FINAL COACHING:

PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

1. Nurse Maria is analysing a research article. What section in

4. Causation
the article can she expect to find the research question and
study purpose?
A. Discussion 7. What does the court consider in determining the nurse’s legal
B. Methods liability for standards of care?
C. Results A. Professional education, experience and specific conduct
D. Introduction B. Professional experience, but not the education and conduct
C. Professional conduct, but not the experience and education
D. Professional education, but not the conduct and experience
Rationale: aside from the research question and study
purpose, introduction also contains variables, hypothesis and
8. The BOARD of nursing brought action against a nurse’s
significance of the study
license based upon the violation of a regulation. What is TRUE
about this scenario?
2. Nurse Maria is looking for a description of the type of A. Rules and regulations are internal to the board nor the nurse
measurement used in the study. She will find this section of the B. Rules and regulations are only suggested standards of care
article? and do not have to be followed.
A. Conclusion C. These rules and regulations have the force of the law.
B. Introduction D. Violation of a rule and regulation is not the same as violation
C. Results of the nursing practice act.
D. Methods
Rationale: Powers of BON:
Rationale: methods also contains design, sampling, → Quasi-legislative: Rules and Regulations
participants, statistical analysis (ANOVA, t test), ethical → Quasi-judicial: Suspensions/Revocations
considerations (informed consent) → BON is under executive → that’s why the President
appoints the member because the President is the head
of the executive
3. A brief explanation of data collection and analysis of
procedure is found in which section of the article?
A. Abstract 9. A patient injured at work was seen by the factory occupational
B. Conclusion nurse. The nurse treated the wound and instructed the patient
C. Discussion to get a tetanus antitoxin at the city health center. The patient
D. Introduction failed to follow instructions and developed tetanus and
subsequently filed a lawsuit against the nurse. What is the most
likely result of the ensuing trial? The nurse is
Rationale: brief explanation (at least 100-150 words)
A. Liable, because there was no follow up to ensure that the
Format in writing the abstract: IMRaD
patient received the injection
→ Introduction
B. Not liable for the damages because the nurse has a right
→ Methods
to expect that instructions will be followed
→ Results and
C. Liable, because tetanus is easily treatable after diagnosis
→ Discussion
D. Not liable, because tetanus is a reportable disease and the
health center should have insisted on the treatment.
4. Nurse Maria wants to go over the list of references used in
the study which can be found in which part?
Rationale: elements of negligence/malpractice is incomplete;
A. At the end of the article
the situation lacks breach of duty
B. As part of the literature review
C. In the results sections
D. In the introduction
Situation: A team of researchers is conducting a study on the
effect of high dose corticosteroids in improving the motor and
Additional Notes: APA (American Psychiatric Association) is sensory outcomes of patients with spinal cord injuries within
the most common citation style 6 weeks if administered within 8 hours after injury. The study
covers a three-month period.
5. Nurse Criselda believes that research is significant to the
nursing profession, hence, the study results should be 10. On the basis of the nature of the investigation, which one of
disseminated. This is because research allows ___. the designs listed below would allow the researchers to have the
A. Liability within the practice of nursing decreased most confidence that the corticosteroids is effective in
B. A specialized body of knowledge to be generated for improving the motor and sensory outcomes of patients with
use in health care delivery spinal cord injury:
C. The scope of nursing practice to be expanded into areas A. Quasi or semi-experimental design
formerly reserved to other discipline B. Non-experimental design
D. Nursing responsibility to be more specifically defined C. Experimental design
D. Retrospective-prospective study
Rationale: goal: improve quality of life (QOL)
Rationale: strongest quantitative design is experimental/true-
experimental or RCT (randomized controlled trial)
6. Which situation supports the charge of negligence against a
Parts of Research Question:
professional nurse?
→ Population: Patients with spinal cord injuries
A. A failure on the part of the nurse to establish a therapeutic
→ Independent Variable: Corticosteroids
relationship with the patient.
→ Relationship: Effect
B. A failure on the part of the nurse to ensure that patient only
→ Dependent Variable: Motor and sensory outcome
received care for which they could pay
C. A failure on the part of the nurse to exercise reasonable
and prudent care in treating a patient 11. Which of the following is present in conducting the above
D. A failure on the part of the nurse to allay a patient's fear study?
about an upcoming procedure. A. Experimental group
B. Subjects
C. Variables
Rationale: Elements of Negligence/Malpractice:
D. Control group
1. Duty - obligation
2. Breach of Duty - nilabag/failure to do so
3. Injury Rationale: Elements of Experimental/RCT:
 FINAL COACHING:
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

→ Control Rationale: more common on research

→ Randomization - most important
→ Manipulation
18. Which of the following theories was developed by nurse
theorist?
12. In the above study, the researchers manipulate the variable A. Social cognitive theory - Albert Bandura
under study. Which of the following variables is measured to B. Hierarchy of needs theory - Abraham Harold Maslow
determine if the effect has occurred? C. Job satisfaction theory - Herberg
A. Clients with spinal cord injury D. Uncertainty in illness theory - Merle Mishel; a nurse theorist
B. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours after injury
C. Research methodology
Situation: Bessie, a researcher, proposes a study on the
D. motor and sensory outcomes patients with spinal cord
relationship between health values and the health promotion
injuries
activities of staff nurses in a selected college of nursing.

Rationale: independent variable is manipulated; dependent

19. The primary purpose for reviewing literature is to:
variable is where effects are measured (if this is manipulated,
A. Generate broad background and understanding of
may daya)
information related to the research problem of interest -
researchers only gather and do not generate nor create
13. The manipulated variable to the experimental group is the: RRL
A. Improved recovery and lessen hospitalization period B. Select topics related to the problem of interest
B. Questionnaire in gathering pertinent data C. Gather current knowledge of the problem of interest
C. Improved motor and sensory outcomes D. Organize material related to the problem of interest
D. Injection of corticosteroids within 8 hours post spinal
cord injury 20. In formulating the research hypotheses, researcher Bessie
should state the research question as:
A. Is there a significant relationship between health values
Situation: As a nurse, you are expected to participate in and health promotion activities of the staff nurses?
initiating or participating in the conduct of research studies to B. What is the response of the staff nurses to the health
improve nursing practice. You should be updated on the values?
latest trends and issues affecting the profession and the best C. How do health values affect health promotion activities of
practices arrived at the profession. the staff nurses?
D. How is variable "health value" perceived in a population?
14. Which of the following is the most important reason for
conducting a review of the related literature before conducting Rationale: Research Question: PIRD
a research study? 1. Population
A. The research design can be copied from a previous study 2. Independent Variable
B. A determination will be made about the existing 3. Relationship
knowledge in the identified topic 4. Dependent Variable
C. An instrument may be uncovered that will be appropriate
for the proposed study
D. The feasibility of the study can be determined 21. The proposed study shows the relationship between the
variables. Which of the following is the independent variable?
A. Health values
Rationale: Purposes of RRL (Review of Related B. Health promotion activities
Literature): C. Relationship between values and health promotion activities
1. Background knowledge (known) D. Staff nurses in selected college of nursing
2. Gaps in knowledge (unknown)

Situation: You are a nurse-researcher of a non-government

15. Most research articles that appear in the journal Research in organization. Your research team is assigned to conduct
Nursing and Health are examples of several qualitative researches.
A. Primary sources - original study
B. Secondary sources - obtained from studies of different
authors and came up of his research; literature review, 22. You are working on a research article entitled “Becoming a
critique Father”. Which research design would probably be the most
C. Both primary and secondary sources appropriate to study the phenomenon of interest?
D. Neither primary nor secondary A. Ethnographic - cultural pattern
B. Grounded Theory - social process; concerns interpersonal
interactions
Rationale: Primary sources are still the “most commonly C. Phenomenology - lived experience/discovering meaning
used”; journals are not a type of source per se D. Action Research - participants are co researchers

16. In conducting a literature review, the reader is least 23. What type of sampling procedure is generally used in
interested in which of the following information? qualitative research design?
A. Research study result A. Quota
B. Opinion about the research study B. Convenience
C. How the variables were operationally defined C. Simple Random
D. Research study methodology D. Purposive - hand picking samples, judgmental, uses
criteria such as inclusion & exclusion

Rationale: studies should be objective; opinions are 24. Which of the following is a qualitative research design where
subjective and is biased lived experiences of individuals are examined in their “life
world”?
17. Deriving a propositional statement from a theory involves the A. Ethnographic
logical reasoning process called: B. Grounded Theory
A. Induction - specific to general C. Descriptive Studies
B. Critical analysis - D. Phenomenological
C. Conceptualization
D. Deduction - general to specific: e.g., lahat ng lalaki Rationale: all of the options are qualitative design
manloloko, may nanligaw sayo hindi mo sinagot dahil baka
manloloko rin
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PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

25. The researcher explains to the participants the nature of the 30. The independent variable that is manipulated is
study. Which of the following describes the action of the A. Women - population
researcher? B. Abdominal surgery
A. Full Disclosure - a right C. Health outcomes
B. Informed Consent D. Preoperative teachings
C. Human Dignity
D. Self-Determination 31. In the proposed study, the researchers defined the selected
groups and asked what sample size should be used. Since
there are many qualifiers that to some extent samples must be
Rationale: explaining the nature of the study is truth telling
specific to the study, the general rule in the sample size is to
(veracity)
A. Determine the duration of the study
B. Establish the number of variables
26. Which type of Data collection allows the researcher to obtain C. Consider the type of the study
information not just for a single event but collection happens for D. Make the sample as large as possible
a long period of time?
A. Retrospective - past; “may sakit na”; exploring actions done
Rationale: Goal in sampling is representativeness; as sample
in the past
size increases, representativeness also increases
B. Prospective - future; “wala pang sakit”; to be monitored up
until the future
C. Cross-Sectional - single data collection 32. In the proposed hypothesis, “There is an Inverse
D. Longitudinal relationship between Scores in NLE and Level of anxiety.” This
kind of hypothesis belongs to which of the following category:
A. Null, Non-directional
Rationale: longitudinal is a multiple data collection
B. Research, Null
C. Research, Directional
Additional Notes:
D. Research, Non-directional
Time Dimensional:
→ Retrospective: Cross Sectional
→ Prospective: Longitudinal Rationale:
→ Null - there is NO relationship
→ Research/Alternative - there is A relationship
Situation: You are a nurse conducting statistical analysis of → Directional:
a study entitled, “The Effect of Gingko Biloba on Memory • Increase/decrease
Retention of Nursing Students preparing for the upcoming • More/less
board exam”. • Direct/inverse
→ Non-directional - it has relationship but there’s no
pupuntahan
27. Which of the following is the independent variable?
• Associated with
A. The effect of Ginkgo Biloba - relationship
• Related to
B. Memory Retention - dependent variable
• Significant difference
C. Administration of Ginkgo Biloba
D. Enhancing Memory Retention
33. What is the Independent Variable in the proposed
28. Which of the following is the dependent variable? hypothesis?
A. The effect of Ginkgo Biloba A. National Licensure Exam
B. Memory Retention B. Scores in NLE
C. Administration of Ginkgo Biloba C. Level of Anxiety
D. Enhancing Memory Retention - is not mentioned D. depression

