DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Dr. G.C.Behera
LESSON PLAN

FACULTY NAME : G.C. BEHERA EMP. CODE :

SUBJECT : DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES SUB. CODE :

RCI6001

YEAR : 3rd SEMESTER : VI

PROGRAMME & BRANCH : B. Tech. & Civil SECTION :

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this course are:
1. To learn the behaviour and design of structural steel components, for example, members and connections in
two - dimensional (2D) truss and frame structures.
2. To gain an educational and comprehensive experience in the design of simple steel structures.. 3. Familiarity
with professional and contemporary issues.

COURSE OUTCOME:
Students who successfully complete this course will be able to:

1. Infer the design philosophies of structural steel using limit state method . (L2)

2. Analyze the failure modes of various types of connections.( L4)

3. Design of various elements of steel structures as per Indian Standards.(L6)

4. Apply relevant codal provisions to ensure the safety and serviceability of structural elements

for the recommendation. (L3, L6)

 STEEL VS CONCRETE
• Concrete the most versatile material for construction?
• Why Steel?
 Skyscrapers, these are mostly built with the steel. Steel has lot
of advantages.
 Steel sections are massively used particularly in bridge
structure and in transmission tower,
 Refinery well structure. Sometimes some water tanks, some
high rise buildings, many industrial buildings, sheds are made of
steels. Steel is much stronger than the conventional concrete.
 Construction material like concrete, its strength to weight ratio
is very high i.e. its weight is very less and strength is very high. It is
much ductile compared to concrete and, because of its advantages
designer prefers steel structure, though it is costly.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
WHAT IS DESIGN WHY DESIGN
• The components or the entire structure
should withstand the load throughout its life
span satisfying serviceability criteria.
• Design properly a structure without affecting
safety with cost effective way.
• This requires knowledge of the design
procedure properly.
 STEEL
• Strength of steel is of approximately ten times that of concrete.
• Steel has large strength to weight ratio, steel structures.
• Steel to be more economical than concrete structures for tall buildings and
large span buildings and bridges.
• Steel structures can be constructed very fast and this enables the structure
to be used early thereby leading to overall economy.
• Steel structures are ductile and robust and can withstand severe loadings
such as earthquakes.
• Steel structures can be easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads.
• Steel is also a very eco-friendly material and steel structures can be easily
dismantled and sold as scrap.
• Thus the lifecycle cost of steel structures, which includes the cost of
construction, maintenance, repair and dismantling, can be less than that for
concrete structures.
• As produced in factory under better quality control, steel structures have
higher reliability and safety.
 demerits
To get the most benefit out of steel,
• steel structures should be protected to resist corrosion.
• Protected from fire.
• Good quality control is essential to ensure proper
fitting of the various structural elements.
• The effects of temperature should be considered in
design.
• To prevent development of cracks under fatigue and
earthquake loads the connections and in particular the
welds should be designed and detailed properly.
Special steels and protective measures
 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The properties of structural steel, as per clause 2.2.4 of IS 800:2007,
for use in design, may be taken
• as given in clauses 2.2.4.1 and 2.2.4.2 of the code.
Physical properties
Physical properties of structural steel, as detailed by cl.2.2.4.1 of IS
800:2007, irrespective of its grade may be taken as:
a) Unit mass of steel, p = 7850 kg/m3
b) Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0x105N/mm2 (MPa)
c) Poisson ratio, p = 0.3
d) Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769x105 N/mm2 (MPa)
e) Coefficient of thermal expansion cx.=12x10 -6/0C
Mechanical properties
The principal mechanical properties of the structural steel important in
design, as detailed by the code IS 800:2007 in cl. 2.2.4.2, are the
yield stress, fy; the tensile or ultimate stress, fu; the maximum
percent elongation on a standard gauge length.
• tensile force and it undergoes large inelastic. Inelastic deformation means
permanent deformation without loss of strength under the application. So
if we see the stress-strain diagram
• of the material if this is strain and this is stress then this portion is
basically the ductility portion
• where stress is not developing as such, but the strain is going to be
increase. If we release the
• load, it will be coming to its earlier position, of course not in same path,
because it is inelastic,
• but it will come to its earlier position with deformation. If the material is
ductile that means it
• will be much more seismic resistance. Therefore, we prefer ductile
material so that deformations
• are allowed without failure.
• Then another property we also come across which is called hardness.
Hardness is one of the
• mechanical properties of steel by virtue of which, it offers resistance to
the indentation and
• scratching. So hardness can be measured by different test (the) like rock
well test, rock well
• hardness test. Another test we make which is called Vickers hardness test
and then another test
• through which the hardness is measured is called Brinell hardness test. So through this one can
• test the hardness of the material and another property also we come across is called toughness.
• Now toughness is the ability to absorb energy up to fracture. This toughness is measured by the
• area under the stress-strain curve. So stress-strain curve of this material and stress-strain curve of
• this material, the area we can find out and we can measure the toughness. It is a one type of
• mechanical property of steel. So basically it offers resistance to fracture under the action of the
• impact load. So this is one property another is fatigue. Fatigue means the repeated loading. It
• means damage is caused due to repeated loading, repeated fluctuation of stresses and which leads
• to progress of cracking of the structural element and due to cyclic loading damage and failure of
• the material may happen which is called fatigue.
• In addition, another is resistance against corrosion. In presence of moisture, corrosion of steel
• happens. So to avoid that what we can do? We can go for painting or metallic coating. So either
• of these two can be made to take care the corrosion. So this is one property which we have to
• keep in mind and then another property is residual stress.
CODES
 STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS
• FOLLOWING ARE STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS
• A) FLAT HOT ROLLED PRODUCTS
Plates, Flat bars, Sheets, strips
• B) HOT ROLLED SECTIONS-
Rolled shapes, hollow structural sections
• C) BOLTS
• D) WELDING ELECTRODES
• E) COLD ROLLED SHAPES
HOT ROLLED SECTIONS AND PRODUCTS CONSIST OF FOLLOWING
)
 HOT ROLLED SECTIONS AND PRODUCTS CONSIST OF
FOLLOWING
i) ROLLED BEAMS
Junior Beams (ISJB-JB-Indian Standard Junior Beams)
Light Weight Beams (ISLB-LB-Indian Standard Light Beams)
Medium Weight Beams(ISMB- MB- Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams)
Wide Flange Beams-(ISWB-WB- Indian Standard Wide Flange Beams)
Heavyweight Beams/ Columns(ISSC-SB- Indian Standard Heavyweight Beams)
Column Sections (ISSC-SC- Indian Standard Column Sections)
ii) CHANNELS
Junior, Light, and Medium and Parallel Flange (ISJC, ISLC, ISMC, ISMCP )
iii) EQUAL ANGLES(IEA/ISA)
iv) Unequal Angles(ISA)
v) T SECTIONS ( ISJT, ISLT, ISST, ISNT, ISHT)
vi) ROLLED BARS
Round( ISRO)
Square (ISSQ
vii) Tubular Sections( ISLT, ISMT, ISHT)
viii) Plates (ISPL)
ix) Strips (ISST)
x) Flats(ISFl)
Different type of rolled
sections are available in the
market and their properties
are given in IS handbook in SP-
6, Indian Standard Junior
Beam which is termed as JB
also. So, Indian Standard
Junior Beam (ISJB), Indian
Standard Light Beam (ISLB) and
Indian Standard Medium
Weight Beam (ISMB), Indian
Standard Wide Flange Beam
(ISWB). So different type of I
sections are available in the
code. Indian Standard Heavy
Weight Beam (ISHB), Indian
standard column section are
also available there.
Now, the overall depth of I section is called D, in the SP-6, the properties of I
sections are given. If you say ISMB 250 that means it will refer to a particular I
section of medium beam ISMB, that 250 means the overall depth of the section
will be 250. Therefore, this D will be 250 overall depth.
The width of flange is called B and sometimes we call bf also, and web thickness is
called t or tw. Thickness of flange is measured at (B - t)/4 distance and we mention
the thickness of the flange is T or tf. So if you see in the SP-6, the properties of I
section suppose if it is ISMB 250 then its depth is 250, its weight, its cross sectional
area and the geometrical properties everything is mentioned there. Not only the
geometrical properties, but also Ixx, (moment of inertia about xaxis), Iyy (moment of
inertia about y-axis), Rxx (radius of gyration about x-axis), Ryy (radius of gyration
about y-axis), section modulus Ze, Zp, gauge distance can be found. Therefore, that
gauge distance is also standard for particular section. So all the relevant properties
can be found out from that code.
This channel section are mainly used for column. Indian standard junior channel (ISJC),
ISLC Indian standard light channel (ISLC) Indian standard medium weight channel ISMC,
different types of channel section are available in code. Here, ISMC 400 means the overall
depth D will be 400. Once depth is known, other properties can be found out from SP-6.
The width of the flange is termed as bf and the thickness of the flange T or tf is defined at
a distance (B-t)/4, tw is the thickness of web, R1 and R2 are the radius of curvature. Then
Cxx, Cyy , flange slop, α are also given in SP-6. In the code, ZZ is written in place of XX, so
Ixx is represented by Izz.
Angle sections are of two types,
one is Indian standard equal
angle and another is Indian
standard unequal angle. Equal
angle means leg length of both
of the legs are same, but if leg
lengths are unequal then it is
unequal angle. So standard way
of writing is ISA 90 × 90 × 6, that
means both of the leg length is
90, thickness of the leg is 6 mm.
Tee section, Indian standard normal Tee
section and in case of Tee section, the
total h is the depth.
 There are rolled steel
bars, which is called
Indian Standard
Round Section (ISRO)
and this is Indian
Standard Square
Section (ISSQ).

