Training Module

TM-052
Delegate's Notes

This Training Module examines the purpose, types,

materials and method of operation of the Secondary Seal.
 Mechanical Seal Principles

The Secondary Seal

Contents

Introduction 3

The Secondary Seal 3

Pusher Seals 3
Advantages of Pusher Seals 4
Disadvantages of Pusher Seals 4
Elastomer 0-Ring Secondary Seals 3
Hang-Up 4
Common Materials 5
PTFE Secondary Seals 6
PTFE Wedge Rings 6
Other PTFE Secondary Seals 6
Common Materia ls 7

Non-Pusher Seals 7
Elastomer Bellows Seals 8
Materials 8
Formed Metal Bellows Seals 8
Two-Ply Bellows 8
Edge Welded Metal Bellows Seals 9
Rotating Seals 9
Stationary Seals 9
High Temperature Cartridge Seals 10
Double-Ply Bellows 10
Common Materials for Metal Bellows 10
Advantages of Non-Pusher Seals 10
Disadvantages of Non-Pusher Seals 10
PTFE Bellows Seals 11

Shaft I Sleeve Surface Finish 11

Shaft I Sleeve Lead -In 12

Self Assessment Questions 13

2
 Mechanical Seal Principles
The Secondary Seal

Introduction

The main purpose of the Secondary Sealing device is to prevent

leakage of fluid passed the primary ring, whilst allowing axial
movement to take up wear and misalignment. This training
module looks primarily at rotating seal units, with rotating Sec-
ondary Seals and stationary mating rings, but the theory ap-
plies equally to stationary seal units with non-rotating Secon-
dary Seals and rotating mating rings.

There are three Secondary Seal designs in common use: .....

.J.,j:

1. 0 -Rings 3. Bellows
2. PTFE Sealing Rings • Elastomer
• Wedges • Metal
• Chevrons • Formed
• 'C' rings with internal spring energiser • Edge Welded
• PTFE sleeved a-rings • PTFE

It is a common practice to describe the seal by its Secondary Sealing device: e.g., Wedge Seals, Bellows
Seals, etc.

All secondary sealing devices clearly divide into two main groups, those that slide along the shaft to take
up wear and misalignment - Pusher Seals (e.g ., dynamic a-rings and wedges), and those that do not
slide along the shaft - Non-Pusher Seals (bellows secondary seals).

Pusher Seals

As the primary ring moves to take up wear or misalignment, the

Secondary Seal (in this example, an o-ring) must slide along the
shaft/sleeve, and is pushed by the springs and hydraulic forces -
hence the term "Pusher Seal". It is important that the shaft/
sleeve has a high quality surface finish to aid this sliding action.
(See Chart at the end of this booklet).

Elastomer 0 -Ring Secondary Seals

0 -rings are the most common components used as Secondary Seals in Pusher Seal designs. They are
readily available in a wide range of materials to suit most applications.

Here is a typical pusher seal, designed for low

emission duties. The primary ring design has been
computer optimised, as discussed in a previous
training module. Multiple springs ensure an even
loading on the primary ring, and result in a com-
pact seal unit. Positive drive is used to prevent any
slip, or damage due to torque transmission through
weaker components. Cooling flow has been opti-
mised to remove any "dead " areas, and to ensure
cooling is applied to the mating ring and primary
ring round their full circumference.

3 positive drive = no slippage

Advantages of Pusher Seals
• They tend to start drip leakage giving pre-warning of failure. There is little or nothing in the de-
sign that can break and cause sudden massive leakage.
• Primary ring is usually one solid component. No additional stresses are caused by assembling
composite items by press-fitting or shrink-fitting. This enables much higher pressures capability.
• Individual items can be easily replaced, making it simple to change materials, and to replace
worn components.

Disadvantages of Pusher Seals

• Sliding secondary seals can "lock" in position, a phenomenon known as "hang-up".
• Elastomer o-rings can take permanent set, causing hang-up.
• Excellent surface finish required to aid the sliding action of the pusher seal.
• Temperature limited by the available elastomers. Thermal expansion of the elastomers used
must also be taken into account. At high temperatures, even though the material of the o-ring is
capable of withstanding the temperature, the thermal expansion may be so great as to cause
hang-up or even bursting of the carbon ring. At low temperatures, thermal contraction of the
elastomer material may cause leak paths. 0-ring grooves may have to be specially designed for
very low or very high temperatures.

