Ali Khamis

Uworld tests writing

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.
Mark Twain's Autobiography

It was a heavenly place for a 1 boy. That farm of my Uncle John. The house was a
double log one, with a spacious floor (roofed in) connecting it with the kitchen. In the
summer the table was set in the middle of that shady and breezy floor, and
the sumptuous meals—well, it makes me cry to think of them. The way that the things were
cooked was perhaps the main splendor—particularly a certain few of the dishes like the corn
bread, the hot biscuits, wheat bread, and the fried chicken. 2 These things have never been
properly cooked in the North. No one there is able to learn the art, so far as my experience
goes. The North thinks it knows how to make corn bread, but this is
complete 3 ignorance. Perhaps no bread in the world is quite so good as Southern corn
bread, and perhaps no bread in the world is quite so bad as the Northern imitation of it.
Moreover, the North seldom tries to fry chicken, and this is well; 4 nonetheless, the art
cannot be learned either north of the Mason–Dixon line 5 or anywhere in Europe. This is
not hearsay; it is experience speaking. In Europe, it is imagined that
the custom 6 for serving various kinds of bread blazing hot is "American," but that is too
broad a spread; it is custom in the South but is much less than that in the North. 7 In the
North and in Europe, hot bread is considered unhealthy, probably another fussy superstition,
like the European superstitionthat ice-water is unhealthy. Europe does not need ice-water
and does not drink it; however, 8 its word for it is better than ours, because it describes it,
whereas ours doesn't. Europe calls it "iced" water while our word describes water made
from melted ice—9 a drink with no character or taste and one we drink only rarely.
It seems a pity that the world should throw away so many good things 10 to get rid of
them merely because they are unwholesome. I doubt if God has given us
any refreshment which, taken in moderation, is unwholesome, except microbes. Yet there
are people who strictly deprive themselves of each and every eatable, drinkable, and
smokable that has in any way at all acquired a clear reputation. They pay this price
for 11 health. Health is all they get for it. How strange it is—like paying out your whole
fortune for a cow that has gone dry. I'd rather not be healthy if it means I don't get to enjoy
life.
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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

12 Today when someone calls out to us pointing a camera, we smile. This is the cultural
and social reflex of our time, and such are our expectations of a picture portrait. But in the
long history of portraiture, the open smile has been largely, as it were, frowned upon.
A walk around any art gallery will reveal that the image of the open smile has, for a very
long time, been deeply unfashionable. 13 Equivocal "smirks" do make more frequent
appearances in portraits. This happens because a smirk may offer artists an opportunity
for ambiguity that the open smile cannot. Such a subtle and complex facial expression may
convey almost anything—piqued interest, condescension, flirtation, wistfulness, boredom,
discomfort, contentment, or mild embarrassment. This equivocation allows the artist to offer
us a lasting emotional engagement with the image.
14 An open smile, however, is unequivocal, a signal moment of unselfconsciousness. The
most famous and enduring portrait in the world functions around the conflict between the
serious and the smirk. The Mona Lisa and her smirk—more generously known as her
"enigmatic smile"—have always had the 15 affect of demanding further
examination. Leonardo da Vinci impels us to do this using a combination of
skillful sfumato (the effect of blurriness, or smokiness) and his profound understanding of
human desire. The Mona Lisa is thus, in many ways, designed to frustrate—and frustrate she
did.
16 [1] Consequently, both painters and sitters did have a number of good reasons for
being disinclined to encourage the smile. [2] The primary reason is obvious and often
overlooked: it is hard to do. [3] History proves this point. [4] When a camera
is 17 presented today and we are asked to smile, we perform gamely. [5] But should the
process take too long, it takes only a fraction of a moment for our smiles to turn into
uncomfortable grimaces. 18
Smiling also has a large number of discrete cultural and historical significances, few of
them in line with our modern perceptions of 19 it's being a physical signal of warmth,
enjoyment, or indeed of happiness. By the 17th century in Europe, it was a well-established
fact that the only people who smiled 20 broadly, in life and in art were the poor, the lewd, the
drunk, the innocent, and the entertainment. Showing the teeth was, for the upper classes, a
more-or-less formal breach of etiquette.
Thus the critical point: should a painter have persuaded his sitter to smile, and 21 chose to
paint it, it would immediately radicalize the portrait, precisely because it was so unusual and
so undesirable. In this sense, a portrait was 22 not so much an unattainable representation as a
formalized ideal of a person.
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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

There's been a lot of talk recently about the role and responsibilities of businesses in today's society. It's a
topic the president spoke about during his most recent State of the Union address. It's not a new concept. Just
ask Henry Ford.
23 We believe that the best companies view their employees as an asset to help the business thrive. They
don't view employees as a cost to be mitigated. We spend a lot of time talking to business
leaders 24 that invest in their workforce, as well as to thought leaders who have shown in their research that,
in the long term, companies have a 25 pre-eminent position relative to other establishments when the well-
being of their workforce is a key consideration in their business strategy.
Over two days this summer, 15 companies and organizations came together to share what works, what
they want to 26 change, and what bumps they see—even along the high road—in business culture,
government, and academia. The companies represented hospitality, retail, manufacturing, health care,
consulting, and more. 27 All 28 can be at different points in their journey, but what was exciting was their
shared interest in participating in this exploration and learning from one another.
The group tackled a fundamental question: What if we could demonstrate that being values-driven and
empowering workers do not come at the expense of profit, but rather can drive growth?
The group began with a working definition for "people-centered 29 business"; "an organization that puts
its people first based on a shared understanding that people drive business forward." They observed that in
the current state "people-centered business is rare and considered an alternative to mainstream corporate
America," but they have committed themselves to the goal of creating an environment in which "people-
centered businesses are the norm and drive the U.S. economy."
Research shows that there's unequivocally a business 30 case for this approach. MIT Sloan Professor
Zeynep Ton's book The Good Jobs Strategy clearly shows that creating good jobs makes business sense, even
in retail—a sector known for its high turnover and low wages. She demonstrates that there is a roadmap for
companies to create good jobs, maintain low prices, and provide excellent customer service while seeing
significant financial returns.
31 That isn't easy. It goes against some serious headwinds. 32 Although, the participants believed all
businesses, from small to multinational, have a reason to pay well and empower people on the job.
The next question is obviously how we can encourage more businesses to take this kind of approach. The
businesses involved in this conversation understand that it's crucial to demonstrate that 33 their not
succeeding at the expense of employees and customers but rather because the businesses are investing in all
stakeholders. We look forward to continuing that conversation with them.
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

For a nation that values both families and hard work, making sure every family has access to quality, affordable
child care when they need it 34 which seems like a no-brainer. And yet, in 33 states and the District of Columbia,
infant care is costlier than in-state public university 35 tuition: about $10,000.
The Department of Health and Human Services sets its benchmark for affordable child care for low-income
families at 7% of a family's income, which is the national average for all families, according to U.S.
Census data. However, low-income families on average spend approximately four times the share of their income
on child care compared to higher-income families, and in 38 states, the average cost of center-based care for an
infant alone is over 10% of the median income for a two-parent family. An Economic Policy Institute analysis
found that for a family with two kids, ages 4 and 8, child care is more expensive than rent in 80% of
the 36 locations in the geological region analyzed.
37 For higher-income families the expense of high-quality child care is less noticeable. But inaction carries a
steep cost 38 as a consequence.
[1] More and more, children are living in homes with only one parent—39 usually the mother. [2] Gone are the
days when the majority of families had one parent at home with the kids while the other secured a paycheck. [3]
And while single mothers are more likely than other groups to be in the labor force, nearly half of working single
mothers are in the bottom 20% of earners nationwide, compared with fewer than one in ten married mothers who
work. [4] Working women are a boon to our economy and family economic security, but most of our public
policies—including paid leave, child care, workplace flexibility and other work-family supports—40 all fail to keep
up with these new realities, making it difficult to be both a parent and a productive employee. [5] 41 However,
that boon is less apparent since women's labor force participation plateaued in the late 1990s after decades of
growth. 42
Unfortunately, when American workers stop working or cut back their hours to care for children, 43 losing out
on up to $8.3 billion in wages each year, according to one recent analysis. And off-ramping from employment for
even one year can have negative repercussions for someone's career, lifetime earnings and retirement security.
No one should have to choose between the paycheck their family needs and the peace of mind that comes from
knowing that they have the high-quality care their children deserve. Supporting working families so that they don't
have to make that choice is just one more reason we need a serious and 44 substantial investment in high-quality,
affordable child care.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

[1] It was 1972 and I was talking to a group of fellow graduate students just before leaving the country
to conduct my dissertation research when I declared that anthropology should not be "applied" to helping
others. [2] Viewing anthropology as an intellectual discipline, 1 yet I thought that if someone wanted to "help"
people, that individual should become a social worker. 2 [3] Fast forward several decades and once again I'm
speaking to anthropology students, only now I'm telling them that their research should help people in how they
live. [4] So, what changed my mind? 3
I became interested in aging and old age just before I took my first job and decided to focus on 4 issues
surrounding the definition and treatment of the elderly in non-industrial societies. This research was still
fairly abstract and certainly far removed from "helping" people. However, it was a 5 constricted thoroughfare from
analyzing secondary data to actually conducting research on treatment of the elderly. This research led to an
interest in the relationship between health and aging, which in turn led to a focus on home health care.
A decade later, once I had completed my research, I was being issued a series of patents 6 after ten years for a
behavioral monitoring system to be used in the residences of at-risk elderly. After starting my own company and
then selling the patents to General Electric, I launched a career as a consultant, helping doctors and nurses deliver
care through the use of various technologies. As a result of this journey, I encourage students and researchers who
are either pursuing 7 his or her graduate studies or entering the job market to focus on issues surrounding health and
care delivery.
Thus, I welcome the launch of Anthropology-Open Journal, since, as the British are fond of saying, it ticks all
the 8boxes: it focuses on the intersection of anthropology and biology and health; it is online; and it is open
access. Let me venture to say that what we have with this publication is a 9 design of where the discipline is
headed.
First, by almost every measure, there is no more relevant subject matter today than health and
care provision. Perhaps maintaining health absorbs an increasingly large share of society's 10 resources. It has
been one of those cultural universals that link all peoples. Second, the Journal being online and open access just
makes sense in the world we live in. The paramount goal of all researchers is to have their results read by the
largest possible audience so that 11 they will impact the work of others. How better to reach this goal than to have
their work made readily available by this journal?