34. Which type of research inquiry investigates the issue of

Situation: Research is essential to the development of any
human complexity (e.g. understanding the human expertise)?
profession. Through research, knowledge can be validated
A. Quantitative research
and defined, and new knowledge can be generated. A team
B. Logical position
of researchers proposed a study on the individual effect
C. Natural Inquiry
(REL.) of preoperative teaching (IV) on the early
D. Positivism - objectivity; empirical: measured by 5 senses
ambulation (DV) of women who have undergone
abdominal hysterectomy (P). Target populations are
women admitted on the same day for total abdominal Situation: The use of massage and medication to help
hysterectomy. decrease stress and pain have been strongly recommended
based on documented testimonials.
29. Which of the following designs would be most appropriate
to use in attempting to determine the participants’ early 35. What type of research best suits Nurse Queenie if he wants
ambulation after they will be given preoperative teachings? to do a study on this topic: "Effects (REL/QUANTI) of massage
A. Time series design - quasi-experimental and meditation (IV) on stress and pain (DV)":
B. Pretest-posttest control group design - experimental A. Quantitative research - numerical data are being
C. Solomon four-group design - experimental; have disrupt measured and computed
patient care d/t to its complexity; reduce testing bias B. Applied research - applied to practice; was not mentioned
D. One shot case study - quasi-experimental (no control, one in the situation
group, one traitement) C. Qualitative research - non numerical; more on narrative
D. Basic research - increase knowledge
Additional Note:
36. Nurse Queenie formulated the following hypothesis:
→ One group pretest-posttest (PANGIT!) - once 1
“Massage decreases stress and pain among post-operative
observation have bias d/t confounding variable, study is
male clients”. The hypothesis can be classified as:
already rejected
A. Complex, directional
• O1 TX O2
B. Complex, non-directional
→ Time series design - have plenty of observations to
C. Simple, directional
eliminate biases before treatment is applied
D. simple, non-directional
• O1 O2 O3 TX O4 O5 O6

Rationale:
→ IV - massage (1)
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PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

→ DV - stress, pain (2) Rationale: d/t no randomization

→ = complex
42. Which of the following is NOT true regarding hypothesis?
Additional Note:
A. An educated guess - hula; done before doing the study
→ Simple - one IV and one DV
B. a tentative guess about relationship between two variables
→ Complex - more than one IV, one DV
C. a temporary answer to research question
D. a general explanation of a phenomenon
37. Nurse Fresco goes to the library to review some related
literature connected to his study for the purpose of: 43. Which of the following is a null hypothesis appropriate for
A. To identify if problem can be replicated Diane’s study?
B. Answering the research question A. There is no significant difference between the pain felt
C. Determine statistical treatment of data research by the elderly before and after touch therapy
D. Gathering data about what is already known or B. There is significant difference between the pain felt by the
unknown about the problem. elderly before and after touch therapy
C. There is association between the pain felt by the elderly
before and after touch therapy
Rationale: D. There is no association between the pain felt by the elderly
● Known - background knowledge before and after touch therapy
● Unknown - gaps in knowledge

Rationale: “no significant difference” is more commonly used

38. In 1979, The National Commission for the protection of in hypothesis than “no association”
Human Subjects produced a Belmont Report that identified
basic ethical principles to guide research. These were:
A. freedom, advocacy, rules 44. To determine if there is significant difference between the
B. autonomy, information, principles pain before and after the treatment, which of the following
C. Anonymity, maleficence, assent statistical treatments may be used?
D. beneficence, justice, respect for the person A. Pearson r - correlation
B. t-test
C. ANOVA - 3 or more groups, mean
Rationale: Principles in Belmont Report: D. Mean
● Beneficence - do good
● Justice - fairness
● Respect for the person - fundamental human right Rationale: pretest and posttest = 2 groups of data
→ Dependent/Paired: Both of the groups received the
treatment
39. The recipients of the experimental treatment in an → Independent/Student: only one of the groups received
experimental design or the individuals to be observed in a non- the treatment
experimental design are called:
A. Setting
B. Treatment
Situation: Nurse Manny, is part of the research team of a
C. Subjects - can also be participants or respondents (used in
tertiary hospital. He is commissioned to lead the team in
survey)
conducting a study which aims to determine if there is
D. Sample
difference in the muscle strength of paraplegics who receive
pool therapy and those who do not.
Situation: Diane, a nurse researcher is conducting research
on use of touch therapy in reducing pain among geriatric
45. Which is the dependent variable in the study?
clients residing in a home care facility
A. Muscle strength
B. Pool therapy - independent variable
40. Diane conducted the study to 2 groups of elderly C. Use or non-use of pool therapy
experiencing chronic pain. The residents in Building A were D. None of the above
assigned as an experimental group while those residing in
Building B were the control group. Both groups’ level of pain 46. It is hypothesized that paraplegics who receive pool therapy
was assessed (pretest). The control group was given the usual will perform better on tests of muscle strength that those who
analgesic they receive while the experimental group was do not. The type of hypothesis formulated is
subjected to touch therapy and the usual analgesic they receive. A. simple, directional
The research design utilized is B. simple, non-directional
A. [Equivalent] Posttest control group - experimental C. complex, directional
B. [Equivalent] Pretest posttest control group - experimental D. complex, non-directional
C. Non-equivalent control group - specific type of quasi-
experimental; no randomization 47. Which method of data collection will be utilized in this study?
D. Quasi-experimental A. interview
B. Visual analogue scale
C. Biophysiologic measures
Rationale: there is no randomization; should there be D. Questionnaire
randomization, both residents of building a and b have
randomly assigned to either experimental or control group;
Options AB are experimental research designs Rationale: muscle strength is being measured through
physical exam or labs
Additional Notes:
→ Pretest - data collected BEFORE treatment Additional Notes:
→ Posttest - data collected AFTER treatment → In vivo - inside; blood pressure, temp, PR, RR, O2Sat (di
→ Control - if it receive treatment or not na need ilabas yung sample)
→ In vitro - outside; CBC, urinalysis, fecalysis, covid swab,
sputum, ABG, biopsy (need ilabas)
41. With the research design used, which is the major threat to
the validity of the study?
A. testing 48. The data is collected to answer the research question. The
B. mortality data that will be collected will be at what level of measurement?
C. maturation A. Nominal
D. selection bias B. Ordinal
C. Interval
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D. Ratio 53. Due to some study constraints, the group decided to

prospective study. The group should keep in mind that the
study will be conducted on which of the following factors?
Rationale: Muscle strength is measured by 0/5, ⅕, ⅖, ⅗, ⅘,
A. At specified future time
5/5 - ORDINAL
B. At a period when subjects are ready
C. When both subjects and the lifting activities are ready
Four levels of measurement
D. When there are patients who need lifting
1. Rati0 - highest; absolute zero; may zero
• E.g., weight, length
• Can be computed Situation: Experiments can be done through different ways
2. INterval - No absolute zero; hindi mageend sa zero or methods; the following question will fall under different
• E.g., celsius - it has (-) or (+) types of experiments.
• Can be computed
3. Ordinal - ranking
54. An experimental study on the effect of Flip Charts on clients
4. Nominal - lowest; more on words
adherence to DOTS which made use of 2 groups which lacks
• E.g., categorical: men or women, where your live
random assignment however utilized a pre and a post-test
measurement can be classified as:
49. Nurse Manny with the research team tested the muscle A. Pre-experiment
strength of the participants after administering pool therapy to B. Non- experimental
one of the study groups. The team is conducting which phase of C. Quasi- experimental
the research process? D. True experiment
A. Conceptual
B. Design and Planning 55. If a researcher proposes to use only one group, manipulation
C. Empirical and a pre-test and post-test, this study can be categorized as a:
D. Analytic A. Non- experimental
B. Quasi- experimental
C. True experiment
Rationale: 5 Phases (CDEAD) D. Pre-experiment
1. Conceptual - research problem
2. Design and Planning - research design
3. Empirical - data collection (survey, questionnaire, Rationale: no randomization mentioned
physical exam)
4. Analytic - data analysis Additional Note:
5. Dissemination - published and utilized in practice (last → Double blind - both researchers and participants are not
step[ in research/practice) aware of treatment (if placebo or true medication);
stronger
→ Single blind - participants are not aware of treatment (if
Situation: Backache after duty hours has become common placebo or true medication)
among staff nurses assigned in the stroke unit. A group of
nurses decided to make a retrospective study. 56. If a researcher made use of only one group and gathered
data at 2 separate occasions prior to an intervention and then
50. A retrospective study would involve a nurse who suffered gathered data twice again
from backache: after, this is categorized as:
A. Anytime before start of study A. Pre-experiment
B. During the period of the study B. Non- experimental
C. Previous to the study C. Quasi- experimental
D. No particular period D. True experiment

57. A TRUE experiment must meet the following criterion:

Rationale: more specific d/t the word “anytime”, than option A. Control, Manipulation and Intervention
C which is previous B. Manipulation, Inclusion criteria and convenience sampling
C. Administration of intervention, Control and Random
51. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship assignment
(REL) between lifting techniques (IV) of nurse (POP) and D. Manipulation, randomization and Correlation
backache (DV). The independent variable is:
A. Staff nurses 58. A problem statement is an expression of the dilemma that
B. Backache needs investigation for the purpose for providing and direction.
C. Back injury It should identify the nature of the problem that is being
D. Lifting techniques addressed in the study and typically its context and significance.
If the researcher would like to compare the coping mechanism
52. Fifty nurses consented to the subjects of the study, 25 nurses of patients with chronic illness to those with acute illness,
with backache and 25 nurses without backache. Lifting which of the following statements is the BEST?
techniques were employed by nurses without backache. Which A. a Study to Compare the Coping Mechanism of Patients with
group is the control? Chronic Illness and those with Acute Illness
A. Group without backache B. A Descriptive Study to Compare the Coping Mechanism of
B. Group without lifting activity Patients with Chronic Illness and those with Acute Illness in
C. No group Terms of Demographic Data
D. Group with backache C. A Study of the Differences in the Coping Mechanism of
Patients with Chronic Illness and those with Acute Illness
D. A Comparative Analysis of the Coping Mechanism of
Rationale: Patient with Chronic Illness and those with Acute Illness
→ Control group - no
treatment/placebo/alternative
treatment Additional Notes:
→ Experimental/RCT, has:
• Control
• Randomization
• Manipulation

→ [EX] Pretest-posttest control group

→ Posttest only control group
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Rationale: no computation needed