Hang-Up
Where a product can change state as it moves across the inter-
face film, e.g., solidify, crystallise or polymerise, the secondary
seal starts to 'hang up' on these deposits. As the primary ring
wears it is unable to follow-up to keep the faces together. Leak-
age will gradually increase, deposits build up, and eventually
leakage becomes prematurely unacceptable as the faces are
held in the open position. In many applications, this problem
can be overcome by the use of an external quench using API
Piping Plan 62 to immediately remove any small amounts of
leakage. (See Training Module TMOSO - Secondary Contain-
ment, for further details).

For example:

•
•
Sodium hydroxide solution (crystallisation) - use a cold water quench.
Hot oil (carbonisation/coking) - use a steam quench.
Urea melt
0-ring seals are very effective, but due to the small clearances required they may only have marginal
flexibility. The clearance between the seal and the shaft has to be such that when the shaft/sleeve is on
its maximum tolerance and the primary ring bore is on its minimum tolerance there is still adequate clear-
ance to allow for this flexibility.

To increase flexibility, clearances are often increased, but this can cause problems at higher pressures,
especially if the equipment maker's shaft/sleeve has been manufactured to its bottom limit, and the seal
maker's primary ring is on its top limit.

The o-ring is pushed into the corner of the groove by the hy-
draulic pressure, extruding it into the bore of the primary ring .
The o-ring can hang-up on the shaft and prevent the seal from
following up as the primary ring wears.

This can be simply prevented by using an anti-extrusion ring on

the low pressure side of the o-ring for higher pressure seals.
The ring, usually made from PTFE, is sometimes referred to as a
"back-up ring".

Note: It is possible for it to be inserted on the wrong side of the o-ring rendering it ineffective.

4
The anti-extrusion ring should be installed on the low
pressure side of the a-ring . Most PTFE anti-extrusion
rings have a small chamfer on the outside diameter.
This is to allow for the small radius in the corner of
the counterbore in the primary ring. It is important
to ensure that the anti-extrusion ring is fitted the
right way round.

In cartridge seal designs, where both the primary

ring and the sleeve going through its bore are sup-
plied by the seal manufacturer, these two compo-
nents can be made to much tighter tolerances, of-
ten enabling the gap to be reduced to a point
where the use of an anti-extrusion ring can be
eliminated.

The following chart lists some of the more common a-ring materials used in mechanical seals. Maximum
and minimum temperatures are given as a guide. These may vary with the many different grades avail-
able, and differences between various generic material manufacturers. Many other materials are available
for specialist applications. For chemical compatibility information, please consult John Crane.

see oring catalogue

Typical Trade/ Minimum Maximum
Material ISO/DIN/ temperature temperature Comments
Common names in seals in seals

NBR lQOO( General purpose material.

Medium Nitrile -40°C
Buna N Up to 120°( in hydrocarbons
CR lQOO( Ideal for refrigeration duties.
Chloroprene -40°(
Neoprene Some specialist applications.
EP; EPR; EPDM Ideal for water up to 150°C.
Ethylene Propylene -40°( 135°(
Nordel™ Avoid oil/hydrocarbons.
FPM Maximum 135°( in water.
Fluorocarbon * -30°C 200°C
Viton A™ Hardens in high temp steam.
Perfluoroelastomer* FFKM; IsolastrM Wide range of chemical
-20°C 215°(
(Low temp. grades) KalrezrM compatibility.
Perfl uoroelastomer* Isolast HPM Wide range of chemical
-20°C 315°(
(High temp. grades) KalrezrM compatibility.

* Caution
These elastomer materials may give off dangerous hydrogen fluoride vapours at elevated temperatures.
(Fluorocarbon above 275°(' Perfluoroelastomer above 400°C}. These can condense or mix with water to
form hydrofluoric aod. If you suspect that an a-ring has been subjected to excessive heat, please take
precautions_ including wearing suitable neoprene or PVC protective gloves and eye protection. Parts
should be neutralised with an alkali solution such as calcium hydroxide.

Points to look out for:

• Has a sleeve been heated to assist removal from a shaft?
• Do the stainless steel seal components show any signs of heat discolouration?
• Straw yellow discolouration on stainless steel occurs at 370-425°( above the danger point
of both elastomer materials. All other discolouration occurs at even higher temperatures!