ISRO100 means it is a
round section of diameter
100, again ISSQ50 means it
is a square section of each
side 50 mm. So, this is how
it is designated.
 Then rolled steel
sheet and strips are
also used, those are
termed as Indian
Standards steel sheet
section and Indian
Standard steel strip
section. 50 F 8
represent a flat of
width 50 mm and
thickness of 8 mm are
used.
Square hollow sections and hollow
pipe sections are also used in
design of steel members. So in this
first lecture it is shown that
different Indian rolled sections are
available for designing and their
geometrical properties are given in
SP-6 which will be frequently used
for design of structural members.
DESIGN METHODS, LOADS

Dr. G.C. BEHERA

 DESIGN
BASIS FOR DESIGN
The bases of the design are given in Section 3.1 of IS 800:2007. It is as follows.
Design Objective
• The objective of design, as outlined in Cl.3.1.1 of IS 800:2007, is the achievement of an
acceptable probability that structures will perform satisfactorily for the intended purpose during
the design life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and
deformations, during construction and use and have adequate resistance to certain expected
accidental loads and fire. Structure should be stable and have alternate load paths to prevent
disproportionate overall collapse under accidental loading.
Methods of Design
• Method of Design of steel structures is given in Cl. 3.1.2 of IS 800:2007. In the previous version
of the code, the design of steel structures was essentially using Working Stress Method. But IS
800:2007 permits us to design the structure to satisfy the various Limit States. It also advocates
the use of Working Stress Method only to the situations where Limit State cannot be
conveniently employed. As per Cl. 3.1.2.1 of IS 800:2007, Structure and its elements shall
normally, be designed by the limit state method. Account should be taken of accepted theories,
experimental information and experience and the need to design for durability. This clause
admits that calculations alone may not produce Safe, serviceable and durable structures.
Suitable materials, quality control, adequate detailing and good supervision are equally
important. As per Cl. 3.1.2.2 of IS 800:2007, where the limit states method cannot be
conveniently adopted; the working stress design (Section 11 of IS 800:2007) may be used.
Design Process
• Clause 3.1.3 of IS 800:2007 specifies structural design, including design for
durability, construction and use should be considered as a whole. The realization
of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for
materials, fabrication, erection and in-service maintenance.
• LOADS AND FORCES
• Clause 3.2 of IS 800:2007 specifies the various loads and forces that has to be
considered while performing the design of steel structures. As per Cl. 3.2.1 of IS
800:2007, for the purpose of designing any element, member or a structure, the
following loads (actions) and their effects shall be taken into account, where
applicable, with partial safety factors and combinations (Cl. 5.3.3 of IS 800:2007).
• (a) Dead loads; (Cl. 3.2.1.1 of IS 800:2007)
Dead loads should be assumed in design as specified in IS 875 (Part 1).
• (b) Imposed loads (Cl. 3.2.1.2 of IS 800:2007)
• (live load, crane load, snow load, dust load, wave load, earth pressures, etc);
IS 800:2007 specifies in Cl.3.2.1.2 that imposed loads for different types of
occupancy and function of structures shall be taken as recommended in IS 875
(Part 2). Imposed loads arising from equipment, such as cranes and machines
should be assumed in design as per manufacturers/suppliers data (Cl. 3.5.4 of IS
800:2007). Snow load shall be taken as per IS 875 (Part 4).
• (c) Wind loads; (Cl. 3.2.1.3 of IS 800:2007)
Wind loads on structures shall be taken as per the recommendations of IS 875
(Part 3).
 LOADS
• (d) Earthquake loads; (Cl. 3.2.1.4 of IS 800:2007)
Earthquake loads shall be assumed as per the recommendations of
IS 1893 (Part 1).
• (e) Erection loads; (Cl. 3.3 of IS 800:2007)
• All loads required to be carried by the structure or any part of it due
to storage or positioning of construction material and erection
equipment, including all loads due to operation of such equipment
shall be considered as erection loads. The structure as a whole and
all parts of the structure in conjunction with the temporary bracings
shall be capable of sustaining these loads during erection.
• (f) Accidental loads such as those due to blast, impact of vehicles,
etc; and
• (g) Secondary effects due to contraction or expansion resulting
from temperature changes, differential settlements of the structure
as a whole or of its components, eccentric connections, rigidity of
joints differing from design assumptions
 Load Combinations
• Load combinations for design purposes shall be those that
produce maximum forces and effects and consequently
maximum stresses and deformations. The following
combination of loads with
• appropriate partial safety factors as given in Table 4 of IS
800:2007 may be considered. The table is reproduced here
as Table 2 for ready reference.
• a) Dead load + imposed load,
• b) Dead load + imposed load+ wind or earthquake load,
• c) Dead load + wind or earthquake load, and
• d) Dead load+ erection load.
• The effect of wind load and earthquake loads shall not be
considered to act simultaneously. The load combinations
are outlined in detail in Cl. 3.5 of IS 800:2007.
LOAD COMBINATION
 CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
• Plate elements of a cross-section may buckle locally due to
compressive stresses. The local buckling can be avoided before the
limit state is achieved by limiting the width to thickness ratio of
each element of a cross-section subjected to compression due to
axial force, moment or shear. When plastic analysis is used, the
members shall be capable of forming plastic hinges with sufficient
rotation capacity (ductility) without local buckling, to enable the
redistribution of bending moment required before formation of the
failure mechanism. When elastic analysis is used, the member shall
be capable of developing the yield stress under compression
without local buckling. On basis of the above, Cl. 3.7 of IS 800:200 7
categorizes the sections in to four classes as follows.
• When different elements of a cross-section fall under different
classes, the section shall be classified as governed by the most
critical element. The maximum value of limiting width to thickness
ratios of elements for different classifications of sections are given
in Table 2 of IS 800:2007
•
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS
Class 1 (Plastic)
Cross-sections which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity
required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism fall under
this category. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that
specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007.
• Class 2 (Compact)
Cross-sections which can develop plastic moment of resistance, but have
inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic mechanism, due
to local buckling come under this class. The width to thickness ratio of plate
elements shall be less than that specified under Class 2 (Compact), but greater
than that specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007.
• Class 3 (Semi-compact)
Cross-sections in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach yield stress but
can not develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling. The width
to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 3
(Semi-compact), but greater than that specified under Class 2 (Compact), in Table
2 of IS 800:2007.
• Class 4 (Slender)
Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching yield
stress. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be greater than that
specified under Class 3 (Semicompact), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007. In such cases, the
effective sections for design shall be calculated either by following the provisions
of IS 801 to account for the post-local-buckling strength or by deducting width of
the compression plate element in excess of the semi-compact section limit.
 TYPES OF ELEMENTS

• IS 800:2007 classifies elements in to three types, as per Cl. 3.7.3., as follows.