→ [EX] Time-series
→ One-group pretest-posttest
65. The nurse researcher decided to use experimental design in
her study about the effect of surgical operation on postoperative
→ Quasi experimental, has:
patients’ routine; however, there are experimental limitations
• No randomization
despite its benefits. Nurses and hospital staff, as well as patients,
• One-shot case study, has:
might be aware of their participation and both groups might
o No control
alter their actions accordingly. What can you call these
o No randomization
changes made by the participants?
o Have manipulation
A. Hawthorne effect
B. Halo effect
C. Butterfly effect
Situation: Researchers’ goal is to advance knowledge and D. Double blind RCT
develop the highest-quality evidence for practice, using the
best method available; however they must also adhere to the
dictates of ethical rules that have been developed to protect Rationale:
human rights. → Hawthorne effect - there’s change in behavior due to
awareness (e.g., paresan)
→ Halo effect - bias due to good impression (angel)
59. Jayson wants to do a study on this topic, "Effects (REL) of → Horns - bias due to bad impression (devil)
massage and meditation on stress and pain." The type of
→ Butterfly effect - small changes can lead to big effects
research that best suits this topic is:
A. Applied research
B. Qualitative research 66. To avoid the above situation what should the nurse
C. Basic research researcher do?
D. Quantitative research A. Randomize the subject and the person who administers
the treatment. - for the participants not to know who is
60. The type of research design that does not manipulate observing
independent variable is: B. Consider the subject, especially in the experimental group
A. Experimental design as a powerful component.
B. Quasi-experimental design C. Tell the participants not to change their behavior, thus avoid
C. Non-experimental design biases.
D. Quantitative design D. Manipulate all the participants according to researchers’
will.
Rationale: researchers are bystanders/observers; no
67. One of the new staff asks when it is considered that a
manipulation/treatment/intervention
research study is completed. Which of the following is the
appropriate response for you?
Additional note: With manipulation - experimental design
A. The research report is published in the research journal
and quasi experimental design
B. The result is utilized by the nurse in the hospital
C. The final report has been written and submitted to the CEO
61. Which of the following is TRUE in an experimental study? D. The findings are interpreted by the research group
A. The control group receives the therapy being studied
B. Conditions affecting the subjects are left uncontrolled to
Situation: As a community health nurse, Nurse Roma is
allow generalization of findings
assigned to conduct research studies on various problems in
C. Subjects are randomly assigned to both experimental
her designated area. Nurse Elenita should be aware of the
and controlled groups
different principles of nursing research.
D. Clients are likely to perform the best are assigned to the
experimental group
68. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, unpredictable,
62. As a researcher, you know that the difference of an systemic connective tissue disorder that manifest itself primarily
experimental research to a quasi-experimental research is that in the joints. Approximately 1% of the Dumagat population has
quasi-experimental research lacks which of the following Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with three times as many women
components of an experimental research? affected as men. The treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis is not
A. Manipulation curative, but palliative. It is an expensive and often debilitating
B. Randomization disease, both in financial and psychosocial costs. From the
C. Either b or d above statement, Nurse Elenita should utilize what type of
D. Control research design?
A. Quasi-experimental research
63. In the study title “The use of massage and meditation to help B. Descriptive research
decrease stress and pain”, Pain is an example of what C. Experimental research
measurement: D. Correlational research
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
Rationale: no comparison; described only
C. Interval
D. Ratio
69. Nurse Roma wanted to conduct another type of study. When
she uses the grounded theory methodology, she will consider
Rationale: pain is measured by 0/10, 1/10, etc
which of the following?
A. Begin her research with a firmly grounded theory to guide
her
Situation: Jin prepares for the orientation of the new staff of
B. Continually use data to reformulate, revise and test
the research department. He plans to conduct a review of the
propositions until a theory evolves from the data.
basic concepts of research.
C. Collect exactly the same data from each participant
D. Attempt to establish cause-effect relationships between
64. Which of the following types of research makes use of past variables being studied
events to answer a problem?
A. Ex post facto analysis - one-shot case study; quantitative
Rationale: Qualitative - flexible (methods are changed,
B. Field experiment
habagng tumatagal gumaganda)
C. Case study
→ While on, Quantitative - firm, rigid, kung ano ang plano
D. Historical research
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76. In any research study involving human beings, it is important

dapat masunod
that an informed consent for the study is obtained. The following
are the essential information about the consent you should
70. Nurse Roma should know that which of the following disclose to the subjects except:
research methodologies is (are) being used to generate new A. Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality
knowledge? B. Explanation of procedure and right to withdraw
A. Outcome research C. Description of benefits, risk and discomforts
B. Qualitative research D. Consent needs to be signed before discussing the nature
C. Quantitative research of research - should be after
D. All of the above
77. Conceptual definitions are important because:
A. the meanings of terms may differ depending on the
Rationale: generating new knowledge is common to all study framework.
research B. they tell others how the concept will be measured in the
study.
71. In the attempt to determine feasibility of a study of the C. they provide a dictionary definition that can be understood
patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which of the following is true by everyone
about recruiting subjects? D. they suggest how to precisely measure the variables of
A. Time and money available do not need to consider when interest
proposing sample size and composition
B. The more specific the characteristics of the desired Rationale:
sample, the more difficult it will be to recruit subjects. → Conceptual definition: how concepts MEAN in the
C. Identify a large number of potential subjects and be assured study
that an adequate sample can be recruited → Operational definition: how concepts are MEASURED
D. Having a small sample will not be jeopardized validity of in the study
study findings

72. Because of stress and pressure in her new job assignment 78. Random sampling ensures that each subject has:
as a researcher, a lot of ideas made it hard for Nurse Roma to A. An equal chance of being selected
formulate a problem. Which of the following is true about B. Been selected systematically
clarifying and refining a research problem? C. selected based on criteria
A. This is a very straightforward objective process D. Gathers another subject thru key informant
B. Creativity and personal interest play no part in selecting
research problem to address
Rationale: Sampling
C. The outcome of this process should be identification of
→ Probability: all have the chance (stronger)
a problem that is clinically relevant
→ Non-Probability: nonrandom; not all have the chance
D. Several alternative problems should be evaluated before
(weaker)
selecting one for study

79. The school nurse is interested in studying marijuana usage

Rationale: clinically relevant means utilized in nursing
among high school students. The school population into 4
practice
groups for comparison: freshmen, sophomores, juniors and
seniors. She then takes a random sample from each subgroup.
Which sampling design did the nurse utilize?
Situation: Various questions about research in general.
A. Simple
B. Systematic
73. A group of researchers assume that an inferiority complex C. Stratified
occurs in hospitalized school-aged children in general. They D. Snowball
therefore predict that the school aged children admitted in PGH
manifest symptoms of inferiority complex. Based on this
Rationale: Two Methods that uses Strata
example the research uses:
1. Quota: non-random
A. Deductive reasoning - general to specific
2. Stratified: random
B. Inductive reasoning
C. Control
D. Randomization
Situation: A researcher investigated the effect (REL) of
crossing of a leg (IV) at the knee during blood pressure
74. Which of the following is an attempt to validate the findings
measurement on the client’s blood pressure (DV).
from one study in an independent study?
Participants were recruited from the outpatients (POP) of
A. Duplication
a government training hospital consisting of 50 males and 50
B. Multiplication
females, 21 to 70 years of age with a diagnosis of
C. Replication
hypertension.
D. Reliability

80. Which of the following describe this type of research?

Rationale: use of methods (step by step process) of another
A. Quantitative research
study; as long as the contents of the other study is not copied
B. Qualitative research
(plagiarism)
C. Applied research
D. Basic research
75. Respect for human dignity involves the participants right to
self-determination which means:
Rationale: blood pressure is measured
A. Participant is aware of the full nature of the study
B. Participants has the freedom to decide on their own,
free from coercion from participating or not 81. The research question for this study may be stated as
C. Participants are aware that he/she is protected from follows.
physical and psychological harm A. What is the blood pressure of the participants before
D. Participants are confident that he/she will be treated the crossing a leg at the knee?
same even if he/she withdraws from the research B. What is the effect of crossing a leg at the knee on the
blood pressure of the participants?
C. What is the initial blood pressure of the participants with a
Rationale: principle of autonomy; right to self-determination
leg crossed at the knee?
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D. What should be the position of the leg when measuring

Situation: Many hospitals form bioethical review committees
blood pressure?
to ensure quality of life of patients. You are invited by the
nursing service departments to participate in their ethical
Rationale: PIRD review committee. You are expected to know the purpose
→ Population - participants and apply bioethical principles
→ Independent Variable - crossing leg at the knee
→ Relationship - effect
1. Which of the following is the purpose of the ethical review
→ Dependent Variable - blood pressure
committee?
A. Decrease public security of health care provider's action
81. Which of the following distinguishes true experimental B. Increase individual’s responsibility
research from quasi-experimental research? C. Enhance health care provider’s liability
A. Size of sample D. Promote implementation of general standards
B. The use of non-probability sample
C. Random assignment of subjects to group 2. Lina who is admitted to the hospital with autoimmune
D. The introduction of experimental treatment thrombocytopenia and a platelet count of 21,000 develops
epistaxis and melena. Treatment with corticosteroids and
82. The researcher shifted their topic and decided to identify the immunoglobulin has not been successful. MD suggested
effect of specific exercise to lessen back pain. Which of the splenectomy. Lina states: "I don’t need surgery. This will go away
following research designs would be most appropriate to use in on its own.” Which ethical principle is to be followed in this
trying to determine if a client's low back pain changes after they circumstance?
were taught an exercise to help correct back pain? A. Justice
A. One group pretest posttest design - quasi B. Advocacy
B. Posttest only control group design - experimental C. Beneficence
C. One shot case study - quasi; no control, one group, one D. Autonomy - respecting patient’s decision
treatment
D. Pretest Posttest control group design - experimental 3. Sherlyn is terminally ill and is experiencing severe pain. She
has bone and liver metastasis. She had been on morphine for
several months now. Sherlyn is aware that they are having
Rationale: financial problems. She decides to sign a DNR form. What ethical
→ No control principle did Sherlyn and her family utilize as the basis for their
→ Has manipulation - exercise decision to sign a DNR?
→ No randomization A. Beneficence
• = quasi-experimental B. Advocacy
→ No pretest - one shot case study C. Autonomy - respecting patient’s decision
D. Justice
83. Which of the following designs will be utilized when it is not
possible to administer a pretest or when it would not make 4. Catherine, a staff nurse working in a cancer unit is considered
sense to administer a pretest? a role model not only by her colleagues but also by her patients.
A. Posttest only control group design - experimental; MAS She goes out of her way to help others. She is very active in
MALAKAS BEH their professional organization and she practices what she
B. Time Series design teaches. What ethical principles is she practicing?
C. One shot case study - quasi only A. Justice
D. Pretest Posttest control group design B. Advocacy
C. Autonomy
84. A researcher wants to use a true experimental design in her D. Beneficence
study. However, which of the following circumstances would
require the use of a quasi-experimental design rather than a Rationale: being active in her professional organization and
true experimental design? practicing what she preaches shows professional advocacy
A. The research is going to administer a pretest to study
participants
B. It will not be possible for the researcher to use random 5. You are commuting to work riding the MRT. An older person
sampling to obtain study participants in the research topic collapsed and nobody seems to notice her. The security guard
C. The health care agency will not allow the researcher to tried to make her sit down but she remained unconscious. With
assign study participants to groups randomly your help, you brought the patient to the nearest hospital. You
D. The study will use a longitudinal design learned that the woman is diabetic. Before reaching the clinic to
measure her blood sugar, she developed hypoglycemia. You
were able to save her life. What principle was applied?
Rationale: A. Beneficence
→ Random sampling/sampling - process of getting sample B. Advocacy
from population C. Autonomy
→ Randomization - process of getting exp and control D. Justice
group in the sample

