MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

MCQs on Power Systems

1. Length of the cable is doubled, its capacitance C will be

A. one-fourth B.one-half  
C. doubled* D.  unchanged

The length of the cable and the capacitance of the cable are directly proportional to each other. Hence, if the length gets
doubled, then the capacitance also can be doubled.

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2. Which of the following rotor is used in thermal power plants?

A.  cylindrical rotor * B. salient pole rotor

C. either of these D.  squirrel cage rotor

Cylindrical rotor is also called as round rotor or smooth rotor, there is no projection, there a closed portion contain field
winding which is distributed and unslotted portion also acts as poles . It has large axial length and small diameter, resulting
high peripheral speed. As the air gap is uniform throughout the machine it is more suitable for high speed operation,
employed in all thermal, nuclear power plants containing turbo alternators with two or maximum 4 poles only.
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3. Four identical alternators each are rated for 20 MVA, 11 KV having a subtransient reactance of 16% are
working in parallel. The short circuit level at the busbar is

A. 500 MVA * B. 400 MVA

C. 125 MVA D. 100 MVA

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4. Oxide film arrestor has which of the following properties?

A. Does not require daily charging

B. Installed at points of transmission line where daily visit is difficult.
C. It is expensive.
D. Both A and B.*

The both properties are essential properties of an oxide film lightning arrestor.

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5. Galvanised steel is generally used as

A.  stray wire B.  earth wire

C.  structural components D.  all of the above *

If the wires are made up with some other ordinary steels, rust and corrosion attacked the wire after some time due to the
environmental wet conditions. A layer of zinc oxide can be provided on the steel wire by some chemical process. This zinc
oxide layer protects the steel wire from the rust and corrosion effects. That’s why galvanized steel is used in many places.

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6. If the fault current is 2000 A, the relay setting is 50% and CT ratio is 400 : 5, then plug setting multiplier will be

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

A. 10 * B. 15
C. 25 D.  50

The current transformer ratio is 400 / 5. So, the CT can be provided a rated current of 5 Amps to the relay coil. Thereby the
rated relay current is 5 Amps.
If the relay setting is 50%, then the relay can be operated for 5 × ( 50 / 100 ) = 2.5 Amps. This is the pick-up current of that
relay.
We know that the fault current is 2000 Amps. Hence, the fault current in the secondary of the CT is 5 × ( 2000 / 400) = 25
Amps. Hence, the plug setting multiplier = 25 / 2.5 = 10. That means the fault current in the secondary of the CT is ten times
greater than the operating current of relay coil.
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7. Plug setting of a relay can be altered by varying

A.  air gap of magnetic path B.  no. of ampere-turns *

C.  adjustable back up stop D.  none of these

The minimum pick up value of the deflecting force of an electrical relay is constant. Again the deflecting force of the coil is
proportional to its number of turns and electric current flowing through the coil. Now, if we change the number of active
turns of any coil, the required electric current to reach at minimum pick value of the deflecting force, in the coil also
changes. That means if active turns of the relay coil is reduced, then proportionately more electric current is required to
produce desired relay actuating force.

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8. Objectives of power system is/are

A.  Cost of electrical energy per KWh is to be minimum

B.  Rated voltage and frequency has to be supplied to the consumers
C. both 1 and 2 *
D. nether 1 nor 2

Objectives of power system are 1. Cost of electrical energy per KWh is to be minimum 2. Rated voltage and frequency has
to be supplied to the consumers 3. Reliable power has to be available 4. Effective protection system has to be used for
isolating the faulty section and keeping other sections healthy. 5. More stable generators are to be used, so that it should not
lose synchronism under faulty condition. 6. Flexible power has to be available.

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9. Objectives of power system is/are

A. Cost of electrical energy per KWh is to be minimum

B.  Rated voltage and frequency has to be supplied to the consumers
C.  both 1 and 2 *
D.  nether 1 nor 2

Objectives of power system are 1. Cost of electrical energy per KWh is to be minimum 2. Rated voltage and frequency has
to be supplied to the consumers 3. Reliable power has to be available 4. Effective protection system has to be used for
isolating the faulty section and keeping other sections healthy. 5. More stable generators are to be used, so that it should not
lose synchronism under faulty condition. 6. Flexible power has to be available.

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10. The main objectives of electrical power transmission is/are

A.  Transmission system must be more efficient with minimum line losses

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

B. Voltage regulation of the transmission line must be zero or minimum

C. both 1 and 2 *
D. nether 1 nor 2

Objectives of electrical power transmission are 1.Transmission system must be more efficient with minimum line losses and
maximum power transfer capability 2. Voltage regulation of the transmission line must be zero or minimum

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11. Advantages of higher transmission voltage is/are

A.  Power transfer capability of the transmission line is increased

B. Transmission line losses are reduced
C. Area of cross section and volume of the conductor is reduced
D. all of the above *

Advantages of higher transmission voltage are

1. Power transfer capability of the transmission line is increased P max = Vs*Vr/Xs Where, Vs = Supply voltage Vr =
Receiving end voltage If Vs = Vr, Pmax ∝ Vs²