• Internal elements
These are elements attached along both longitudinal edges to other elements or to
longitudinal stiffeners connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, for
example, web of I-section and flanges and web of box section.
• Outside elements or outstands
• These are elements attached along only one of the longitudinal edges to an adjacent
element, the other edge being free to displace out of plane, for example flange
overhang of an I-section, stem of T section and legs of an angle section.
• Tapered elements
These maybe treated as flat elements having average thickness as defined in SP 6
(Part 1).
• MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIO
The maximum effective slenderness ratio, as per Cl. 3.8 of IS 800:2007, KL/r values
of a beam, strut or tension member shall not exceed those given in Table 3 of IS
800:2007. ‘KL’ is the effective length of the member and ‘r’ is appropriate radius of
gyration based on the effective section as defined in Cl. 3.6.1 of IS 800:2007. This
data is reproduced here in Table .
 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• The current revision of the code of practice, IS 800:2000, recommends limit state method for design of structures
using hot rolled sections. This method is outlined in section 5 of IS 800:2007. However, it retained working stress
method of design which was the design method for decades. But the scope of the working stress method is
limited to those situations where limit state method cannot be conveniently employed.
• 3.1. BASIS FOR DESIGN
• In the limit state design method, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads likely to act on it
throughout its life. It shall not suffer total collapse under accidental loads such as from explosions or impact or
due to consequences of human error to an extent beyond the local damages. The objective of the design is to
achieve a structure that will remain fit for use during its life with acceptable target reliability. In other words, the
probability of a limit state being reached during its lifetime should be very low. The acceptable limit for the safety
and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state. In general, the structure shall be
designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states. Steel structures are
to be designed and constructed to satisfy the design requirements with regard to stability, strength, serviceability,
brittle fracture, fatigue, fire, and durability such that they meet the following: a) Remain fit with adequate
reliability and be able to sustain all actions (loads) and other influences experienced during construction and use;
b) Have adequate durability under normal maintenance; c) Do not suffer overall damage or collapse
disproportionately under accidental events like explosions, vehicle impact or due to consequences of human error
to an extent beyond local damage. The potential for catastrophic damage shall be limited or avoided by
appropriate choice of one or more of the following: • Avoiding, eliminating or reducing exposure to hazards, which
the structure is likely to sustain. • Choosing structural forms, layouts and details and designing such that: i) the
structure has low sensitivity to hazardous conditions; and ii) the structure survives with only local damage even
after serious damage to any one individual element by the hazard.
• • Choosing suitable material, design and detailing procedure, construction specifications, and control procedures
for shop fabrication and field construction as relevant to the particular structure.
• The following conditions may be satisfied to avoid a disproportionate collapse:
• The building should be effectively tied together at each principal floor level and each column
should be effectively held in position by means of continuous ties (beams) nearly orthogonal,
except where the steel work supports only cladding weighing not more than 0.7 kN/m2 along with
imposed and wind loads.
• These ties must be steel members such as beams, which may be designed for other purposes, steel
bar reinforcement anchoring the steel frame to concrete floor or steel mesh reinforcement in
composite slab with steel profiled sheeting directly connected to beam with shear connectors.
These steel ties and their end connections should be capable of resisting factored tensile force not
less than the factored dead and imposed loads acting on the floor area tributary to the tie nor less
than 75 kN. Such connection of ties to edge column should also be capable of resisting 1 percent of
the maximum axial compression in the column at the level due to factored dead and imposed
loads. All column splices should be capable of resisting a tensile force equal to the largest of a
factored dead and live load reaction from a single floor level located between that column splice
and the next column splice below that splice. Lateral load system to resist notional horizontal loads
prescribed in Cl. 4.3.6 of IS 800:2007 should be distributed throughout the building in nearly
orthogonal directions so that no substantial portion is connected at only one point to such a
system. Precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units should be effectively anchored in the
direction of their span either to each other over the support or directly to the support. Where the
above conditions to tie the columns to the floor adequately are not satisfied each storey of the
building should be checked to ensure that disproportionate collapse would not precipitate by the
notional removal, one at a time, of each column. Where each floor is not laterally supported by
more than one system, check should be made at each storey by removing one such lateral support
system at a time to ensure that disproportionate collapse would not occur. The collapse is
considered disproportionate, if more than 15 percent of the floor or roof area of 70 m2 collapse at
that level and at one adjoining level either above or below it, under a load equal to 1.05 or 0.9
times the dead load, 0.33 times temporary or full imposed load of permanent nature (as in storage
buildings) and 0.33 times wind load acting together.
DESIGN METHODS
So, if we see stress strain
diagram in case of steel we
consider the structure to
withstand load up to yield
strength (fy), that means the
characteristic strength of the
member. So up to Yield
strength we consider and
then we divide it with some
factor of safety and then we
get the Permissible stress.
Than another method which we considered earlier was Ultimate Strength Method. It is
basically a plastic design method, in this case the Limit State is attained when the
members reach plastic moment. That means in this case we go up to say fu, so up to this
we consider and then we design and of course, we also multiply some load factor factor
with the working load to get the Ultimate Load. In this method, we do not consider the
serviceability condition that means whether the occupant feel discomfort or not,
whether excessive deflection is coming or not that we do not bother. So from the users
point of view it is not advisable, so this method also became nowadays obsolete.
• Limit State Method the structure is designed in such a way that it can
safely withstand all kind of loads that may act under consideration in its
entire design life. So that we have to consider the science of reliability
based design with the objective of providing a rational solution to the
problem of adequate safety, that means we are not compromising with
the safety and uncertainty is reflected in loading and material strength. So
what we do here, we consider up to ultimate strength and we make use of
some factor of safety to get the permissible strength or the member.
• So here we use some sort of factor of safety to ensure the uncertainty
factor also we use the load factor as we are not sure that what will be the
actual load in the site. We try to find out the maximum means worst
possible combination and we multiply with some factor which was
obtained from reliability based method and then we try to design with
that factored load this is Limit State Method but this is Limit State of
strength another is Limit State of Serviceability that also we have to
consider.
• So in case of Limit State of Strength we have to consider the stability with
Stability against Overturning and Sway Stability that we have to keep in
mind also we have to keep in mind the Fatigue and Plastic Collapse.
Therefore, Limit State of Strength depends on this few aspects.
So in IS 800: 2007 the Limit State of Strength includes this few things which we have
to keep in mind like Loss of equilibrium of the structure as a whole or in part, loss of
stability of the structure, then failure due to excess deformation or rupture, fracture
due to fatigue and brittle fracture. So, these are associated with the failure which we
have to keep in mind and we have to design under the worst possible combination.
• Limit State of Strength, another is Limit State
Serviceability. So Limit State of Serviceability when we check Deflection
limit, then Vibration limit, Durability consideration and also Fire
resistance. So these are few aspects from Limit State Serviceability point
of view, so we have to take care we have to keep in mind this limit and we
have to design the structural member keeping all these limits in our mind.
• Limit State of Serviceability will be associated with the discomfort faced by
the user while using the structure that is one is excess deflection or
deformation of the structure.
• Because suppose in structure we are residing in a tall building towards the
top floor then due to vibration means due to cyclone or due to earthquake
the building may vibrate considerably. but we know from Limit State of
Strength we know that design has been done in such a way it will not collapse
but if you do not consider the Limit State of Serviceability then we are
allowing large deflection, so if deflection is more than the occupant will be
afraid of staying there because of this large vibration.
• So in such case we have to consider the occupants discomfort ability and we
have to take certain measure so that vibration can be reduced, excessive
deflection or deformation of the structure can be reduced. So this has to be
taken care.
• Then excessive vibration of the structure causing discomfort to the
commuters, repairable damage or crack generated due to fatigue that also
we have to keep in mind that we should take care of damage or crack and of
course corrosion and durability that also we have to keep in mind. So these
are the some parameters which are associated with the Limit State
Serviceability.
 STRUCTURAL STEEL PRODUCTS
• ROLLED BEAMS
• INDIAN STANDARD JUNIOR BEAMS-ISJB
• INDIAN STANDARD LIGHT WEIGHT BEAMS-ISLB
• INDIAN STANDARD MEDIUM WEIGHT BEAMS –ISMB
• INDIAN STANDARD HEAVY WEIGHT BEAMS/COLUMNS -ISMB
 CHANNELS