Rationale: doing good, and improve patient status

85. In the study title “the effect of crossing of a leg at the knee
during blood pressure measurement on the client’s blood
pressure”, blood pressure is an example of what measurement: 6. Which of the following situations would possibly cause a nurse
A. Nominal to be sued due to negligence?
B. Ordinal A. Nurse gave a client wrong medication and an hour later,
C. Interval complained of dyspnea
D. Rati0 - can be computed and has an absolute 0 value B. While preparing a medication, the nurse notices that instead
of 1 tablet, she put two tablets into the client’s medicine cup
- no injury
C. As the nurse was about to administer medication, the client
questioned why the medication is still given when in fact the
physician discontinued it - no injury
D. Nurse administered 2 tablets of analgesic instead of 1 tablet
as prescribed. Patient noticed the error and complained -
no injury
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13. The patient’s medical record can work as a double-edged

Rationale: Options BCD has no nurse’s liability; Option A has
sword. When can the medical record become the doctor’s/
complete elements of negligence
nurse’s worst enemy?
A. When a medical record is subpoenaed in court
7. If review of a patient’s record revealed that this post operative B. When it is missing
patient had never consented to the eye surgery, of which C. When the record is voluminous
intentional tort might the surgeon have been guilty of? D. When the medical record is inaccurate, incomplete and
A. Assault inadequate
B. Battery - unconsented touch
C. Invasion of privacy
Rationale:
D. False imprisonment
→ BON Resolution No. 220 series of 2004:
• Documentation is the hallmark of nursing
8. The nurse performs a careful safety assessment of the home
accountability
of a frail elderly patient to prevent harm to the patient is acting
in accordance with which of the following principles?
A. Autonomy 14. A female client in the terminal stage of cancer is admitted to
B. Beneficence the hospital in severe pain. The client refuses medication for the
C. Justice pain because it puts her to sleep and she wants to be awake.
D. Nonmaleficence - doing no harm, promoting safety and One day, despite the client's objection, a nurse administers the
preventing harm pain medication saying. "You know that this will make you more
comfortable." The nurse in this situation could be charged with:
9. A nurse supports a patient and family’s need to make A. Battery - unconsented touch
decisions that are right for them by practicing which of the B. Assault
following principles? C. Invasion of privacy
A. Autonomy D. Lack of informed consent
B. Confidentiality
C. Truthfulness 15. When the patient is asked to testify in court, s/he must
D. Justice abide by the ethical principle of:
A. Privileged communication - right to not disclose information
10. After the attending physician checks the patient in the middle B. Informed consent
of the night and is about to leave the ward suddenly remembers C. Solidarity
that he forgot to write the new order for pain medication, he D. Autonomy
verbally tells you to document it on the physician’s order sheet.
As the nurse, your best response is:
A. “Thank you so much!!!” Rationale: Privileged communication is done by:
B. Get a second nurse to listen to the order, and after writing → Patient-MD
the order on the physician order sheet, have both nurse sign → Client-attorney
C. “I am sorry but verbal orders can only be given in an → Husband-wife
emergency situation. I’ll get the chart and we can do this
quickly”. 16. Jayjay’s chart contains confidential information crucial for his
D. Try calling another resident for the order or wait until the plan of care. Which of the following situations allows the use of
next shift the chart in court proceedings?
A. A written court order was issued by the judge -
11. Jayjay, a 40-year-old male, American citizen who is on short subpoena duces tecum (ask to bring documents)
stay in the Philippines, was admitted due to chest pain. His B. The client’s family requests for the chart to be used in court
girlfriend showed the nurse a health care proxy designating her C. The client refuses to have the chart used in court
as the surrogate decision maker for Jayjay. The nurse knows D. The doctor has requested for the chart to be used as
that: evidence
A. From Jayjay’s admission, the girlfriend shall be Steve’s
decision-maker 17. A 72-year-old, female client was admitted to the emergency
B. Health care proxies cannot be honored in the Philippines department. The nurse on duty made a quick assessment and
C. The health care proxy has to be sent to the US Embassy suspected the patient is a victim of physical abuse. The nurse
first Embassy first priority action is focused toward?
D. Health care proxies are implemented only when the A. Referring abusive family member for psychiatric treatment
patient is incapacitated B. Adhering to the mandatory abuse reporting laws
C. Encouraging the client to file charges against the abuser
Rationale: D. Removing the client from any immediate danger
→ Health care proxy AKA durable power of attorney where
the patient appoints another person to decide for himself Rationale: Priority is safety
once the patient becomes unconscious/incapacitated,
had cardiac arrest, or went into comatose
→ Living will - patient decides 18. When conflict arises regarding management of patient care,
which of the following should be upheld?
A. Physician’s orders
12. A document which specifies the desired types of medical B. Preference of the family
treatment is called: C. Patient’s rights - beh patient care nga eh
A. A living will D. Institutional policy
B. A holographic will
C. A last will
D. A good will Rationale: nurses should be patient-centered

Rationale: Advance directives 19. A lawsuit is filed for a negligent act performed by a nurse.
1. Living will The employer of the nurse is also included in the lawsuit. Which
2. Durable Power of Attorney (DPA) of the following principles pertain to this?
A. Epikia - exception to the rule; restraints
B. Res Ipsa Loquitur
C. Double Effect
D. Respondeat Superior

Rationale: the employee and employer shares liability

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27. The physician instructed the nurses in the unit not to tell the
(damay-damay)
patient of his condition since the patient is in a medically fragile
condition. The nurse follows the physician’s orders. The action
20. A patient refuses to take his antibiotic because he believes of the nurses employed all of the following ethical principles,
that it’s not giving him any good (knowledge deficit). Which except:
of the following actions of the nurse is MOST appropriate? A. Non-maleficence
A. Explains to the patient that he needs the medications for his B. Veracity
recovery. - health education C. Beneficence
B. Writes in the chart that the patient refuses to take his D. Paternalism
medication. - respect autonomy
C. Refer to the attending physician about his refusal.
Rationale: there is no truth-telling
D. Ask the patient to sign the waiver of responsibility

21. Nurse Angielyn was asked by her neighbor to insert an IV 28. Pam-Pam is at risk of lawsuits. Which of the following actions
needle and start an IV infusion for her mother who is will shield her from possible lawsuits?
experiencing dehydration. Nurse Angie has never had the I. Knowledge and implementation of standards/protocol
proper IV therapy training and declined to do the procedure. of care
Which ethical principle was applied by Nurse Angie in this II. Documentation of actions accurately and concisely
situation? III. Document outcomes of care
A. Beneficence IV. Following all doctor’s orders that are legal and in
B. Fidelity writing - what if the order indicates wrong dose or drug
C. Nonmaleficence per se – nurses should question
D. Autonomy A. 1, 2, 4
B. 2 & 3
22. Beneficence is an ethical principle that best describes which C. 1, 2 & 3
of the following nursing action? D. 2, 3 & 4
A. Observing the social workers classification of clients
B. Providing care that maximizes health 29. The R.N. knows that the purpose of an advance directive is
C. Providing care according to patient’s private room rate to:
D. Following the patient’s preference A. Give every person the right to die with dignity - does not
answer the question
23. A group discussion regarding an ethical problem was B. Encourage a person to determine how he or she will die -
initiated. Julia, a member of the group decided to use the Act buhay pa eh pinatay mo na
Utilitarianism theory to justify his opinion. Which of the following C. Allow a patient to exercise the right of autonomy.
reflects this theory? D. Provide a means to prevent medical maltreatment
A. Given circumstances, most humanistic action is considered.
B. Decision is based on what brings the greatest good.
Rationale: advance directive is about the patient’s decision
C. Determine the good and the bad consequences of the action.
making
D. An existing obligation prevails.

24. Environmental sanitation as a health problem. Which one

is the legal authority to protect the environment? Situation: You have been working in the area for almost 3
A. R.A. No. 7392 - Philippine Midwifery Act months and it seems that you are not yet familiar with the
B. R.A. No. 7164 - Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 everyday hospital routine. You have been reading the hospital
C. R.A. No. 7160 - Local Government Code policy and most of the time you find inconsistencies in the
D. PD 856 - Code of Sanitation application.

25. A nurse wrote in the nurse’s notes that a client required 30. While discussing the client’s care with a male nursing
emergency abdominal surgery due to the fault of a very attendant, you detected an odor of alcohol on the attendant’s
incompetent doctor. The nurse can be legally charged with: breath. You should plan to:
A. Slander A. Report to the senior nurse on duty
B. Libel - lapis B. Warn the nursing attendant that he should stay away from
C. Insubordination the clients
D. Invasion of privacy C. Monitor his performance closely
D. Tell the nursing attendant that he should go home
Additional Note: immediately
→ Defamation:
• Oral - slander Rationale: nurses has no authority to handle such cases
• Written - libel (impaired nurse); report to your direct superior