2. Transmission line losses are reduced Power P = VI cosφ I = P/(V cosφ) Transmission line losses Pl = I²R Therefore,
Transmission line losses Pl∝ 1/V²

3. Area of cross section and volume of the conductor is reduced Resistance R = ρl/A Where, ρ= resistivity l = length of the
conductor A = Area of cross section Therefore area A ∝ 1/V²

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12. Which of the following statement is true

A.  At higher voltage, cost of transmission is reduced *

B. At higher voltage, cost of transmission is increased
C. efficiency decreased
D. all of the above

At higher voltage, volume of conductor is reduced. Area of conductor A ∝ 1/Vs² Where Vs = Supply voltage So that
material requirement is reduced and hence cost of the material and transmission is reduced.
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13. Maximum power transfer capability of transmission line can be increased by

A.  Parallel transmission lines B. Using series capacitance

C. Using bundled conductors D. all of the above *

Maximum power Pmax ∝ Vs²/Xs Maximum power transfer capability of transmission line can be increased by either
increasing voltage level or reducing the line reactance value.

Methods of reducing line reactance are

1. Parallel transmission lines
2. Using series capacitance 3. Using bundled conductors

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14. For flat voltage profile system, voltage regulation is

A. 0% * B. 100%

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

C. 50% D. any of the above

% Voltage regulation = (Vs-Vr)/Vr*100

Where, Vs = Supply voltage Vr = Receiving end voltage

For flat voltage profile system Vs = Vr
Therefore, voltage regulation for flat voltage profile system is 0%.
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15. Maximum power transfer in a transmission line can be obtained by

A. increasing voltage level B. reducing reactance

C. either 1 or 2 * D. none of the above

Maximum power Pmax ∝ Vs²/X Where Vs = supply voltage X = reactance Maximum power transfer capability of
transmission line can be increased by either increasing voltage level or reducing the line reactance value.

Methods of reducing line reactance are

1. Parallel transmission lines
2. Using series capacitance
3. Using bundled conductors

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18. Ferranti effect will not occur in which of the following transmission lines

A. long transmission lines B. shoart transmission lines *

C. medium transmission lines D. all of the above

When receiving end voltage is more than supply voltage, then that effect is called as ferranti effect. Ferranti effect occurs in
case of no load or light load condition of a medium and long transmission lines due to capacitance effect of the transmission
lines. In case of short transmission lines, the capacitance effect is negligible. Therefore, ferranti effect will not occur in short
transmission lines.

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19. Which of the following methods is/are used for reactive or voltage compensation

A.  shunt capacitor B.  series capacitor

C.  generation excitation control D.  all of the above *

Voltage or reactive power compensation can be done in two ways.

1. Sending end method a) Generation excitation control
2. Receiving end method
a) Shunt capacitor
b) Series capacitor
c) Shunt reactor
d) synchronous phase modifier
e) On load tap changing transformer
f) Booster transformer

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20. Ferranti effect can be compensated by which of the following

A.  shunt capacitor B.  shunt reactor *

C.  series capacitor D.  both 1 and 2

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Ferranti effect occurs in case of no load or light load condition of a medium and long transmission lines due to capacitance
effect of the transmission line. Therefore shunt reactor is used for compensating ferranti effect. Shunt reactor will reduce the
effect of capacitance. Therefore ferranti effect will reduced.

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21. Stability of a transmission line can be increased by

A.  shunt capacitor B.  series capacitor

C.  shunt reactor D.  both 1 and 2 *

Where, Vs = Supply voltage Vr = Receiving end voltage Xs = Reactance δ = Load angle For constant power, if Xs is more,
load angle will increase and vice versa. Stability of system is more if load angle decreases. Therefore stability of a
transmission line can be increased by both shunt capacitor and series capacitor but not shunt reactor.

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22. Which of the following method is used for changing power factor from leading to lagging

A.  shunt capacitor B.  series capacitor

C.  shunt reactor * D.  any of the above

Under no load condition or light load condition, medium and long transmission lines may operate at leading power factor
due to capacitance effect. This leading power factor can be changed to lagging power factor by using of a shunt reactor. By
using of shunt reactor, it will compensate the effect of capacitance and changes the power factor.

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23. A transmission line has a reactance of 1 pu is operating at Vs = Vr = 1 pu. The generator is connected at source
end which is delivering 0.5 pu of active power. Find the load angle?

A.  35° B.  30° *
C.  45° D.  60°

Vs = sending end voltage Vr = receiving end voltage P = 0.5 pu δ = load angle

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24. A transmission line has a reactance of 1 Pu is operating at Vs = Vr = 1 Pu. The generator is connected at source
end which is delivering 0.5 Pu of active power and the transmission line is compensated with a series
capacitance of 0.5 Pu. Find the load angle with series capacitance compensation?

A.  14.5° * B.  29°
C.  35.5° D.  10.5°

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

With series capacitance compensation power received Vs = sending end voltage Vr = receiving end voltage δ = load angle

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25. Under over excitation synchronous phase modifier works as

A.  shunt capacitor * B.  series capacitor

C.  shunt reactor D.  any of the above

Synchronous phase modifier is basically a synchronous motor operating under no load and by adjusting the excitation it is
used for controlling reactive power, so that power factor and voltage are controlled. If synchronous phase modifier is used
under over excitation it works similar to a shunt capacitor delivering reactive power and absorbing leading reactive power. If
synchronous phase modifier is used as under excitation it works similar to shunt reactor which absorbs lagging reactive
power and delivers leading reactive power. This is used for ferranti effect.