• JUNIOR,LIGHT MEDIUM ISJC,ISLC,ISMC

(EQUAL ANGLES-ISEA/ISA)
UNEQUAL ANGLES-ISA
T SECTIONS
 CONECTIONS
• EQUIREMENT:
• To combine two members to act as a single member
and to share the loads. Various connections are
available for joining members in case of RCC structure.
Generally, we used to connect RCC members by casting
them in-situ. But in case of steel members different
type of steel roll sections are available in the market.
The steel roll sections are need to join together and
that can be done by applying various types of
connections, like rivet connections, bolt connections,
weld connections and combination of those two or
three.
 JINTS REQUIRED

Joints are required

 Beam and Column
 Beam and Beam
 Beam and Cross beam
 Column and Column
 Column and Bracket
 Column and Caps
 Base plate of Trusses
 Truss member connection through Gussets
 Purlin and rafters
 Wind Braces and Columns
 TYPE OF FABRICATION OR JOINTS
• rivet joints,
• bolt joints
• weld joints.
combine of two or three of the above means in a
particular joint we can make use of rivet and bolt,
bolt or weld, or bolt and rivet connection.
REQUIREMENT OF GOOD CONNECTION
A. EASY INSTALLATION
B. EASY IN INSPECTION
C. AFTER JOINING SHOULD BE RIGID TO AVOID STRESS VARIATION
 RIVET CONNECTION

Now coming to rivet connections we know rivets are inserted in the plates to join together.
With different plates and by adding heat we can insert. A typical rivet joint is shown in Fig. ,
where different members are connected to plate by riveting and in the parts of rivet, the
upper part is called head and the lower cylindrical part is called shank. Shank has particular
length depending on the thickness of the plates, so it can vary accordingly.
Different type of heads is available and according to that different name of the RIVETS are
given. Now this rivet head has a particular diameter which is called rivet head diameter and
the diameter of shank is called nominal diameter or rivet diameter or shank diameter.
Depending on the size of nominal diameter the strength of rivet can be calculated on the
basis of the type of material used and accordingly we can calculate the rivet strength.
 Advantages of Riveted connections:
• i. Ease of riveting process.
• ii. Rivet connection is permanent in nature.
• Iii. Cheaper fabrication cost.
• iv. Low maintenance cost.
• v. Dissimilar metals can also be joined; even non-
metallic joints are possible with riveted joints.
• vi. Rivet connection is possible without electricity
in remote area.
In case of welded connection, we need electricity
otherwise it will be difficult to join the members
but in case of rivet connections, only through
application of heat we can joined.
 Disadvantages of Rivet Connection:
• i. Necessity of pre-heating the rivets prior to driving
• ii. Create high level of noise at the site of construction
• iii. Skilled work necessary for inspection of connection
• iv. Cost involved in careful inspection and removal of
poorly installed rivets
• v. High labor cost
So because of certain disadvantages nowadays riveting
connections are becoming absolute, mainly because of
noise and because of generation of heat and difficulty
to change the improper insertion of the rivet.
ASSUMPTIONS IN RIVET CONNECTION
• i. Friction between the plates is neglected.
• ii. The shear stress is uniform on the cross section of the rivet.
• iii. The distribution of direct stress on the portion of the plates
between the rivet holes is
• uniform.
• iv. Rivets in group subjected to direct loads share the load equally.
• v. Bending stress in the rivet is neglected.
• vi. Rivets fill completely the holes in which they are driven
• vii. Bearing stress distribution is uniform and contact area is d × t,
where d is the nominal diameter and t is the thickness of the plate.
• As rivet connection is becoming absolute nowadays therefore in
new code in IS:800-2007 details of rivet design is not given in Limit
State Method however in case of bolt and weld connection it has
been described explicitly.
 Disadvantages of Rivet Connection:
i. Necessity of pre-heating the rivets prior to
driving
ii. Create high level of noise at the site of
construction
iii. Skilled work necessary for inspection of
connection
iv. Cost involved in careful inspection and
removal of poorly installed rivets
v. High labor cost
Now commonly used rivets are like snap head where the head dimensions are
represented by the shank diameter. If diameter of shank is d then we can consider
that the diameter of rivet head is 1.6d and the height of the rivet head is 0.7d. So with
different height and diameter different types of rivet heads are available. Two types of
rivet are generally used as shown in fig.
The length of the shank is called rivet length. In this case we should remember that
there is two type of diameter, one is rivet diameter (nominal diameter) another is hole
diameter (gross diameter). Gross diameter is little higher than the rivet diameter, and
it is sometimes 1.5 or 2 mm more than the nominal diameter.
ASSUMPTIONS IN RIVET CONNECTION

i. Friction between the plates is neglected.

ii.The shear stress is uniform on the cross section of the rivet.
iii. The distribution of direct stress on the portion of the plates
between the rivet holes is uniform.
iv. Rivets in group subjected to direct loads share the load
equally.
v. Bending stress in the rivet is neglected.
vi. Rivets fill completely the holes in which they are driven
vii. Bearing stress distribution is uniform and contact area is d
× t, where d is the nominal diameter and t is the thickness
of the plate.
 BOLT CONNECTION

Clause-2.4: Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform as appropriate to:

IS 1363-1967, IS 1364-1967, IS-1367-1967,IS-3640-1967, IS 3757-1972, IS 6623-
1972 and IS 6639-1972
 BOLT CONNECTION
• Advantages of bolt connection:
• i. Less manpower unlike rivet connection
• ii. High strength bolts are much stronger than rivet. Hence, bolted
connections need less fasteners than rivet joints mean less holes in the
plate resulting stronger connection.
• iii. Bolting operation is much faster
• iv. Bolting operation is very silent in contrast to hammering noise in
riveting
• v. Bolting is a cold process; no risk of fire
• vi. Bolt can be removed, replaced or retightened easily in the event of
faulty bolting or damaged bolts due to accidents/hazards
• Disadvantages of bolt connection:
• i. Bolted connections have lesser strength in axial tension as the net area
at the root of the threads is less
• ii. Under vibratory loads, the strength is reduced if the connections get
loosened
• iii. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non-uniform diameter
• iv. Architectural look
 CLASSIFICATION OF BOLT
CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF MATERIAL AND STRENGTH
Ordinary structural bolt and high strength steel bolt.
BY TYPE OF SHANK :
Unfinished or black bolt,
Turned bolt and
High strength friction grip bolt (HSFG).
High strength friction grip bolt is generally use in case of high load and if we
need less number of hole, less number of bolt then we have to go for HSFG bolt.
PITCH AND FIT OF THREAD
Standard pitch bolt,
Fine pitch bolt and
Coarse pitch bolt.
SHAPE OF HEAD AND NUT
Square bolt ( HEAD IS SQUARE)or
Hexagonal bolt. (HEAD IS HEXAGONAL)

hexagonal bolt
P P

Pitch is the center to center distance of adjacent bolt measure in the direction of stress
means the force direction.
The perpendicular to the direction of stress, the center to center distance of adjacent
bolt is called gauge distance.
Parallel to the direction of stress, the distance from the center of outermost bolt to the
edge of the plate is called end distance and
Perpendicular to the stress, the distance if we consider is called edge distance.
Minimum pitch distance is 2.5d or 2.5 times nominal diameter of the rivet
or bolt. Minimum pitch is required tighten the bolts properly and to prevent
the bearing failure between two bolts if it is very closer.
 MAXIMUM PITCH
• Maximum pitch is desirable to place bolt sufficiently close to reduce the
length of connection and if different members connecting at a point, we
have more pitch distance than the gusset plate will be require more.
maximum pitch is defined in code which is written that the pitch should be
16t or 200 mm in tension and it should be less than 12t or 200 mm in
compression. t= thickness of thinner plate
• Mminimum edge distance for rivet that is given 1.5d, where d is the nominal
diameter of the rivet, rivet has nominal diameter is termed as small d and
gross diameter which is the hole diameter actually in case of rivet that is
termed as D and this D will be d +1.5 for d is less than 25 mm and it will be d
+ 2 mm for d is greater than or equal to 25 mm, which is given in IS 800:
1984 in the earlier code, in clause 3.6.1.1
• For bolt, in case of bolt the minimum and maximum edge distance and
end distance are given in clause 10.2.4.2 and 10.2.4.3. It is stated that the
minimum edge or end distance that should be greater than 1.7 times the
hole diameter (dh) in case of sheared or hand-flame cut edges and it
should be greater than 1.5 times the hole diameter in case of rolled,
machine flame cut, sawn and planed edges.
• So for different cases the minimum edge distance is defined either 1.7
times the dh or 1.5 times dh and maximum edge distance, but it should be
less than 12tε, where ε = (250/fy)1/2 and t is thickness of the thinner part.
 FAILURE MECHANISM
• AFTER DESIGN, THE FAILURE MAY BE FAILURE OF BOLT OR PLATE
The bolted joint may fail in any of the following seven ways, out of which
some failure can be checked by adherence to the specifications of edge
distance. Therefore, they are not of much importance, whereas the others
require due consideration.
In single shear only one shear plane is
developed in the shank portion of the
bolt wherein double shear two shear
plane are developed in the bolt.
if two plates are connected with bolt then due to bearing on plate it may fail that means it
may fail by crushing as shown in the above figure. So this is one type of failure which is
called bearing failure.
SHEAR TEAR-OUT OF PLANE that means failure by crushing due to shear tear-out of plate.
So such type of failure may occur when force P is in the direction as shown in the figure.
TENSION FAILURE of plate may be due to tension of plates, crack may be along that
hole line and tension failure of plate may happen.
Another failure, due to shearing of two plates may tear out as shown in the figure due
to failure of plate.
 BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
When a plate is connected with another plate
or with a gusset plate and a force P is acting and
if bolts are inserted as shown in the figure then
the block shear failure may occur as a hole.

IMPORTANT THINGS
1.The stress concentration results in a considerable decrement in the tensile strength so
we have to try to avoid the stress concentration.
2. Then loose fit of the joint can reduce the stiffness which may result in excessive
deflections. So that has to be taken care that means we have to tighten the bolts properly
so that the loose fit does not occur and joint does not get reduced instantly.
3. Vibration cause loosening of nuts which can jeopardize the safety of the structure.
When a gusset plate connected with truss member as shown in the above
Figure, different type of joints is possible as shown in Figure.
1. Join in such way that cg of each members pass through a particular point otherwise
eccentricity may develop then the moment due to eccentricity may come into
picture.
2. The length of joint should be as less as possible to reduce the material amount. If
more number of bolts are provided , reduction in length may not be possible.
3. Another thing is that the center line of all members meeting at a joint should
coincide at one point only otherwise the joint will twist out of position. The number
of bolts should be increased gradually towards the joint for uniform stress
distribution in bolt. For this type of connection, we prefer diamond bolting where the
number of bolts increased towards the center.
 SELECTIONS OF TYPE OF CONNECTION
• Riveted connections were once very popular and are still used in some cases
but will gradually be replaced by bolted connections. This is due to the low
strength of rivets, higher installation costs and the inherent inefficiency of the
connection. Welded connections have the advantage that no holes need to be
drilled in the member and consequently have higher efficiencies. However,
welding in the field may be difficult, costly, and time consuming. Welded
connections are also susceptible to failure by cracking under repeated cyclic
loads due to fatigue which may be due to working loads such as trains passing
over a bridge (high-cycle fatigue) or earthquakes (low-cycle fatigue). A special
type of bolted connection using High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts has
been found to perform better under such conditions than the conventional
black bolts used to resist predominantly static loading.
• Bolted connections are also easy to inspect and replace. The choice of using a
particular type of connection is entirely that of the designer and he should take
his decision based on a good understanding of the connection behaviour,
economy and speed of construction. Ease of fabrication and erection should be
considered in the design of connections. Attention should be paid to clearances
necessary for field erection, tolerances, tightening of fasteners, welding
procedures, subsequent inspection, surface treatment and maintenance.
 TYPES OF BOLTS
• There are several type of bolts
• Unfinished or Black bolts or C grade bolts-(IS 1363 :2002)
• Turned Bolts a) Precision bolts or A grade bolts(IS 1364: 2002)
b) Semi Precision Bolts or B grade bolts (IS 3640: 1982,
IS 1364: 2002)
• Ribbed Bolts
• High Strength Bolts (IS 3757: 1985 and IS 4000:1992)
 TYPES OF BOLT CONNECTION
• UNFINISHED/BLACK/BEARING TYPE BOLT;
Black bolts are unfinished and are made of mild steel and are usually of Grade 4.6. Black
bolts have adequate strength and ductility when used properly; but while tightening the
nut snug tight (“Snug tight” is defined as the tightness that exists when all plies in a joint
are in firm contact) will twist off easily if tightened too much. The International Standards
Organisation designation for bolts, also followed in India, is given by Grade x.y. In this
nomenclature, x indicates one-hundredth of the minimum ultimate tensile strength of the
bolt in N/mm2 and the second number, y, indicates the ratio of the yield stress to ultimate
stress. for example, grade 4.6 bolt will have a minimum ultimate strength 400 (400 MPa)
and minimum yield strength of 0.6 times 400, which is 260 MPa.
Square heads cost less, hexagonal heads look better.
Bolt designated as M16,M20 with dia of shank.
Hole dia 1.5 mm to 2 mm more than bolt size.
When the nuts are tightened with wrenches, little tension is produced, hence no
clamping force is induced in in the joint
These are known as bearing type bolts also.
Turned and fitted bolts
These are similar to unfinished bolts with difference that shanks
of these bolts are formed from hexagonal rod.
Turned and fitted bolts have uniform shanks and are inserted in close
tolerance drilled holes and made snug tight by box spanners. The diameter of
the hole is about 1.5 to 2.0 mm larger than the bolt diameter for ease in
fitting. High strength black bolts (grade 8.8) may also be used in connections
in which the bolts are tightened snug fit. In these bearing type of
connections, the plates are in firm contact but may slip under loading until
the hole surface bears against the bolt .The load transmitted from plate to
bolt is therefore by bearing and the bolt is in shear. Under dynamic loads, the
nuts are liable to become loose and so these bolts are not allowed for use
under such loading. In situations where small slips can cause significant
effects as in beam splices, black bolts are not preferred. However, due to the
lower cost of the bolt and its installation, black bolts are quite popular in
simple structures subjected to static loading. Turned and fitted bolts are
available from grade 4.6 to grade 8.8. For the higher grades there is no
definite yield point and so 0.2% proof stress is used.
 High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG
provide extremely efficient connections and perform well under
fluctuating/fatigue load conditions. These bolts should be tightened to their
proof loads and require hardened washers to distribute the load under the
bolt heads. The washers are usually tapered when used on rolled steel
sections. The tension in the bolt ensures that no slip takes place under
working conditions and so the load transmission from plate to the bolt is
through friction and not by bearing. However, under ultimate load, the
friction may be overcome leading to a slip and so bearing will govern the
design. HSFG bolts are made from quenched and tempered alloy steels with
grades from 8.8 to 10.9. The most common are the so-called, general grade
of 8.8 and have medium carbon content, which makes them less ductile. The
10.9 grade have a much higher tensile strength, but lower ductility and the
margin between the 0.2% yield strength and the ultimate strength is also
lower. The tightening of HSFG bolts can be done by either of the following
methods (IS 4000):
Turn-of-nut tightening method: In this method the bolts are first made snug tight and
then turned by specific amounts (usually either half or three-fourth turns) to induce
tension equal to the proof load below Fig.