26. The attending physician prescribes one tablet and the nurse 31. A nurse observed a coworker administering medication
accidentally administers two. The nurse closely monitors the several hours after scheduled time. When confronted the
client for adverse effects and finds none. When analyzing the coworker just charted as if the medication was given on time
potential for civil liability, the nurse knows which of the following schedule. You reported to your senior nurse and expected the
statements is correct? following steps to be done. Arrange the following steps in
A. The nurse is liable for breach of duty chronological order using all options.
B. The nurse is liable for negligence I. The senior nurse will schedule a private meeting to
C. The nurse is not liable for negligence discuss the observation
D. The nurse and the physician are both liable II. The concerned staff nurse will be encouraged to take
responsibility
Rationale: elements of negligence is incomplete; there is no III. The senior nurse will clearly inform the concerned staff
resulting injury that her behavior is unethical
IV. If with resistance, the charge nurse will be informed
V. The senior nurse will approach the concerned staff in a
calm and professional manner
A. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
B. 5, 1, 3, 2, 4
C. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
D. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
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32. Another client who is for discharge informed you that he took
Situation: Increased demands for changes in nursing roles
the remote control, as their souvenir. The appropriate thing for
due to innovations in health care and expanding health care
you to do is to:
systems have challenged nurses to commit to lifelong
A. Implement hospital policy accordingly
learning and career development.
B. Ignore the situation
C. Call the security to deal with the case
D. Instruct the client to pay the item the cashier 38. The nursing education department of a hospital is offering
“Evidence-based Practice” to prepare nurses before its
33. A post herniorrhaphy client has been waiting for four hours implementation in the hospital. Which of the following refers to
for his brother to fetch him. He told you that he should be allowed this type of program?
to go home alone. Your FIRST appropriate action would be to: A. Seminar workshop in evidence-based practice
A. Inform the surgeon B. Continuing education in evidence-based practice
B. Prepare for ambulance conduction C. In-service education program
C. Refer the client’s case to the head nurse - informing the D. Scientific forum in evidence-based practice
direct superior
D. Allow him to go after signing a waiver
Rationale: training is done during employment; sponsored by
the employer
Rationale: head nurse should be informed of patients who
will be discharged, moved or transported
39. A nurse works in a college of nursing as a faculty and needs
further experience to possess clinical skills and theoretical
knowledge. Which of the following should this nurse pursue to
Situation: A nurse in the Medical Unit suspects that a
qualify for teaching current nursing practice?
colleague is abusing chemicals while on duty. Irregular
A. Pursue master’s degree in other fields, such as business or
reports on narcotics medications sheets are noted when she
educational management
is on duty.
B. Possess a graduate degree in nursing and pursue
→ Chemically impaired nurse
doctorate in advanced degrees in nursing, education
and administration
34. Which of the following should be the appropriate action of C. Participate in continuing education program in national and
the nurse? international conference
A. Report to the nurse supervisor in a confidential manner D. Keep license valid by updating professional education with
B. Pretend not to know the situation organized groups
C. Personally call her attention in private
D. Write an incident report and submit to administration
Situation: Floaters are another concept that we should be
familiar with. In delegating patients and cases to a floater what
Rationale: you have no authority, magkalevel lang kayo are the things that we need to consider. Which of the following
cases should be delegated to a nurse from a different area?
35. To be vigilant when a co-worker is suspected of abusing
chemicals, it is imperative for the nurse to assess which of the 40. A nurse from Psychiatric unit floated to the emergency
following substance abuse indicators? department.
1. Defensive when questioned on the discrepancies in the A. Client with multiple fractures of the arm and screaming
narcotic control sheet because of severe pain
2. Excessive work-related tardiness, absences, and B. Client with chest pain and is restless
accidents C. Client who is suspected to be physically abuse and is
3. Sloppy documentation unconscious - not common on psych ward; common on ER
4. Social Isolation - effect of addiction; concerns to a D. Confused client intoxicated with alcohol
psychiatric problem
Rationale: Psychiatric Nurse knows how to handle
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
intoxication, alcohol abuse; he/she has the competency to
B. 2 and 4
handle the case
C. 1 and 3
D. 1, 2 and 3
Floating requirements:
1. Core competency - basic knowledge, skills and attitude
36. Health care agencies have policies in place for “Do Not
(KSA)/have experience
Resuscitate” (DNR) decisions when the clients is either
2. Oriented to unit - physical set up
comatose or near death. In this situation, which of the following
should be the responsibility of the nurse?
A. Know and follow the patient’s wishes regarding 41. A nurse from OB unit nurse floated to oncology unit
resuscitation and the application of life support system A. Post-hysterectomy client for discharge this morning
- respect autonomy B. Client with ovarian cancer receiving chemotherapy - for
B. Ascertain that a written order DNR from the physician is in onco nurse
place C. Client with breast cancer experiencing dyspnea due to
C. Explain to the family the consequence of DNR pleural effusion - for MS nurse
D. Follow strictly the physician’s order D. Client with lung cancer receiving pain medication with PCA
pump - for onco nurse
37. Which of the following should the nurse take into
consideration when the client has a DNR order? 42. A nurse from Medical-surgical unit floated to Labor and
A. The DNR order is not separate from other aspects of client’s delivery department
care A. Patient on labor with cervical dilatation of 8 cm - for OB
B. The order of the physician is final and not subjected to nurse
explicit discussion B. Patient on labor with placenta previa - for OB nurse
C. The competent client’s values and choices should C. Patient on labor on 40 weeks of age of gestation - for OB
always be given the highest priority - respect autonomy nurse
D. Consider the views of the family who are against DNR D. Patient on labor with PIH - same care fro hypertension

43. A nurse from OB nurse floated to ICU

A. Client with diabetic ketoacidosis - for MS nurse
B. Client receiving blood transfusion
C. Client receiving medications through PICC line - an invasive
access; for ICU nurse
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D. Client who had undergone colon surgery, having

→ Structure: resources such as infrastructures,
dysrhythmias - for MS nurse
equipment, staffs (human resources)
→ Process: care delivery
44. A nurse from Medical- surgical unit nurse floated to
emergency department → Outcome: end result
A. Client with acute abdominal pain due to appendicitis - for
ER nurse 52. The client is given a sponge bath, vital signs are checked,
B. Client with congestive heart failure with crackles and and medications are given on time. The evaluation care
severe pedal edema provided to him by the nurse is referred to as:
C. Clients with ARDS in respiratory distress - for ER nurse A. Nursing audit
D. Client in cardiac arrest due to massive MI - for ER nurse B. Process evaluation - care delivery
C. Outcome evaluation
45. A nurse from Pediatric Unit nurse floated to OB D. Quality improvement
Department
A. Postpartum client who needs teaching on breastfeeding 53. A nurse leader assumes a critical role in planning,
- have pediatric patient implementing and evaluating patient care outcomes. All of the
B. Postpartum client who has DVT following are beneficial to the management of patient care in the
C. Postpartum client who had CS and is in pain hospital, except:
D. Postpartum client who delivered 4 hours ago with distended A. Integration of patient information management into the
bladder system
B. Assess patient acuity and prepare appropriate care
46. Ms. Jean Anne is the Health Education program Officer of C. Focus of care in patient population rather than
the Municipal Health Office. She plans to develop programs individual patient - in hospital setting, should be client
based on the various laws and directives from the DOH. She centered; population centered is more on CHN setting
knows that all prescriptions of the municipal health officer should D. Equal allocation of resources in all service units
be in generics. What law provides from this mandate?
A. R.A. 9173 - Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about
B. R.A. 6675 - Generics Act performance appraisal?
C. R.A. 1080 - Bar and Board Eligibility A. Informing the staff about the specific impressions of their
D. R.A. 7160 - Local Government Code work helps improve their performance.
B. A periodic assessment of an employee's job performance
47. Jean Anne has to consider managing the resources of the as measured by the competency expectations
MHO. She knows that the delivery of basic services and facilities C. Patients are the best source of information regarding
of the national government was transferred to the local personnel appraisal - should be nurse
government units. Which of the following laws mandated this D. The outcome of performance appraisal rests primarily with
A. R.A. 7305 - Magna Carta of Public Health Workers the staff
B. R.A. 7160 - Local Government Code
C. R.A. 4226 - Hospital Licensure Act
D. R.A. 9173 - Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 Rationale: in performance appraisal; nurse centered; nurse
is being monitored/evaluated
48. Which of the following provisions does NOT apply to R.A.
7305? 55. There are times when Kath evaluates her staff as she makes
A. Promotes and improves the socio-economic well-being of her daily rounds. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of
health workers conducting an informal appraisal?
B. Develop their skills and capabilities A. The staff member is observed in a natural setting.
C. Encourage those qualified and with abilities to remain in B. Incidental confrontation and collaboration is allowed.
government service. C. The evaluation is focused on objective data
D. Standardizes the salaries of nurses working in the systematically - for formal appraisal
government. D. The evaluation may provide valid information for
compilation of a formal report
49. Which of these statements is not true about a strategic
plan(long-term)? 56. Which pattern of nursing care involves the care given by a
A. Requires focus on the mission and vision of the organization group of paraprofessional workers led by a professional
B. Should not be done during financial crises - should be; nurse who take care of patients with the same disease
necessary because financial crisis might lead to bankruptcy conditions and are located geographically near each other?
C. Requires an assessment of the environment for A. Case method
opportunities B. Modular nursing
D. Needs to be revisited periodically - every 3-5 years C. Nursing case management
D. Team nursing - if without “geographically near each other”
50. The collaborative role in a management is used when:
A. The nurse plans care with the patient 57. Steph is often seen interacting with the medical intern during
B. The nurse works with other members of the health care coffee breaks and after duty hours. What type of
team from other units. - interdisciplinary care organizational structure is this?
C. The nurse initiates nursing action with co-workers A. Formal - line and staff positions (communicates through
D. The nurse defends rights of patients memo, letters, emails, conferences, meetings)
B. Informal
Rationale: nurses are working with other disciplines in taking C. Staff
care of the patient D. Line

58. Ms. Glenda develops the standards to be followed. Among

51. A client is confined in your unit. He says that he has difficulty the following standards, which is considered as a structure
sleeping because of the noises in the hallway. When evaluating standard?
the effect the setting has on the quality of care provided to the A. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing care
client evaluation being done is called: received - outcome
A. Quality assurance B. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for all
B. Quality improvement patient care personnel. - human resources; structure
C. Structure Evaluation C. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded -
D. Outcome Evaluation process
D. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before discharge
Rationale: Evaluation/Audit (SPO): - outcome
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59. The following are basic steps in the controlling process of