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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

A number of studies have addressed the problems of safety and health of young people 12 from the job. Still,
youths under the age of 18 13 continuing to work in occupations that expose them to dangers for which they may
not be prepared. The following 14circumstances were developed by the Minnesota Department of Public Health.
15 First, a 10-year-old boy died on July 30, 1994. He was driving a tractor that overturned during a turn off a
public highway onto a gravel road. The tractor was towing a hay baler and loaded hayrack, and it was not equipped
with a rollover protective structure and seat belt. He died from acute laceration of the brain with multiple skull
fractures.
Next, a 13-year-old boy died on July 11, 1995, after being engulfed by corn inside a grain bin. The boy and his
father were using a portable auger to unload corn from the bin into a truck. The youth uncovered the bin roof
access opening and sat on the roof ladder to monitor the flow of corn. Fifteen minutes later, 16 he noticed the boy
was no longer on the roof. The father climbed to the roof but was unable to locate him. He shut down
the auger and attempted to break open the bin with a loader-equipped tractor. Emergency personnel cut holes in the
bin with power saws and extracted the youth 17 out of the bin. He was transported to a medical center but died two
days later from complications of a brain injury.
The third situation occurred on August 17, 1995. A 17-year-old boy died after being struck by a front-end
loader bucket. The boy was riding in a tractor with the farmer and 18 dismounted to open a gate to allow the farmer
to drive through. He then climbed into the bucket, which had been improperly secured. The farmer raised the
bucket and proceeded down the driveway. The tractor struck a bump, bouncing the loader arms
and disengaging the bucket. 19 Subsequently, the boy fell and was struck by the falling bucket. He died from skull
fracture and massive fracture of the cervical spine.
The fourth incident happened on September 13, 1997. A 13-year-old boy died after being run over by a grass
seeder being towed by a tractor on sloped land. The youth was riding on the frame of the seeder and using his hand
to ensure even seed flow when he 20 lost his balance, he fell from the seeder, and was run over. He died from
severe chest and head trauma.
Statistics show that the risk of a fatality in an agricultural job is over 4 times greater than the risk for all
working youths. Luckily, most youths' working time is spent in relatively safe jobs outside agriculture. The
occupation with the third-highest number of fatalities for youths under age 18 is 21 retail trade, although the overall
percentage for minors is still less than for adults. 22 All occupations except agriculture and retail present a lower
risk of fatality for youths under age 18 than for adults.
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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

Disney Parody: "After Ever After"

23 YouTube artist Jon Cozart asks, "Do you ever wonder why Disney tales all end in lies?" in his 2013
musical parody. Cozart responds to the question with a catchy and humorous, but slightly shocking, series of
answers about what he thinks could have happened after Ariel, Jasmine, Belle, and Pocahontas experienced their
"happily ever afters." The medley was published on a musical video-sharing site, where it has been watched over
61 million times since its publication. The 24 video—titled "After Ever After," reimagines these four self-aware
Disney princesses in our real world and speculates about how they would handle this 25 harsh and difficult reality.
This formulaic ending for protagonists of the fairy tale has been 26 persuasive to the genre. The development
of postmodernism and feminism in recent decades has resulted in an audience that is less willing to accept that
standard and unsatisfying conclusion. Due to this dissatisfaction, revisionist versions of classic stories have
become popular. A combination of fairy tale scholarship, new media and amateur media studies, folklore,
and cultural studies adds to the analysis of this form of fairy tale revision, which 27reflects
the globalized and digitized world in which Cozart's video was created.
While there has recently been a surge in fairy tale retellings through television shows, movies, and books to
meet this contemporary demand, the 28 feminist views emerging on the videos of YouTube.com allow an
individual to create and broadcast material to a worldwide audience from the comfort of his or her own
home. 29 Being comfortable is important to making popular movies.
Cozart parodies the plots of four animated Disney movies with recognizable music from the original
films. Many find this compilation to be artistic, humorous, and extremely catchy. Others question whether
its familiar characters 30 might satirically critique the politics, environmentalism, racism, and colonialism of
Western society. Cozart's perspective as the creator is that of a young American male, but his audience is expanded
by the content of his parody and the platform through which the material was produced.
This case 31 study, of Cozart's first "After Ever After" video examines the use of Disney heroines as
spokespersons of Cozart's digital parody, 32 which can be considered quite funny to some people but very offensive
to others. Cozart is one of many who make use of "the end" as a new beginning. 33 In doing so,
he retains some aspects of "classic Disney" while subverting much of the sense of wonder that gives the
original genre its name.

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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

"Blogging, Branding, and Business"

As fashion consumers continue to stray from traditional magazines, enterprising fashion bloggers have
experienced new 34circumstances to establish themselves in the 35 industry. They have built their own businesses
by creating an engaging online presence.
These independent bloggers 36 could have quickly become "front-row" socialite's sitting alongside
photographers and editors from major fashion magazines at runway shows. They have revolutionized the fashion
industry by asserting 37 themselves. As potential advertising platforms, powerful consumer influencers, and
popular fashion icons in their own right. Most importantly, they have become formidable entities by turning
their blogs into brands, and finally, into full-blown businesses with promising potential for growth.
Among the most prominent bloggers, the path from establishing a blog to developing a brand has generally
followed a consistent pattern.
Many popular fashion blogs began as nothing more than earnest attempts to express unique, creative
philosophies through words and images. Kevin Ma, founder of the streetwear-inspired blog Hypebeast, 38 had
always considered himself a fashion-forward young man with a sense of style and an eye for design. Leandra
Medine, founder of The Man Repeller, launched her blog as a site for quirky high-fashion aficionados to browse
through her comical commentaries and personal style 39 looks; which consist of unconventional designer pieces
typically considered "repulsive" by men.
40 The most distinguished bloggers-turned-entrepreneurs used traditional banner ads, sponsorships, and
collaborations to produce revenue. Scott Schuman, founder of the photography-based fashion blog The
Sartorialist, 41 generating profit by selling ads to retailers like American Apparel and Net-a-Porter, and then to
bigger companies like Coach and Tiffany & Co. as website traffic increased. 42Conversely, sponsorships and
collaborations with mega fashion brands have been a primary strategy in increasing brand awareness. They have
also fostered powerful associations with established industry leaders. After appealing to advertisers, the popular
beauty blog Into the Gloss, founded by Emily Weiss and Nick Axelrod, caught the attention of cosmetic giant
Lancôme. The company collaborated with them to create Lancôme's new lipstick line.
By capitalizing on opportunities to sell advertising and to collaborate with established brands, bloggers have
been able to 43stimulate the money required to expand their blogs into publishing, designing, and e-
commerce. Both Medine and Schuman have published best-selling books based on their blogs. Medine has
additionally collaborated with designers like Aimee Cho of Gryphon to create exclusive clothing lines, featured on
her site. Ma of Hypebeast ventured into e-commerce, first selling apparel from up-and-coming brands and then
moving on to luxury designer labels.
The rise of blogs as advertising platforms 44 is a revolutionary phenomenon in fashion for talented young
entrepreneurs with limited capital but limitless drive.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

When you work with ancient objects, new discoveries are often small: a fragment of a vase, for example, or half
an earring. But Jeffrey Spier, the Getty Villa's senior curator of antiquities, recently 1 bumped into something
much bigger.
This past spring, Spier was in New York and dropped by a gallery in midtown Manhattan. While there, he
turned around and noticed 2 the marble, stone head of an older woman who was stern-looking mounted on
a pedestal by the wall.
3 I immediately thought: "'That's the head!'" recalls Spier.
Decades of studying Greek and Roman art and a keen visual memory, which is an indispensable skill for
any curator, 4 has snapped into place. Spier had just identified a carved marble head that had been mysteriously
missing for decades from the body of the Getty's 2,000-year-old Roman Statue of Draped Female.
5 To most people, ancient classical sculptures probably look similar: remarkably graceful drapery, straight
noses, perfect physiques. But as Spier explains, "Roman sculptors prided themselves in 6 making their subjects
look as good as possible. Unlike the Greeks, they didn't create idealized beauty. So once I saw a photograph of this
sculpture's missing head, I recognized it easily, the way you'd recognize a person you'd met before." He laughed,
"When I saw it I thought: Don't I know you?"
The whereabouts of the Roman woman's head had been a mystery for decades. The headless statue intrigued
Spier and associate curator 7 Jens Daehner. Therefore, provenance researchers helped them find documentation
that confirmed the statue did have its original head in the early 20th century.
Yet sometime before 1972, as the 7-foot-tall lady circulated through several European collections, she
was decapitated.
But why? And by whom? 8 For certain, greed is not a motive: perhaps the neck partially broke in transit and
then the owner decided to remove the head, or maybe a former owner felt he could make a larger profit selling two
separate pieces rather than one tall statue.
9 Whomever deprived this Roman woman of her head wasn't particularly careful about it. Associate
conservator Eduardo Sanchez is pretty convinced that the head was broken off 10 forcibly by use of a power tool
drill in combination with hard impacts to the front of the neck. When the head was brought to the Getty Villa,
Sanchez created a lightweight replica of the broken neck surface to test its fit to the neck break on the body. The fit
was inarguably perfect, except for some missing fragments in the front of the neck.
While the head and body are prepared for re-capitation, which is not a typical task
for antiquities conservators, 11continuing to comb through 19th-century catalogues and travel guides, trying to
discover the identity of the Roman woman she was modeled after.