Calibrated wrench tightening method: In this method the bolts are tightened by a
wrench Fig.b calibrated to produce the required tension.
 High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG)
Direct tension indicator method: In this method special washers with
protrusions are used . As the bolt is tightened, these protrusions are
compressed and the gap produced by them gets reduced in proportion
to the load. This gap is measured by means of a feeler gauge,
consisting of small bits of steel plates of varying thickness, which can
be inserted into the gap.
Since HSFG bolts under working loads, do not rely on resistance from
bearing, holes larger than usual can be provided to ease erection and
take care of lack-of-fit. Typical hole types that can be used are
standard, extra large and short or long slotted. These are shown in
Figure 8. However the type of hole will govern the strength of the
connection. Holes must also satisfy pitch and edge/end distance
criteria (Cl.10.2 of IS 800:2007). A minimum pitch is usually specified
for accommodating the spanner and to limit adverse interaction
between the bearing stresses on neighbouring bolts. A maximum pitch
criterion takes care of buckling of the plies under compressive loads
 FAILURE OF BLACK BOLT
Failure
1. SHEARING STRENGTH OF BOLTS
2. BEARING STRENGTH OF BOLTS
3. TENSILE STRENGTH OF BOLTS
4. TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATE
5. COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

Where, Vnsb = nominal capacity of bolts in shear

fub = ultimate tensile strength of bolts
nn = no. of shear planes with threads intercepting the plane
ns = no. of shear planes without threads intercepting the plane
βlj = reduction factor which allows for overloading of end bolts that occur in long
connections
βlg = reduction factor for large grip lengths
βpkg = reduction factor for packing plates thicker than 6mm
Anb = net tensile area of bolt to be considered at the root of the threads = 0.78×π×d2/4
Asb = nominal plain shank area of the bolt
 REDUCTION FACTORS
blj which is the reduction factor due to long joint. So long joint means if the
length of joint become more than 15 times of nominal diameter of the
bolt is consider as long joint and the reduction factor βlj can be calculated
as follows:

Where, lj is length of the joint

blg which is reduction factor due to large grip length which is consider if the
grip length, lg is more than 5d, where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt.

Packing factor is bpkg which can be calculate as follows

If thickness of packing plates tpkg > 6mm, then
 Ans is the cross sectional area of the plane
shank of the bolt = πd2/4, d is the nominal
diameter of the bolt
Anb is the cross sectional area of the threaded
portion of the bolt. net area of the threaded
portion we will reduce to a certain extent
which is suggested by the code as 0.78 times
the cross sectional area of the shank area, that
means this will be reduced to 0.78× πd2/4.

Where Vdsb= Design shear forced

mb= Partial safety factor for for bolted connection
 BEARING FAILURE OF BOLTS
• Nominal bearing strength of bolt:

Earlier formulae ultimate stress of bolt is used,but here it is ultimate tensile

strength of plate because it is bearing on plate.
fu = ultimate tensile stress of plate
fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolt
d = nominal diameter of bolt
d0 = diameter of hole
t = summation of thickness of connected plates experiencing bearing stress in
same direction
• Design shear force =Vdpb=Vnpb/mb ,
• mb Partial safety factor for bearing
 STRENGTH OF BOLT IN TENSION
• Strength in Tension

Tnb = nominal capacity of a bolt in tension

fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolts
An = net tensile stress area
Asb = shank area of bolt
fyb = yield stress of bolt
γm0 = partial safety factor for material resistance governed by yielding= 1.1
(table 5 of IS: 800)
γm1 = partial safety factor for material resistance governed by ultimate stress =
1.25 (table 5 of IS: 800)
Design tensile force= Tdb =Tnb /mb and γmb is basically 1.25.
 TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATE
The plate may fail by tension also, before failure of bolt.

• Where, Tnd = tension capacity of plate

• fu = ultimate tensile stress of plate
• An= Net effective area of plate
• γml = partial safety factor = 1.25
The net effective area of plate is calculated from the following formula:
• An=( b – nd0) t
• Where, b = width of plate
• n = number of holes along width perpendicular to the direction of
load
• d0 = hole diameter = nominal diameter of bolt + clearance of the
hole
• t = thickness of plate
 PROBLEM
Calculate the shear strength of 16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6. The bolt is
under triple shear as shown in the figure below.

nn = no. of shear planes with threads intercepting the plane =1

ns = no. of shear planes without threads intercepting the plane =2
Nominal diameter of bolt, d =16 mm
Diameter of hole, d0 =18mm
For grade 4.6 bolts; fub =400 MPa
For Fe 410 grade of steel; fu =410 Mpa
For 16 mm diameter bolt;
Net shear area of bolt at threads is Anb=0.78*(/4)*d2 = 157 mm2
Net shear area of bolt at shank is Ans=(/4)*d2 = 201 mm2
 PROBLEM-2
Design the following joints using ordinary black bolts between two plates of
width 200 mm and thicknesses 10 mm and 18 mm respectively to transmit a
factored load of 150 kN. Use plates made of Fe 410 grade steel and 16 mm
diameter bolt of grade 4.6.
SOLUTION:
Nominal diameter of bolt, d = 16 mm
Diameter of hole, d0 = 18 mm (Ref. Table 19 of IS 800: 2007)
For grade 4.6 bolts; fub = 400 MPa
For Fe 410 grade of steel; fu = 410 MPa
Partial safety factor for bolt, γmb = 1.25
A) LAP JOINT without reduction factor
Here nn=1, ns=0 An=157 mm2
• DESIGN STRENGTH OF BOLT IN SHEAR

• No. of bolts required=150/29=5.2 say 6 Bolts

• Design bearing strength per bolt,

• As the strength of bolt is less in shear, take the design strength of bolt in
shear
 DESIGN FOR TENSION OF BOLT

So, strength of bolt is minimum in shear. Provide 6 bolts

 B) SINGLE COVER BUTT JOINT WITH COVER PLATE OF 8 MM.