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26. Which of the following is/are the advantages of synchronous phase modifier over the shunt compensation?

A.  single unit can be used as both capacitance and inductor by adjusting the excitation
B.  smooth voltage regulation is possible by controlling excitation
C.  initial cost is low
D.  both 1 and 2 *

Synchronous phase modifier:

1.Single unit can be used as both capacitance and inductor by adjusting the excitation
2. Smooth voltage regulation is possible by controlling excitation
3. Initial cost of synchronous phase modifier is higher
4. It consumes both active and reactive power
5. It requires more maintenance because of running equipment
6.It requires starting mechanism for bringing the synchronous motor up to synchronous speed.

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27. Under excited Synchronous phase modifier works as

A.  shunt capacitor B.  series capacitor

C.  shunt reactor * D.  any of the above

Synchronous phase modifier is basically a synchronous motor operating under no load and by adjusting the excitation it is
used for controlling reactive power, so that power factor and voltage are controlled. If synchronous phase modifier is used
under over excitation it works similar to a shunt capacitor delivering reactive power and absorbing leading reactive power. If

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

synchronous phase modifier is used as under excitation it works similar to shunt reactor which absorbs lagging reactive
power and delivers leading reactive power. This is used for ferranti effect.

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30. Advantages of shunt compensation is/are

A.  single unit can be used as both capacitance and inductor by adjusting the excitation
B.  smooth voltage regulation is possible by controlling excitation
C.  It requires less maintenance *
D.  all of the above

Shunt compensation:
1. Two separate units are required, i.e. inductor and capacitor.
2. Step by step voltage regulation is possible
3. Cost of shunt compensation is low
4. It consumes only reactive power
5. It requires less maintenance because there is no running equipment
6. It does not requires starting mechanism

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31. Specified quantities of load bus are

A.  P and Q * B.  V and δ
C.  P and δ D.  Q and V

Load bus is also known as PQ bus. Load bus is related to consumer requirements in which P and Q are known or specified
quantities, for supplying these quantities δ and V are to be calculated. Load bus: Known quantities - P and Q Unknown
quantities - V and δ Generator bus: Known quantities - P and V Unknown quantities - Q and δ Slack or reference bus:
Known quantities - V and δ Unknown quantities - P and Q Where P = Active power, Q = Reactive power, V = voltage and δ
= load angle.

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32. Specified quantities of slack bus are

A.  P and Q B.  V and δ *
C.  P and δ D.  P and V

Every power system network containing one slack bus. This slack bus is used to supply active and reactive power
requirements of the transmission line, for this purpose one of the generator bus which is most efficient is used as slack bus.
Slack or reference bus: Known quantities - V and δ Unknown quantities - P and Q Where P = Active power, Q = Reactive
power, V = voltage and δ = load angle.

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33. Which of the following quantities are to be calculated for generator bus?

A.  P and V B.  P and Q
C.  Q and δ * D.  δ and V

In generator bus P and V are known quantities and range of Q is also specified for safe operation of equipments and Q and δ
are top be calculated. Load bus: Known quantities - P and Q Unknown quantities - V and δ Generator bus: Known quantities
- P and V Unknown quantities - Q and δ Slack or reference bus: Known quantities - V and δ Unknown quantities - P and Q

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

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34. In a 4*4 Y bus matrix the number of non zero elements are 12. Find the sparsity of the system?

A.  0.25 * B.  0.5
C.  0.75 D.  1

Total number of elements in 4×4 Y bus matrix = 16 Number of zero elements = 4

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35. In a 4 bus,4×4 Y bus matrix the number of non zero elements are 12. Find the number of transmission lines?

A.  8 B.  4 *
C.  2 D.  5

N = Number of buses X = Sparsity  Sparsity X = 4/16 = 0.25

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36. Range of accelerating factor is

A.  50 to 100 B.  1 to 10
C.  1.6 to 1.8 * D.  10.8 to 11.2

Accelerating factor is used for reducing number of iterations using gauss-siedel method. The range of accelerating factor is
1.6 to 1.8.

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37. A network containing 100 buses in which 10 are the voltage control buses, 5 are fixed shunt capacitor buses, 20
are the reactive power support buses, 6 are the generator buses. Find the size of the Jacobian matrix?

A.  163 × 163 * B.  164 × 164

C.  165 × 165 D.  162 × 162

Size of the Jacobian matrix = (2n-m-2)×(2n-m-2) Where, n = Total number of buses m = Total number of PV buses m =
Voltage control buses + Reactive power support buses + generator buses except slack bus Fixed shunt capacitors are
supplying constant amount of reactive power, so that fixed shunt capacitors are considered as load buses or PQ buses.
Therefore, n = 100 and m =35 Size of the Jacobian matrix = (2×100 - 35 -2)×(2×100 - 35 - 2) = 163×163

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38. Which of the following buses is/are not PV buses?