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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

Michelangelo's place in the world of art is altogether unique. His supremacy is acknowledged by all, but is
understood by only a few. In the presence of his works, none can stand unimpressed, yet few dare to claim any
intimate knowledge of his art. He is one 12 to awe rather than attracting, to overwhelm rather than to delight. The
spectator must exclaim with humility, "Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I cannot attain it." Yet,
while Michelangelo 13 may never be a popular artist in the ordinary sense of the word, the powerful influence
which he exercises seems constantly increasing. Year by year, there are more who, drawn by the strange
fascination of his genius, seek to read the meaning of his art.
His subjects are all profoundly serious in intention. 14 Life was no holiday to this strenuous spirit. It was a
stern conflict with the powers of darkness in which such heroes as David and Moses were needed. Like the old
Hebrew prophets, the artist poured out his soul in a vehement protest against evil and a stirring call
to righteousness.
[1] After learning his first lessons about that vehicle from the art of the Greeks, he soon possessed himself
of the great principles of classic sculpture. [2] Then he boldly struck out on his own path; his was a spirit to lead,
not to follow. [3] Both as a sculptor and a painter, Michelangelo used the human body as his one vehicle of
expressing emotion. [4] He never limited himself to only one artistic medium—the human body was the single
common factor in all his works. [5] By combining the Greek and 15 Michelangelos' sense of line and form, an
entirely new motif was created. [6] In contrast to the ideal of 16 animation, which was the leading canon of the
Greeks, his chosen ideal was one of action. 17
18 Moreover, he invariably fixed upon some decisive moment in the action he had to represent, a moment
which suggests both the one preceding 19 as well as the one following, and which gives us the whole story. 20 It
was a far cry from the elegant calm of the Greek god to the restless energy of a rugged youth.
Even with seated figures, he followed the same principle. Moses and the Duke Giuliano are ready to rise to
their feet if need be. In his frescoes we again find 21 the same motif. Adam rising to his feet in obedience to the
Creator's summons, and Christ the Judge sweeping asunder the multitudes.
In his love of action and his passion for the human form lay the elements of his art most easily
lending 22 itself to exaggeration. That the master did indeed permit himself to be carried beyond due limits is seen
by comparing the grandeur of the Sistine ceiling with the mannerisms of the Last Judgment.

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

The Krakatoa Sunsets

[1] The tiny volcanic island of 23 Krakatoa located halfway between Java and Sumatra staged a spectacular
eruption at the end of August 24 1883. [2] Nearly 40,000 people were killed by a series of mountainous waves
thrown out by the force of the explosion: more than a hundred coastal towns and villages were partially or
completely destroyed. [3] For weeks afterwards, the bodies of the drowned continued to wash up along the
shoreline. 25 [4] Accordingly, the vast volcanic ash-cloud spread into a semi-opaque band that threaded slowly
westward around the equator, forming memorable sunsets across the Earth's lower latitudes. [5] This explosion
generated 13,000 times the power of the bomb that devastated Hiroshima, Japan, during WWII. 26
A few weeks later, the stratospheric veil moved outwards from the tropics to the poles, and by October 1883,
most of the world, including Britain, was subjected to lurid evening 27 displays caused by the scattering of
incoming light through the volcanic haze. Throughout November and December, the skies flared
through virulent shades of green, blue, copper, and magenta. "The glow is intense," wrote British poet Gerard
Manley Hopkins. "That is what strikes everyone; it has prolonged the daylight and optically changed the season. It
bathes the whole sky. It is mistaken for the reflection of a great fire."
Like most other observers at the time, Hopkins had no idea what was causing the phenomenon, but he grew
fascinated by the daily atmospheric displays, tracking 28 its changing appearances over the course of that
winter. 29 He was not alone in his interest; all over the world, writers, artists, and scientists responded to the drama
of the volcanic skies. The poets Algernon Swinburne, Robert Bridges, and Alfred Tennyson 30 was writing lengthy
works prompted by the unearthly twilights.
Visual artists also found themselves extending their color ranges in awed emulation of the skies. In Oslo,
Norway, the sunsets helped 31 inaugurate one of the world's best-known paintings. Edvard Munch was walking
with friends one 32evening, as the sun descended through the haze. "It was as if a flaming sword of blood slashed
open the vault of heaven," he recalled. "The hills became deep blue—among the yellow and red colors—my
companions' faces became yellow-white—I felt something like a great scream—and truly I heard a great
scream." His painting The Scream (1893), of which he made several versions, is an enduring (and much
stolen) expressionist masterpiece, a vision of human desolation beneath an apocalyptic sky, as "a great unending
scream pierces through nature."
As it happens, the final eruption of Krakatoa on August 27, 1883 33 was the loudest sound ever recorded,
travelling almost 5,000 km and heard over nearly a tenth of the earth's surface: a great scream indeed.

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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

Should we read or teach literature now? If so, which works? How should these be read, and 34 which should
teach them?
When I taught at the Johns Hopkins University, from 1953 to 1972, I had answers to these questions. We in the
English Department thought we were benefiting the 35 country, we were teaching young citizens the basic
American ethos and researching the "truth" about the fields in our disciplines. Such truth was a good in 36 itself,
like knowledge of black holes or genetics.
Over fifty years later, everything is different in U.S. universities. Nowadays, over 70% of the teaching is done
by adjuncts without prospects of tenure. Often they are kept just below half-time, so they do not have benefits. 37
U.S. universities have come to be run more like corporations governed by the financial bottom line, the "bang
for the buck." Universities have consequently become more and more trade schools. 38 It is difficult to
demonstrate that humanities bring financial return. It is, likewise, difficult to prove that majoring in English is
preparation for anything but a service job or teaching.
Enrollments in humanities courses and numbers of majors 39 will be shrunken to a tiny percentage of the
enrolled population. Only composition and beginning language courses plus required distribution courses are doing
well.
[1] The usual response by embattled humanists is to become defensive and say literature ought to be taught
because we need to know our cultural past, or need to "expand our minds," or need the ethical teaching within
literary works. [2] With issues of economic stabilty looming large nationwide, students need training that will help
them get a job and avoid starving. [3] I think this view of literary study is dead and gone these days. [4] For
example, it is not at all clear to me how reading Shakespeare, Keats, or Dickens helps us deal with the problems
that confront U.S. citizens these days. 40
Do I think much future exists in universities for such readings? No, I do not. I think this dimming of the future
is due partly to the turning of our universities into trade schools, but due even more to the rapid development
of teletechnologies that are making literature 41 archaic.
I add in conclusion, timidly and tentatively, one use of studying literature and literary theory in these bad
days. U.S. citizens are inundated with distortions and outright lies from politicians and media. Learning how to
read literature "rhetorically" is primary training in how to spot such lies and distortions. The chances that literary
study would have this benign effect on many people are slim. One can only have the audacity of hope and believe
that some 42 can be led to the habit of unmasking ideological 43 aberrations such as those that surround us on all
sides in the U.S. today.
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Question 44 asks about the graphic.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

Since 1986, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) has had special agent
criminal profilers assigned to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI's) National Center for the Analysis of
Violent Crime (NCAVC) in Quantico, 1 Virginia: the NCAVC is a law enforcement-oriented behavioral science
and resource center that offers investigative support, research, and training to law enforcement agencies throughout
the world. Currently, ATF has two behavioral profilers 2 assigning the NCAVC's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU).
The primary mission of the behavioral profilers is to support arson and bombing investigations in the
identification, arrest, and prosecution of the offender. 3 ATF profilers undergo an intensive two-year training
program in behavioral science principles, crime scene analysis and interpretation, forensic science,
and pathology. Upon completing training, 4 certificates are given in Criminal Behavioral Analysis.
The profilers continue to enhance their own skills and specialties through a continuing education program
consisting of presentations from visiting lecturers, attendance at advanced seminars and programs, and maintaining
contact with the arson, explosives and profiling 5 community through membership in professional
organizations. ATF profilers also provide training and presentations to hundreds of police and fire personnel each
year on behavioral profiling techniques. They routinely lecture 6 about the ATF and FBI National Academies, the
International Association of Arson Investigators, the International Association of Bomb Technicians and
Investigators and various regional training schools.
[1] ATF profilers have contributed articles and studies on bombing and arson profiling and threat assessment in
various publications. [2] ATF profilers offer their services to any law enforcement or fire service agency 7 at home
or abroad. [3] The profilers also work on research projects at the NCAVC to publish articles designed
to 8 augment law enforcement. [4] In addition to ATF's resources, the profilers have access to the NCAVC's
expertise and research on violent crime. [5] While at the NCAVC, the profilers have participated in studies
involving serial arsonists, bombers, rapists, school shooters, workplace and domestic violent offenders, serial
murderers, and persons who engage in threatening communications. 9
10 As the program is relatively new, ATF profilers face great scrutiny while assisting in cases; however, their
expertise in profiling, analysis and threat assessment is so undeniable, that they have still been called upon to
participate in prominent cases. Some notable cases in which their skills have been used 11 include the bombing of
a power plant during the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, the Washington, D.C. sniper attacks, the Sept.
11 terrorist attacks, the Washington, D.C. serial arsons, and the 2013 bombings during the Boston Marathon.

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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

A vampire is a thirsty thing, spreading 12 metaphors like antigens, through its victim's blood. It is a rare
situation that is not metaphorically defamiliarized by the introduction of a vampiric motif, whether it be migration
and industrial change in 13 Dracula; adolescent coming-of-age in Twilight; or racism in True Blood. Beyond
undead life and the knack of becoming a bat, the vampire's true power is its ability to induce intense paranoia about
the nature of social relations to ask, "who are the real bloodsuckers?"
This is certainly the case with the first fully realized vampire story in English, John Polidori's 1819 tale, "The
Vampyre." 14 It is Polidori's text that establishes the vampire as we know it. He reimagined the feral, mud-caked
creatures of southeastern European legend as the 15 elegantly magnetic denizens swarming all around
the cosmopolitan assemblies and polite drawing rooms.
"The Vampyre" is a product of 1816, when Lord Byron left England in the wake of a disintegrating marriage
and rumors of madness, to travel to the banks of Lake Geneva and there loiter with Percy and Mary 16 Shelley:
then still Mary Godwin. 17 Polidori served as Byron's travelling physician. He also played an active role in the
summer's tensions and rivalries. He also participated in the famous night of ghost stories that produced Mary
Shelley's "hideous progeny," Frankenstein.
Like Frankenstein, "The Vampyre" 18 draws extensively on the mood at Byron's Villa Diodati. But whereas
Mary Shelley incorporated the orchestral thunderstorms that illuminated the lake and the sublime mountain scenery
that served as a backdrop to Victor Frankenstein's struggles, Polidori's text is woven from the invisible dynamics of
the Byron-Shelley circle, and especially the humiliations he suffered at Byron's hand.
The most overt example of Byron as the devourer of souls was a novel Polidori read over the course of the
summer—Glenarvon by Lady Caroline Lamb. Byron and Lamb had enjoyed a brief affair until he, somewhat
rattled, had called it off. That Polidori 19 took inspiration from Lamb is revealed in the name he gives his villain—
Lord Ruthven, one of Glenarvon's various ancestral titles. Polidori's Ruthven also
inhabits Glenarvon's aristocratic milieu as a member of the bon ton.
Rather than providing a creative outlet for Polidori, 20 his humiliation was only compounded by the publication
of "The Vampyre." Although the text was similarly prompted by the ghost story competition that inspired Mary
Shelley so ably, Polidori only completed his story for the pleasure of a friend outside of the Byron-Shelley
circle. The manuscript 21 have laid forgotten for three years until finally coming into the hands of
the disreputable journalist Henry Colburn, who 22reported it in his New Monthly Magazine under the title "The
Vampyre: A Tale by Lord Byron."