5
 PTFE Secondary Seals- Pusher Seals

Where elastomers are not suitable, PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) can often be used. However, PTFE has
an unfortunate property known as "cold-flow ". It tends to act like an extremely viscous fluid. In a pusher
type mechanical seal, the a-ring groove is designed to give a controlled compression of the section of the
a-ring, creating a sealing point on the outside and inside diameters of the a-ring. Too much compression
will cause hang-up, too little compression will allow leakage. PTFE is relatively hard, and when in the form
of an o-ring can be extremely difficult to fit as one tries to achieve the necessary compression. PTFE also
has a high rate of thermal expansion. All this means that it is difficult, if not impossible, to control the
compression of the section of the a-ring, so hang-up is more likely. Once a PTFE a-ring has been in-
stalled, the compressive forces will cause the a-ring to cold-flow and initial compression will be lost over
time. For these reasons, it is unusual to use PTFE dynamic a-rings in mechanical seals. PTFE secondary
seals must be designed to be constantly loaded to allow for any cold-flow, and they must be able to com-
pensate for any thermal expansion.

PTFE Wedge Rings

One of the most common forms of PTFE Secondary Seal is
the wedge ring. This is actually a cone-shaped component,
resembling a wedge in cross-section. The spring pressure
constantly pushes the wedge into the cone-shaped bore of
the primary ring which forces the nose of the wedge down
onto the shaft. The hydraulic pressure has little effect on
the wedge, and thermal expansion will only cause the
wedge to travel back up the primary ring cone. There is
some allowance for flexibility
because the angle on the outside of the wedge ring is different to that in the
bore of the primary ring to allow for movement caused by misalignment.
There is also an angle in the bore of the wedge ring for the same reason . The
primary ring can move in relation to the wedge ring and still form an effective
seal. The primary ring can actually rock on the nose wedge to compensate for
any misalignment. The point loading at the nose of the wedge forms a seal in
the primary ring, and an effective sealing band around the shaft.

Wedge rings can also be manufactured from exfoliated graphite for high temperature applications.

Other PTFE Secondary Seals

There are several other designs of dynamic PTFE Secondary Seals, and we discuss here some of the more
common ones.

PTFE Chevrons are constantly energised by the spring force and

hydraulic pressure transmitted through the metal follower. PTFE
cold-flow is prevented by using a fully-trapped chevron seal. The
p108 seal
chevron ring assembly is designed to fit into the same primary
ring as elastomer o-ring seals, which can aid inventory reduc-
tion.

There tends to be less misalignment allowance with this design,

and a change in pressure has a direct effect on the energising
and friction forces.
Another way to overcome the incompressibility of PTFE is to use
an elastomer o-ring (such as fluorocarbon) that has been
sleeved with PTFE. This increases flexibility, reduces the possi-
bility of hang-up and problems from thermal expansion. Again,
this component will fit into a standard o-ring counterbore.

The PTFE sleeve is relatively thin and if damaged will allow

chemical attack of the elastomer core. Any bending of the seal
during installation will cause irreparable damage.
A more flexible Secondary Seal is the fluorocarbon elastomer o-ring that has been coated with FEP
(Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene). FEP has similar chemical resistance to PTFE. The coated o-ring is more
flexible than a PTFE sleeved o-ring, but is more easily damaged, and has a lower high temperature limit.

The resilience of PTFE can be improved by using a PTFE enve-

lope or 'C' ring. This is initially energised by an internal coil
spring, and the hydraulic pressure forces the inner and outer
,. --- - -
lips outwards to improve the seal. It can be used to replace
elastomer o-rings without design changes, allows movement to
take up misalignment and is unaffected by thermal expansion.
- @j .. '
The chemical resistance is limited by the material of the spring,
which is immersed in the sealed fluid. It is easily damaged if
slightly bent creating a kink, and thus a leak path, in the sealing
lips.