A.  voltage control buses B.  fixed shunt capacitor buses *

C.  reactive power support buses D.  both 1 and 2

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Size of the Jacobian matrix = (2n-m-2)×(2n-m-2) Where, n = Total number of buses m = Total number of PV buses m =
Voltage control buses + Reactive power support buses + generator buses except slack bus Fixed shunt capacitors are
supplying constant amount of reactive power, so that fixed shunt capacitors are considered as load buses or PQ buses.

==================================================================================

39. Which of the following is/are advantages of N-R method?

A.  Number of iterations are less B.  Applicable for large power system network
C.  Time taken for each iteration is less D.  both 1 and 2 *

Advantages of N-R method:

1. Number of iterations are less, so that it has fast convergence.
2. Convergence is not affected by the choice of slack bus.
3. No need of accelerating factor.
4. Applicable for large power system network.

Disadvantages of N-R method:

1. Time taken for each iteration is larger if size of the Jacobian matrix is larger.
2. Computer memory required is larger.
3. Computer programming is difficult.

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42. Advantages of Gauss-Siedel method is/are *

A.  calculation time for each iteration is less

B.  number of iterations are less
C.  applicable for large power system network
D.  all of the above

Advantages of Gauss-Siedel method:

1. It is a simple algebraical equation, so that calculation time for each iteration is less.
2. More suitable for small size networks.

Disadvantages of gauss siedel method:

1. More number of iterations are required, so that it has slow convergence.
2. Initial approximate guessing value is required for convergence.
3. It required accelerating factor for convergence.
4. The choice of slack bus affects the convergence.
5. It is not applicable for the large power system networks.

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43. For load flow studies, What are the quantities specified at load bus are

A.  P and V B.  P and Q *
C.  V and δ D.  δ and Q

Load bus: Known quantities - P and Q Unknown quantities - V and δ Generator bus: Known quantities - P and V Unknown
quantities - Q and δ Slack or reference bus: Known quantities - V and δ Unknown quantities - P and Q

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44. Normally Z bus matrix is a

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

A.  null matrix B.  sparse matrix

C. full matrix * D. unit matrix

Y bus matrix is a sparse matrix, containing more number of zero elements. So that faster calculation is possible. The Y bus
matrix is used for the load flow studies. Z bus algorithm or matrix is used for the fault analysis. Inverse of Y bus matrix
gives the Z bus matrix, But Z matrix is a full matrix even though Y bus is a sparse matrix. More time is required for inverse
of Z bus matrix if the size of the matrix is more than three. But a practical system network has large number of buses and
hence Z bus matrix is not uses for the load flow analysis, Y bus is preferred.

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45. For n bus power system size of Y bus matrix is

A.  (n-1)×(n-1) B.  (n-2)×(n-2)
C.  n×n * D.  (n-1)×(n-2)

Properties of Y bus matrix:

1. Y bus is a square matrix.
2. For n bus power system size of Y bus matrix is n×n
3. Value of diagonal element corresponding to bus i, then Yii = Sum of the admittances connected to bus i.
4. The value of off diagonal elements Yij = Yji , which is connected between bus i and bus j and which is represented with
negative sign.
5. Sum of the elements of row i equal to shunt admittances connected to bus i. If this summation is zero, indicates
there is no shunt admittance and mutual coupling between the transmission lines.

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46. Which of the following matrix is used for load flow studies?

A.  Y bus matrix * B.  Z bus matrix

C.  Unit matrix D.  null matrix

Y bus matrix is a sparse matrix, containing more number of zero elements. So that faster calculation is possible. The Y bus
matrix is used for the load flow studies. Z bus algorithm or matrix is used for the fault analysis. Inverse of Y bus matrix
gives the Z bus matrix, But Z matrix is a full matrix even though Y bus is a sparse matrix. More time is required for inverse
of Z bus matrix if the size of the matrix is more than three. But a practical system network has large number of buses and
hence Z bus matrix is not uses for the load flow analysis, Y bus is preferred.

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47. Sum of the elements of row i equal to shunt admittances connected to bus i. If this summation is zero, indicates
there is no

A.  shunt admittance B.  mutual coupling

C.  both 1 and 2 * D.  none of the above

Properties of Y bus matrix:

1. Y bus is a square matrix.
2. For n bus power system size of Y bus matrix is n×n
3. Value of diagonal element corresponding to bus i, then Yii = Sum of the admittances connected to bus i.
4. The value of off diagonal elements Yij = Yji , which is connected between bus i and bus j and which is represented with
negative sign.
5. Sum of the elements of row i equal to shunt admittances connected to bus i. If this summation is zero, indicates there is
no shunt admittance and mutual coupling between the transmission lines.

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================
48. A network containing 50 buses in which 10 are the voltage control buses, 6 are the generator buses. Find the
size of the Jacobian matrix?

A.  84*84 B.  83*83 *
C.  34*34 D.  33*33

Size of the Jacobian matrix = (2n-m-2)*(2n-m-2) Where, n = Total number of buses m = Total number of PV buses m =
Voltage control buses + Reactive power support buses + generator buses except slack bus Size of the Jacobian matrix =
(2*50 -15 - 2)*(2*50 - 15 -) =83*83

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49. If sparsity of a 5 bus transmission line is 0.4. Find the number of transmission lines?

