CHAPTER V

MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE

I. INTRODUCTION
In the proposed lactic acid plant using banana peels as raw material, the capacity of the
plant was determined in the previous chapter. Using the determined plant capacity, mass and
energy flows are important to establish for each equipment in the process so that proper sizing and
costing can be made. In this chapter, the mass and energy balances were determined. The mass
balances are determined from accounting all components of each stream as it undergoes different
processes and passes through various equipment. It will begin from the raw material and will pass
through preparation, main reaction, recovery, and purification stages to get the final desired
product. The assumptions made in each equipment are initially determined in order to account for
the losses in each process.

The energy balance, on the other hand, accounts for the heat and work that undergoes in
the system. Energy transfer is vital to know so that proper costing can be made. Furthermore, it
will also help in determining if the proposed process is energy intensive.

The assumptions made for mass and energy balances were retrieved from several
references and will serve as the limitations for the plant operation. Proper compliance to the Laws
of Mass and Energy Conservation was ensured for accuracy.
 II. SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS AND EQUATIONS FOR MASS BALANCE

A. MASS BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS

Equipment Assumptions
Convective Tray Drier (D-01) • Outgoing stream will contain 9.8%
moisture.

Pre-treatment Tank (F-02) • All lignocellulose will be cleaved to

form lignin and cellulose.

Rotary Drum Filter (K-01) • Maximum soluble components (water

and NaOH) will be 20%.

Roll Crusher (K-02) • Process will incur no losses.

Filter (K-03, K-04, K-05) • Leaving wet filter cake will contain 8%
soluble components. []

Fermentation Reactor (J-02) • Ca(OH)2 is added until pH reaches 10.

• All lactic acid were converted into
calcium lactate
• Calcium Hydroxide feed has 90% purity

Acidification Tank (J-03) • Only one reaction will take place which
is the conversion of calcium lactate to
lactic acid and calcium sulfate.
• 20% excess sulfuric acid was added to
allow full conversion of calcium lactate.
• 2% sulfuric acid will be added as raw
feed.

Evaporator (E-01) • 90% of the water will be vaporized.

Jacketed Mixing Vessel (L-01) • The mixture is well-mixed producing a

homogenous mixture.

Reactive Distillation (E-02) • Esterification takes place to produce

water and lactic acid.
 • The top product leaving E-01 contains
most of the unreacted ethanol.
• The bottom product of the column
contains all the ethyl lactate produced in
E-02.
• The column will produce maximum of
11.52% ethyl lactate in the top product.

Fractional Distillation (E-03) • The composition of ethanol at the top

product will have a maximum
composition of 90.69%
• The bottom product of the column will
contain all ethyl lactate from the feed.

Reactive Distillation (E-04) • An Amberlyst 15 cation exchange resin

will be used as catalyst for the reverse
reaction to take place.
• Top stream contains 79.54% (max.)
water
• Bottom stream contains 84.91% (max.)
lactic acid
 B. SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR MASS BALANCE
Equipment Equations
Convective Tray Drier (D- Based from the data provided by the literature, the composition of raw
01) banana peel that will be used are:

Lignocellulose 82.11%
Moisture 15%
Ash 2.89%

General Mass Balance:

∑ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏 = ∑ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒕

Roll Crusher (K-02)

Agitated Cultivation Tank
(F-01)
Filter (K-01, K-03, K-04, K-
05) ∑ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏 = ∑ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒕
Evaporator (E-01)
Jacketed Mixing Vessel
(L-01)
Pre-treatment Tank (F-02) Reaction:

Fractional Conversions [x]:

• Lignocellulose to cellulose: 73.48%
• Lignocellulose to hemicellulose: 11.76%
• Lignocellulose to lignin: 14.76%

Hydrolysis Reactor (J-01) Reactions:

• (𝐶& 𝐻'( 𝑂) )* + 𝐻+ 𝑂 → 𝑛(𝐶& 𝐻'+ 𝑂& )
 • (𝐶, 𝐻- 𝑂) )* + 𝐻+ 𝑂 → 𝑛(𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂, )

Fractional Conversions [x]:

