EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The project objective is to provide a drainage system for the new college of arts complex to
improve the working and living conditions that will ensure a flood free area.
A reconnaissance survey was done to identify all the existing drainage structures in the
community. The only existing masonry drains was a circular culvert which crosses the road
leading to the site, with some U-drains along the road and also newly constructed U-drains
around some buildings in the complex area to serve as collector drains to receive from the
buildings. The U-drains stretched through distance and ending before the junction leading to the
Arts complex.
The secondary drains along the proposed roads were all designed as U-drains. Runoffs
on the roads themselves were insignificant in terms of quantity (m3/s); hence curbs were used
to control flow on these roads. The capacities of existing culverts were checked. Those
satisfactory sizes were maintained and those that failed were replaced. The project was
feasible in the environment in which it was undertaken based the environmental impact
assessment of the project on the environment.
For this design, the rational formula is used to compute for hydrologic discharges that
would contribute to the flow in the various drains along all designated roads in the complex.

In view of this the area is divided into various catchment areas and the hydrologic discharge
is computed for the catchment areas

The Manning’s formula is used to compute for the hydraulic discharge after a drain size has
been assumed.

If the hydraulic discharge is more than the hydrologic discharge, the assumed drain size is
used; otherwise it is changed for a better one.

In this report, the design period used is 10years

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Development office of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and University acting through the
college of engineering, KNUST wishes to provide good drainage facilities for the new proposed
college of arts complex located near the school of business.

The objective is to provide a dry flood free area with regards to environment, health, sanitation,
drainage, vehicular access and solid and liquid waste management. Drains are those structures which
perform the collection, transportation and disposition of rainfall runoff and from and through a
tributary area to a point of discharge which may consist of conduits, drains, culverts and channels and
others.

EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS.

Generally the topography of the site could be said to be gentle but gradually slopes downstream
into the stream that joins the wiwi stream. The school of business which is opposite to the site is
generally flat and also slopes downstream. The drains are made in accordance with the topography of
the area and maximum flood levels.

CRITERIA FOR DESIGN.

 Upgrading of existing drains if capacity of such drains are not satisfactory.

 Designing of good drainage systems to ensure that flooding of the site will be avoided
at all times.
 Designing of drains to meet the economic needs of the society and also for easy
maintenance at a low cost.

CONCEPT OF DESIGN

 Undertake necessary hydrological and hydraulic studies, using flood protection

standards and flood return period of 10 years that will ensure adequate sizing of drains
and related drainage structures for flood protection.
 Obtain information on existing site conditions and validate them, detailing the location
and size of existing drains;
 Storm drainage shall ensure that adjacent properties are not unreasonably hampered and
that all drains shall have a desirable outfall.
 Identify impacts which need to be controlled
 Establish the mitigation measures required to minimize or avoid the negative impacts.
  Draft appropriate management clauses and actions for both during implementation and
operation of the drainage facilities.

METHODOLOGY

 A visit to the appropriate agencies to get data on the site area for the hydrological and
hydraulic studies.
 Design drains in accordance with the topography of the area and the maximum flood
level.
 Perform studies of the vegetation of the area and make recommendations to mitigate
erosion and its surrounding areas.
 From the design, the return period is 10 years for both primary and secondary drains.
The soil has sand, silt, gravel and clay all in it hence making permeability of the soil
differ depending on the part of the area with a particular type of soil been dominant.
Hence if the drainage system is not designed well, it will cause problems in the area
of transportation, erosion, etc.

DRAINAGE DESIGN STANDARDS

The standards for the designing of the drains are gotten from the Ghana Highway Authority
and the Department of urban roads under the Urban II Road and Drainage Rehabilitation
Project in Accra (1991).
CHAPTER 2

HYDROLOGIC DESIGN

The rational formula is used to find the runoff on the various catchment areas after which the
Manning’s formula is used to find the peak flow in the drains sizes assumed for each
catchment area. If the hydrological Q is less than the hydraulic Q the drain size is used
otherwise another size is used till the hydraulic Q is greater than the hydrological Q.

The Wiwi stream is serving as the outfall of the drains...

DESIGN PARAMETERS

The major parameters which are required for the design that is for the determination of
dimensions of the drains are

Hydrological discharge: Q=KCIA

Where;

Q=the peak runoff or discharge,

Tc=the time of concentration (used on the IDF curve to get the rainfall intensity)

K= the conversion factor,

A=the catchment area, (ha)

I=the rainfall intensity,

C=Runoff coefficient.

An assumption made on the use of the rational formula is the design storm produces a
uniform rainfall across the catchment area.
Time of concentration

This the sum of the inlet time te that is the time it takes for the flow from the remotest point
to reach the drain inlet and the flow time tf in the upstream drain connected to the outfall.