A.  6 B.  5 *
C.  4 D.  3

n = number of buses x = sparsity

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50. A 4 bus power system consists of 4 transmission lines, then find the sparsity of Y bus matrix?

A. 0.25 * B. 0.5
C. 0.75 D. 0.4

Where, n = number of buses x = sparsity

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51. The value of off diagonal elements is

52. A.  which is connected between bus i and bus j with negative sign *
53. B. which is connected between bus i and bus j with positive sign
54. C. sum of admittances connected at bus i
55. D. sum of admittances connected at bus j

Properties of Y bus matrix:

1. Y bus is a square matrix.
2. For n bus power system size of Y bus matrix is n×n
3. Value of diagonal element corresponding to bus i, then Yii = Sum of the admittances connected to bus i.
4. The value of off diagonal elements Yij = Yji , which is connected between bus i and bus j and which is represented with
negative sign.
5. Sum of the elements of row i equal to shunt admittances connected to bus i. If this summation is zero, indicates there is no
shunt admittance and mutual coupling between the transmission lines.

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================

58. In load flow studies PV bus is treated as PQ bus when

A.  phase angle become high B.  voltage at the bus become high

C.  reactive power goes beyond limit * D.  any of the above

When a network containing one slack bus, one PV bus and the reactive power value of PV bus is in the out of range for a
given value of reactive power limits, so that PV bus is working as PQ bus with the value of Q. For the PQ bus the value of Q
is the nearest value from the calculated value of Q in the given range.

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59. For accurate load flow calculations on large power systems, the best method is

A. N-R method * B.  G-S method

C.  Decoupled method D.  all of the above

Advantages of N-R method:

1. Number of iterations are less, so that it has fast convergence.
2. Convergence is not affected by the choice of slack bus.
3. No need of accelerating factor.
4. Applicable for large power system network.

Disadvantages of N-R method:

1. Time taken for each iteration is larger if size of the Jacobian matrix is larger.
2. Computer memory required is larger. 3. Computer programming is difficult.

==================================================================================

60. Find the number of strands of ACSR conductor for 4 layer transmission line?

A.  1 B.  7
C.  37 * D.  29

Total number of strands N = 3x² - 3x + 1 Where, x = Number of layers = 4 Total number of strands
N = 3×4² - 3×4 + 1 = 37

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61. A 3 layer and diameter of each strand is d, then find the total diameter of ACSR conductor?

A.  D B.  2d
C.  3d D.  5d *

Total diameter of ACSR conductor D = (2x - 1)×d Where, x = layer number d = diameter of each strand Therefore, Total
diameter of ACSR conductor D = (2×3 - 1)×d = 5d

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62. Find the number of strands of ACSR conductor for 3 layer transmission line?

A. 1 B.  7
C.  19 * D.  29

Total number of strands N = 3x² - 3x + 1 Where, x = Number of layers = 3

Total number of strands N = 3×3² - 3×3 + 1 = 19

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================

63. The total number of strands in a ACSR conductor are 7, then find the layer number?

A.  2 * B.  3
C.  5 D.  7

Total number of strands N = 3x² - 3x + 1 Here N = 7 Where, x = Number of layers

Therefore, 7 = 3x² - 3x + 1 3x² - 3x = 6 3x (x-1) = 6 x (x-1) = 2 ∴ x = 2

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64. An ACSR conductor has a diameter of 2 cm has internal inductance of 0.05 mH/Km. If this ACSR is replaced
with another having a diameter of 4 cm then its internal inductance is

A.  0.1 mH/Km B.  0.025 mH/Km

C.  0.05 mH/Km * D.  0 mH/Km

Internal inductance Lint = µr/2*10-7 Therefore, Lint ∝ µr Where, µr = relative permeability Internal inductance is independent
of size. It depends only on relative permeability.

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65. An ACSR conductor has internal inductance 0.05 mH/Km for µr = 1. If this ACSR is replaced with another
having µr = 2, then find the internal inductance?

A.  0.1 mH/Km * B.  0.025 mH/Km

C.  0.05 mH/Km D.  0 mH/Km

==================================================================================

66. Telecommunication lines are transposed to reduce the

A. Efficiency B.  radio interference in communication lines *

C.  voltage level D.  all of the above

If power line and telecommunication lines are running close to each other, the current flowing in the power line produces
magnetic flux linkage with the communication line conductor induces an emf in the telecommunication line conductor. This
is called electro magnetic induction. Similarly due to earth effect electric field is produced by the charges of the earth
induces a voltage in between the conductors of the telecommunication lines. This is called electro static induction. This both
electro magnetic induction and electro static induction produces the voltage between the telecommunication line conductors
which causes interference to the telecommunication signals which is called radio interference. To reduce this radio
interference in the telecommunication line, either power line or both power and telecommunication lines are transposed at
regular intervals of length the transmission line.

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67. Which of the following produces the radio interference in communication lines?