Rationale: variance = deviation from normal
the department. Which of the following is NOT included?
A. Measure actual performance
B. Set nursing standards and criteria 65. A charge nurse considers shifting to transformational
C. Compare results of performance to standards and objectives leadership. Which of the following statements best describes
D. Identify possible courses of action this type of leadership?
A. The leader uses visioning as the essence of leadership.
B. The leader serves the followers rather than being served.
Rationale: Options ABC are all controlling process; Option D
C. The leader maintains full trust and confidence in the
is seen in planning
subordinates.
D. The leader possesses innate charisma that makes others
60. A new nursing graduate is attending an agency orientation feel good in his presence.
regarding the nursing model of practice implemented in the
health care facility. The nurse is told that the nursing model is a
Rationale:
team nursing approach. The nurse understands that planning
→ Transformational leadership: visionary; future-oriented
care delivery will be based on which characteristic of this type
of nursing model of practice? → Transactional leadership: day to day operation;
A. a task approach method is used to provide care to clients present-oriented
B. managed care concepts and tools are used in providing
client care 66. She reads about Path Goal theory. Which of the following
C. an RN leads nursing personnel in providing care to a behaviors is manifested by the leader who uses this theory?
group of clients A. Recognizes staff for going beyond expectations by
D. a single RN is responsible for providing nursing care to a giving them citations
group of clients B. Challenges the staff to take individual accountability for their
own practice
61. A nursing instructor asks the nursing student to describe the C. Admonishes staff for being laggards.
definition of a critical path. Which of the following statements, if D. Reminds staff about the sanctions for non-performance.
made by the student, indicates a need for further
understanding regarding critical paths?
A. they are developed through the collaborative efforts of all Rationale: Path-Goal Theory: leader supports the members -
members of the health care team leader must provide a path for the member to achieve their
B. they provide an effective way of monitoring care and for goal; supporting the members
reducing or controlling the length of hospital stay for the
client 67. In the performance of your duty you must possess
C. they are developed based on appropriate standards of care knowledge to perform your job appropriately. The organization
D. they are nursing care plans and use the steps of the mission is “Quality is in the details”. Which of the following
nursing process - for nurse only statements support this mission?
A. Requiring competence and diligence in meeting the goals
Rationale: critical path should be collaborative; works of the organization.
together with the physician, PT, pharmacist, etc. B. Making the smallest error or overlooking details can
have a negative impact on quality.
C. Performing one’s job to the best of one’s ability guided by
62. The nurse manager is planning to implement a change in principles.
the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing. The nurse D. Contributing to quality improvement throughout the
anticipates that there will be resistance to the change during the organization to highest degree
change process. The primary technique that the nurse would
use in implementing this change is which of the following? 68. Planning involves analyses of both external and internal
A. introduce the change gradually - to decrease resistance factors affecting the process. External factors include:
B. confront the individuals involved in the change process A. Strength
C. use coercion to implement the change B. Strength and weakness
D. manipulate the participants in the change process C. Opportunities
D. Opportunities and threats
63. A nurse notes that a postoperative client has not been
obtaining relief from pain with the prescribed opioid
analgesics when a particular licensed practical nurse (LPN) is Rationale:
assigned to the client. The appropriate action for the nurse to SWOT
take is to: ANALYSIS GOOD BAD
A. Reassign the LPN to the care of clients not receiving opioids (PLANNING)
B. notify the physician that the client needs an increase in
opioid dosage INTERNAL Strength Weakness
C. Review the client's medication administration record
immediately and discuss the observations with the EXTERNAL Opportunities Threat
nursing supervisor - report to the direct superior because
s/he has the authority
D. Confront the LPN with the information about the client
69. Which of these statements is not true about a strategic plan?
having pain control problems and ask if the LPN is using the
A. Requires focus on the mission and vision of the
opioids personally
organization
B. Should not be done during financial crises
64. A nurse manager is reviewing the critical paths of the clients
C. Requires an assessment of the environment for
in the nursing unit. The nurse manager collaborates with each
opportunities
nurse assigned to the clients and performs a variance analysis.
D. Needs to be revisited periodically
Which of the following would indicate the need for further
action and analysis?
70. The staff of an outpatient clinic have formed a task force to
A. a client is performing his own colostomy care
develop new procedures for swift, safe evacuation of the unit.
B. purulent drainage is noted from a postoperative wound
The new procedures haven’t been reviewed, approved or
incision - indicates infection
shared with all personnel. When the nurse-manager receives
C. a 1-day postoperative client has a temperature of 98.8F
word of a bomb threat, the task force members push for
D. a client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus is preparing
evacuating the unit using the new procedures. Which action
his own insulin for injection
should the nurse-manager take?
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A. Determine that the procedures currently in place must

Additional Note:
be followed and direct staff to follow them without
question. - authoritarian leadership
Primary nursing structure
B. Tell staff members to use whatever procedures they feel are
→ Admission to discharge
best
C. Ask staff members to quickly meet among themselves and → 24-hour care but with back up dancers
decide what procedures to follow → Primary nurse is the decision-maker
D. Tell staff members to assemble in the staff lounge; there the
nurse-manager will quickly gather opinions about
evacuation procedures before deciding what to do.

Rationale: bomb threat is considered as a disaster;

authoritarian leadership is needed

71. Miles thinks about primary nursing as a system to deliver

care. Which of the following activities is NOT done by a primary
nurse?
A. Collaborates with the physician
B. Provides care to a group of patients together with a
group of nurses - team nursing
C. Provides care for 5-6 patients during their hospital stay.
D. Performs comprehensive initial assessment
Team Nursing Structure
72. Functional nursing has some advantages, which one is an
→ Lead by an RN
EXCEPTION?
A. Psychological and sociological needs are emphasized. - yes → Maximum 5 per team
B. Great control of work activities. - yes → More than 5 can cause conflict
C. Most economical way of delivering nursing services. - yes
D. Workers feel secure in dependent role - independent role

Rationale: functional nursing is task-based; most commonly

used if understaffed

73. When Harry uses team nursing as a care delivery system,

he and his team need to assess the priority of care for a group
of patients, which of the following should be a priority?
A. Each patient as listed on the worksheet
B. Patients who needs least care
C. Medications and treatments required for all patients
D. Patients who need the most care

74.The organizational chart for the nursing department

indicates the ff.:
I. Who has the legitimate power to make decisions - yes;
line position
II. Identify gaps in the line of authority - yes
III. Shows one person is answerable to 2 or more persons
Case method or total patient care structure
- yes; span of control/sakop (tells how many people
→ After shift, they are not your patients anymore
under the manager; number)
→ Most commonly used in care modalities
IV. Suggests consistency in making decisions - yes; unity
of command (reports to 1 boss only)
A. 1, 2, 3
B. 2, 3, 4
C. 1, 3, 4
D. 1, 2, 3, 4

75. The nurse manager prepares the process standards. Which

of the ff. is NOT a process standard?
A. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients within 24
hours upon admission
B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any invasive
procedure
C. Patient shall fill up the customer’s feedback prior to
discharge - outcome
D. Patient education about illness and treatment shall be
provided for all patients and their families

76. One of the patients asked the nurse if she will be available to Functional nursing structure
take care of her from the time of admission and even after → Task-based
discharge. This refers to what type of system of nursing care
delivery?
A. Primary Nursing - from admission to discharge
B. Team Nursing
C. Nursing case management - inpatient, outpatient;
collaborative; provide patient needs even after discharge;
common on chronic diseases
D. Case Method - RN assigned with patients; per shift; in-
patient; aka total patient care
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82. It is a delivery system where the nursing staff is divided into

teams who are responsible for the care of a group of patients.
A. Primary Nursing
B. Functional Nursing
C. Total Patient Care
D. Team Nursing

Situation: Planning involves deciding what, when, where and

how to do it, by whom and with what resources.

83. An element of planning which helps the managers predict

the future in which the plan will be executed.
A. Setting Policies and Procedures
B. Budgeting
C. Forecasting
D. Program Scheduling
Case management
→ Case Management referrals often begin in the hospital 84. A kind of nursing planning that includes the analysis of
inpatient setting, with length of stay (LOS) and profit strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and strengths is also
margin per confinement used as measures of efficiency, known as:
case management now frequently extends to A. Strategic Planning
outpatient settings as well. Indeed, the new medical B. SWOT Planning
homes suggested as part of the Patient Care Protection C. Fiscal Planning
and Affordable Care Act are likely to use case managers D. Contingency Planning
extensively
85. Mr. John, the new nurse administrator of Quirino Memorial
Source: Medical Center had defined one of their specific objectives to
https://lijannursing.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/7/2/127209625/ the Government Official Council Meeting, “To expand and
organizing_patient_care_updated.pdf upgrade the hospital infrastructure, its frontline, diagnostic and
therapeutic services to meet the demands of scientific
advancement and technology in providing patient care”. The
77. Mr. Musngi, a management instructor, met his students to
Mayor becomes aware of the hospital needs and therefore
clarify some unclear concepts to them. One of the students
orders the municipal treasury to allot a budget for the
asked about staffing. Mr. Roberto explained that staffing is an
attainment of the presented purpose. Mr. Cornejo was able to
essential part of what management function?
successfully achieve what component of SWOT analysis?
A. Organizing
A. Strengths
B. Controlling
B. Weaknesses
C. Directing
C. Opportunities
D. Planning till
D. Threats
78. One of the new staff nurses wants to understand the channel
of communication, span of control and lines of communication. Rationale:
A. Organizational structure → Municipal - external
B. Policy → Giving money - good
C. Job description = opportunity
D. Manual procedures

79. Which of the following conditions would prevent Pamela 86. Theory Y is correctly described by all, but one, of the
from a malpractice suit? following statements:
A. She performs her duty as prescribed in her job A. Applicable for people who enjoy work and have self-control
description B. Uses threats as a prime motivator
B. Her action resulted to an injury resulted from non- C. Uses praise and recognition as the key motivators
compliance to the standard of care D. A guide for managers to develop the potential of each person
C. The participation of the child’s parents resulted to an injury
to the child. Rationale: Theory Y is self-directed; does not need command
D. She is aware of the possibility of the injury to the patient

87. The chief nurse is trying to implement a new method of staff

Rationale: Breach of duty resulted to injury → malpractice assignment in the unit. Nurses are now required to render 6 day
workweeks instead of the usual 5 days a week. Majority of the
80. Which of the ff. articles is an example of operational staff resist the change, while a few other nurses who welcome
budgets? the opportunity for extra income, are more willing to accept the
A. Fee for the Internet Service Provider - day-today expenses change. The nurse supervisor can effectively implement this
B. Purchase of an operating room table change by choosing which course of action?
C. Additional room for minor surgery A. Explain the purpose of the change and reinforce
D. New anesthesia machine management decision
B. Postpone the implementation of the new schedule to let the
antagonistic feelings of the staff “cool down”
Rationale: options BCD are capital budget, long term, C. Conduct a dialogue with the nursing staff and head
expensive nurses and involve them in planning the new schedule
D. Avoid discussing the issue with the staff and implement the
81. The Forty-Hour Week Law (Republic Act 5901), provides new schedule as planned
that employees will work only 40 hours a week provided that
they are working in hospitals with a minimum of how many bed Rationale: Proper communication - have group meeting
capacity:
A. 50-bed capacity
B. 75-bed capacity 88. The nurse manager evaluates her staff nurses for their work
C. 100-bed capacity attitude and ethics. The manager determines that her staff nurse
D. 150-bed capacity shows work accountability when the staff nurse:
A. Performs tasks based on her job description
B. Follows the standards of safe nursing practice
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C. Directs the work of her fellow nurses

D. Answers for the consequences of her own decisions

Rationale: Accountability - pananagutan; ‘pag may

nagawang mali, malalagot ka

89. Under the principles of Total Quality Management,

identifying quality improvement opportunities is the
responsibility of which group?
A. Administration
B. Medical practitioners
C. Nurse
D. All health care personnel