By using the Kirpich formula,

t c =0.0025
( )
L
S0.5
0.8

Time of concentration is in hours

When drains would have to flow into other drains or culverts, then the time of concentration
is

t c =t f +t e

Where
n
Vi
t f =∑
i=1 Li

And te ist e =0.0025 ( )

L
S 0.5
0.8

Where

V is the velocity in the upstream drains

L is the mainstream length

S is the mainstream slope

Rainfall intensity

This is found on the rainfall intensity duration frequency curve with the time of concentration
for each catchment area.

The conversion factor

This is a conversion factor with area in ha, intensity in mm/hr, coefficient of runoff for Q to
3
be in m /s is:

K = 0.278
CHAPTER 3

THE HYDRAULIC DISCHARGE

When an assumed area of drain is taken, a hydraulic discharge is calculated and if the
hydrologic discharge is less than the hydraulic discharge, the assumed area is used.

This discharge is calculated using the Manning’s formula:

2 1
A
Q= R 3 S 2
n

PARAMETERS NEEDED

 The slope of the area under consideration, S

 The Manning’s roughness coefficient, n

 The hydraulic radius, R

 The cross-sectional flow area, A

The slope, S:

This is the slope of the terrain along which the drain is to be constructed. For a drain
along a road, its slope is equal to that of the road. For the primary drain which was not
along the road, its slope was taken as the slope of the catchment.

The Manning’s roughness coefficient, n:

The Manning’s roughness coefficient depends on the material for the construction of the
drain. For this design the Manning’s coefficient is taken as 0.0015.

The hydraulic radius, R:

The hydraulic radius is the ratio of the area of the drain to the wetted perimeter of the
drain.

R= A/P.

The cross-sectional area of flow, A

The cross-sectional area of the drains includes a freeboard of 0.3m to take care of the
possible silting which reduces the effective area of flow and to also reduce the incidence
of flooding. For the design of the drains, standard cross-sections of drain were assumed
and their maximum hydraulic discharge compared to the hydrologic discharge
contributing to that particular drain.

Sizing of Drains.
 COMPUTATIONS

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

DISCHARGES OBTAINED FROM CATCHMENTS

CATCHMEN ARE MSL SLOP TC TC RAINFALL RUNOFF DISCHARG

T A (km) E (min (hr) INTENSITY COEFFICIEN E (m3/s)
No. (km2) (m/km ) (mm/hr) T
)
1 0.012 0.222 45 9.43 0.15 184.44 0.6 0.37009804
0 7 7
2 0.021 0.159 31.36 6.86 0.11 157.22 0.6 0.5733084
9 3 4
3 0.018 0.126 16.57 6.30 0.10 185.00 0.6 0.56553142
3 7 5
4 0.009 0.093 3.23 6.80 0.11 184.00 0.6 0.29938925
8 9 3
5 0.016 0.142 0.7 13.4 0.22 152.78 0.6 0.42297852
6 8 5
6 0.009 0.080 75.8 3.15 0.05 185.00 0.6 0.28917924
4 6 3
7 0.031 0.299 22.76 13.2 0.22 152.30 0.6 0.80842532
8 1 0
8 0.013 0.128 62.33 5.04 0.08 185.00 0.6 0.4239272
7 4 4

Total Catchment Area=0.1335km2

SAMPLE CALCULATION ON HYDROLOGICAL DISCHARGE INTO DRAIN

From the relation

Q Hydrology= 0.278 *C *I *A

Using catchment 8 as example

Mainstream length = 0.128km

Area of catchment = 0.0137km

Slope of catchment = Change in contour levels/ Mainstream length

Slope of catchment = 8/0.128km = 62.3m/km

Using the Time of concentration, TC to obtain rainfall intensity

From the Lloyd Davis formula, TC = 58.5 x L / A 0.1 x S 0.2

Hence TC = 58.5 x 0.128km/(0.0137km)0.1 x 62.3m/km0.2

= 5.044mins = 0.084hrs

For a return period of 10years the intensity-frequency -duration curve gives a rainfall
intensity of 185mm/hr

Hence with a runoff coefficient of 0.6 (pavement),

Q Hydrology = 0.278 x 0.6 x 185.0x0.0137 = 0.423m3/s

The same procedure is repeated for the other catchment areas.

