INDIAN CENTRAL SCHOOL, KUWAIT

Class: X

Subject: Physics

Chapter: 13 Magnetic effects of current

Slot: 4

Holiday Homework

Class work –notes (Write it in your c.w)

CHAPTER: 13 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

When electric current flows through a wire, it produces a magnetic field around it. This is termed
as magnetic effect of current.

In figure, the deflection of compass needle by the current carrying wire in the below Oersted
experiment shows that an electric current produces a magnetic field around it.

(Draw the fig. given below)

Magnetic field:-The region surrounding a magnet in which the force of magnet (force of
attraction or repulsion) can be experienced is known as magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines: The magnetic field lines are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along
which a north magnetic pole would move. These are also known as magnetic lines of force.

Properties of magnetic field lines

a) Magnetic field lines originate from north pole and end at its south pole outside the
magnet(directed from south pole to north pole inside the magnet)
b) A magnetic field line is a closed and continuous curve.
c) The magnetic field lines are closer near the poles of a magnet where the magnetic field is
strong and farther apart where the magnetic field is weak.
d) The magnetic field lines never intersect each other.

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Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet:

(Draw the fig. given below)

Magnetic field due to a current through a straight conductor:

 Magnetic field due to a current through a straight conductor is in the form of concentric
circles.
 The magnitude of magnetic field produced by a straight current carrying conductor at a
point is
a) directly proportional to current passing in the conductor.
If the current in the conductor is increased, the magnetic field lines will become closer
and if it is decreased, the magnetic field lines will move apart.

b) inversely proportional to the distance of that point from the wire.

The direction of magnetic field produced by current carrying straight conductor is given
by Right –Hand Thumb rule.

Right –Hand Thumb Rule:

Imagine that you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that
the thumb points towards the direction of current and fingers will wrap around the conductor in
the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field.

Magnetic field due to current through a circular loop:

The magnetic field lines are concentric circles near current carrying loop. As we move away
from the wire, the concentric circles become bigger and bigger.

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At the centre of the loop, the magnetic field lines appear as straight lines (magnetic field at the
centre of the loop is uniform).

The strength of magnetic field produced by a circular coil carrying current is

a) directly proportional to number of turns and current

Magnetic Field due to current in a solenoid

A solenoid is a long coil containing a large number of circular turns of insulated copper wire.

 The magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field
produced by a bar magnet.
 The current in each turn of a current carrying solenoid flows in the same direction due to
which the magnetic field produced by each turn of the solenoid adds up, giving a strong
magnetic field.
 The strong magnetic field produced inside a current carrying solenoid can be used to
magnetise a piece of magnetic material like soft iron, when placed inside the solenoid. The
magnet thus formed is called an electromagnet. So, a solenoid is used for making
electromagnets.
 The strength of magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid depends on
a) Number of turns
b) Strength of current
c) Nature of core material used in solenoid i.e. use of soft iron as core in a solenoid
produces strong magnetism.
(Draw the fig. given below)

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Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force.

The force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field is due to the interaction
between magnetic field due to current carrying conductor and external magnetic field in which
the conductor is placed.

(Draw the below fig in c.w)

In the above fig, a current carrying rod AB experiences a force. The displacement of the rod in
the above activity suggests that

 a force is exerted on the current carrying rod when it is placed in a magnetic field.
 the direction of force on the conductor depends upon the direction of current and
direction of magnetic field.
 the direction of force is perpendicular to direction of current and direction of magnetic
field.

The direction of force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field is given by
Fleming’s Left Hand rule.

Fleming’s Left Hand rule

Stretch the thumb, the fore finger, and the central finger of the left hand mutually perpendicular
to each other such that the fore finger points in the direction of magnetic field, the central finger
points in the direction of current and the thumb points in the direction of force on the conductor
(direction of motion of the conductor)

Electric Motor
Electric motor is a device for converting electric energy to mechanical energy.

Principle: It is based on magnetic effect of current. When a current carrying coil is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a force. As a result of this force, the coil begins to rotate.

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Construction: It consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire. The coil is placed
between the two poles of a magnetic field such that the arm AB and CD are perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field. The ends of the coil are connected to the two halves P and Q of a
split ring. The inner sides of these halves are insulated and attached to an axle .The external
edges of P and Q touch two conducting stationary brushes X and Y respectively.

Draw the figure given below(Refer reader pg 232 fig 13.15)

Working: Current in the coil ABCD enters from the source battery through conducting brush X
and flows back to the battery through brush Y.

The current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B. In arm CD, it flows from C to D, ie
opposite to the direction of current through arm AB.

On applying Fleming’s Left Hand rule for the direction of force on a current carrying conductor
in a magnetic field, we find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it downwards while the force
acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus, the coil and the axle rotate anti-clockwise.

At half rotation, Q makes contact with the brush X and P with brush Y. Therefore, current in the
coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. In electric motors, the split ring acts as a
commutator. (A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit is called a
commutator.)

The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force on the two arms AB and CD. Thus,
the arm AB of the coil that was earlier pushed down is pushed up and the arm CD previously
pushed up is now pushed down. The reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation,
giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil and to the axle.

The commercial motors use a) an electromagnet in place of permanent magnet b) large

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Electromagnetic induction
Whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and the magnet, the magnetic field lines

passing through the coil changes. As a result, a current is induced in it. This phenomenon is
known as electromagnetic induction.

The magnitude of current induced in the coil can be increased:

a) by increasing the strength of magnet.

A current can be induced in a coil by;

a) moving a magnet towards or away from the coil or vice versa.

Fleming’s right hand rule

This rule gives the direction of current induced in a coil moving perpendicular to a magnetic
field.

Stretch the thumb, forefinger and the central finger of the right hand mutually perpendicular to
each other. If the forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field and the thumb shows the
direction of motion of the coil, then the central finger will show the direction of current induced
in the coil.

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Holiday Homework

Assignment -2 (Do it in A-4 Size paper and file it)

1. The given diagram represents an electric circuit consisting of four resistors and a 12-volt

battery.

(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown? (b) What is the current measured
by ammeter A shown in the diagram?

2. Find the total current passing through the circuit.

3. In the circuit diagram given below, find (i) total resistance of the circuit
(ii) total current flowing in the circuit (iii) the potential difference across R1
(iv) the potential difference across R2.

4. A battery of 6 V is connected in series with three resistors 2 ohm, 4 ohm, and 6 ohm .Calculate
the current passing through each resistor and potential difference across each resistor.

5. If a 12 V battery is connected to the arrangement of resistances given below, calculate (a) the
total resistance of the arrangement (b) the total current flowing in the circuit.

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