This chart gives the usual temperature limits for dynamic PTFE and FEP Secondary Seals. The stability
and strength of pure PTFE at higher temperatures can be improved by the addition of glass filling, usually
about 25% glass/75% PTFE

IMaterial Minimum
temperature
Maximum
temperature
in seals in seals
Pure PTFE -40°C 230°C
Glass Filled PTFE -1oooc 280°C
Exfoliated Graphite -40°C 500°C
PTFE Sleeved Fluorocarbon -20°C 200°(
FEP Coated Fluorocarbon -20°C 150°C
Spring Energised Pure PTFE Envelope -20°C 2oooc
Spring Energised Glass Filled PTFE
-20°C 200°C
Envelope {Higher pressures)

Caution
At elevated temperatures PTFE can give off toxic fumes. Do not incinerate old or new PTFE components.
It is dangerous to smoke while handling products made from PTFE.

Non-Pusher Seals

With Non-Pusher seals, the Secondary Seal is formed by a flexible bellows. The actual sealing point be-
comes remote from the primary ring allowing a great deal more flexibility. The sealing point is fixed on
the shaft/sleeve and does not have to slide to accommodate wear of the primary ring, shaft end-play or
misalignment. There is no contact between the shaft/sleeve and the primary ring and movement is taken
up by the bellows flexing or extending. There is less likelihood, therefore, of hang-up caused by o-rings
sticking, or by deposits on the shaft/sleeve. There is also very little hysteresis as friction from a sliding
secondary seal component has been removed.

As nothing needs to be pushed along the shaft/sleeve to take up wear, shaft end-play or misalignment
this type of seal is described as a "Non-Pusher" seal.

The actual mechanism of sealing the mechanical seal unit to the shaft/sleeve varies dependent upon the
duty conditions, seal design and materials of construction.

7
Elastomer Bellows Seals

Elastomer bellows Secondary Seals normally grip the shaft

with an interference fit created by a metal drive ring . The
drive ring creates a squeeze effect on the tail. For this rea-
son, a good shaft surface finish is not desirable, and the
use of good lubricant such as silicone grease should be
avoided.

It can be seen here how the bellows flexes and expands, al-
lowing the primary ring to move freely, with nothing sliding
along the shaft surface.

A typical elastomer bellows seal unit requires a spring

to keep the faces in contact. Note the positive drive
from the bellows tail, through the metal components,
to the primary ring to prevent any torque being trans-
mitted through the elastomer bellows.

The seal type illustrated is a compact general duty

elastomer bellows seal, designed to fit into seal cham-
bers to DIN 24960 standard. Note that the spring is mounted within the outer retainer, leading to a reduc-
tion in both radial section and axial length.

Elastomer bellows seals are relatively low cost, and ideal for use where space is confined. They are ex-
tremely flexible and rugged, and are suitable for most general duties in pulp and paper, petrochemical,
waste water treatment and other demanding applications.

Elastomer bellows are usually available in the following materials:

Nitrile; Chloroprene; Ethylene Propylene and Fluorocarbon.

Formed Metal Bellows Seals

The bellows convolutions are formed either mechanically or hydraulically, or a combination of the two,
from a thin welded tube. In a few seal designs, the bellows is welded or press-fitted directly to the shaft/
sleeve, but it is more usual to incorporate a locking ring with grubscrews and an a-ring seal in the bore.
Al so, on some low duty designs, the primary ring is press-fitted directly into the end of the formed bel-
lows. In the design shown below, note that the primary ring carrier or shell is a machined component.
This is welded to the bellows core which means that it is possible to manufacture this shell from a differ-
ent material to the bellows, such as low expansion alloy. This enables higher temperatures to be sealed
without the possibility of the primary ring coming loose due to the higher thermal expansion coefficient of
the shell.

This picture shows a further

design advance. The bellows
is formed from two concentric
metal tubes. This two-ply bel-
lows gives greater torsional
strength, flexibility and lower
stress levels in the bellows
material.

8
The profile of this type of seal very smooth, and can be highly polished for use in hygienic and pharma-
ceutical applications. Seals are available using formed metal bellows that eliminate all possible "bug-traps"
and are designed specifically for use in the food and beverage industries.

Edge Welded Metal Bellows Seals

Initially developed to solve critical and demanding applications for NASA, welded metal bellows seals are
now used in most industries. Bellows plates, which are about 0.15 mm thick (varies with seal type, size
and seal manufacturer) are welded together at the inside diameter. A number of welded pairs are then
welded together on the outside diameter to
form the required number of bellows convolu-
tions. A wide range of metallurgies can be used
in the manufacture of these bellows including
highly corrosion resistant materials such as
Hastelloy™ and Titanium. Edge welded metal
bellows can be designed to produce exception-
ally reliable, low stress welds. Many metal bel-
lows seal designs are apparently similar, but
performance can vary greatly depending on design features, materials and manufacturing quality. Note
the 45° tilt at the inside diameter of the plates (removes most of the bending stresses at the weld), the
three sweep shape (to prevent "oil-canning"), and the nesting ripple design (computer optimised to give
lower spring rate coupled with higher flexibility) .