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

A.  electro magnetic induction B.  electro static induction

C.  both 1 and 2 * D.  none of the above

If power line and telecommunication lines are running close to each other, the current flowing in the power line produces
magnetic flux linkage with the communication line conductor induces an emf in the telecommunication line conductor.This
is called electro magnetic induction. Similarly due to earth effect electric field is produced by the charges of the earth
induces a voltage in between the conductors of the telecommunication lines. This is called electro static induction. This both
electro magnetic induction and electro static induction produces the voltage between the telecommunication line conductors
which causes interference to the telecommunication signals which is called radio interference.

==================================================================================

68. A 3 layer, total diameter of an ACSR conductor is 5 cm. Find the diameter of each strand?

A.  1 cm * B.  1.5 cm
C.  5 cm D.  15 cm

Total diameter of an ACSR conductor D = (2x-1)*d Where, x = Number of layers d = diameter of each strand
Therefore, 5 = (2*3-1)*d d = 1 cm

==================================================================================

69. Bundled conductors in EHV transmission lines

A. increase inductance B.  increase capacitance

C.  decrease inductance * D.  decrease capacitance

Total inductance L = 2*10-7 * ln(d/r') Where, d = distance between the conductors r' = 0.7788 r r = radius of the conductor.

If we use bundled conductors, effective radius will increase and this increase in radius will decrease the inductance.

==================================================================================

70. The skin effect shows that

A.  the distribution of AC current is uniform through the cross section of the conductor
B.  current density is more at the centre of the condutor
C.  current density is lower at the surface of the condutor
D.  current density is more at the surface of the conductor *

Accumulation of current on the surface of the conductor is called skin effect. Due to skin effect the effective are of current
flowing path is reduced causes increased resistance. i.e, AC resistance(R ac) is greater than DC resistance(Rdc).
Approximately, Rac = 1.6 Rdc.

==================================================================================

71. Skin effect depends on

A.  frequency B.  conductivity
C.  relative permeability D.  all of the above *

Skin effect is inversely proportional to skin depth. Skin effect ∝ 1/√(πfµσ) Where, f = frequency
µ = permeability σ = conductivity

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================

72. Proximity effect depends on

A.  frequency B.  distance between the conductors

C.  relative permeability D.  all of the above *

Proximity effect occurs due to current in mutual conductors. The effective area of current flowing path is reduced because of
non uniform flux linkage between the two adjacent conductors.

Proximity effect depends on

1. Frequency 2. Conductivity 3. Relative permeability 4. Distance between the conductors

==================================================================================

73. Proximity effect is more in case of

A.  power cables * B.  over head lines

C.  same in both cases D.  none of the above

Proximity effect occurs due to current in mutual conductors. The effective area of current flowing path is reduced because of
non uniform flux linkage between the two adjacent conductors. Proximity effect is more in case of power cables, because
the distance between the conductors is small. This effect is negligible in case of over head transmission lines, because the
distance between the conductors is larger.

==================================================================================

74. The presence of earth in case of overhead lines

A.  increase inductance B.  increase capacitance *

C.  decrease inductance D.  decrease capacitance

Effect of earth on transmission line capacitance:

Where, ε = Permittivity d = Distance between the conductor h = Height of the tower

Therefore, Capacitance C ∝ 1/h Capacitance is inversely proportional to height of the tower. The effect of earth will
increases the value of capacitance.

==================================================================================

75. Inductance of transmission line will decrease when

A.  both GMD and GMR increase B.  both GMD and GMR decrease
C.  GMD increase and GMR decrease D.  GMD decrease and GMR increase *

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Inductance of two wire transmission line Where, GMD = Mutual Geometric Mean Distance GMR = Self GMD or
Geometric Mean radius Therefore, by increasing of GMR and decreasing of GMD, inductance of transmission line will
decrease.

==================================================================================

76. If we increase the spacing between the phase conductors, the line capacitance

A.  Increases B.  decreases *
C.  remains unaffected D.  none of the above

Capacitance of a two wire transmission line is Where, d = Space between the conductors r = radius of the conductors
Therefore, if we increase the spacing between the phase conductors, the line capacitance will decrease.

==================================================================================

77. If we increase the length of the transmission line, the charging current

A.  Increases B.  decreases *
C.  remains unaffected D.  none of the above

Where, c = capacitance f = frequency l = length of the transmission line.

Therefore, by increasing the length of transmission line, capacitive reactance will decrease and charging current increases.

==================================================================================

78. Transmission line parameters of the short transmission line are

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

A.  1,Z,Y,1 B.  1,Z,0,1 *
C.  1,0,Y,1 D.  Z,0,Y,1

ABCD or transmission line parameters: Vs = AVr - BIr ; Is = CVr - DIr

Where, Vs = Sending end voltage Vr = Receiving end voltage Is = Sending end current Ir = Receiving end current
For short transmission line, line capacitance is neglected.
Therefore, Ir = -Is, i.e., C = 0 and D = 1 Vs = Vr + Z Is i.e., A = 1 and B = Z

==================================================================================

79. Which of the following statements is/are true

A.  Voltage regulation for short transmission line = (Vs - Vr) / Vr *

B.  Voltage regulation for medium transmission line = (Vs - Vr) / Vr
C.  Voltage regulation for long transmission line = (Vs - Vr) / Vr
D.  all of the above