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

Triple H Therapy: Hugs, Humor and Humility

The most memorable patient I have come across was a gentleman in his 23 mid-50s who had arrested weeks
after having received his first course of treatment, diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. As I approached
the patient and his family shortly after he was stabilized, I saw his kind, almost angelic face, one that was
experiencing love and fear at the same time. Clearly he had concerns and 24 needed a doctor's appointment. I
recall that the patient's sister and brother-in-law, having been involved heavily in his care, were equally in need of
certainty, peace of mind, and clarity. At that moment, I felt the need to turn my pager off, hang my white coat on
the hook, and sit down at eye level with the patient and his family.
Once I explained the intricate details of his lymphoma and prognosis, I decided to lighten the mood. 25 I pulled
out my iPhone and started to play funny movie clips. One such clip was of a dark, disgruntled children's television
star attempting to sabotage his rival in a rhino outfit. 26 As a result, after laughing ourselves near the point of tears,
each of us 27 gave the warmest hug before I left the room. That was the start of an incredibly trusting and very
special doctor-patient relationship.
When the patient required further treatment, he specifically requested that I be the physician to administer the
drug. It became a tradition that I would enter the fluoroscopy suite with a smile, a reassuring hug, and a 5-minute
movie clip 28loaded on my iPhone for him to watch during the procedure. As the disease continued to progress
despite repeated doses of high-dose methotrexate IV, the emotional and psychological relationship grew
stronger. Unfortunately, the patient 29expired, but the family remembered my attention and humor during his
care. This helped them greatly during the grievingprocess.
The physiology of laughter and hugging another human being is complex and has
positive physiological effects. Opioid receptors have an improved threshold for pain, serum cortisol levels drop,
anxiety 30 goes down, blood pressure is lowered by decreased vasoconstriction, protection
from inflammation and oxidative stress occurs, and the social sense of belonging is enhanced. Endorphins increase,
as do serotonin levels. 31 Oxytocin is also released. This release results in vasodilation and lowered blood
pressure.
My extensive life journey through 32 different and various phases of my own development has allowed me to
identify the crucial role that palliative medicine plays in oncology. Mediating and harnessing the 33 power: of
human physiology and spirit is pivotal in ultimate treatment outcomes. Clinical decision-making should come from
both an open mind and an open heart.
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

Getting Veterans the Credentials They've Earned

U.S. veterans often need assistance in finding civilian work after their military careers are over. Luckily,
the Iraq and AfghanistanVeterans of America recently released its 7th annual member survey, 34 its members
listed professional certifications, educationresources, and connecting with veteran-friendly employers as most
helpful to their job search.
[1] Initially reported was the fact that more than three-fourths of workers in health care
and technical occupations held certifications. [2] As far as documented credentials go, earlier this year the Bureau
of Labor Statistics released information on occupations requiring licenses and certifications. [3] Also, employed
people were twice as likely to hold an active certification or
license. [4] Median weekly earnings of certified or licensed workers were 34 percent higher than of those without
such documentation. [5] In 2015, people with a certification or license had a lower unemployment rate (2.7
percent) 35 then, that without these credentials. [6] These findings show just how
important licenses and certifications can be for veterans, who may experience challenges in attaining them. 36
To benefit veterans, an 18-month study and demonstration project was conducted to help service members not
only transition from active duty to civilian employment 37 and also to encourage states
to award civilian credit for military skills. During this study,
six 38states' designed and implemented a strategy for matching state-specific license and
certificate requirements to military training, and also examined civilian training and employment-related costs
after military service.
The states found three common barriers encountered by veterans 39 whom
seek employment. First, civilian licensor boards often do
not recognize military documentation regarding training and experience. Next, civilian requirements often dictate t
hat experienced veterans participate in duplicative training to attain a 40 relevant license or
certification. Finally, administrative rules and processescreate challenges for veterans who wish to transfer their
skills, training and experience into a similar civilian occupation.
The costs to veterans who have to overcome the aforementioned problems can be extensive, and
many veterans use their post-9/11 GI Bill and other programs funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs to pay
for some duplicate training and licensing programs. 41However, the study identified potential cost savings in
which states create simpler licensing and certification paths for eligible veterans.
Through the demonstration project, the six states made progress on strategies across selected occupations,
making it easier for veterans to apply for and obtain licenses 42 for jobs. 43 These strategies can help veterans in
all states find practical experience to attain the licenses and certifications required by civilian occupations.
Other states should use the study and incorporate best practices to help veterans bridge the gap between skills
learned in the military and those needed for state certifications. Veterans deserve to have the support they need
to 44 create new programs to improve their employment prospects.
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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

A risky undertaking for anyone, 1 driving can be really hazardous for adolescents. Beginning teenage drivers
get into more accidents than anybody else. 2 There are countless reasons teenage drivers wreck their cars so
often. Immaturity contributes to youngsters' not being able to make good judgment calls when driving. In addition,
when a parent or another adult is not in the car, teens are more likely to take risks. Unfortunately, this risky
behavior can be fatal. In fact, despite teenagers having well-developed muscles, quick reaction times, and 3 having
great hand-eye coordination, automobile accidents are the number one killer of this age group.
Young people often do not make good decisions because their brains are not fully developed. A study by the
National Institutes of Health suggests that the area of the brain 4 that hinders unsafe actions is not totally
formed until age 25. Some perilous teenage motor vehicle practices include speeding, not wearing seat belts,
running red lights, and drinking or using drugs while driving. Additionally, inexperienced drivers may weave in
and out of traffic, tailgate, or run stop signs. 5 Other problematic driving actions consist of miscalculating the
amount of space between cars, failing to keep a safe distance, and not understanding a vehicle's capabilities.
[1] In addition, certain distractions present difficulties for rookie motorists. [2] Some of the
most prevalentpreoccupations for teen drivers are cell phones, music, and pets. [3] Passengers can also be a major
distraction, keeping youngsters from paying close attention to the road. [4] When friends are in the 6 car: teens are
much more likely to show off, speed, and lose focus on their driving. [5] In fact, as the number of passengers
increases, so does the number of teen automobile accidents. [6] Predictably, the worst crashes occur when drivers
are traveling at high rates of speed. 7
Driving at night can also be tricky, as evidenced by the fact that the most serious wrecks for teenage drivers
occur at night and on weekends. Driving with reduced visibility is challenging for novices because they do not
have enough experience to predict potential problems and respond to nighttime road conditions. Also, when
teenagers drive at night, it is likely that 8 he or she is carrying additional passengers without parental supervision
and driving too fast. Both factors increase the 9 visible risk of getting into an accident.
Because teenagers have such limited driving experience, they need 10 lots more of safely maneuvering
practice. Luckily, the more time teen drivers spend on the road, the better drivers they become. Young motorists
improve the most during their first year and 1,000 miles of driving. So it is extremely important for teenagers to
practice as much as possible to improve 11 their chances of being safe on the road.
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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

[1] In early 1942, with America still 12 reeling them from the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hollywood mobilized for
war. [2] Soon, silver-screen luminaries like Jimmy Stewart and Clark Gable were enlisting, making the roster of
the U.S. Army Air Forces look like the opening credits of a new blockbuster. [3] From Walt Disney to Warner
Bros., the animation studios were letting slip the dogs—and ducks—of war. [4] And while Tinseltown's new
uniforms 13 gleamed and glowed, neighboring Toontown was also joining the war effort. [5] Donald, of course,
was a natural recruit (he's a sailor, after all). [6] The feathered hero saw action in the jungles of Asia, 14 braving
snipers and ravenous crocodiles to single-wingedly wipe out an enemy airbase. [7] Daffy Duck proved that he too
was a bird to be reckoned with. [8] In 1943, the fowl-mouthed mallard parachuted commando-style behind German
lines to wage havoc. [9] 15 Other's followed suit: Popeye punched Nazis, Superman sunk ships, and Bugs
Bunny peddled war bonds. [10] For these characters, it was a merry 16 war. Especially enjoyable for the army's
secret mascot: Private Snafu.17
Private Snafu was the star of classified military training films shown to audiences of new recruits. 18 The
twenty-six surviving episodes of his adventures run the gamut of military 19 safety topics; how to maintain proper
hygiene in the field, what to do when faced with a squadron of malarial mosquitoes, and why it's simply not a good
idea to go skipping through a minefield. In one short film, for example, Private Snafu learns that keeping his
rifle muzzle-down in the mud can lead to a 20 sticky situation when caught off-guard by a German
patrol. Similarly, in another episode in which Bugs Bunny makes a brief cameo, Snafu learns the value of keeping
his gas mask handy when clouds of poisonous fumes catch him napping under a tree.
One Snafu cartoon, however, was considered too confidential to be released. In this prophetic cartoon, Private
Snafu unwisely brags that the U.S. has a weapon designed to obliterate Japan. Ironically, the filmmakers had no
knowledge of the Manhattan Project, which had been in existence over a year prior to their independent invention
of the atomic bomb. 21 Oddly enough, only two atomic bombs were available for actual deployment in the fall of
1945. The cartoon was pulled, not to see the light of day until some years after the war. The unintentional
similarity to actual military events leaves us to ponder which is more 22 confusing: the fact that filmmakers could
randomly hit upon the most significant breakthrough in modern warfare, or that the scientists responsible for
designing the most destructive weapon in human history—a device capable of eradicating all life on Earth in the
blink of an eye—seemed to share so much in common with the creator of Wile E. Coyote.