Again, the primary ring carrier shell is a machined component welded to the bellows core so it can be
made of a different material such as low expansion alloy which will ensure that the primary ring remains
firmly held in position at elevated temperatures.

Where the temperature of the product is above the capability of conventional elastomers, exfoliated
graphite Grafoil™ packing rings can be used. These are fitted into a counterbore at the back of the seal
and small screws force the drive
ring/follower into the counterbore
to compress the packing, forming a
perfect seal on the shaft/sleeve.
There is no relative movement be-
tween the packing and the shaft/
sleeve so there will be no leakage
or wear at this point. Graphite
packing is also used as the tertiary
seal (see Training Module TM-053: Tertiary Seal) to seal the mating ring into its housing. An anti-rotation
pin is required due to the low coefficient of friction of graphite. A spiral-wound gasket seals the gland
plate to the face of the seal chamber. Seals of this design are able to withstand temperatures of up to
425°C.

For viscous or thermo-setting applications, welded metal bellows seal designs can incorporate drive lugs
under the bellows to provide additional rotational drive, thus reducing torsional stresses on the bellows.

Stationary seals are preferred in

demanding, high temperature ap-
plications. Unlike rotating seals
which must flex on every revolu-
tion to accommodate seal cham-
ber face misalignment relative to
the shaft axis, stationary seals
adapt to this misalignment by
flexing only once during installation. This reduces seal movement, resulting in increased seal life.

At 2950 rpm, a misaligned stationary mating ring will cause a rotating seal to flex 8,496,000 time per day!

9
With high temperature hydrocarbons, a steam quench should be injected through the bore of the seal to
remove any small amounts of leakage that may occur as carbonised oil and coke deposits can build up on
the sleeve and seal compo-
nents. This picture shows a sta-
tionary cartridge seal which is
an idea l design for high tem-
perature refinery applications.
It is fitted with a bronze anti-
coking baffle which directs the
steam (shown in yellow) firstly
through the bore of the metal
bellows, and then past the run-
ning faces. Steam and any con-
taminants are then blown back through the bore of the baffle and out to a drain or safe area. Steam is
contained in the seal assembly by a Secondary Containment seal - in this case a floating segmented car-
bon bush . (See Training Module TM-050 : Secondary Containment). If a rotating seal had been used , the
steam laden with contaminants would be directed back through the bore of the bellows which would cre-
ate clogging.

Cartridge seals have many advantages over component seals, including simple, accurate, error-free instal-
lation .

• Edge welded metal bellows seals are capable of sealing pressures up to 20 bar g, de-
pending on seal size and service conditions. For pressures above this, double-ply bel-
lows are available, increasing the pressure rating to anything up to 65 bar g.

Common materials used for manufacturing the metal bellows used in mechanical seals:

• Inconel: X-750 and 718.

• Alloy C-276 (e.g., Hastelloy C™).
• AM350 Stainless Steel.
• Alloy 20.
• Titanium .

Advantages of Non-Pusher Seals

• Excellent for high temperature applications - up to 425°C (or more with special designs) .
• No sliding contact - less chance of hang-up occurring
• Non-clogging - a rotating metal bellows seal presents a clean profile to the product, and parti-
cles will be centrifuged away from the bellows convolutions.
• Perfect for hygienic applications - form ed metal bellows can be polished, with smooth profile.
• Fine machined shaft/sleeve acceptable - the static sealing component does not require a highly
polished shaft/sleeve as there is no relative movement at this point.
• Elastomer bellows seals are low cost, whilst being extremely fl exible and rugged.

Disadvantages of Non-Pusher Seals

• Possibility of metal bellows fracture - caused by excessive axial movement (due to factors such
as product flashing off between the faces or excessive misalignment), although this is now ex-
tremely rare due to advances in bellows plate designs and materials.
• Not field repairable - in metal bellows seals, the primary ring is usually a press or shrink fit into
its carrier . These must be returned to the manufacturer for replacement. However, this gives
the manufacturer the opportunity to thoroughly inspect the seal, including a rigorous leak test of
the bellows.
• Lower maximum pressures in the order of 20 bar g - for specialist applications seals can be de-
signed to withstand pressures of up to 35 bar g . This is well within the various seal standards
such as DIN 24960 and API 682. Double-ply bellows extend the maximum pressure to 65 bar g.

