0 ELEC ENG II

JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

INSTRUCTIONAL OFFERING : ELEC ENG II

SCHOOL : ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME : N.D.: ENGINEERING: ELECTRICAL

DATE : JULY 2021

PAGES : 9

ADDENDA : NONE

EXAMINERS : ENG B. G. MUTONGERWA

INTERNAL MODERATOR : M. MAGWA

INSTRUCTIONS : 1. Answer all questions

2. No programmable alpha-numerical
calculators permitted.
3. 100 % = 100 marks

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE BEFORE TOLD TO DO SO

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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

QUESTION 1
A resultant current wave is made up of two components comprising of a 5A d.c. component and a
50-Hz sinusoidal a.c. component which has a maximum value of 5A.
i) Draw a sketch of the resultant wave. (3)
ii) Write an analytical expression for the current wave, reckoning t = 0 at a point where the
alternating component is at zero value and where 𝒅𝒊/𝒅𝒕 is positive. (2)
iii) What is the average value of the resultant current over a cycle? (3)
iv) What is the effective or r.m.s. value of the resultant current? (4)

SOLUTION
i) The two current components and resultant current wave have been shown in Appendix 1.
ii) The instantaneous value of the resultant current is given by
i = (5 + 5 sin 𝜔𝑡) = (5 + 5 sin𝜃).
iii) Over one complete cycle, the average value of the alternating current is zero. Hence, the
average value of the resultant current is equal to the value of d.c. component = 5A.
iv) Mean value of 𝑖 2 over complete cycle is
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑖 2 d𝜃 = 2𝜋 ∫0 (5+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 d𝜃
1 2𝜋
=2𝜋 ∫0 (25+50 sin𝜃 + 25 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 2𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
=2𝜋 ∫0 [ 25+50 sin𝜃 + 25 ( )] d𝜃
2
1 2𝜋
=2𝜋 ∫0 (37.5 + 50 sin 𝜃-12.5 cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 12.5 75𝜋
=2𝜋 | 37.5 𝜃- 50cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃|2𝜋
0 = 2𝜋 =37.5A
2

Therefore 𝐼 = √37.5 = 6.12A

[QUESTION 1=12]

QUESTION 2

2.1 A 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage of 230V is impressed on a capacitance of 26.5𝜇𝐹.

(a) Write the time equations for the voltage and the resulting current. Let the zero axis of the
voltage wave be at t = 0. (3)
(b) Show the voltage and current on a time diagram. (2)
(c) Show the voltage and current on a phasor diagram (2)
(d) Find the maximum energy stored in the capacitance. (2)
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(e) Find the relative heating effects of two current waves of equal peak value, the one
sinusoidal and the other rectangular in waveform. (2)
2.2 A relay is connected in series with a 2Ω resistance. If the impedance of the relay is
ZL = (10 + j3) Ω and the source voltage is sinusoidal with a peak value of 229.1V, Calculate:
(a) The power dissipated in the relay coil. (2)
(b) The power factor of the relay coil. (1)
(c) The average power delivered by the source. (2)
(d) Verify the principle of the conservation of energy using a) and c) (2)

SOLUTION
2.1 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 230 √2 = 235V
𝜔 = 2𝜋 x 50 = 314 rad/s; 𝑋𝐶 = 1/𝜔𝐶 = 106 /314 x 26.5 = 120Ω
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑋𝐶 = 325/120 = 2.71 A, ∅ = 90° (lead)
(a) v(t) = 325 sin 314 t;
i (t) = 2.71 sin (314t + 𝜋/2) = 2.71 cos 314t.
(b) and (c) are shown in Appendix 1.

1 1
(d) 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝐶𝑉 2 max = 2 (26.5 x 10−6) x 3252 = 1.4J

(e) Let 𝐼𝑚 be the peak value of both waves.