Voltage regulation = (Vrnl - Vrfl)/Vrfl

Vrnl = No load receiving end voltage Vrfl = full load receiving end voltage
Vs = AVr + BIr At no load Ir = 0 Vs = A Vrnl Vrnl = Vs/A, Vrfl = Vr

For short transmission line A = 1, therefore,

Vrnl = Vs Voltage regulation for short transmission line = (Vs - Vr) / Vr

==================================================================================

80. Surge impedance loading of a transmission line can be increased by

A.  increasing its voltage level

B. addition of lumped inductance in parallel
C. addition of lumped capacitance in series
D. both 1 and 3 *

Where, Vph = Phase voltage Iph = Phase current Vl = Line voltage Zs = surge impedance

Therefore, SIL can be increased by increasing its voltage level. Z s can be decreased by the addition of lumped capacitance in
series which reduces the effective reactance of the line resulting into higher SIL.

==================================================================================

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

81. The capacitance of an overhead transmission line increases with

A.  increase in mutual geometrical mean distance

B.  increase in height of conductors above ground
C.  both 1 and 2
D.  neither 1 nor 2 *

Capacitance of a transmission line Where, h = height of conductors above ground r = radius of the conductors ε =
permittivity Therefore, as the height of the conductor increases from the ground, the capacitance will also decrease. Where
A = area d = geometrical mean distance Therefore, as an increase in mutual geometrical mean distance, the capacitance will
decrease. Therefore, both statements are wrong statements.

==================================================================================

82. Condition for maximum voltage regulation

A.  tanφ = X/R * B.  tanφ = R/X

C.  cosφ = X/R D.  cosφ = R/X

==================================================================================
83. Condition for zero voltage regulation is

A. tanφ = X/R B.  tanφ = R/X *

C.  cosφ = X/R D.  cosφ = R/X

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================

84. A 1-phase transmission line has an impedance (4 + 3j ) Ω. Find the power factor of the load for zero voltage
regulation?

A.  0.6 lead B.  0.8 lead *

C.  0.6 lag D.  0.8 lag

Therefore, zero voltage regulation is possible only for leading power factor.

==================================================================================
85. Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and of optimum size in a distribution system results in

A.  improved voltage regulation

B.  reduction in distribution power loss
C.  reduction of KVA rating of distribution transformers
D.  all of the above *

Shunt capacitors are used with individual equipment to improve power factor. As KW = KVA×power factor. The improved
power factor reduces the KVA drawn from the supply. As power loss Pl = VI cosφ. For fixed power loss and voltage, as
power factor increases, I decreases. Therefore, I²R loss decrease. The power losses are reduced and the efficiency is
increased. The smaller voltage drop in the line results in good voltage regulation. Thus, shunt capacitors regulate the voltage
and reactive power flows at the points where they installed.

==================================================================================

86. Find the propagation constant, if impedance is 10Ω and admittance is 10 ℧?

A.  100 B.  1
C.  10 * D.  5

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Propagation constant (γ): With a voltage and current signals travelling or propagating through the transmission line, due to
resistance and conductance attenuation occurs and due to inductance and capacitance phase shift occurs. This is expressed
by propagation constant (γ). Propagation constant

==================================================================================

87. Find the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, if impedance is 16 Ω and admittance is 0.1 m℧?

A.  400 Ω * B.  160 Ω
C.  200 Ω D.  320 Ω

Characteristic impedance (Zc): It will give the relation between voltage and current flowing through the transmission line
which are depending on the transmission line parameters, i.e., R,G,L and C. Characteristic impedance

==================================================================================

88. A loss less transmission line has a length of 600 km, find the phase shift of voltage signal?

A.  90° B.  42°
C.  36° * D.  45°

Propagation constant (γ): With a voltage and current signals travelling or propagating through the transmission line, due to
resistance and conductance attenuation occurs and due to inductance and capacitance phase shift occurs. This is expressed
by propagation constant (γ). Propagation constant

Where, α = Attenuation constant β = Phase shift constant .

For loss less line, R = G = 0 Therefore, α = 0, Where, Vc = velocity of signal l = length of the line

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

==================================================================================

89. A transmission line has a surge impedance of 400 Ω is connected with the cable having surge impedance of 40
Ω, a surge magnitude of 100 kV is travelling from the transmission line towards the cable. Find the transmitted
voltage?

A.  100 kV B. 30.6 Kv
C. 18.18 kV * D. 36. 36 kV

Transmitted voltage V" = V + V'

Transmitted current I" = I + I'
Where, V' = Reflected voltage V = Incident voltage I' = Reflected current I = Incident current

Transmission or reflection coefficient of voltage T v = V"/V

Transmission or reflection coefficient of current Ti = I"/I Tv = V"/V = 2Zl/(Zl+Zs)

Where, Zl = Surge impedance of load Zs = Surge impedance of line.

Therefore, V" = 100*10³*2*40/440 = 18.18 kV

==================================================================================

90. Counter poise is used for

A. proper discharging of lighting surges *

B. more surge impedance
C. less surge impedance
D. reduce losses

Counter poise is connected to the ground wire and it is having parallel paths to discharge faster rate. For proper discharging
of lightning surges from the top of the tower to the ground, earth wire is used which has low resistance and this earth wire is
terminated with parallel paths of copper conductors which has impedance equal to surge impedance . This is called counter
poise. It is used in sub stations which are connected between one tower to the other tower.