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

The Evolution of American Hipster Subculture

Skinny jeans, chunky glasses, and T-shirts with vintage logos—the American hipster is a recognizable figure in
the modern United States. 23 Although these fashion statements are easy to spot, a modern-day hipster is not so
easily characterized. As a subculture, hipsters spurn many of the values and beliefs of U.S. culture and
prefer vintage clothing to fashion and a Bohemian lifestyle to one of wealth and power. While hipster culture may
seem to be the new trend among young, middle-class youth, 24 there history stretches back to the early decades of
the 1900s.
Where did the hipster culture begin? In the early 1940s, jazz music was on the rise in the United
States. 25Musicians were known as "hepcats" and had a smooth, relaxed quality that went
against upright, mainstream life. Those who were "hep" or "hip" lived by the code of jazz, while those who were
"square" lived according to society's rules. The idea of a "hipster" was born.
[1] By the 1950s, the jazz culture was winding down and many traits of hepcat culture were
becoming mainstream. [2] A new subculture was on the rise. [3] The "Beat Generation," a title coined by writer
Jack Kerouac, was anticonformist and antimaterialistic. [4] They were writers who listened to jazz
and embraced radical politics. [5] They bummed around, hitchhiked the country, and lived in squalor. 26
The lifestyle spread. 27 College students clutched copies of On the Road written by Kerouac. They dressed
in berets, black turtlenecks, and black-rimmed glasses. Women wore black leotards and grew their hair long. Herb
Caen, 28 he was a San Francisco journalist, used the suffix from Sputnik 1, the Russian satellite that orbited Earth
in 1957, to dub the movement's followers "Beatniks."
As the Beat Generation faded, a new, related movement began. This movement also focused on
breaking socialboundaries, but 29 it advocated freedom of expression, philosophy, and love. Over time, the
"little hipsters" of the 1970s 30 became known simply as "hippies."
Today's generation of hipsters rose out of the hippie movement in the same way that hippies rose from Beats
and Beats from hepcats. Although contemporary hipsters may not seem to have much in common with
1940s hipsters, the desire for nonconformity is still present. Much as the hepcats of the
jazz era opposed 31 moderate culture with carefully crafted appearances of coolness and
relaxation, modern hipsters reject mainstream values with a purposeful apathy.
Young people are often drawn to oppose mainstream 32 conventions, they rebel in the same way that others
before them have. Ironic, cool to the point of noncaring, and intellectual—hipsters continue to embody a
subculture while simultaneously 33 burdening mainstream culture.
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

—1—
Did you know that we throw away 165 billion dollars worth of food per year in America? That's more than
the budgets for America's national parks, public libraries, federal prisons, veterans' health care, the 34 FBI;
and the FDA combined. While producing enough food for over 500 million people, 35 the United States still has
50 million citizens who are food insecure. In fact, the amount of food that ends up in landfills wastes enough water
to meet the domestic water needs of every American citizen.
—2—
These are some mind-blowing statistics that you probably still need to see to believe. This weekend I arrived in
New York City from my second bike ride across America, living on food from grocery store dumpsters. On my
first ride dumpster diving across America, about 70% of my diet came from 36 dumpsters. This made up a total of
about 280 pounds of food in over 4,700 miles of cycling.
—3—
I'm not just dining from the dumpster to meet my needs, though. I'm doing this to inspire America to stop
throwing away food. In eight cities along the tour, I went out dumpster diving, usually 37 on most occasions just
for one night, and set up my find in a public park the next day. Many people were shocked by what I showed
them. Even more were angry, not at me, but at the waste in our society when millions of Americans are hungry.
—4—
My experience shows me that grocery store dumpsters are overflowing with perfectly good food every day in
nearly every city across America, all while children at school are too hungry to concentrate on their studies. Our
message to grocery stores is that we want them to stop dumping their excess food and start 38 contributing it to
non-profits, so it can be distributed to people in need. It's up to us to hold them accountable 39 with treating the
environment and our hungry Americans with the respect they deserve.
—5—
Among all of the demonstrations that I hosted, we ended up giving away over $10,000 worth of 40 rejected
grocery store food and fed well over 500 people. This proves the food being thrown away is just as good
as 41 those being bought at grocery stores. I've learned that I can roll up in nearly any city across America and get
enough food to feed hundreds of people in one night. The only thing that 42 could limit me was the size of
the vehicle I had to transport the food. 43

Question 44 asks about the previous passage as a whole.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

Food security…the term is often used, and a number of definitions have been offered for it. The United
Nations' (UN's) FAO Committee on World Food Security offers this: "All people at all times have both physical
and economic access to the basic food 1 it will need." At present, that means more than 7.3 billion people. In fact,
despite efforts to the contrary, the world population continues to expand at an alarming rate relative to 2 history—as
the population 3 would not reach even 1.0 billion until the 19th century.
4 Because the rate of growth has decreased the last 50 years, the population continues to grow. At the current
rate of growth, the Earth's population is expected to reach 10.0 billion soon after the year 2050. According to the
World Bank and the UN, 1–2 billion people in the world remain 5 impoverished due to insufficient food, incomes,
and food distribution. If this trend continues to 2050, we can expect 1.3–2.7 billion people to be in similar
circumstances.
"Crop yields will continue to increase; the developing world is just starting to eat meat at levels rivaling
the developed world, so production can continue to expand and has great upward-potential." This sounds like
positive news for the world's hungry and especially for the providers of these 6 commodities, and few have
projected beyond 2050. How long before the growth of population and food production "hit the wall"? An
example: in 2014, 723 million pigs were slaughtered in China. That represented 51% of pigs slaughtered in the
world that year (~1.418 billion pigs). 7 If the growth rate of this industry continues, that number will be 3.835
billion pigs by 2115 and 205.3 billion pigs by 2515.
What are some of the potential solutions should our population continue to expand? The developed world over-
eats; the underdeveloped world under-eats. One can draw the appropriate conclusion from that fact. A large
portion of the world eats to excess, often at the expense of its health and pocketbook, and to 8 detriment inside the
remaining population: the guilty population cannot continue this endlessly.
[1] We also think nothing of wasting food. [2] At least one-third of all the food produced in the world is
wasted. [3] Food security is an issue that won't go away, and it will grow in scope with every passing decade. [4]
For those of us who believe that: "We can feed the world by increasing production," if the issue of food waste is not
addressed, we will be increasing production so that we can throw one-third away. [5] In the developing world,
most of the waste occurs 9 post-harvest, because the proper mechanisms are not in place to keep food intact until it
reaches the consumer. [6] For much of the developed world, food is simply thrown away. [7] Some of that
is inevitable, but much is 10 accidental. [8] Let's think of future generations and contribute solutions to the
problems that they will inherit. 11
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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

Precision

Chances are your mobile phone company and the makers of your laptop and household appliances are all
counting on their products to 12 collapse. Not too quickly, of course, or consumers wouldn't stand for it—but
frequently enough that you might find that it costs far more to fix a device than to replace it with a newer
model. Or, you find the phone company emails you saying that you're eligible for a free new phone because yours
is a whopping two years old. While appliance repair people might be fixing some machines that are 20
years 13 old. They generally aren't fixing those that are seven years old; newer models are built to be thrown
out. This strategy is called planned obsolescence, and it is the business practice of planning for a product to
be obsolete or unusable when it has been created. Like some business practices, this strategy can significantly
increase consumer spending, which, in turn, 14 is beneficial only to business.
For this purpose, planned obsolescence is a natural extension of new and emerging technologies. 15 In general
terms, who is going to cling to an enormous and slow desktop computer from 2000, when a few hundred dollars
can 16repair its outdated operating system? But the practice is not always so benign. The 17 classic example of
planned obsolescence is the nylon stocking. Women's stockings—once an everyday staple of women's lives—get
"runs" or "ladders" after only a few wearings. This requires the stockings to be discarded and new ones
purchased. Not surprisingly, the garment industry did not invest heavily in finding a rip-proof fabric; it was in
manufacturers' best interest that 18 his product be regularly replaced.
Those who use Microsoft Windows might feel that, like the women 19 which purchased endless pairs of
stockings, they are victims of planned obsolescence. Every time Windows releases a new operating system, there
are typically not many innovations 20 of it that consumers feel they must have. However, the software programs
are upwardly compatible only. This means that, while the new versions can read older files, the old version cannot
read the newer ones. In short order, those who have not upgraded right away find themselves 21 initially amused
by the situation, and they usually wind up upgrading as well.
Ultimately, whether you are getting rid of your old product because you are being offered a shiny, new, free one
(like the latest smartphone model), or because it costs more to fix than to replace (like the iPod model), or because
not doing so leaves you out of the loop (like the Windows 22 model), the result is the same. It might just make
you nostalgic for your old Sony Discman and simple DVD player.

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

Many Americans believe that 23 there is nothing they can do to help prevent child labor around the world. It's
not like you can easily find out what goods and services in a 24 provided country are made with child labor or
forced labor, or what countries are doing, or should be doing, to address the problem of child labor and forced
labor, right?
Well, now there's an app for that.
On September 30, 2015, the Department of Labor released the 14th edition of the annual Findings on the Worst
Forms of Child Labor report, and we also have brought our flagship reports on child labor and forced labor into
the digital age. 25 Along with the report, we launched Sweat & Toil, a new Smartphone app that puts information
from our reports on global child labor issues in the palm of your hand.
Just as importantly, we also threw open the gates to our massive reservoir of data on child labor and forced
labor through our developer portal, putting over 1,000 pages of information on 26 this at the fingertips of creative
people like you. We hope that these tools will amplify and maximize the impact of the work we are doing here at
the department to address these issues. The key idea here is 27 that: transformative change can come from
anywhere. Government doesn't have all the answers and is only part of the solution.
28 Solving any problem starts with asking questions. For 14 years, our Bureau of International Labor
Affairs 29 asked questions about how we can work together as a global community to end child labor. This year's
report suggests several important steps, such as the critical importance of providing children with an adequate
education and the urgent need to mainstream the elimination of child labor into broader development goals.
Sharing the knowledge you've gained from our reports is a vital step toward meaningful change, and the new
Sweat & Toil app is a fantastic tool for raising awareness. 30 Although you don't need the Internet to access the
information it contains, you can use it to start a conversation about child labor 31 to any corner of the world, from
an office in Washington, D.C., to a backyard in Haiti.
32 Creating lasting change requires substantial efforts on the ground. Struggling families and children need
help the most on the ground level. We fund programs to help build the capacity of countries that want to take our
suggested actions to protect their children but need a little help—for example, countries with significant 33 mining
and quarrying, the sector that shows the greatest number of abuses by countries using child and forced
labor. Everyone has an important role to play—including you.
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