For sinusoidal wave: H ∝ 𝐼 2 R ∝ (𝐼𝑚 /√2)2 R ∝ 𝐼𝑚
2
R/2.
2
For rectangular wave: H∝ 𝐼𝑚 R.
𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐼2 𝑚
Therefore = 𝐼2 𝑅/2 R = 2
𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑚

229.1
2.2 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 162𝑉
√2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 162 162 54 54
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = (2+10+𝑗3) = = (4+𝑗1) = = 13.01∠ − 14.030 𝐴
𝑍 (12+𝑗3) 4.123∠14.030

a) Power delivered to the motor is given by,

𝑃𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑚 = (13.096)2 (10) = 1715.1𝑊
b) Power factor = 10⁄ = 10⁄10.44 = 0.96
√102 + 32
c) Therefore the power delivered by the source is given by,
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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

d) Principle of conservation of energy,

2058.1 = 1715.1 + (13.096)2 × 2 = 1715.1 + 343

2058.1𝑊 = 2051.1𝑊
[TOTAL QUESTION 2=18]

QUESTION 3

3.1 For the circuit shown below, use two different methods to find the capacitance C such that
the 100V, 60Hz source sees a unity power factor.

IS IL

IC

1kW
100Vrms
60 Hz
C 500Vars
(inductive)

(6)

3.2 In the circuit below, use Thevenin’s Theorem to determine:

3

XC
E
4
ZL
1200V

(a) The Thevenin equivalent circuit. (5)

(b) The load impedance 𝑍𝐿 , for maximum power transfer. (2)
(c) The power transferred to 𝑍𝐿 at maximum power transfer. (2)
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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

[TOTAL QUESTION 3=15]

SOLUTION 3:
3.1 Method 1:
Source complex power = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄𝐿
|𝑉|2
Load complex power = 1000 + 𝑗(500 − |𝑋 |)
𝐶

For unity power factor 𝑄𝐿 = 0

|𝑉|2
= 500 = 𝑤𝐶𝑉 2
|𝑋𝐶 |
500 500
𝐶= 2
= = 132.6𝑢𝐹
𝑤𝑉 2𝜋(60) × 1002
Method 2:
(100∠00 )(𝐼𝐿∗ ) = 1000 + 𝑗500
𝐼𝐿∗ = 10 + 𝑗5
𝐼𝐿 = 10 − 𝑗5
For unity power factor phase angle for voltage and current are the same (V and I are in
phase), therefore; ∠𝐼𝑠 = 00
(3Ω)(4∠−900 Ω)
3.2 𝑍𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅||𝑋𝐶 ∠900 = (3−𝑗4)Ω
= 2.4∠ − 36.870 Ω

(𝑋𝐶 ∠ − 900 )𝐸 (4∠ − 900 )12∠00 𝑉

𝐸𝑇𝐻 = = = 9.6∠ − 36.870 Ω
(𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 ) (3 − 𝑗4)Ω
The circuit becomes:

Z TH

2.4  36.87 0 

ETH
ZL
9.6  36.87 0 V

𝑍𝐿 must be the complex conjugate of 𝑍𝑇𝐻

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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

𝑍𝐿 = 2.4∠ + 36.870 𝑂𝑅 (1.92 + 𝑗1.44)Ω

The power transferred to 𝑍𝐿 is
(𝐸𝑇𝐻 )2 (9.6𝑉)2
𝑃= = = 12𝑊
4𝑅𝐿 4 × 1.92Ω
QUESTION 4

Use nodal analysis to find the current in each branch of the circuit below.

Z1 Z3
10450  10  53.130 
5  45 0  Z 5
E1 10  60 0  Z 2 1060 0  Z4
1200 0 V E2
1200 0 V

(12)
SOLUTION 4:

Refer to attached solution.

[TOTAL QUESTION 4=12]

QUESTION 5:

A capacitor is to be added in parallel to the two loads shown below so as to improve the overall
power factor to 0.85 lagging.

s1
Load 1 Load 2
1MW 600kW
200000V C 0.5 Power
factor lag
50 Hz 800kVar
(inductive)

(a) What current is drawn before the capacitor has been added? (2)
(b) What current is drawn after the capacitor has been added? (2)
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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

(c) Calculate the value of the capacitor to be added. (3)

(d) What value must the power factor of any industrial load approach? Give three reasons for
that. (4)
(e) Determine the impedances of the two loads, Load 1 and Load 2. (4)

SOLUTION:

(a) For Load 1, = + = (1000 + j1732) kVA

For Load 2, = + = (600 + j800) kVA

Combined, + = (1600 + j2532) kVA

Cos𝜙tot = 0.85; 𝜙tot =31. 80 ;

𝑄 𝑄
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ = 0.62 = 𝑃 = 1600 ; 𝑄 = 992𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

A power factor of 0.85 lag requires 992 kVARS for a power of 1600 kW. Hence, C must
absorb:

(992 kVAR – 2532 kVAR ) = -1540 kVARS.