10
PTFE Bellows Secondary Seals

For highly corrosive duties including acids, salts and organic compounds, an externally mounted PTFE bel-
lows seal may be used. As these seals are externally mounted, clamped mating rings must be fitted . The
fluid only comes into contact with seal
components made from highly corro-
sion resistant PTFE and aluminium
oxide ceramic.

As plants on which these seals are

installed often incorporate ball valves,
there is a possibility of pressure
surges. It is recommend that a posi-
tive abutment be used behind the seal
to prevent it from moving along the
shaft should excessive pressure be
experienced. Note the metal sleeve
(coloured green). This is essential to support the PTFE bellows and prevent it from fracturing in the event
of a pressure spike.

Most mechanical seals are replaced once they have started to leak unacceptably. As this seal is designed
for highly corrosive services, any leakage is unacceptable. For this reason, on the John Crane Type lOT
and Type lOR seals there are two setting lines, one green which tells the installer that it is fitted to its
correct working length and spring compression, and one red which indicates to the operators that plans
should be made to have the seal replaced as soon as possible as it is getting close to the point where it
might start to leak. A corrosion resistant clear plastic guard should always be fitted round the seal.

The running face of this type of seal is usually made from glass reinforced PTFE. Versions are available
with inserted carbon-graphite or silicon carbide primary rings for abrasive and other duties.

Please refer to manufacturer's literature regarding materials, maximum temperatures and pressures.

In many plants today, for Health & Safety reasons, double or tandem seals are preferred to a single seal
for highly corrosive applications.

Shaft I Sleeve Surface Finish.

This is critical, and can affect the life of a mechanical seal. This chart gives the recommended surface fin-
ish for all types of mechanical seal, but always check with the seal fitting instructions.

Shaft/Sleeve Maximum Shaft/Sleeve

Secondary Seal Diametral Ovality Surface Finish Description
Tolerance
Ground and polished free
IPTFE Pusher Seals ±0.05 mm 0.025 mm 0.1-0.25 1-1m Ra
from any machining marks
Elastomer 0-Ring Polished free from any
±0.05 mm 0.05 mm 0.3-0.6 1-1m Ra
IPusher Seals machining marks
Fine machined. High quality
Elastomer Bellows ±0.05 mm 0.10 mm 0.8-1.2 1-1m Ra
finish is undesirable
Fine machined. High quality
PTFE Bellows ±0.05 mm 0.05 mm 0.8-1.2 1-1m Ra
finish is undesirable
1.2 1-1m Ra or
I Metal Bellows ±0.05 mm 0.05 mm
better
Fine machined or better

1.2 1-1m Ra or
ICartridge Seals ±0.05 mm 0.05 mm
better
Fine machined or better

11
Shaft I Sleeve Lead-In

It is essential that the leading edge of the shaft/sleeve over which the Secondary Seal has to pass during
seal installation is chamfered to a suitable degree to prevent damage to the Secondary Seal, and to ease
fitting. Recommended dimensions for th1s lead-in will be found in the individual seal installation instruc-
tions, which should be supplied with each complete mechanical seal.

Typical lead-in examples are given below.

Seal Type
Seal Size Ymm
(Example Only)

Unbalanced Pusher Seals Up to 65 mm 2.5 mm

Unbalanced Pusher Seals Above 65 mm 4.0 mm

Elastomer Bellows Up to 26 mm 5.0mm

Elastomer Bellows 26 mm - 60 mm 6.5 mm

Elastomer Bellows Above 60 mm 8.0 mm

I

12
 Self-Assessment Questions

1. Name the devices used for Secondary Seals:

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.................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................

2. 0 -rings are often used as Secondary Seals. What, if any, are their drawbacks?

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.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

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3. Using a Bellows type Secondary Seal, describe how the component adjusts and com -
pensates for primary ring wear or movement:

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

4 With a Wedge Ring design of Secondary Seal, the primary ring rocks on the nose of the
wedge ring to take up any misalignment.

True I False ?

13