• Hemicellulose to xylose : 86%
• Cellulose to glucose : 99%
• Xylanase to cellulose ratio is 30:1000
• Cellulase to cellulose ratio is 5:1000
Agitated Cultivation Tank • Lactic acid will have yield of 0.39 g per g sugars (glucose +
(F-01) xylose) attained.
• Lb. pentosus loading: 2% w/w MRS Broth
• MRS broth loading: 1.12 mg MRS Broth/ kg hydrolysate

Fermentation Reactor (J-02) Reactions:

• 𝐶& 𝐻'+ 𝑂& → 2 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂.
• 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂, → 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶+ 𝐻) 𝑂+
• 2𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)+ → 𝐶𝑎(𝐶. 𝐻, 𝑂. )+ + 2𝐻+ 𝑂
• 2𝐶+ 𝐻) 𝑂+ + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)+ → 𝐶𝑎(𝐶+ 𝐻. 𝑂+ )+ + 2𝐻+ 𝑂
• 𝐶+ 𝐻) 𝑂+ + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶+ 𝐻. 𝑂+ + 𝐻+ 𝑂

Fractional Conversions [x]:

• Glucose to lactic acid : 39%
• Xylose to lactic acid : 65%
• The xylose-to-lactic acid molar ratio is 1:1.
• The glucose-to-lactic acid molar ratio is 1:2.

𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −log [𝑂𝐻/ ]

Acidification Tank (J-03) Reaction:

𝐶𝑎(𝐶. 𝐻, 𝑂. )+ + 𝐻+ 𝑆𝑂) → 2𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂)

Reactive Distillation (E-02) Reaction:

𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶+ 𝐻, 𝑂𝐻 ↔ 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂. + 𝐻+ 𝑂

• 97.25% Conversion of lactic acid to ethyl lactate [x]

Reactive Distillation (E-04) Reaction:

 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂. + 𝐻+ 𝑂 ↔ 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶+ 𝐻, 𝑂𝐻

• 99.86% Conversion of ethyl lactate to lactic acid [x]

Amount of Catalyst:

𝑚012 = 0.5𝜌3456* × 𝑉2317 9:;</=>

 III. ENERGY BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS
A. SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS

Equipment Assumptions
Convective Tray Drier (D-01) • The relative humidity of ambient air is 75%
• The operating temperature and pressure of the
drier is at 60°C and 1 atm
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Pre-treatment Tank (F-02) • The dried banana peels enter at 60°C

• Sodium Hydroxide solution enters at 30°C
• Pretreatment tank operates at 65°C
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reactor (J-01) • The hydrolytic enzymes enter at 30°C

• The hydrolysis reactor operates at 45°C
• The crushed/mashed banana peel enters at the
reactor at 65°C
• The kinetic, potential, magnetic, and electric
energy is negligible
• Steady state process
• No phase change and heat capacity is constant
throughout the process
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Fermentation Reactor (J-02) • The entering feed into the tank is 45°C
• The calcium hydroxide solution enters at 30°C
• Inoculum broth energy balance is assumed
negligible due to lack of thermophysical
properties
 • The standard heat of formation of biomass is
negligible in the heat of reaction of lactic acid
formation of glucose
• Cold water enters the reactor at 25°C and leaves
at 45°C

Acidification Tank (J-03) • The entering filter cake int the acidification tank
is at 40°C
• The sulfuric acid fed into the tank is at 30°C
• The operating temperature ay the acidification
tank is 104.9°C
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Evaporator (E-01) • The temperature of the feed into the evaporator is

104.9°C
• Steam used is assumed to be in saturated vapor
phase in the inlet and saturated liquid when
condensed
• Heat capacity is constant throughout the process
• Heat loss by radiation is negligible
• Subcooling in steam condensate is negligible
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Reactive Distillation (E-02) • The entering concentrated acid solution is at

Condenser (D-04) 100°C
Reboiler (D-05) • Mixed ethanol stream entering the reactive
distillation is at 78°C
• The reactive distillation operates at 160°C at 1
atm
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 95°C
 • The temperature of the reactor & boiler is
maintained using saturated steam at 150°C and
400 kPa