What 34 begins as a casual game among colleagues in 1909 has evolved into one of Congress's most anticipated
annual pastimes. Each summer, representatives and senators don baseball uniforms and organize teams along party
lines, 35 in order to play ball for charity. The Congressional Baseball Game has raised millions of dollars for local
charities in the District of Columbia. Spectators include members, congressional staffers, and, occasionally, U.S.
presidents, 36 they are world leaders enjoying the friendly competition. More than 100 years later, the
Congressional Baseball Game has grown into an institution of its own.
Initially held at American League Park in northwest Washington D.C., games today are played at Nationals
Park Stadium, open since 2008. Over the years, the roster has 37 created athletes out of politicians. Former
professional baseball players elected to Congress, like Representative Vinegar Bend Mizell (1969–1975), have
starred in its annual game. In the case of Representative Mizell of North Carolina, a former professional 38 pitcher,
therefore the Republican team was victorious for each year that he played. In 1917, Representative Jeannette
Rankin of Montana tossed out the first pitch and kept score, becoming the first woman to participate in the annual
event. 39 More than 70 years later, in 1993, Representatives Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, Maria Cantwell of
Washington, and Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas became the first women to break into the starting lineup.
The event has, at times, interrupted the work flow of Congress. In 1914, Speaker James Beauchamp Clark of
Missouri became 40 prejudiced against the game's interference with legislative business. An appropriations bill on
Civil War cotton damage was to be debated on the House floor, but too many members were absent. Speaker Clark
sent an official to the field to return the members to the House chamber, but rain had already canceled the
game. The House eventually adjourned without making progress on the bill: 41 Congress members were obviously
very indecisive.
Representative James Richards of South Carolina summarized the spirit of the games in a speech on the House
floor in 1948:
"Mister Speaker, in all seriousness, I want to say that it is a fine thing when two great parties of a great Nation,
the greatest Nation on the face of the earth, can drop the care and worries of Capitol 42 Hill, forget about the heat
and temporary animosities of debate, and go out at night to a baseball field where the great American game is
played. It is a wonderful thing to get together and show the people of the United States that regardless of the fact
that we sometimes differ on party matters, that after all, we love our country and our flag, and like every boy in
America, 43 one's great national game."

Question [44] asks about the graphic.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

The Earth is a complex, dynamic system we do not yet fully understand. The Earth's 1 system like the human
body is comprised of diverse components that interact in complex ways. We need to understand the Earth's
atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere as a single connected system, since our planet is
changing on all spatial and temporal scales.
The purpose of NASA's Earth Science program is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth's system
and 2 its response to natural or human-induced changes. The program is also designed to improve predictions of
climate, weather, and natural hazards.
A major component of NASA's Earth Science Division is a coordinated series of satellite and airborne missions
for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans. This
coordinated approach enables an improved understanding of the Earth as an integrated system 3 that works
together. NASA is completing the development and launch of a set of Foundational missions, new Decadal Survey
missions, and Climate Continuity missions.
4 While these observations have proven invaluable, NASA and the Agency's research partners will continue
to 5devise the use of both space-borne and aircraft measurements. These calculations will be used to characterize,
understand, and predict variability and trends in the Earth's system for both research and applications.
The Earth is the only planet we know to be capable of sustaining life. 6 It is our lifeboat for space travel. Over
the past 50 years, the world population has doubled, grain yields have tripled, and economic output has
grown sevenfold. Earth science research can ascertain whether and how the Earth can sustain this growth in the
future. Also, a third of the US economy—$3 trillion annually—7 are influenced by climate, weather, and natural
hazards, providing an economic incentive to study the Earth.
NASA Earth System Science conducts and sponsors research, collects new observations, develops
technologies, and 8 science and technology education is extended to learners of all ages. 9 NASA works closely
with its global partners in government, industry, and the public to enhance economic security and environmental
stewardship, benefiting society in many tangible ways.
NASA conducts research to answer basic science questions about the changes in climate, weather, and
natural 10hazards, it delivers sound science that helps decision-makers make informed decisions. NASA is able to
inspire the next generation of explorers by providing opportunities for learners of all ages. Educational explorers
will be able to investigate the Earth system using unique 11 one of a kind NASA resources and research. The result
will be stronger science, technology, engineering and mathematics learning programs throughout the United States.

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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

Diabetes is a 12 disease: in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are above normal. Most of the food we eat is
turned into sugar for our bodies to use as energy. The 13 pancreas, an organ lying near the stomach makes
a hormone called insulin to help sugar get into the cells of our bodies. When you have diabetes, your body either
doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in your
blood. 14
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in
teens and young adults, and we don't know how to prevent it. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed in 15 adults,
although it is becoming more common in children) and is linked to obesity. It can often be prevented and
even 16 improved by having a better attitude. Some ways to do so include getting enough physical activity, eating
healthy foods, and losing weight. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and is a risk factor for developing
type 2 diabetes later in life.
17 Before developing high blood sugar, beware of the warning labels for a condition called pre-
diabetes. Everyone with pre-diabetes 18 is at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes and other serious health
problems, such as heart disease and stroke. People may have pre-diabetes and be at risk for type 2 diabetes if 19 he
or she is 45 years of age or older, are overweight, have a family history of type 2 diabetes, have high blood
pressure, are physically active less than three times a week, or have ever had gestational diabetes or given birth to a
baby who weighed 20 more than 9 pounds.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that more than 29 million people 20 years of
age or older in the United States have diabetes (12.3% of the adult population), and 1 in 4 of them are
not 21 cognizant of it. Approximately 2 in 5 U.S. adults are expected to develop diabetes during their lifetime, and
the numbers look even worse for some African American and other ethnic minority groups: 1 in 2 Hispanic men
and women and non-Hispanic black women are expected to develop the disease. In fact, Hispanics have a 51%
higher death rate from diabetes than whites and are more likely to develop end-stage renal disease,
or kidney failure, as well as other complications 22 in addition.

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

Rice is the main staple food for approximately 70 percent of the world's population, most of 23 who live in the
Asia-Pacific region. In many countries, rice contributes to health by supplying dietary energy, proteins, and
fat. 24 In Japan, the average citizen consumes 60 grams of protein a day, and half comes from rice. It accounts for
more than 50 percent of the diet in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Indonesia. In this regard, the
nutritional aspects of rice should be re-evaluated.
Until the late 19th century, Japanese traditional meals were composed of unpolished brown rice
and barley as staple food, miso (fermented soy) soup and side dishes cooked with vegetables, soybean products, and
different varieties of roots. In the Meiji era (1868–1905), though, polished rice became popular, and beriberi,
a debilitating condition, increased to epidemic proportions until vitamin B1 was found in rice bran. 25 After World
War II polished rice, meat, eggs, and dairy products became the 26 large food items composing main and side
dishes in Japanese kitchens. 27 For instance, these new dietary habits largely account for the
high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other lifestyle-related chronic diseases in today's Japanese population.
There is, however, a traditional Japanese way of eating focusing on macrobiotics. Whole grains and whole
foods are emphasized as central to the macrobiotic diet. Locally produced, 28 organically grown too, and
minimally processed foods are also recommended. The macrobiotic dietary habit of eating brown rice seems to
contribute to the healthy state of its practitioners. Organic rice can also be used as a
means 29 of removing arsenic from the body and other toxic chemicals ingested from fertilizers
and insecticides. In addition, brown rice increases the amount of chewing a person does more than when eating
meat or fish dishes. Increased chewing acts to prevent fast eating, which can lead to obesity, and it relieves
stress. 30
So brown rice could be called the "medical rice for health." The effects of eating brown rice have gained
attention for preventing and treating not only beriberi and constipation, but also other chronic diseases. To that end,
many different kinds of brown rice 31 is developed in Japan and other rice-producing countries. Some varieties are
expected to prevent various diseases or to be used for dietary therapy. For example, "super-hard" high-amylose rice
could be used for diabetic patients, low-protein or low-gluterin rice for patients with kidney failure, GABA-rich
large germ rice is expected to improve mental health, and rice with high antioxidant properties—like black rice,
even—could be effective for the prevention of cancer and other diseases.
For these reasons, it 32 was time to introduce the concept of medical rice for disease prevention and
treatment. 33A return to traditional Japanese ways, such as macrobiotic eating, could have lasting benefits for
individuals as well as for the world.

Pregnant mothers' stress measured by POMS (Profile of Mood States) scores after 14 days of brown rice
consumption
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

Forgotten failures

In 1815, the British government sent a large, well-financed army expedition into the African interior. Its
mission was to march inland, contact African states to establish trading 34 relations: then follow the Niger to its
outlet. That mission would be swept away by the implacable realities of Africa.
So what went wrong? The expedition consisted of 35 a small military force, 69 Royal African Corps troops (40
white, 29 black), 32 African civilians, 200 pack animals, several field cannons, various other
weapons, plentiful gifts for local rulers, and the standard necessities for such a force. 36 The party was still in base
camp when its commander succumbed to some sort of fever, as did another officer. Unbowed, the expedition set
out under a new commander, Captain Campbell.
While disease threatened the men, it was even more deadly to the animals, 37 which proved to be the
expedition's undoing. The expedition had moved scarcely a hundred miles when losses drove it to bury its field
guns and appeal to a local ruler for porters. 38That ruler was known as the Almamy. He shrewdly negotiated with
the British, upping demands repeatedly and withdrawing aid until those demands were met. It gradually dawned on
Campbell that he would not reach his destination: the Almamy wanted to prevent him from supplying another
kingdom with arms. 39 Simultaneously, the expedition abandoned its supplies and retreated to the coast, where
Campbell promptly died, as did the officer who succeeded him.
40 Just the beginning? Hardly. In an astonishing act of hubris, the British gave it another go, and with a
stubbornness that beggars belief, they adopted the same strategy that had proven so disastrous the first time—now
under Major Gray's command. Once again it relied on pack animals to move supplies, and once again they
succumbed to diseases. Once again it tried to hire porters from local rulers, and once again those rulers
made extortionate demands while working "to oppose progress." Throughout these ordeals, Gray insisted he was
driven by a disinterested desire to reach and trace the Niger. "Whenever I 41 am speaking of my anxiety to see
the Niger," Gray reports, his African interlocutors "asked me if there were no rivers in the country…we
inhabit." Despite many such disputes with his local guides, 42 Gray never actually set eyes on the Niger.
Yet these failures exposed the disparity between ambition and achievement. The British still lacked the
capacity to enter the continent and intervene in 43 its affairs. This was partly due to diseases, but it was also due to
the African 44 peoples, they were able to undermine the British at every turn. Successful explorers recognized their
vulnerability and collaborated with indigenous parties. The expeditions discussed here demonstrate that the
explorers of Africa may have been the harbingers of colonial conquest, but they were hardly its agents.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies

