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Database Management System

A DBMS is the acronym of the Data Base Management System is a collection of interrelated
data and a set of programs to access those data. It manages a new large amount of data
and supports efficient access to new large amounts of data.
• Data (which is large and is being frequently modified)
• Structure of data (which is small and stable in time)
Features of Database:
• Faithfulness: The design and implementation should be faithful to the requirements.
• Avoid Redundancy: This value is important because of redundancy.
• Simplicity: Simplicity requires that the design and implementation avoid introducing
more elements than are absolutely necessary.
• Right kind of element: Attributes are easier to implement but entity sets are
relationships are necessary to ensure that the right kind of element is introduced.
Types of Database
• Centralized Database: All data is located at a single site.
• Distributed Database: The database is stored on several computers.
The information contained in a database is represented on two levels:

Database Management System (DBMS) provides efficient, reliable, convenient and safe
multi-user storage of and access to massive amounts of persistent data.

Key People Involved in a DBMS:

• DBMS Implementer: Person who builds system

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• Database Designer: Person responsible for preparing external schemas for

applications, identifying and integrating user needs into a conceptual (or community
or enterprise) schema.
• Database Application Developer: Person responsible for implementing database
application programs that facilitate data access for end users.
• Database Administrator: Person responsible for define the internal schema, sub-
schemas (with database designers) and specifying mappings between schemas,
monitoring database usage and supervising DBMS functionality (e.g., access control,
performance optimisation, backup and recovery policies, conflict management).
• End Users: Users who query and update the database through fixed programs
(invoked by non-programmer users) e.g., banking.
Levels of Data Abstraction:
• A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each other based on the complexity of
the users and how they use the data present in the database. It is the most widely
used architecture to design a DBMS.
• Physical Level: It is the lowest level of abstraction and describes how the data are
actually stored and complex low-level data structures in detail.
• Logical Level: It is the next higher level of abstraction and describes what data are
stored and what relationships exist among those data. At the logical level, each such
record is described by a type definition and the interrelationship of these record types
is defined as well. Database administrators usually work at this level of abstraction.
• View Level: It is the highest level of abstraction and describes only part of the entire
database and hides the details of the logical level.
Schema:
A schema is also known as the database schema. It is a logical design of the database and a
database instance is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant of time. A
relational schema consists of a list of attributes and their corresponding domains.
Types of Schemas: It can be classified into three parts, according to the levels of
abstraction
• Physical/Internal Schema: Describes the database design at the physical level.
• Logical/Conceptual Schema/Community User View: Describes the database design at
the logical level.
• Sub-schemas /View/External Schema: Describes different views of the database views
may be queried combined in queries with base relations, used to define other views in
general not updated freely.
Data model:
A data model is a plan for building a database. Data models define how data is connected to
each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system.

Two widely used data models are:

• Object-based logical model
• Record based logical model
Entity:

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• An entity may be an object with a physical existence or it may be an object with a

conceptual existence. Each entity has attributes.
• A thing (animate or inanimate) of independent physical or conceptual existence and
distinguishable. In the University database context, an individual student, faculty
member, a classroom, a course are entities.
Attributes
Each entity is described by a set of attributes/properties.
Types of Attributes
• Simple Attributes: having atomic or indivisible values. example: Dept – a string
Phone Number - an eight-digit number
• Composite Attributes: having several components in the value. example:
Qualification with components (Degree Name, Year, University Name)
• Derived Attributes: Attribute value is dependent on some other attribute. example:
Age depends on the Date Of Birth. So age is a derived attribute.
• Single-valued: having only one value rather than a set of values. for instance, Place
Of Birth - single string value. Single-valued:
• Multi-valued: having a set of values rather than a single value. for instance, Courses
Enrolled attribute for student Email Address attribute for student Previous Degree
attribute for the student.
• Attributes can be: simple single-valued, simple multi-valued, composite single-
valued or composite multi-valued.
Keys
• A super key of an entity set is a set of one or more attributes whose values uniquely
determine each entity.
• A candidate key of an entity set is a minimal super key
• Customer-id is candidate key of customer
• Account-number is candidate key of the account
• Although several candidate keys may exist, one of the candidate keys is selected to
be the primary key.
Normal Forms/Normalization:
• In relational database design, normalization is the process for organizing data to
minimize redundancy. Normalization usually involves dividing a database into two or
more tables and defining the relationship between the tables. The normal forms define
the status of the relation about the individuated attributes. There are five types of
normal forms
• First Normal Form (1NF): Relation should not contain any multivalued attributes or
relation should contain atomic attributes. The main disadvantage of 1NF is high
redundancy.
• Second Normal Form (2NF): Relation R is in 2NF if and only if R should be in 1NF, and
R should not contain any partial dependency.
• Partial Dependency: Let R be the relational schema having X, Y, A, which are a non-
empty set of attributes, where X = Any candidate key of the relation, Y = Proper
subset of any candidate key, and A = Non-prime attribute (i.e., A doesn't belong to
any candidate key).

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• Fourth Normal Form (4NF): 4NF is mainly concerned with multivalued dependency
A relation is in 4NF if and only if for every one of its non-trivial multivalued
dependencies X →→Y, X is a super key (i.e., X is either a candidate key or a
superset).
• Fifth Normal Form (5NF): It is also 'known as Project Join Normal Form (PJ/NF).
5NF reduces redundancy in relational database recording multivalued facts by
isolating semantically related multiple relationships. A table or relation is said to be in
the 5NF, if and only if every join dependency in it is implied by the candidate keys.
SQL
• Structured Query language (SQL) is a language that provides an interface to relational
database systems. SQL was developed by IBM in 1970, for use in system R and is a
defector standard, as well as an ISO and ANSI standard.
• To deal with the above database objects, we need a programming language and that
programming language is known as SQL.
Three subordinate languages of SOL are
Type of SQL Statement SQL Keyword Function
Data Definition Language CREATE Used to define change and
(DDL) ALTER drop the structure of a
table
DROP
TRUNCATE
Used to remove all rows
from a table
Data manipulation SELECT Used to enter, modify,
language (DML) INSERT INTO delete and retrieve data
from a table
UPDATE
DELETE FROM
Data Control Language GRANT Used to provide control
(DCL) REVOKE over the data in a database

COMMIT Used to define the end of a

transaction
ROLLBACK

Data Definition Language (DDL): It includes the commands as

• CREATE To create tables in the database.

• ALTER To modify the existing table structure:
• DROP To drop the table with table structure.
Data Manipulation Language(DML): It is used to insert, delete, update data and perform
queries on these tables. Some of the DML commands are given below.
• INSERT To insert data into the table.
• SELECT To retrieve data from the table.

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• UPDATE To-update existing data in the table.

• DELETE To delete data from the table.
Data Control Language (DCL): It is used to control user's access to the database objects.
Some of the DCL commands are:
• GRANT Used to grant select/insert/delete access.
• REVOKE Used to revoke the provided access
Transaction Control Language (TCL): It is used to manage changes affecting the data.
• COMMIT To save the work which is done, such as inserting or updating or
deleting data to/from the table.
• ROLLBACK To restore the database to the original state, since the last commit.
• SQL Data Types SQL data types specify the type, size, and format of
data/information that can be stored in columns and variables.