Fractional Distillation (E-03) • Distillation column is adiabatic and is operating at

Condenser (D-07) 110°C
Reboiler (D-08) • Feed enters as saturated vapor
• Heat effects are confined to the condenser and
reboiler
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 70°C
• The temperature of the boiler is maintained using
saturated steam at 150°C and 400 kPa

Reactive Distillation (E-03) • Distillation column is adiabatic and is operating at

Condenser (D-09) 160°C
Reboiler (D-10) • Feed enters as saturated liquid
• Heat effects are confined to the condenser and
reboiler
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 95°C
• The temperature of the reactor & boiler is
maintained using saturated steam at 150°C and
400 kPa

Cooler (D-03) • Heat capacities of ethanol and water is constant

over the temperature range
• No heat loss to the surroundings
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 70°C

Cooler (D-06) • Heat capacities of sulfuric acid and lactic acid is

constant over the temperature range
• No heat loss to the surroundings
 • Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at °C

Cooler (D-10) • Heat capacities of ethanol, ethyl lactate, and water

is constant over the temperature range
• No heat loss to the surroundings
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 45°C

Cooler (D-11) • Heat capacities of lactic acid and water is constant

over the temperature range
• No heat loss to the surroundings
• Cold water enters the condenser at 25°C and
leaves at 45°C
 B. SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
Equipment Equations
Convective Tray Drier (D-01) Heat Balance:
𝑄? 𝜆? = 𝑄@ABCA + 𝑄DACECFGCA
𝑄DACECFGCA = 𝜔𝐶? (𝑇+ − 𝑇' )
𝐶? = 1 + 1.88𝐻
𝑄? 𝜆? = 𝑄6* + 𝑄:=2 + 𝑄4H1>
𝑄4H1> = 𝑚E! I,H1> 𝜆E! I
𝑘𝐽
𝜆5241K,'&(℃ = 2259 []
𝑘𝑔
Steam Requirement:
𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN
𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K
𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865 [𝑥]
𝑘𝑔
Pre-treatment Tank (F-02) Chemical Reaction: Assume 1:1 stoichiometric ratio

Heat Balance:
𝑄 = −∆𝐻6* + ∆𝐻:=2 + ∆𝐻3P* + ∆𝐻5:;*
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻5:;*,Q1IE = −41.6 []
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻:=2 = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
G!
∆𝐻3P* (𝑇+ ) = ∆𝐻3P* (298.15𝐾) + U V 𝑚𝐶D 6R 𝑑𝑇
+S-.',

Steam Requirement:
𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN
𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K
 𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865
𝑘𝑔
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Reactor (J-01) Chemical Reactions:
𝐶& 𝐻'( 𝑂, + 𝐻+ 𝑂 → 𝐶& 𝐻'+ 𝑂&

𝐶, 𝐻- 𝑂) + 𝐻+ 𝑂 → 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂,
Heat Balance:
𝑄 = −∆𝐻6* + ∆𝐻:=2 + ∆𝐻3P*' + ∆𝐻3P*+
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻:=2 = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
G!
∆𝐻3P* (𝑇+ ) = ∆𝐻3P* (298.15𝐾) + U V 𝑚𝐶D 6R 𝑑𝑇
+S-.',

Cooling Water Requirement:

𝑄GIGFM
𝑚0::;6*UV1243 =
𝐶D,V1243 (𝑇0:;<,:=2 − 𝑇0::;,6* )

Fermentation Reactor (J-02) Chemical Reactions:

𝐶& 𝐻'( 𝑂, → 2𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂.
𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂, → 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶𝐻. 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
2𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)+ → 𝐶𝑎(𝐶& 𝐻'( 𝑂& ) + 2𝐻+ 𝑂

Heat Balance:
𝑄GIGFM = −∆𝐻6* + ∆𝐻:=2 + ∆𝐻3P*' + ∆𝐻3P*+ + ∆𝐻3P*.
+ ∆𝐻5:;*
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻5:;*,W1(IE)! = −16.2 []
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻:=2 = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
G!
∆𝐻3P* (𝑇+ ) = ∆𝐻3P* (298.15𝐾) + U V 𝑚𝐶D 6R 𝑑𝑇
+S-.',