Monarch butterflies are one of the most 1 recognizable and charismatic, even superstar, insects of North
America. Each year, monarchs undertake long-distance, seasonal migrations 2 which ranged across Canada,
Mexico, and the United States. These migrations take them from overwintering areas in coastal California and the
Oyamel fir forests of central Mexico to their northernmost range in southern Canada.
The amazing annual migrations capture the hearts and minds of communities along their path. Because of the
public's affection 3, they bring countries together for the cause of monarch conservation. As autumn approaches
and the 4availability for flowering plants 5 become limited in northern areas, monarch butterflies seek areas for
winter layovers. From inland mountains and meadows in the Western United States, monarch butterflies flock to
critical forest habitat along coastal California. Here, they cling to the leaves of eucalyptus, Monterey pine, and
other trees, and then to each other—forming long cascading tendrils of fluttering black and orange
wings. Similarly, monarch butterflies from Eastern Canada and the Eastern United States migrate southward to
high mountain forests in Mexico to spend the winter, clustering tightly on Oyamel fir tree trunks and branches.
As spring approaches, monarch butterfly populations return northbound to flower-rich areas in the Southern and
Western United States. Three to four generations later, they arrive at the northeastern limits of their
range. 6 Monarchs fly long distances, 7 to mate along their migration routes, and lay their eggs on milkweed plants
across the nation. Eye-catching yellow, black, and white caterpillars feed on milkweed. They later morph inside a
gold-flecked, lime-green chrysalis 8 into a stunning orange black, and white, adult butterfly. The mysterious cycle
of migration continues annually, with newly hatched monarchs instinctively knowing where to head for the next
stage of the migration phenomenon. When fall arrives, the great-great-grandchildren of the
original overwintering monarch butterflies embark on the migration route of their ancestors. These butterflies find
the same forests to spend the winter in that their predecessors 9 had been finding generations ago. How they
consistently flock to the same locations during migration remains to this day one of science's unsolved mysteries.
Not long ago, 10 accumulated masses, of monarch butterflies on fir trees in Mexico were heavy enough to
cause entire branches to break. For more than a decade, monarch butterfly numbers have been declining
yearly. Population 11 investigations for 2014 are at record low levels—so low that scientists fear the
migration phenomenon and monarch butterfly populations as a species are at heightened risk of
extinction. Monarch butterflies need our intervention to continue to exist on the planet.

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Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

Fortune Head Geologies

Fortune Head is the location of a "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point." This means it is an
internationally recognized reference point in the geologic record, a moment in time and space marked by either a
real or 12 fakegolden spike. A reference point, of course, permits the discussion of one location by describing its
relationship to another. 13 For example, the line drawn between the Cambrian and Precambrian periods is such
a reference point. These periods provide a path for scientists to navigate the nebulous waves of deep time as they
crash together, hinting at the formation of the Earth.
After reading about Fortune 14 Head I decided to go and study this geologic treasure myself. On a windy
spring day I photographed the rocks, but I could not see the dividing line. 15 The strata of rock, like the ticks of a
clock, suggest a great passage of time, but still appear indistinct. The dark grey band near the bottom of the rocks is
only the result of waves crashing against 16 it.
The Precambrian-Cambrian division is significant in the history of the earth. The 17 Ediacaran and the
period preceding the Cambrian was an era of soft-bodied and frond-like creatures. The Cambrian was a period of
great change; it is even described as an explosion, although explosions in geological time still take millions of
years. It was a time of massive earthquakes and continental change. New landmasses, oceans, and mountains
formed. The very chemistry of the earth system changed. 18 It was also a time of great evolutionary surges, an
explosion of new life forms that brought to the world novel biological features, including skeletons, predation, and
sexual reproduction.
One important sign that confirms rocks from the Cambrian era is the evidence of "bioturbating" organisms—
that is, organisms that 19 disturb and displace sediments. When they were alive, these small, soft-bodied
animals 20 burrow through the ocean strata while eating the sediment that collected there. Their burrow patterns
left distinctive, fossilizedtraces in the geologic record and are abundant in the rocks of Fortune Head.
21 However, our human burrowing activities are marked in the landscape here, too. A rusty
orange stain crumbles out of a gully between the grey strata and into the ocean. The men in the nearby lighthouse
apologize for 22 itspresence, explaining that it is the remains of an old garbage dump which served the town of
Fortune before the geological significance of the site was known, that is, before it was re-marked as a reference
point.

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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

[1] Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are being studied to find cures. [2] NCDs 23 cause over 36 million
death's each year and are highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. [3] It is estimated that 16 million
people die before age 70 due to NCDs. [4] NCDs are the leading cause of hospital admissions
and premature deaths. [5] Some NCDs include diabetes, asthma, hypertension, heart attacks, cancer, obesity, and
depression. [6] In 2012, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes 24 merged, contributing
to 17.5 million deaths, or 82% of all NCD deaths worldwide. 25
Some of the major NCDs like diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are attributed to unhealthy lifestyle
behaviors. A few prominent risk 26 factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol use, and unhealthy diet,
have been associated with NCD deaths.
Numerous efforts have been made to tackle NCDs. 27 Moreover, diabetes health
awareness campaigns regarding diet, physical activity, and education have been implemented. Although some
awareness has been created, it's not nearly enough. Awareness through education is important in
preventing 28 NCDs. This educational awareness must have the proper focus. According to a study on the
effectiveness of health communication campaigns, understanding the reasons for making behavioral changes is
more important than simply being aware that a problem exists.
Many studies have shown that risk factors for NCDs such as diabetes are inversely associated with education;
however, low education is not a hindrance to behavioral lifestyle changes. 29 Knowledge of
the progression and symptomatology of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, as well as awareness and
management of the risk factors that could be prevented by lifestyle changes, 30 is still lacking among the general
population. This was noted in a diabetes prevention program in Finland (FIN-D2D). This project, conducted by
the Finnish Diabetes Association, was aimed at preventing type 2 diabetes. By raising the awareness
of diabetes and its risk factors, FIN-D2D helped participants with lifestyle changes as well as early diagnosis and
management of type 2 diabetes.
However, knowledge does not always result in changed behavior. For example, a study of hypertension in
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, has shown that subjects have good knowledge of the disorder but are poor in 31 its attitude
and practice. Similarly, a study in Nepal on cardiovascular 32 health cites experts who claimed "among those
with satisfactory knowledge, only a small percentage had highly satisfactory attitudes and satisfactory or
highly satisfactory practices."
Being unwilling to change is one of the reasons why NCDs are difficult to tackle. When people are eventually
diagnosed with NCDs, they are aware of the negative factors of these diseases, but it may be too late 33 as the
disease may have been developing for quite some time before diagnosis.
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Questions 34–44 are based on the following passage.

Two Degrees of Caution passage

The Paris Agreement calls for holding the 34 severe rise in global average temperature to "well below 2°C
above pre-industrial levels," while "pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C." How much
difference could that half-degree of wiggle room possibly make in the real world? Quite a bit, it appears.
The European Geosciences Union examined the impact of a 1.5°C versus a 2.0°C increase by the end of
the century. It found that the jump from 1.5°C to 2°C raises the impact by about that same fraction, very roughly,
on most of the phenomena the study covered (like heat waves, storms, and sea level rise).
But in some cases, that extra jump to 2°C 35 is somewhat useful. Up to 1.5°C, production of wheat
and soy is forecast to increase, partly because warming is favorable for farming in higher
latitudes and partly because the added carbon dioxide in the 36 atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is largely responsible
for the temperature increase, is thought to have a fertilization effect. But at 2°C, that set of advantages 37 is
plummeting by 700% for soy and disappears entirely for wheat.
[1] Felix Landerer, who studies sea level and ice at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL),
said timescale is critical to forecasting how high the ocean will rise. [2] Studies show that giant glaciers melt not
only from the top down, but also from the bottom up as relatively warm ocean water makes its way to
their undersides. [3] "At two degrees," he said, "you might have crossed a threshold for significantly more sea
level rise than indicated." [4] In other words, even if we are able to limit the rise in global air temperature to 2°C
by the end of the century, the seas and ocean remain at a high enough temperature that 38 it's heat can continue
melting ice sheets and thus raise sea level far beyond that point in time. 39
"The air temperatures level off; you stabilize them; 40 and you have committed to sea
level rise over multiple centuries," Landerer said. "So it's good to stay away from two degrees. That's
an experiment you don't want to 41 run. That's an experiment that would potentially wipe Florida off the map."
JPL's Michelle Gierach attended the conference that produced the Paris Agreement and was happy to see the
ocean and climate getting their due attention. But 42 there exists many difficulties in turning that attention into
action over a long period of time.
"It's very against how our society is now," she said. "We want to see something impossibly 43 fast:
climate repair in a matter of moments, not decades. That's not something that's going to happen with climate
change. You need to just keep pursuing it and know that generations down the road will reap the benefits."

Question 44 asks about the graphic.

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Questions 1–11 are based on the following passage.