DESIGN FOR SECONDARY DRAINS

SAMPLE CALCULATION ON DRAIN SIZING

Considering drain 7 since it has the highest discharge of 0.808m3/s,

Using a U-drain of dimensions 800 x 800mm to accommodate the discharge

Q hydraulics = (A/n)*R2/3*S1/2

For a U-drain, Area, A = 3.142*W2/8+W (H-W/2)

With breadth B = 0.80m and

Height H = 0.80m

A = 3.142 x 0.82/8+0.8x (0.8-0.8/2)

= 0.57136m2

Perimeter, P = 3.142*W/2 +2 (H-W/2)

=3.142 x 0.8/2 +2 (0.8-0.8/2)

= 2.0568m

R = A/P = 0.57136/2.0568 = 0.278m

For a slope of 0.003 and Manning’s n of 0.015 (in-situ concrete)

Q = (0.57136/0.015) x 0.2782/3 x 0.0031/2

=0.889m3/s

Since the Q hydraulics is greater than the Q hydrology, the assumed drain size is appropriate and can
accommodate the discharge; hence assumed drain dimensions are chosen and applied to all.

DESIGN OF PRIMARY DRAIN

Q hydrology= QA1+QA2+QA3+QA6

= 0.3701 + 0.5733+ 0.5655+ 0.2892

=1.7981m3/s

Assume for primary drain

n=0.015,in situ concrete

s= 0.03

Let F = 0.2H,

Where H = 800mm= 0.8m

W = 800mm= 0.8m

0.2H = 0.16m

D = 0.8-0.8/2-0.16= 0.24 m B = 0.8/2=0.4m

A = (πW2/8) + (W × D)

A = (π*0.82/8) + (0.8 × 0.24)

=0.4433m2

P = 0.5(πW) + 2D

P = 0.5(π*0.8) + 2*0.24

=1.7366m

R = A/P = 0.4433/1.7366= 0.2552m

Qhydraulic = (1/n) × A× R2/3 × S1/2

Qhydraulic = (1/0.015) × 0.4433× 0.25522/3 × 0.031/2

=2.059m3/s

If Qhydrology ≤ Qhydraulic, then the assumed size is okay.

V= Q/A

Primary Drain

Q=2.059 m3/s A =0.4434m2

V=2.059 ¿ 0.4434=4.64 m/ s

Self cleansing velocity achieved.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

OVERVIEW

This environmental impact assessment was carried on a proposed urban infrastructural

upgrading at the site. Area to be investigated is the drainage systems in and around the
proposed complex.
Existing conditions in the area were studied. By these conditions, likely consequences due to
the upgrading process were identified. Some of which are:
 Air pollution
 Noise nuisance and ground vibration
 Constraints on public utilities
 Improvement in commercial activities
 Waste Generation and Disposal
 Diseases and Pests
 Proper Sanitary and Infrastructural Conditions
 Accidents

Negative impact on the environment

Prior the construction of the drains, trees and other vegetation on site need to be cleared since
they might interfere with the drainage course. This in the near future can cause desertification
of the land. In order to reduce these occurrences, reforestation of the site area when
construction is near completion replenishing the ones cut down.

Positive impact on the environment

The construction of drains would also have certain positive impacts on the environment.
Construction of the drains would increase the lifespan of the road. Also flooding would be
reduced preventing life and property loss during great storms. There would also be a
reduction in erosion of the site. Construction of the drains would prevent the instance of
stagnant water which will serve as breeding ground for mosquitoes and other disease carrying
insects. This would result in better health and hygiene.
MAINTENANCE

Slabs of thickness 50mm are used to cover U-drains that are in the opens areas where
commercial activities is predominant so that drains could not be possibly choked. There are
openings on the slabs to allow for cleaning or desilting of drains periodically. Drains are lined
with concrete to prevent erosion of the channel beds.

Clearing and Cleaning

The objective of clearing and cleaning drains is to remove all obstruction which could
possibly interfere with water flow. This could include loose silt, sand, boulders, weeds, etc.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to the fact that the primary drains were not designed for, it is therefore recommended
that the circular culvert crossing the road connecting the site and the school of business to
the rest of the academic area be reconstructed.

It is also recommended that since some drains outpours into other drains (tertiary drains
to secondary drains), the drains are cleared and cleaned to avoid flooding of the road and
other areas and properties on site and surrounding areas.
CONCLUSION

In this report, the drainage system of the College of Arts complex is designed so that all
storm water and other excess water are transported safely out of the area to prevent flooding,
erosion, etc. All drains have desirable outfall that is either into an existing drains of size that
can take care of the flow or into the stream. The structures and the properties are therefore not
unnecessarily hampered with.
REFERENCES

 HYDRAULICS LECTURE NOTES

DR. S.N. ODAI

 HYDROLOGY LECTURE NOTES

DR. F.O.K. AYEMEDU