures, molecules or atoms have a higher average speed, and
more particles are able to break free of the liquid’s surface. For
example, a wet street will dry faster in the hot sun than in the shade

Application
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though
the ambient temperature is below the boiling point
water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun) and wind. In a
clothes dryer hot air is blown through the clothes,
allowing water to evaporates very rapidly.

Theory
Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules
in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes)
gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state.

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The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to
overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it
to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the
work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation
therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature
and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a
small proportion of the molecules are located near the

The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to

overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it
to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the
work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation
therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature
and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a
small proportion of the molecules are located near the

surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape

at any given instant, the rate of evaporation is limited.
Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy,
and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases.

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If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the
escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the
liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with
returning molecules becoming more frequent as the
density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the
process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the
vapor is said to be “saturated,” and no further change in
either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature
will occur

EXPERIMENT I
Aim :- To compare the rate of evaporation of
water, acetone and diethyl ether.

Materials required:-
China dish, Pipette, Beaker, Weighing balance
Measuring flask, Acetone, Distilled water,
Diethyl ether, Watch

PROCEDURE:-
1. Take three china dishes.

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2. Pipette out 10 ml of each sample.

3. Dish A-Acetone

Dish B-Water

Dish C-Diethyl ether

4. Record the weights before beginning the

experiment.

5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed for ½ an

hour and wait patiently.

6. Record the weights of the samples after the

given time.

7. Compare the prior and present observations.

OBSERVATION
Liquids Weight Weight of Weight of(dish + Weight of
of dish (dish + substance)after substance
substance) evaporation evaporates
before
evaporation
Water 50 60 59.8 0.2
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(gm)
Acetone 50 57.85 55.55 2.30
(gm)
Diethyl 50 57 54.33 2.67
ether
(gm)

Inference and conclusion: –

The rate of evaporation of the given three
liquids is in order :-

Diethyl Ether>Acetone>Water

Reason: –

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Water has extensive hydrogen bonding in
between oxygen atom of one molecule and
hydrogen atom of another molecule. But
this is absent in the case of acetone.

EXPEIMENT II
Aim:-To study the effect of surface area on
the rate of evaporation of Diethyl ether.

Requirements :-
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm,5 cm,
and 10 cm with covers ,10 ml pipette and
stopwatch.

Procedure :-
1. Clean and dry the petri dishes and mark
them as A,B,C.
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2. Pipette out 10 ml of Diethyl ether in
each of the petri dishes A,B and C cover
them immediately.

3. Uncover all the three petri dishes

simultaneously

and start the stopwatch.

4. Note the time when diethyl ether

evaporates completely from each petri
dish.

OBSERVATION
Petri dish Mark Diameter of Time taken for
Petridish Complete
Evaporation
A 2.5 cm 11 min 45 sec
B 5.0 cm 8 min 45 sec
C 7.5 cm 6 min 30 sec

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Result :-
It will be observed that maximum
evaporation occurs in petridish with
largest diameter followed by smaller.

EXPERIMENT III
Aim:- To study the effect of temperature
on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement:-
Two petri dishes of 5 cm diameter each
,stop watch, 10ml pipette, thermometer
and thermostat

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Procedure :-
1. Wash and clean, dry the petridishes
and marks them as A and B.
2. Pipette out 10 ml of acetone to each
of petridish A and B and cover them.
3. Put one petri dish at room
temperature and to the heat for some
time.
4. Note the reading.

OBSERVATION
Petri Time Temperature Volume Evaporated
dishes (sec) (c) taken volume
mark (ml) (ml)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10

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Results :-
The order of evaporation of acetone in two
petri dishes as given

Room temperature < Heating

Water has extensive hydrogen bonding

in between oxygen atom of one

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molecule and hydrogen atom of another
molecule. But this is absent in the case
of acetone

Diethyl Ether>Acetone>Water

 The rate of evaporation increases

with increase in surface area.

C>B>A

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  The rate of evaporation increases
with temperature.

Room temperature <

Heating

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
 WWW.CHEMISTRYPROJECTS.COM
 WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM

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  REFERENCES TAKEN
FROM NCERT AND OTHERS
BOOK

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