• SINGE COVER BUTT JOINT

10 MM 18 MM

8MM
• Strength in Shear

• Strength of Plate in bearing

• Provide 6 bolts
 C) DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT WITH 8 MM COVERS PLATES:
• DOUBLE COVER BUTT JOINT WITH 8 MM COVER PLATE

COVER PLATE 10 mm

10 mm
18 mm
PACKING
PLATE 8mm

COVER PLATE 10 mm

• As there is packing plate 8 mm > 6 mm, use reduction factor for packing.
• b pkg = (1- 0.0125tpkg )=(1-0.0125*8)=0.9

• Here nn=2, ns=0

• STRENGTH OF BOLT IN BEARING

• d-=16 mm, t=10 mm, p=65 mm, e=31 mm

• Strength of bolt=52.21 kN
• Provide 150/52.21= 3 nos.of bolts
 Two plates 10 mm thick are joined by 16mm diameter bolts in a triple staggered
lap joint as shown in the figure. Find efficiency of the joint.

This is a triple staggered lap joint. The bolt lines are marked as 1-1, 2-2, 3-3.
Now the failure may occur in any direction as marked in the above figure. So if we
make section 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 then we have to consider first failure at 1-1 that we will
try to find out then it will be going to fail in section 2-2. So when we are going to
find out the strength at 2-2 that means we have to find out strength at bolt at 1-1
failure strength plus 2-2. So it will be clear when we will be going through this
example.
So if we draw the figure we will see this is a triple staggered lap joint. So bolt we can
provide in this way. The bolt lines are marked as 1-1, 2-2, 3-3.
Now the failure may occur in any direction as marked in the above figure. So if we make
section 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 then we have to consider first failure at 1-1 that we will try to find
out then it will be going to fail in section 2-2. So when we are going to find out the
strength at 2- 2 that means we have to find out strength at bolt at 1-1 failure strength
plus 2-2. So it will be clear when we will be going through this example.
So first let us consider section 1-1 means along 1-1 if it fails how it looks. So there first we
have to find out the this is in single shear so the P single shear if I write then due to single
shear Vdsb will be same as earlier and this will be 29 kN which we have already calculated
in earlier case of 16 mm diameter because this is a single shear and diameter is 16 mm
diameter so 29 kN will be the single shear strength shear strength due to single shear
 • Design Values

Here, e = 25 mm, p = 40mm

kb = 25/(3×18), 40/(3×18)-0.25, 400/410, 1
kb = 0.46

So bolt value due to shear it is coming 29 and due to bearing it is coming 60. So
smaller of this two will be the bolt value, so we can consider the bolt value as
29 kN, right.
So the strength of joint based on bolt value will become how much strength of
joint because 7 number of bolts are there so this will be 7×29=203 kN
Again now we will see if it fails along section 1-1 then what will be the strength
of that joint.
Strength of joint along 1-1 =0.9 *fu(b-n*dh)*t/m1= 0.9*410*(130-1*18)*10/1.25=277.49 kN
• Strength of joint along 2-2 =
0.9 *fu(b-n*dh)*t/m1 +2*BV=0.9*410*(130-n*dh)*t/m1= 0.9*410*(130-
3*18)*10/1.25+2*29=282.35 kN
• Strength of joint along 3-3 =
0.9*fu(b-n*dh)*t/m1+5*BV=0.9*410*(130-2*8)*10/1.25=0.9*410*(130-
2*18)*10/1.25+5*29=422.49 kN
 For Staggered Pitch

ଶ
௦௜
௡ ଴
௜
b= Width of the plate: t=Thickness of thinner plate
d0= Dia of hole: g= Gauge length between bolt holes
ps=Staggered pitch length between lines of bolt holes
n= Number of bolt holes in the critical Section
i= Subscript for summation of all inclined legs
If no staggering then An=(b-ndo)t
ECENTRIC CONNECTION WITH
BEARING TYPE BOLTS
 ECENTRIC CONNECTION( LOAD IS IN
THE PLANE OF GROUP OF BOLTS)
The load will be in different position having some eccentricity.
As there is eccentricity , moment will be created.
So therefore we have to design the joint taking consideration
of the direct load as well as due to eccentricity.
different type of joint;
1. Line of action of eccentric load is in the plane of group of
Bolts
2. Line of action of eccentric load is in the plane perpendicular
to the plane of group of Bolts-when load is lying in the
perpendicular to the plane of joint then another type of
eccentricity come into picture means another type of load
reaction will come.
 LINE OF ACTION OF ECENTRIC LOAD IN THE PLANE OF BOLTS
If we draw the above figure we can see that a column is
carrying some eccentric load which is coming from beam or
say gusset plate. Now P is the load so the eccentricity will be
e. So, the additional moment due to eccentricity will be P×e.
For each bolt, There will be direct shear load F1 and load
due to bending F2.
If n number of bolts are there, then load in each joint will be
F1=P/n assuming that the shear loads are distributed equally r
to each joint by .
F1 =P/n and this is the load which is coming due to direct
load.
Now another load F2=Fm=( Due to moment) will come
because of moment=P.e.
r is radial distance as shown in the above figure.
F2  r
F2=Kr where K is proportionality constant.
Moment resisting capacity of any bolt=F2*r
Moment resisting capacity of all bolt=F2*r= k*r2 =K  *r2
• Total Moment to be resisted=M=P*e
• So, K  *r2 = M=P*e
• K=M/  *r2 = P*e/ ( *r2 )
• F2=P*e*r/ ( *r2 )
• Total Force on a bolt= Resultant of F1+F2

For Design Purpose no. of bolts approximately required

m=Number of Vertical Lines
P= Pitch of the bolts in vertical direction ௗ௦௕
A bracket plate bolted to a vertical
column is loaded as shown in
Fig.M20 bolts of grade 4.6 are used.
Find the maximum factored load that
can be taken safely

Solution:
d=20 mm
d0=20+2=22 mm
Thickness of ISMC 300 = 7.6 mm
This is lap joint between bracket
and ISMC, bolt will be in single
shear.
Design strength of bolt in shear=
e=150-60=90,
p=80 mm
• As strength in shear is less than bearing, take bolt strength in shear=45.27
kN
• If total load on bracket is P,
• Then F1=P/5=0.2P
• Centre of gravity of bolt will be at the centre of central bolt.
• r=0 for central bolt, r for other bolts=SQRT(802+602)=100 mm
• r2=4*1002=4*100*100=40000 mm2
• Force on outer bolts=F2=P*e*r/r2=P*250*100/40000=0.625 P

• R=0.76199P=45.272 kN
• P=59.413 kN
 DESIGN OF BEARING BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECENTRIC LOADING IN THE
PLANE OF BOLTS
• If n is the number of bolts uniformly spaced at a distance p. The force in a
bolt is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis. The maximum force
in the extreme bolt should not exceed bolt strength.
• Average force per unit depth at extreme end f’=V/p
• Maximum force f=f’*(n/n-1)=(V/p)*(n/n-1)
• Total Force above the Neutral axis F
F=(1/2)*f*(np/2)= (1/2)*(V/p)*(n/n-1)*(np/2)
Total force below the neutral axis is same as F and opposite in direction. These
two forces form a couple to resist the moment.
M=Force*Lever arm
=F*[Lever arm=(2/3)*np]
=(1/2)*(V/p)*(n/n-1)*(np/2)* (2/3)*np=Vpn3/6*(n-1)=(Vpn2/6)*n/n-1
n2=(6M/Vp)*(n-1)/n(6M/Vp)
n=(6M/Vp)
If there are two vertical lines, then a value of 2V is used in the formulae. N is the
number of bolts in each line.
Design a bolted bracket connection to transfer an end reaction of 300 kN with
an eccentricity of 170 mm, due to factored load as shown in the figure. The
steel used is of grade FE 410. Use 20 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6. The
thickness of bracket plate is 10 mm and the column section is ISHB 200 @
365.91 N/m.

