Chapter 1

Historical Perspective Concepts and Philosopies

Of Juvenile Delinquency

"Children need love ,especially when they do not deserve it"-Harold S Hulbert ,Chilld Pscyharitrist

Children are the most innocent creations.However,they develop deviancy in them due to social and
environmental factors .Juvenile become a major social problem .in various offense such as
thieft,bulgary,riot,murder and rape ,carrying illegal arms and drugs gambling activity has increase
enormously (Mishra& Biswal 2018)

A separate Juvenile justice system was established in the united States about 100 years ago with this
goal of diverting youthful offenders.

Initially,children who where convicted of crimes where housed with adult criminals .Social activities,law
makers,and other officials soon realize that children institutionalized with adult were learning adult
criminal behavior and were exciting those instution ready for life career in criminality.Because of this
negative influence,separate juvenile court system and accounting correctional institutions were
develop .

3 other types of Juvenile institutions

Houses of refege - The houses were organized using military model to promote often and desipline,but
the houses were often overcrowded and youth overworked.

New reformatories- suffered from same types Of problems that house of refuge did.

Separate institutions for juvenile female - for girls in the mid of 1800's fucos on teaching obmestic and
child rearing Skills to girls.

Definition of Juvenile and Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile is considered as a child who has not completed a specific age in the law of any
country. This is generally used reference to a young criminals offender.

Minor is a legal capacity of child who committed a crimes.

Delinquency is criminal behavior committed by juvenile under the legal

*Latin word "Delinquere"De means "away" linquere means "to leave thus mean by to leave or to
abandon.
Juvenile delinquency a young person who has committed a criminal offense. It was first define in
1889.when illinois passed the first law of juvenile delinquency.

Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenum tha is difficult to define,measure,explain,and prevent.In the

In Sociological approach According to cycle B.Vedder

Juvenile delinquency refers to a antisocial acts of children and young people under age.

Reason for the different treatment of juvenile and adults.

1.Minimum Age of criminal responsibility

15 years old age shall be empty from criminal liability but in Article 4.of the beijing rules states that "
in those legal system recognizing the concept of the age shall not be fixed at too law and age level
bearing in mind the fact of environmental,mental and intellectual majority.

2.Doctrine of Doli Incapax

This is Latin phase which referred to the presscuption in the law that a child is incapable of formula the
criminal intent to commit and offense.

For those who child are incapable to commit a crime called "doli incapax"

Scope of delinquent behavior is a complex issue that affect individuals,families and society as a whole .
delinquency emcompasess a wide range of behavior,including theft ,drug,abuse,violence and
vandalisim.These action is not only harm the immediate victims but also have Far-reaching
consequences for cimmunities.understanding The factors that contribute to delinquency is crucial in
developing Effective prevention and intervention

strategies.

Here are some example of scope delinquent

*Disobident behavior *going to places of illness repution

*bunking school *coming home late at night

*truancy

*frequently going to the cenimas halls.

Status a socially defined position within a group characterized by a certain rights expectations and
duties.

Mary Ellen Wilson the first recorded child abuse in the united States .
Code of Hammurabi (An eye for an eye tooth for tooth)

Rule 192 is a rule of adopted childrwn which state that if adopted child say to his father and mother .

Rule of 195 is aim to children who disobeyed their parents

Rule193 If an adopted son ,return to his biological parents the his eye will be picked out.

Four type of delinquencies

1. Individual delinquency which is only one individual is involved in committing a delinquent acts .

2.Group supported delinquency committed with companionship with others .and the cause Is located
not the personality of the individual .

3.Organized delinquency that are committed formally organized groups. Its have a concept of "
Delinquent Sub-culture "

4.Situational delinquency is not deeply rooted,and motives for delinquency and means for controlling it
are often relatively simple.

Classification of Juvenile offenders .

1.Gang organized delinquency the youngstet ormed a gruop and do their I'll gel activities within a group

2 Unsocialized Delinquency those delinquent who have a criminal record and generally who were
neglected and rejected from home and prone to physical violence.

3.Accidental Delinquency the delinquents would be one who law abinding most of the time but who has
a lapse of judgement.

4.Occasional Offender is parallel to the accidental delinquent in that they become indulge in minor
offense but they are not habitual .

5.Professional Delinquency usually steals things for getting some profits.economic gainand statisfy their
desire

Stages of Delinquency (EEC)

Emergence begins with petty laceny (8-12yrs)

Exploitation shoplifting and vandalism (12-4 yrs old.)

Explosion substantial increase in variety and seriousness of his act (13 yrs.old)
Conflagration four or more types of crime are added (15yers old)

Classification of delinquency

Unsocialized aggression rejected/abonde

Socialize delinquency members to group with bad advocacies

Over inhibited group secretly trained in doing illegal activities

Pathways to delinquency

Authority conflict pathway early age having stubborn behavior

Covert pathway minor,underhanded behavior leads to damage to property

Overt pathway aggressive acts to lead to physical violence and then to violence .