Rationale:
→ Quality Assurance (QA)
• Old; Obsolete
• Maintain quality
• If a standard is set, you should achieve the quality 93. Her former manager demonstrated passion for serving her
on that same level staff rather than being served. She takes time to listen, prefers
→ Quality Improvement (QI) to be a teacher first before being a leader, which is characteristic
• New of?
• Does not only achieve the standard that is set; must A. Transformational leader
go beyond B. Transactional leader
• Continuous, never-ending C. Servant leader
• Example: Total Quality Management D. Charismatic leader
(TQM)/Continuous Quality Improvement (CQM)
94. On the other hand, Ms. Alexa notices that the Chief Nurse
Executive has a charismatic leadership style. Which of the
90. The nursing supervisors and the Chief Nurse are
following behaviors best describes this style?
brainstorming on ways to implement process standards. Which
A. Possesses inspirational quality that makes followers
of the following is NOT a process standard?
gets attracted of him and regards him with reverence
A. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients within twenty-
B. Acts as he does because he expects that his behavior will
four hours upon admission.
yield positive results
B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any invasive
C. Uses visioning as the core of his leadership
procedure
D. Matches his leadership style to the situation at hand
C. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to
discharge from the hospital. - outcome
D. Patient education about their illness and treatment shall be Rationale: Charismatic - has magnetic quality
provided for all patients and their families.
95. Which of the following conclusions of Ms. Alexa about
91. The objectives of continuing professional education
leadership characteristics is TRUE?
programs in nursing are the following, EXCEPT:
A. There is a high correlation between the communication
A. Protect and promote the general welfare of the public by
skills of a leader and the ability to get the job done.
attaining the highest standards and quality in the practice of
B. A manager is effective when he has the ability to plan well.
profession
C. Assessment of personal traits is a reliable tool for predicting
B. Make the professional globally competitive by maintaining
a manager’s potential.
capability for delivering professional services
D. There is good evidence that certain personal qualities favor
C. Augment the nurse educational preparation for
success in managerial role
admission to the practice of his profession - not
professional yet
D. Make available latest trends in the profession brought by Rationale: Only option A talks about leadership; Options BCD
scientific and technological advancement in the profession talks about management

Rationale: Continuing professional education (CPE) 96. She reads about Path Goal theory. Which of the following
programs are for professionals behaviors is manifested by the leader who uses this theory?
A. Recognizes staff for going beyond expectations by
giving them citations
92. Ms. Alexa is newly-promoted to a patient care manager
B. Challenges the staff to take individual accountability for their
position. She updates her knowledge on the theories in
own practice
management and leadership in order to become effective in her
C. Admonishes staff for being laggards.
new role. She learns that some managers have low concern for
D. Reminds staff about the sanctions for non-performance.
services and high concern for staff. Which style of
management refers to this?
97. One leadership theory states that “leaders are born and not
A. Organization Man
made,” which refers to which of the following theories?
B. Impoverished Management
A. Trait
C. Country Club Management
B. Charismatic
D. Team Management
C. Great Man
D. Situational
Rationale: Managerial Grid by Blake and Mouton
Rationale: great man theory = destiny
→ If you are born a leader, you will become a leader
→ If you are born a follower, you will become a follower
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98. She came across a theory which states that the leadership
Rationale: quality improvement - customer-focused
style is effectively dependent on the situation. Which of the
following styles best fits a situation when the followers are self-
directed, experts and are matured individuals? 106. To ensure the provision of safe and quality nursing care,
A. Democratic clinical practice guidelines have been developed. Which of the
B. Authoritarian following are not examples of clinical practice guidelines?
C. Laissez faire A. Protocol
D. Bureaucratic B. Clinical pathways
C. Research expectations
D. Algorithms - step by step process in completing a task; e.g.,
Rationale: laissez-faire or permissive
triaging, ACLS

99. Feri is a Unit Manager in the Medical Unit. He is not satisfied 107. The nurse manager prepares the process standards. Which
with the way things are going in his unit. Patient satisfaction rate of the ff. is NOT a process standard?
is 60% for two consecutive months and staff morale is at its A. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients within 24
lowest. He decides to plan and initiate changes that will push for hours upon admission
a turnaround in the condition of the unit. Which of the following B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any invasive
actions is a priority for Harry? procedure
A. Call for a staff meeting and take this up in the agenda. C. Patient shall fill up the customer’s feedback prior to
B. Seek help from her manager. discharge
C. Develop a strategic action on how to deal with these D. Patient education about illness and treatment shall be
concerns. provide for all patients and their Families
D. Ignore the issues since these will be resolved naturally.
Rationale: Options ABD are process; Option C is outcome
Rationale: Conduct a meeting for proper communication
108. One of the new staff nurses wants to understand the
100. After discussing the possible effects of the low patient channel of communication, span of control and lines of
satisfaction rate, the staff started to list down possible strategies communication.
to solve the problems head-on. Should they decide to vote on A. Organizational structure
the best change strategy, which of the following strategies is B. Policy
referred to? C. Job description
A. Collaboration D. Manual procedures
B. Majority rule
C. Dominance
Situation: During a staff meeting in the Intensive Care Unit,
D. Compromise
the nurse manager reported a list of procedures that need to
be reviewed and updated. One of these procedures is the
101. One staff suggests that they review the pattern of nursing
precautionary measures related to ventilator associated
care that they are using, which is described as a:
pneumonia.
A. job description
B. system used to deliver care - care modalities (used for
delivering patient care) 109. While brainstorming, the group mentioned the use of
C. manual of procedure evidence-based techniques. Which of the following statements
D. rules to be followed given by the members of the group reflect evidence-based
E. methods?
102. Which of the following is TRUE about functional nursing? A. “Let us ask opinions of experts.”
A. Concentrates on tasks and activities B. “The experiences of the nurses must be obtained.”
B. Emphasizes use of group collaboration C. “Review of related literature will be very helpful.”
C. One-to-one nurse-patient ratio D. “We must agree on a common procedure.”
D. Provides continuous, coordinated and comprehensive
nursing services
Rationale: evidence outweighs expertise/experts opinions
103. One of the ethical obligations of nursing is accountability.
Accountability means that the staff nurse is responsible for:
A. The behavior of clients who are noncompliant
B. The consequences of his or her actions, even mistakes
in judgment
C. The behavior of other staff members who are negligent in
their nursing care
D. The consequences of an administrative decision to
decrease nursing staff

104. Functional nursing is:

A. Primarily utilized in providing continuous, coordinated and
comprehensive nursing care.
B. Most appropriate in facilitating skills development in a
student nurse on proper suctioning.
C. The best method on organizing clients care with a
registered nurse acting as a leader to a group of nursing
personnel
D. Also known as one-on-one nursing

105. A nurse manager, understands that the development of

TQM and CQI are meant to: 110. The nurse manager assigned a group to develop a project
A. Serve as a system of external measures and balance intended to improve the existing procedure related to the
B. Protect patients and families during a health care crisis prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia among ICU
C. Assure society that cost containment would not patients. A team leader was selected by the group. Which of the
compromise safety following will the team leader do FIRST?
D. Result in extensive statistical data bases needed to provide A. Tell the group to state their objectives
patient care B. Formulate a list of desired outcomes
C. Set a target
D. State actions to be done by each member of the group
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111. The team leader organized the group. Which of the 118. Nurse Buddy has been delegating routine tasks to her
following actions of the team leader reflect organization? The subordinates. The purpose of delegating is for her:
team leader: A. To avoid doing the task herself and to give others
A. Assigned tasks to each member - assigning job titles to opportunities to develop their abilities
people B. To solve more problems that require a higher level of
B. Eliminated non-performing members of the group expertise
C. Checked the assignments of each member of the group C. To give others something
D. Determined which actions will be done first
Rationale:
112. Which of the following data will be MOST helpful to the
→ Manager: does complex tasks; has higher skill level; can
group to ensure continuous process improvement?
delegate simpler tasks to subordinates so s/he could
A. Non-conformances to suctioning procedure
focus on the complex tasks
B. Incidences of ventilator associated pneumonia during
→ Subordinates: does simpler tasks
the last month
C. Experiences of nurses when managing care of intubated
patients
D. Documentation of observations of intubated Situation: Deuce is conducting a study on the perceived
usefulness of the new BSN curriculum being implemented in
the college of nursing:
Rationale: objective; could be use as basis of performance

119. Initially the researcher wanted to gather data on 5

Situation: A professional nurse is assumed to update herself randomly selected sections in the first-year level in the
college of nursing, this kind of sampling is categorized as:
about the profession to maintain competence in practice. The
nursing management process is a topic for both staff and A. Cluster sampling
head nurses. B. Stratified sampling
C. Network sampling
D. Systematic sampling
113. This major function of the management process establishes
formal authority. It defines qualifications and also includes
staffing: Rationale: Selected sections = strata
A. Planning
B. Organizing 120. Upon consultation with his adviser, they decided the
C. Directing findings would be more representative of the sample when he
D. Controlling will include data collection among 1st year students
compromising of 50 respondents from male 16 y/o, male 17 y/o,
114. On the other hand, this major function of the management female 16 y/o and female 17 y/o.
process actuates efforts towards the accomplishment of goals. A. Cluster sampling
It includes updating policies and procedures: B. Systematic sampling
A. Planning C. Stratified sampling
B. Organizing D. Snowball sampling
C. Directing
D. Controlling
Rationale: have subgroups such as male 16 y/o, male 17 y/o,
female 16 y/o and female 17 y/o.
Rationale: policies and procedures along with vision,
mission, goals, objectives, philosophy, rules can be observed
in the planning process Situation: You are a nurse researcher and you want to
determine the effect of music therapy on frequency of pain
115. She noticed that policies and standard operating and amount of pain medication required by cancer patients
procedures (SOP’s) are strictly implemented in the hospital.
What management function is this? 121. The dependent variable is:
A. Planning A. A stimulus or activity that is varied by the researcher.
B. Organizing B. The quality, property, or characteristic identified in the
C. Controlling problem
D. Directing - doing/execution phase C. A characteristic or element of the human subjects involved
in the study
116. When giving responsibilities to the staff members she D. The response that the researcher wants to understand
should consider the following:
A. Job description
B. Abilities of the staff Rationale: In order for the researcher to understand the
C. Preference of the staff response, it should be measured. Dependent variable is
D. Her own decision measured.