==================================================================================

91. Surge impedance loading can be increased by

A. increasing of voltage level B. increasing of capacitance value

C. both 1 and 2 * D. increasing of inductance value

Surge impedance loading SIL = 3*Vph*Iph

Where, Vph = Phase voltage; Iph = Phase current; Vl = Line voltage

SIL = 3*(Vl/√3)²/Zs SIL = Vl²/Zs

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)

Therefore, SIL = Vl²*√(C/L)

Surge impedance loading can be increased by,

1. Increasing of voltage level 2. Increasing of capacitance value 3. Decreasing of inductance value

==================================================================================

92. The Y bus matrix of a 100 bus interconnected system is 90% sparse. Then find the number of non zero elements
in the Y bus matrix?

A. 9000 B. 90
C. 1000 * D. 10

Sparsity of Y bus matrix = Number of zero elements/ Total number of elements

Total number of elements for 100 bus = 100*100 = 10000

Number of zero elements = 0.9 * 10000 =9000
Therefore, number of non zero elements = 1000

==================================================================================

93. At slack bus, which one of the following combinations of variables is not specified?

A.  P and V B.  P and Q *
C.  V and δ D.  Q and V

Load bus: Known quantities - P and Q

Unknown quantities - V and δ

Generator bus: Known quantities - P and V

Unknown quantities - Q and δ

Slack or reference bus: Known quantities - V and δ

Unknown quantities - P and Q

==================================================================================

94. In a Gauss Seidel load flow method, the number of iterations may be reduced if the correction in voltage at each
bus is multiplied by

A. Gauss constant B.  Acceleration factor *

C.  Blocking factor D. Lagrange multiplier

Advantages of gauss siedel method:

1. It is a simple algebraical equation, so that calculation time for each iteration is less.
2. More suitable for small size networks.

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Disadvantages of gauss siedel method:

1. More number of iterations are required, so that it has slow convergence.
2. Initial approximate guessing value is required for convergence.
3. It required accelerating factor for convergence.
4. The choice of slack bus affects the convergence.
5. It is not applicable for the large power system networks.

Accelerating factor is used for reducing number of iterations using Gauss Seidel method.
The value of accelerating factor is around 1.6 to 1.8 .

==================================================================================

95. Pin insulators are used up to

A.  11 kV B.  33 kV *
C.  120 kV D.  any voltage level

Overhead line insulators:

1. Pin insulators used up to 33 kV.
2. Suspension type insulators all voltages 33 kV to 765 kV.
3. Strain insulators are used in river/ road/ railway crossings and dead end tower to reduce sag.

Pin type insulators are used only up to 33 kV. Beyond this voltage more insulation material is required, which increases cost
of the insulation. At higher voltage suspension or string insulators are used.

==================================================================================

96. Find the number of insulator discs required in string insulator, if operating voltage is 220 kV and maximum
voltage of each disc is 11 kV?

A.  20 B.  10
C.  13 * D.  21

Number of insulator discs n = ( Operating voltage/phase)/ Maximum voltage of each disc

Operating voltage/phase = 220*10³/√3 = 127 kV

Maximum voltage of each disc = 11 kV
Number of insulator discs n = 127/11 =11.547 ≈ 12
For safety operation one extra disc is added to the string.
Therefore, total number of insulator discs = 13

==================================================================================

97. In a 3-phase transmission line, each phase is supported by 3 insulated discs, maximum voltage of each disc is 20
kV. Find the operating voltage of the transmission line per phase if efficiency of string is 80.6%.

A.  48.36 kV * B.  52.84 kV
C.  83.76 kV D. 20 kV

String efficiency = Operating phase voltage (Vph)/(n * Voltage of disc nearest to conductor)

Where, n = number of discs

Given that, efficiency = 0.806

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 MCQs on Power Systems Part 1

Maximum voltage of each disc = 20 kV

Therefore, 0.806 = Vph/(3*20*10³)

Operating phase voltage(Vph) = 48.36 kV

==================================================================================

98. A cable has the following characteristics, L = 0.201 µH/m and C = 196.2 pF/m. The velocity of wave
propagation through cable is

A.  32 m/s B.  159.24 m/s

C.  0.0312 m/s D.  159.24 m/µs *

Where, L = inductance of the line C = capacitance of the line

==================================================================================

99. In a transmission line the insulators to be used at the dead end or sharp curves are

A.  pin type insulator B.  strain type *

C.  suspension type D.  any of the above

Strain insulator is one of the suspension insulator is used to reduce sag in the transmission lines connected between the two
towers and it is practically used in railway crossings, road crossings, river crossings and in the dead end towers.

==================================================================================

100. For 66 kV lines the number of insulator discs of each 11 kV used are

A.  6 B.  5
C.  3 D.  12

Number of insulator discs n = operating voltage per phase/ maximum voltage of each disc

For safety purpose, one extra insulator is required. Therefore the total number of discs are 4+1 = 5.

==================================================================================

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