Increased sugar intake has become a major concern in the United States over the past few decades, with particular concern
related to sugar-sweetened beverages. Between 1977 and 1996, all age groups in the United States (US) 1 more than doubled
their consumption of sugary beverages to over twice the amount they had previously consumed. In 2000, the average
American citizen consumed 260 grams of sugar per day, although the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
recommends no more than 40 grams per 2 day, this amount is equivalent to one 12-ounce soft drink.The United States also
has an increasing rate of mental health disorders, especially depression and anxiety. According to the National Institutes of
Health (NIH), 15.7 million 3 adults—6.7% of the US—reported having at least one major depressive episode in 2013. The
NIH also reported that an estimated 18% of the adult population identifies themselves as having an anxiety disorder, with 4%
of these being classified as "severe." 4 The increase in mental health disorders has reached a crisis point in the US, surpassing
even obesity as a national epidemic and should be given higher priority in research settings.
In our recent studies, we found that sugary drink consumption was positively associated with depression, controlling for
age, sex, and measures of socio-economic status. 5 For this research, fruit juices and artificially sweetened beverages were
not considered as sugary drinks, only soda and other sugar-sweetened drinks. For every sugary drink consumed daily, the
odds of depression increased by 5%. Depression was also independently associated with race, with non-Hispanic blacks being
60% more likely to be depressed than non-Hispanic whites. 6 Additionally, results indicated sugary beverages may have a
greater effect on women than men.
Regardless of race and gender, the association between sugar consumption and depression is especially concerning
in 7 young children, tweens, and teens, as this age 8 groups' rates for both are dramatically increasing. An Australian study
reported that individuals who 9 consumed more than a half liter of soft drinks per day had approximately a 60% greater risk of
having depression, stress, suicidal ideation, and psychological distress than those who did not consume soft drinks. A cross-
sectional study in China of 12-19-year-old students 10 finds an association between soda intake and suicidal plans or
attempts. Individuals who consumed at least three soft drinks per day were 80% more likely to attempt suicide than non-
consumers. Additionally, a survey in 2005 in California reported 40% of 2-11-year-old children consumed at least one soda
per day. A significant association between soda consumption and withdrawn behavior, attention, and aggressive behaviors
has been reported among urban 5-year-olds. This may influence the occurrence of mental disorders as the children grow.
As policymakers look to advocate against high sugar contents in foods and beverages, this data can provide additional
support for 11its recommendations. Lowering the allowable sizes of sugar-sweetened beverages available for purchase or
informing consumers of the health consequences of their beverage choices is important to begin reducing the prevalence and
frequency of preventable illnesses.

1)
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2)

3)

4)
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5)

6)

7)
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8)

9)

10)
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11)
Ali Khamis
Questions 12–22 are based on the following passage.

12 Oxygen is a biological necessity for human beings and is provided to our bodies through the lungs. In 2007,
the World Health Organization released data on estimated deaths worldwide attributable to selected environmental
risk factors, including deaths per country per year as a result of outdoor air pollution. Worries that air pollution
may have significant effects on health—including physiological reactions like leukocytosis—have recently been
fueled by publication of new evidence linking low levels of ambient air pollution and negative systemic biological
effects.
Large quantities of air pollution were produced in Gaza as a result of two governments fighting for occupation
of the land. The Israeli and Palestinian conflicts in 2008, 2012, and 2014 resulted in the destruction of numerous
buildings. Large amounts of particulates from building rubble were released into the air. Owners of crusher plants
used homemade crushers 13 at various sights to rebuild what was destroyed by the occupation wars in Gaza, which
also released particulates into the air. 14 The processes of both destruction and reconstruction caused even more air
pollution.
Researchers reviewed complete blood counts taken from workers who had direct exposure to particulate matter
air pollution for 15contentious long hours of work. In the Middle Governorate, which has six
crushers 16 distributed throughout the area—this study was conducted on all workers who were continuously
exposed to dust without using any protective devices. The findings suggest that inflammatory mediators released
from the lungs are capable of not only irritating a local inflammatory response, 17 they also
aggravate a systemic response when PM10 (a type of air pollution) is deposited in the lungs, resulting
in leukocytosis. Scientists observed a significant relationship between PM10 air pollution and increasing white
blood cell 18 counts. This relationship is consistent with the results of physiologic and related studies. A crossover
study among 29 cyclists exposed to particulate air pollutants did not find any significant association of particulate
air pollutants with hemoglobin, red blood cell and platelet counts, and markers of inflammation in healthy
adolescents and children.
The particulate matter emitted from the crushers 19 had varied widely from its low of 10,008 micrograms per
cubic meter (µg/m3) to 19,807 µg/m3 of air, with an average particulate matter contribution of 15,153 µg/m3. This
number is more than 300 times higher than the particulate matter (PM10) existing standard of 50 µg/m3 per 24-hour
period. In fact, 20 Crusher 1 had the highest emission of PM10 at 19,582 µg/m3, which is still more than 200 times
the standard (see graph). 21 Three of the six crushers emitted more than 14,000 µg/m3. An increased white blood
cell count was reported in this study among the exposed workers. 22 Alternatively, this increase was found to be
related to exposure to PM10 air pollution as a result of the systemic inflammatory process. This study helped the
World Health Organization communicate the dangers of air pollution in regard to public health.

Concentrations of PM10 that emitted from six crushers and the average of these concentrations. PM10 air
pollution monitoring data for the six crushers.
Ali Khamis
12)

13)

14)
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15)

16)

17)
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18)

19)

20)
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21)

22)
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Questions 23–33 are based on the following passage.

Technology is being used for nearly three-quarters of this generation's waking hours, and young people today—
never having known a world without the 23 Internet, are accustomed to having it available as quick as
thought. Today more researchers are interested in how the human brain interacts with the use of technology. There
is no question that a 24 rising throng of research suggests that technology has a profound and altering effect on
memory, particularly our working 25 memory, the scratch pad of our consciousness, and its ability to transfer
information to long-term memory.
More emphasis has been put on the pros and cons of such immersion in technological devices. Researchers
have found that the Internet teaches our minds to have a disconnected train of thought in which it can jump between
ideas. Researchers have studied whether this frees up any storage in the brain for other, more complex activities or
whether our working memory experiences a digital overload. The use of fMRI (functional magnetic resonance
imaging) to study processes of the brain has increased exponentially since the 1990s. 26 Neuroscience has come to
find that there's a continual depletion of information that's constantly replaced by new
information. 27 Nevertheless, there is no place to maintain or hold what one has already learned. In essence, we
end up feeling overwhelmed with an endless amount of facts that won't become meaningful unless we find ways to
connect to them on a personal or emotional level.
Psychologists have discovered that retention of information is vastly improved with better connections
involving 28 emotions; the gateway to hippocampal memory centers within the brain. Attention is also critical to
forming strong memories, and technological distractions interrupt our retention of
events. Studies 29 indicate young people are experiencing 30 difficulties. Their difficulty is in remembering basic
tasks when asked to recall them in order. It is apparent that when we are not paying attention to any one activity,
our memories aren't very strong, and we have difficulties retrieving the critical information we need.
Some view technological advances as useful in training our brains to be nimble and to process new ideas
quicker than ever before. In terms of productivity, there are those who identify an increase in efficiency since
the advent of the Internet. 31 However, 32 findings that students who claim to multitask while doing schoolwork
actually understand and retain less information than those who focus on single tasks at a time.
We walk a very slippery slope when it comes to the use of technology and its effects on the brain. 33 Because
of its obvious negative outcomes, we need to focus on the benefits technology brings to learning while being
mindfully aware of the potential harm of technological overload.

23)
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25)

26)
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27)

28)

29)
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31)
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32)

33)
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ANSWERS
Ali Khamis 1. C
TEST 1 2. B
3. D
4. D
5. A
6. B 34. D
7. C
8. A 35. A
9. A 36. C
10. D
11. B 37. C
12. C 38. D
13. B
14. C 39. A
15. D 40. B
16. C
17. A 41. B
18. C
42. B
19. D
20. D 43. B
21. D
44. A
22. B
23. B
24. C
25. D
26. A
27. A
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. D
Ali Khamis 1.
2.
D
D
TEST 2 3. C
4. A
5. B 34. D
6. D 35. A
7. C
8. A 36. B
9. C 37. B
10. B
11. B 38. C
12. B 39. C
13. D
14. D 40. C
15. B 41. D
16. B
17. D 42. D
18. A 43. D
19. C
20. B 44. A
21. C
22. A
23. A
24. D
25. D
26. C
27. A
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. D
32. C
33. C
Ali Khamis
TEST 3 1. D
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. A
19. D
20. B
21. C
22. D
23. D
24. A
25. C
26. B
27. A
28. C
29. C
30. D
31. D
32. D
33. A
34. B
35. B
36. A
37. A
38. D
39. C
40. C
41. B
42. B
43. A
44. B
Ali Khamis
TEST 4

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C 34. C
5. A 35. B
6. B 36. A
7. D
37. B
8. C
9. B 38. B
10. B 39. C
11. C 40. A
12. C
41. C
13. B
14. B 42. D
15. D 43. D
16. B 44. C
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. B
24. B
25. C
26. D
27. A
28. A
29. A
30. B
31. C
32. D
33. D
Ali Khamis 1.
2.
A
D
TEST 5
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. C
16. D
17. B
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. D
22. B
23. D
24. B
25. B
26. A
27. A
28. D
29. A
30. A
31. B
32. B
33. C
34. B
35. A
36. A
37. D
38. B
39. C
40. C
41. C
42. B
43. D
44. D
Ali Khamis 1.
2.
B
A
TEST 6 3. C
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. B
20. D
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. D
25. A
26. B
27. C
28. A
29. C
30. D
31. B
32. A
33. D
34. B
35. A
36. D
37. D
38. B
39. C
40. D
41. C
42. A
43. B
44. A
Ali Khamis 1.
2.
C
A
TEST 7 3. D
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. C
16. D
17. B
18. A
19. B
20. A
21. A
22. D
23. C
24. A
25. C
26. B
27. D
28. C
29. A
30. B
31. B
32. B
33. C
34. C
35. D
36. C
37. A
38. B
39. B
40. D
41. D
42. A
43. A
44. B
Ali Khamis 1. C
TEST 8 2. C
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. C
12. D
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. D
20. B
21. D
22. A
23. B
24. C
25. C
26. A
27. D
28. C
29. D
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. A
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. D
39. A
40. B
41. C
42. D
43. A
44. B
Ali Khamis
TEST 9
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. C
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. D
16. B
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. D
21. C
22. C
23. B
24. D
25. A
26. B
27. C
28. B
29. A
30. A
31. C
32. D
33. D