Cooling Water Requirement:

𝑄GIGFM
𝑚0::;6*UV1243 =
𝐶D,V1243 (𝑇0:;<,:=2 − 𝑇0::;,6* )
Acidification Tank (J-03) Chemical Reaction:
𝐶𝑎(𝐶. 𝐻, 𝑂. )+ + 𝐻+ 𝑆𝑂) → 2𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂)

Heat Balance:
 𝑄GIGFM = −∆𝐻6* + ∆𝐻:=2 + ∆𝐻3P*' + ∆𝐻5:;*
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻5:;*,W1(IE)! = −71.76 []
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻:=2 = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
G!
∆𝐻3P* (𝑇+ ) = ∆𝐻3P* (298.15𝐾) + U V 𝑚𝐶D 6R 𝑑𝑇
+S-.',

Steam Requirement:
𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN
𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K
𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865
𝑘𝑔
Evaporator (E-01) Heat Balance:
𝑄GIGFM = 𝑆𝜆?GCFN = ∆𝐻H1>:3 + ∆𝐻6*
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻H1>:3 = 𝑉𝐻H
𝑀𝐽
𝐻H (373.15𝐾) = 2.67 []
𝑘𝑔
Steam Requirement:
𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN

𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K

𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865
𝑘𝑔
Chemical Reaction:
Reactive Distillation (E-02) @𝐸 − 02: 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶+ 𝐻, 𝑂𝐻 ↔ 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂. + 𝐻+ 𝑂
Condenser (D-04) @𝐸 − 04: 𝐶, 𝐻'( 𝑂. + 𝐻+ 𝑂 ↔ 𝐶. 𝐻& 𝑂. + 𝐶+ 𝐻, 𝑂𝐻
Reboiler (D-05)
Heat Balance:
Reactive Distillation (E-04) 𝑄ACFWGIA = −∆𝐻6* + ∆𝐻:=2 + ∆𝐻3P* + ∆𝐻5:;*
Condenser (D-09) 𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻5:;*,C2IE = −0.3894 []
Reboiler (D-10) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻6* = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
∆𝐻:=2 = 𝑚𝐶D 𝑑𝑇
 G!
∆𝐻3P* (𝑇+ ) = ∆𝐻3P* (298.15𝐾) + U V 𝑚𝐶D 6R 𝑑𝑇
+S-.',

Condenser Heat Duty:

𝐹ℎZ + 𝑞3 = 𝐷ℎ@ + 𝐵ℎ[ + 𝑞W

𝑞\:6;43 = V 𝑚𝐶D6 (𝑇+ − 𝑇' )

𝑞0:*<4*543 = V 𝑚𝐻6

Steam Requirement (for Reactor part & boiler):

𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN

𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K

𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865
𝑘𝑔
Cooling Water Requirement (for condenser):
𝑄GIGFM
𝑚0::;6*UV1243 =
𝐶D,V1243 (𝑇0:;<,:=2 − 𝑇0::;,6* )
Cooler (D-03) Heat Balance:
Cooler (D-06) 𝑄GIGFM = V 𝑚𝐶D6 (𝑇+ − 𝑇' )
Cooler (D-11)
Cooling Water Requirement (for condenser):
Cooler (D-12)
𝑄GIGFM
𝑚0::;6*UV1243 =
𝐶D,V1243 (𝑇0:;<,:=2 − 𝑇0::;,6* )
Fractional Distillation (E-03) Heat Balance:
Condenser (D-07) 𝐹ℎZ + 𝑞3 = 𝐷ℎ@ + 𝐵ℎ[ + 𝑞W
Reboiler (D-08)
𝑞\:6;43 = V 𝑚𝐶D6 (𝑇+ − 𝑇' )

𝑞0:*<4*543 = V 𝑚𝐻6

Steam Requirement (for boiler):