Since Q= /X =

𝑄 −1540×103
Then, 𝐶 = = =
−𝑤𝐶𝑉 2 −314(2000)2
(b) After C has been added,

= (1600 + j992) kVA = 1882 kVA with an angle of +31.80

𝑆𝑇 1882×103
Therefore, 𝐼 = = = 941𝐴
𝑉 2×103

(d) Power factor correction towards unit ensures that least current is drawn from the source
for the same average power consumed by the load. This ensures: --minimal copper losses
-less voltage regulation problems and
-reduced kVA requirements for the power system hence reduced costs.

[TOTAL QUESTION 5=15]

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JULY 2021 TUTORIAL

QUESTION 6

With the aid of a clearly labelled diagram explain the construction and operation of an iron-core
step-up transformer and prove that the transformation ratios of voltage and current are given by:

𝑒𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑁 𝑖𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑁
⁄𝑒 (𝑡) = 𝑠⁄𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⁄
𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑠⁄𝑁 (15)
𝑝 𝑝 𝑠 𝑝
Where:
𝑖𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡
𝑒𝑝 (𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑖𝑝 (𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑁𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
[QUESTION 6=15]

SOLUTION:

Refer to attached appendix.

QUESTION 7

Two three-phase loads are connected to a 240V (line-to-line), three-phase system, as shown
below.

R L IL

1 10mH
3636.87 0 
3  Source (60 Hz )

R L
10mH
1

200 0  200 0 
3636.87 0  3636.87 0 

200 0 

R L
10mH
1

Determine
i) the line current, (6)
ii) power consumed by the load, and (3)
iii) Percentage voltage regulation (3)
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SOLUTION:

The Delta is balanced, so each impedance in the equivalent star-connected load is

𝑍∆⁄ 36∠36.870⁄ = 12∠36.870 Ω
𝑍𝑌 = 3 = 3
Since the loads are both balanced, the neutral point of each is at the same potential. For this
condition, the respective legs of the two star loads can be treated as being in parallel. The
effective impedance in each leg of the equivalent star is
𝑍𝑌′ = (12∠36.870 Ω)||20∠0°Ω
(20∠00 Ω)(12∠36.87°Ω
=
20Ω + 12∠36.87°Ω
= 7.88∠23.2°Ω
𝐙𝐵𝑒𝑞 and 𝒁𝐶𝑒𝑞 also equal 7.88<23.2°Ω since the loads are balanced.
The impedance of each phase connected to the source is
𝒁′ 𝜙 = 𝑹 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 + 𝒁𝜙
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 = (𝟐𝝅)(𝟔𝟎 𝑯𝒛)(𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐇) = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝛀

So
𝑍 ′ 𝜙 = 1 Ω + J3.77 Ω + 7.88 < 23.22°𝛺
𝑍 ′ 𝜙 = (8.24 + 𝐽6.87)Ω or 10.73 < 39.82° 𝛺
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝜙 = 𝑉𝑠𝜙 / 𝑍′𝜙

But 𝑉𝑠𝜙 = 𝑉𝑠 /√3

So
𝑉𝑠 240V
𝐼𝜙 = = = 12.91A
√3 𝑍′ 𝜙 10.73Ω√3
So 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 𝑨
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 3𝑃𝜙 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝜙 = 𝐼𝜙2 𝑅𝜙
So
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (3)(𝐼𝜙 )2 (𝑍𝜙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (3)(12.91 A)(7.88Ω) cos 23.2°

𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝑾
𝑉𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 − 𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
%𝑉𝑅 = ( ) × 100%
𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
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If line voltages are used,𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = √3𝑉𝜙 = √3𝐼𝜙 𝑍𝜙

= (√3)(12.91 A)(7.88 Ω)
= 176.20 V
240 V − 176.2 V
% VR = ( ) × 100%
176.2 V
% 𝑽𝑹 = 𝟑𝟔%
Such a large drop in voltage would not be acceptable. It might be remedied by installing a
transformer or changing lines.
[QUESTION 7=12]
[TOTAL MARKS =102]