Situation: Buddy is the new supervisor of the medical- 122. You formulated the following hypothesis. “Cancer patients
surgical unit with 40 bed capacity. who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and
require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving
music therapy." This is classified as
117. A critical component of the supervisory process is A. Complex, directional hypothesis
delegation. Which of the following is the most empowering to B. Simple, associative hypothesis
the staff? C. Simple, nondirectional hypothesis
A. Delegation starts at top management D. Complex, null hypothesis
B. Delegation frees the manager to do other task
C. Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to
determine the abilities of the staff Rationale:
D. Delegation enables the staff to improve competence → IV - music therapy (1)
and confidence - they have skills development → DV - frequency of pain, pain medication (2)
→ = complex
→ Direction - less
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123. The statement below is an example of which of the 130. The nurse researcher utilized the snowball sampling, in
following? "In this study, pain is reflected as a score between 0 which he can easily get a sample through the help of the
and 10 on the Pain Rating Scale." seeds. Seeds in snowball sampling refer to:
A. Problem statement A. Samples from population strata.
B. Conceptual definition B. Sample selected by the researcher with a set of criteria.
C. Theoretical Framework C. Early sample members who can refer other people who
D. Operational definition meet eligibility criteria.
D. Subjects purposely selected and believed to be
knowledgeable about the issues under the study.
Rationale: How concepts are measured in the study
131. You decided to include all barangays in the municipality and
124. Which of the following is true about the relationship chose a sampling method that would get a representative
between a study framework and the hypotheses? sample from each barangay. The appropriate method would be:
A. Hypothesis is formulated to be tested using the theory A. Cluster sampling
or propositions from within the theory B. Stratified sampling
B. The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the C. Systematic sampling
framework is. D. Random sampling
C. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need
to have a framework.
Rationale: geographical area needs cluster sampling
D. Hypotheses are inductively identified from the theory

125. You decided to develop a theoretical framework. In 132 .The nurse researcher chose to use systematic sampling in
conducting this, which of the following should be done? obtaining 500 needed participants in his studies to be conducted
I. Select a theory that will guide and direct the research at Brgy. Malupet. In his population list, he learned that the
process. population of the barangay is 10, 000. He has chosen the 9th
II. Conduct a comprehensive review of literature on individual in the list. What would be the next number of the
studies that used this theory base participants?
III. Operationalize the study variables by selecting the A. 18th
instruments that will be used to test the concepts B. 12th
IV. Examine various theories to determine what might be C. 15th
appropriate to examine the research problem. D. 29th
A. 3,4
B. 1,2,3,4
Rationale: k (sampling interval) = N (population) / n (sample)
C. 1,4
→ 10,000/500 = 20
D. 2,3
→ K = every 20th

Situation: Sampling is an essential part of the research

process. 133. Nurse Meli selected units in the sample by some sort of
chance. Which of the following samplings did Nurse Melissa
use?
126. A researcher knows that selection of samples is an a. Simple random sampling - done thru fishbowl/draw lots
important factor to consider and must be given crucial attention b. Systematic sampling
because it will serve as a portrait. A researcher should know that c. Stratified sampling
a sample is a group drawn from: d. Cluster sampling
A. Population
B. Universe 134. As a researcher, you know the different types of sampling
C. Study group method. One study had applied a type of sampling that uses a
D. Representative technique whereby they subdivided the population into areas
or section and then took a random sample from each
127. A nurse researcher is conducting a lecture to nursing section. The researcher chose which type of sampling method?
students about different sampling methods when one of the a. Purposive sampling
students asks what random sampling is. The nurse researcher is b. Cluster sampling
correct when she stated that random sampling ensures that c. Systematic sampling
each subject has: d. Stratified sampling
A. Been selected based on criteria
B. Been systematically selected 135. Which of the following refers to the device or technique an
C. Characteristics that match other samples investigator employs to collect data:
D. An equal chance of selection a. Samples
b. Instruments - aka tool
128. Among the sampling methods, the nurse researcher knows c. Sampling technique
which of the following methods is the weakest form of sample d. Statistical test
selection and should be avoided?
A. Quota 136. Patients with osteoarthritis were identified first and were
B. Purposive asked to participate in the study. 66 subjects were equally
C. Snowball divided into two groups using fishbowl selection. One group of
D. Convenience - weakest; most common in quantitative patients sat quietly for 20 minutes each day, while another group
research; easiest listened to music for 20 minutes each day. All, but one, of the
following are correct inferences from this situation:
129. Which sampling method allows the use of any subgroup of A. Random assignment was present in the study
a research subject? B. It is a true experimental design
A. Quota - uses strata C. There is no control group in this design
B. Purposive D. It is a quantitative experimental design
C. Snowball
D. Convenience
Rationale:
→ All elements of experimental design are present:
• Control - ✔️
• Manipulation - ✔️
• Randomization - ✔️
→ Experimental group ✔️ - group that had music therapy
→ Control group ✔️ - group that sat quietly
 FINAL COACHING:
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

137. All of the following are appropriate methods of data C. Sampling design
collection for determining client’s pain, except: D. Research design
A. Pain rating scales
B. Likert scale 143. After hypothesis testing, the hypothesis “There is no
C. Interview significant difference between the extent of conformance of
D. Delphi technique the staff nurses with more than 2 years experience and the
extent of conformance of the staff nurses with less than 2 years
experience” was accepted. Which of the following is the MOST
Rationale:
appropriate interpretation of this finding?
→ Group decision making
A. The staff nurse differ in their level of conformance
→ Experts
B. The more experienced staff nurses conformed
→ To arrive to a consensus (agreement) C. Length of experience of the staff nurses does not affect
their level of conformance
D. The higher the level of experience of the staff nurse, the
higher is the level of conformance

Rationale: accepted null hypothesis = no relationship

144. A team of researchers conducted a study on the

relationship of the completed surgical cases and the extent of
performance of standard competencies among Level 3 nursing
students assigned in the Operating Room. In correlational
study, the researcher examines the:
A. Questionnaire used to collect data from large samples.
B. Difference between two correlated groups.
138. Results of the study show that Subjects in the experimental C. Relationship between or among two or more variables.
group experienced less pain than subjects in the control group - non--experimental; cannot do causation; association only
(p=.001). All of the following are correct inferences, except: D. Cause and effect relationship - experimental and quasi-
A. The findings are statistically significant. ✔️ experimental research design
B. The research hypothesis was supported ✔️
C. The null hypothesis should be retained - p value is 0.05 145. Random sampling or probability sampling includes all the
and above following techniques, except:
D. The null hypothesis should be rejected ✔️ A. Simple random sampling
B. Stratified random Sampling
C. Cluster sampling
Rationale:
D. Purposive Sampling
→ If p value is < 0.05 = statistically significant (two variables
has relationship)
146 .The use of another person’s ideas or wordings without
• Reject null hypothesis
giving appropriate credit results from inaccurate or incomplete
• Accept alternative/research hypothesis
attribution of materials to its sources. Which of the following is
→ If p value is 0.05 and above = statistically insignificant
referred to when, another person’s idea is inappropriately
(no relationship)
credited as one’s own:
• Reject alternative hypothesis
A. Plagiarism
• Accept null hypothesis
B. Quotation
C. Assumption
139. More than 1600 prospective participants were chosen from D. paraphrase
2 universities and a community hospital because they were likely
to have insurance and see health care providers regularly. Age
Situation: Nurses use research to provide evidence-based
groups were established 40-45, 46-50 and 51- 100. Which
care that promotes quality health outcomes for individuals,
sampling method should you use to attain a suitable sample
families, communities and health care systems.
population?
A. Simple Random
B. Quota sampling 147. The study examines the effect of heart transplantation on
C. Systematic sampling psychosocial functioning. In this study, the researcher should
D. Snowball sampling I. make assumptions of the study
II. Identify the study variables
140. In the application of the statistical tests, the researchers III. Manipulate the independent variable
selected 0.05 level of significance. Which of the following is the IV. Draw conclusions based on related literature review
appropriate response of the researcher when asked for the A. 1,2,4
meaning of level of significance? B. 2,3
A. It is the level of acceptance of the null hypothesis C. 1,4
B. It is the basis for the decision to accept or reject D. 1,2
hypothesis
C. It means the obtained results were not likely to have been 148. The researcher is using a semantic differential scale to
the result of chance collect research data. Which of the variables below is the
D. It signifies probability of rejecting a true null researcher most likely investigating?
A. patient's actions in response to the entrance of a specialist
141. Collecting data from a sample to determine the into their room
characteristics of a population is the purpose of what type of B. clients' evaluation of nurse practitioners
research? C. stress response (BP, P and R) in college students to the
A. Correlational announcement of a pop quiz
B. Experimental D. self-reported measure of an individual's values
C. survey - descriptive
D. historical
Rationale:
→ Semantic differential scale - perceptions (pananaw) of
142. Which section of the RESEARCH report will you read to be
subjects regarding a topic
able to know what is already known about conformance of staff
● Perceptions - are not actions; only thinking
nurses to the procedure on preparing clients for hemodialysis?
A. Literature review - known or unknown
B. Introduction
 FINAL COACHING:
PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENT, LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT, RESEARCH

149. In which type of research is there high researcher control, D. Complex, non-directional
random assignment, and laboratory setting?
A. Descriptive
Rationale:
B. Correlational
→ IV - guided imagery (1)
c. Experimental - aka True, RCT (randomized control trial)
d. Quasi-experimental → DV: Pain
→ = simple
→ Direction: Less
Situation: A group of nursing students decided to conduct a
phenomenological research project on the lived experience
of patients. 155. Nurse Abby assigned children at Burn Unit A as an
→ Lived experience/discovering meaning experimental group while those admitted at Burn Unit B as a
comparison group. Level of pain was asked before the
intervention (pretest). Guided imagery was implemented at
150. A research study explores homeless patients’ experience Burn Unit A during dressing change. Level of pain of both groups
of satisfaction with health care. In this study, the researcher will was again assessed after the intervention (posttest). Nurse
A. focus on the meaning of the experiences Abigail utilized which research design?
B. conduct a quantitative study A. Quasi-experimental
C. use probability sampling techniques B. Non-equivalent control group design
D. utilize both inferential and descriptive statistics C. Pre-test post-test control group design - experimental
D. Posttest only control group design - experimental
151. When determining an adequate number of participants,
the research team will consider which of the following?
A. Sample size of the participant will be determined before the Rationale:
study → Control - yes
B. Number of participants will be adequate when data → Manipulation - yes
obtained are saturated. → Randomization - no (the researcher just assigned those
C. Participants should be representative of the target in Burn Unit A as experimental group and Burn unit B as
population comparison group
D. The convenience type of sampling will be the most → Options CD are experimental research
appropriate sampling method.

Rationale: To determine sample size:

→ Data saturation is used in qualitative research; data
repetitive is reached
→ Slovin’s formula is used in quantitative research

152. During the interpretation phase, the research team is 156. To measure the dependent variable, the researcher
expected to answer which of the following questions? I. May use numerical rating scale
A. What do the findings show? II. Should use interval level of measurement - ordinal
B. What is going on with the patients with Parkinson’s III. Use t-test as statistical tool - for data analysis not data
disease? collection
C. What is the meaning of the experience of patients IV. Assess the child’s level of pain
with Parkinson’s disease in the nursing homes? a. 1,2,3,4
D. Are the themes justifiable and grounded from the data? b. 1,2,4
c. 1,4
d. 1,2,3
Situation: Nurse Abby studies the impact of a guided imagery
on the pain of children during burn dressing changes.

152. The independent variable in this study is

A. Use of guided imagery
B. Pain - dependent variable
C. Burn dressing changes
D. Impact of guided imagery

153. Nurse Abby conducts a review of related literature. Which

of the statements listed below concerning the literature
section of a research report are correct?
I. A good literature review only presents supportive
sources. - should also have contrasting, so bias will be
prevented
II. The review concludes with a statement as to how the
present study will contribute to the existing body of
knowledge in that subject area - this is stated in the
significance of the study
III. Both classic and current sources must be included.
IV. The literature cited must be relevant to the
research under consideration. - maximum year to be
considered relevant source: 5 years
A. 2,3
B. 1, 4
C. 2,3, 4
D. 3,4

154. The study hypothesis is that children who use guided

imagery have less pain than children who do not use guided
imagery. This hypothesis is classified as
A. Simple, directional
B. Complex, directional
C. Simple, non-directional