INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMETATION AND

CONTROL SYSTEMS

Lecture 2. Overview

Assoc. Prof. Dr. BUI Dang Thanh

School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering,
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet road, Hà Nôi, Viêt Nam

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Presentation Outline

1. Classification
2. OSI model
3. P&ID Diagram

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Classification

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 Classification

• Functionality Classification
• Power SCADA
• DCS
• Environment Monitoring Systems
• Scale Classification (Based on I/O quantity)
• Small System
• Medium System
• Large System

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OSI Model

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1-5 LAYERED TASKS

◼ A network model is a layered architecture

◼ Task broken into subtasks
◼ Implemented separately in layers in stack
◼ Functions need in both systems
◼ Peer layers communicate

◼ Protocol:
◼ A set of rules that governs data communication
◼ It represents an agreement between the communicating devices

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 Tasks involved in sending a letter

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier Hierarchy (services)

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1-5.1 THE OSI MODEL

Established in 1947, the International Standards

Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards.

An ISO is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

model is the standard that covers all aspects of
network communications from ISO. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s.

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ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

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 Layered Architecture
Layers
Seven layers of the OSI model
Layer 7. Application

Layer 6. Presentation
Layer 5. Session

Receiver
Layer 4. Transport
Sender

Layer 3. Network

Layer 2. Data Link

Layer 1. Physical

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Layered Architecture

◼ A layered model
◼ Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
◼ Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform
more primitive functions
◼ Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
◼ Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers
◼ The processes on each machine at a given layer are
called peer-to-peer process

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PEER – TO – PEER PROCESS

◼ Communication must move downward through the layers on

the sending device, over the communication channel, and
upward to the receiving device
◼ Each layer in the sending device adds its own information to
the message it receives from the layer just above it and passes
the whole package to the layer just below it
◼ At the receiving device, the message is unwrapped layer by
layer, with each process receiving and removing the data
meant for it

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 PEER – TO – PEER PROCESS

◼ The passing of the data and network information down

through the layers of the sending device and backup through
the layers of the receiving device is made possible by interface
between each pair of adjacent layers
◼ Interface defines what information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.

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The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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An exchange using the OSI model

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 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

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Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
◼ Function
◼ Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
◼ Representation of bits
◼ Data rate
◼ Synchronization of bits
◼ Line configuration (point-to-point or multipoint)
◼ Physical topology (mesh, star, ring or bus)
◼ Transmission mode ( simplex, half-duplex or duplex)

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Physical layer

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 Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

◼ Function
◼ Framing
◼ Physical addressing
◼ Flow control
◼ Error control
◼ Access control

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Data link layer

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Hop-to-hop delivery

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 Example 1
In following Figure, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a
node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link. At
the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in the header.
These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other
information needed at this level. The trailer usually contains extra bits
needed for error detection

1.22

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Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

◼ Source-to-destination delivery
◼ Responsible from the delivery of packets from the original
source to the final destination
◼ Functions
◼ Logical addressing

◼ routing

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Network layer

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 Source-to-destination delivery

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Example 2
We want to send data from a
node with network address A and
physical address 10, located on
one LAN, to a node with a
network address P and physical
address 95, located on another
LAN. Because the two devices
are located on different networks,
we cannot use physical addresses
only; the physical addresses only
have local influence. What we
need here are universal addresses
that can pass through the LAN
boundaries. The network
(logical) addresses have this
characteristic. 1.26

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Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
◼ Process-to- process delivery

◼ Functions

◼ Port addressing

◼ Segmentation and reassembly

◼ Connection control ( Connection-oriented or connection-less)

◼ Flow control

◼ Error control

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 Transport layer
Segmentation and reassembly

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Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Example 3
Data coming from the upper
layers have port addresses j
and k (j is the address of the
sending process, and k is the
address of the receiving
process). Since the data size
is larger than the network
layer can handle, the data are
split into two packets, each
packet retaining the port
addresses (j and k). Then in
the network layer, network
addresses (A and P) are
added to each packet.

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 Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

▪ It establishes, maintains and synchronize the

interaction between communicating system
▪ Function
▪ Dialog control
▪ Synchronization (checkpoints)

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Session layer
Synchronization

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Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.

▪ Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the

information exchanged between two system
▪ Functions
▪ Translation ( EBCDIC-coded text file → ASCII-coded
file)

▪ Encryption and Decryption

▪ Compression
1.33

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 Presentation layer

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Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

◼ Functions
◼ Network virtual terminal (Remote log-in)

◼ File transfer and access

◼ Mail services

◼ Directory services (Distributed Database)

◼ Accessing the World Wide Web

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Application Layer

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 Summary of layers

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Summary of layers

OSI Model
Data
Layer Function
unit

User 7. Application Network process to application

support Data 6. Presentation Data representation and encryption
layers
5. Session Inter-host communication
Sender

Receiver

User
Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability
Network
Path determination and logical
Packet 3. Network
Network addressing
support Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

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P&ID Diagram

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 P&ID Diagram

• Meaning:
• Piping & Instrumentation Diagram
• Process & Instrumentation Diagram
• Use standardized symbols:
• To represent different components of process:
• Specific to the process itself:
• Necessary to control the process:

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P&ID Diagram

• Use standardized symbols:

• To represent different components of process:
• Specific to the process itself:
• Static - Transport & Storage Operation
• Dynamic - Processing
• Necessary to control the process:

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P&ID Diagram

• Use standardized symbols:

• To represent different components of process:
• Specific to the process itself:
• Necessary to control the process:
• Measurements: mainly pressure, flow, level,
temperature
• Measuring Instruments: local indicators, transmitters
• Controller: regulators
• Safety devices: alarms, automatic control systems
• Controlling Actuators: motorized shut-off valves, control
valves, pumps, fans
• Protection devices : valves

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 P&ID Diagram
• Basic symbols:

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P&ID Diagram

Indication – Control - Differential Pressure),

loop number 103.
Alarm – High - Temperature, loop number
104.
First letter: Variable or Initialization

Second letter: Support for the first letter

From the third letters: Indicating, Passive or Output
Function
T A H-104

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P&ID Diagram
• Meaning of the Letters:
• First letter
• Succeeding Letters

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 P&ID Diagram
• Meaning of the Letters:
• First letter
• Succeeding Letters

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P&ID Diagram

• Line Symbols:
• Supply sources:
• AS (Air supply)
• ES (Electric supply)
• GS (Gas supply)
• HS (Hydraulic supply)
• NS (Nitrogen supply)
• SS (Steam supply)
• WS (Water supply)

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P&ID Diagram
• Examples:
• Heat Exchanger

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 P&ID Diagram
• Examples:
• Water Boiler

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P&ID Diagram
• Examples:
• Beer Production

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P&ID Diagram
• Examples:
• Beer Production

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 Thank you for your attention!

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