𝑄GIGFM = 𝑄?GCFN

𝑄?GCFN = 𝑚5241K 𝜆5241K

𝑀𝐽
𝜆5241K,)((OD1 = 2.0865
𝑘𝑔
Cooling Water Requirement (for condenser):
𝑄GIGFM
𝑚0::;6*UV1243 =
𝐶D,V1243 (𝑇0:;<,:=2 − 𝑇0::;,6* )
 C. LIST OF CONSTANTS []
𝒌𝑱 Normal Boiling Point
Component MW (g/mol) ∆°𝑯𝒇 (kJ/mol) 𝑪𝒑 e j
𝒌𝒈 − 𝑲 (°C)
Water (H2O) 18 -285.83 4.18 100
Cellulose 162 -976.362 [] 1.17 343.85
((C6H10O5)n)
Hemicellulose 132 -544.19 1.31 [] -
Lignin - -1592.66 1.22 343.85
Ash - - 0.38 200.05
Lignocellulose - - 1.16 [Calculated]
Glucose 180 -1273.3 1.99 343.85
(C6H12O6)
Xylose (C- 150 -1040.02 1.0961 415.5
5H10O5)

Sodium 40 -416.88 1.49 1,388 °C

Hydroxide
(NaOH)
xylanase - - 0.51 -
Cellulase - - 0.51 -
Calcium 74 -986.09 1.08 2,000
Hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2)
Sodium Acetate 82.03 -708.81 1.24 1,226.85
Calcium Acetate 158.17 -1479.5 [] 1.75 117.1
(l)
Calcium Lactate 218 -1686.10 2.03 -
(Ca(C3H5O3)2)[]
Acetic Acid 60 -484.50 2.05 117.95
(CH3COOH)
Sulfuric Acid 98 -909.27 0.83 338
(H2SO4)
 Lactic Acid 90 -682.96 2.34 216
(C3H6O3)
Calcium Sulfate 136 -1433.0 1.10 -
(CaSO4)
Ethanol 46 -234.70 2.46 78.37
Ethyl Lactate 118 - 2.42 154
 IV. OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE
Basis for Calculation:
LACTIC ACID PLANT CAPACITY
Plant Capacity (MT/year) 600
No. of Working Days in a Year (10 hours per day 300
operation)
Daily Capacity (kg/day) 2000

Overall Process Diagram

Formula Statement:
The statement below shows the amount of banana peel per day needed for the production of
lactic acid.
Amount of Cavendish Banana Peel Needed: (Daily Plant Capacity)*(Purity of Lactic
Acid)*(Weight to Mole Conversion of Lactic Acid)*(Stoichiometric Ratio between Lactic acid
and Ethyl lactate in Hydrolysis Reaction)*(Percent Conversion of Ethyl Lactate to Lactic Acid in
Hydrolysis Reaction)* (Stoichiometric Ratio between Ethyl Lactate and Crude Lactic Acid in
Esterification Reaction)*(Percent Conversion of Crude Lactic Acid to Ethyl Lactate in
Esterification Reaction)*(Stoichiometric Ratio between Lactic Acid and Calcium Lactate in
Acidification)*(Stoichiometric Ratio between Total Sugars to Calcium Lactate in
Fermenter)*(Mole Percent of Glucose & Xylose in Total Sugars)*(Stoichiometric Mole Ratio
between Cellulose & Hemicellulose and Glucose & Xylose in Enzymatic Hydrolyzer)*(Percent
Conversion of Cellulose & Hemicellulose to Glucose & Xylose in Enzymatic Hydrolyzer)*(Mole
to Weight Conversion of Cellulose & Hemicellulose)*(Weight Percent Cellulose & Hemicellulose
in Cavendish Banana Peel)

Numerical Calculations:
𝑘𝑔 0.8881 𝑘𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 2000 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 2 72 7
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 90 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 1
2 72 72 72 7
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 0.9986 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.9725
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 0.0057 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑠
2 72 7
2 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 0.0018 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒
0.8389 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 1 162 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
E2 × × ×
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 0.86 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒍
× 7
0.7115 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
0.1611 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 1
+2 × ×
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑠 1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 0.99
132 𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒍
× × 7S
1 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 0.1139 𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒
= 13,214.56 𝑘𝑔 ≈ 𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