For Fe 410 grade of steel: fu=410 MPa

For bolts of grade 4.6: fub=400
Partial safety factor for the material of bolt:
m1=1.25
For column section ISHB 200 @ 365.91 N/m,
Gauge, g =100 mm
Thickness of flange, 9.0 mm
Diameter of bolt d = 20 mm
Diameter of hole d0 = 22 mm [Table 19 IS 800]
Minimum edge distance, e = 1.5×22 = 33 mm [cl.
10.2.4.2 –IS 800]
Net shear area of the bolt at threads,
 ଶ ଶ
௡௕
Minimum pitch=2.5*20=50 mm
Minimum eccentricity=1.5*22=33 mm for rolled
Provide minimum pitch= 60 mm and e= 35 mm

ௗ௦௕
 LINE OF ACTION OF ECENTRIC LOAD IN THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO
THE PLANE OF GROUP OF BOLTS

• DESIGN PARAMETERS:
• If there are n number of bolts, direct design shear force=Vsb=F1=P/n
• Due to moment , tension will be in the upper side, on compression side
total column and contact angle will resist the load.
• So, it is assumed CG will be at h/7 from bottom where h is depth of
bracket.
• Tensile force on a bolt Tbi is proportional to its distance yi .
• Tbi  yi
• Tbi=K*yi K=Tbi/yi
• Moment provided by a bolt=Tbi*yi =K*yi*yi =K*yi2
• Total Moment provided by bolts=K*yi2
• Total Moment provided by bolts=M’= K*yi2 = Kyi2
• K= M’/ yi2 =Tbi/yi
• Tbi=K*yi= (M’/ yi2)*yi
• Total tensile force T==  Tbi=K*yi= (M’  yi/ yi2)
• Total tensile force = Total Compressive force
• M=M’+ Moment due to Compression
• M=M’+(C=  Tbi )(2/3)*(h/7)=
• M’+ (M’  yi/ yi2) *(2/3)*(h/7)
• =M’{1+(2h/21)*( yi/ yi2)}
• M’=M/{1+(2h/21)*( yi/ yi2)}
• Maximum tensile force in the extreme bolt=Tb can be found.

Steps to be Followed
• Select nominal diameter d
• Take pitch=2.5d or 3d
• Bolts are provided in two vertical rows. Number of bolts necessary

• M= Moment in the joint, V=Design strength of bolt

Design a suitable bracket connection of a ISHT-75 section attached to the
flange of ISHB 300 @ 577 N/m to carry a vertical factor load 600 kN at an
eccentricity of 60 mm. Use M24 bolt of grade 4.6

• Solution:
• For M24 bolt, d=24 mm, d0= 26 mm, fub=400 Mpa
• For rolled steel fu=410 Mpa
• Thickness of flange of ISHT 75= 9 mm
• Thickness of flange of ISHB 300= 10.6 mm
• Thickness of thinner member= 9 mm
• Design of bolts in single shear=

• Design of bolts in bearing e= edge distance=1.5*d0=1.5*26=39 mm

• Pitch p=2.5*24=60 mm
• Take e= 40 mm, p=60 mm
• Kb=0.519

• Design strength of bolt in bearing

• So, design strength of bolt=65.129 kN

• Design tension capacity of bolts
 40 mm

5*60=300
mm

h/7=340/7=
40 mm
48.57 mm
• Tdb=98.703kN

• h=40+5*60=340 mm
• h/7=48.57 mm
• Neutral axis lies in between 1st and 2 nd bolt.
• Y of 2nd bolt= 40+60-48.57=51.43 mm

Bolt no 2 3 4 5 6

y 51.43 111.43 171.43 231.43 291.43

Sum of
y=2*857.
15
y2 Sum of
y2=2*1829
2645.045 12416.64 29388.24 53559.84 84931.44 41.2
• M’=M/{1+(2h/21)*( yi/ yi2)}
• M’=600*1000*60/{1+(2*340/21)*(2*857.15/
2*182941.2}=31.2577 kNM
• Tensile force in the extreme bolt due to moment=Tb=K*yi=
(M’/ yi2)*yi = 31.2577*106*291.43/(2*18941.2)=24.897 kN
• Direct shear= Total load/ no. of bolts=600/12=50 kN

• (50/65.192)2+(24.897/98.703)2=0.652<1.0 So OK.
 HSFG BOLTS
• design principle of high strength friction grip bolt.
• Now in case of high strength friction grip bolt, the friction will be
coming into picture for calculating the design strength of the bolt.
• High strength friction grip bolt is used when the external force is
quite high. To accommodate the bolt in a shorter length of the joint,
we may have to reduce the number of bolt. So in that case,
generally we go for high strength friction grip bolt with laser
number of friction grip bolt.
• These bolts are made from high tensile steel which are
pretensioned.
• HSFG bolts are designed for no slip at serviceability , they may slip
at higher loads and slip into bearing at ultimate.
• Such bolts to be checked at ultimate.
• Waisted Shank HSFG bolts are designed for no slip even at ultimate.
Parallel shank
 Waist Shank Type

In cases where bolts failed due to cyclic bending, such as

eccentric loading, replacing the original bolt with a waisted
shank bolt could improve the joint performance. Due to its
smaller diameter, the waisted shank would result in lower
fatigue stress under the same bending condition, thus
increasing the life of the joint.
• ௡௦௙ ௙ ௘ ௛ ଴
• Where Vnsf = nominal shear capacity of bolt
• µf = coefficient of friction (Ref. Clause 10.4.3, Table 20)
• ne = number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip (1 for lap
joint, 2 for double cover butt joint
• Kh = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and long slotted holes
loaded perpendicular to the slots
= 0.7 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slots
• F0 = proof load = Anb*f0 ,
• f0 = proof stress = 0.7 fub
• Anb = net area of bolts at threads=0.78 times shank area
• fub = Ultimate tensile stress in bolt
• Design shear strength of HSFG bolts
௏೙ೞ೑
• ௗ௦௙ ఊ೘೑
• mf =1.10 if the slip resistance is designed at service load (Parallel shank HSFG)
• mf =1.25 if the slip resistance is designed at ultimate load (Waisted shank HSFG)
 ADVANTAGES IF HSFG OVER BEARING TYPE
• 1. Joints are rigid.
• 2. As load transfer is through friction , bolts
are not subjected to shearing or bearing.
• 3. High static strength due to high frictional
resistance.
 BOLTS IN TENSION
• Strength of Bolts in tension
• Nominal : Tnf=(0.9*fu*An )  ( fybAsbmb/ m1 )
• Design : Tdf=(0.9*fu*An/ mb )(fyb*Asb/ m1)
So what we can see here that it has an applied force and in
the opposite direction of applied force bolt force is coming. So
if the applied force is 2Te then bolt force is Te, this equation is
true if deformation of the flange is not allowed. If deformation
is allowed, then what will happen that some additional forces
at the connection will be developed. This additional force is
called prying force that means due to application of load of
2Te, the bolt is getting force as Te but if we allow the
deformation of the flange then additional prying force will
come into picture. So if Q is the praying force then bolt force
will be (Te + Q). So the prying force will be developed at the
connection and to withstand that force bolt will face extra
force of amount Q and this Q value has been calculated and
reported in clause 10.4.7.
 PRYING FORCE
HSFG bolt apart from shearing, bearing and tension, prying
force may also come into picture. So the bolt we supposed to
take will have some additional value of Q that means if Te is
the external force on bolt then actual force will be
Te + Q where Q is a prying force.

Q = additional force of fastener due to prying action

lv = distance from bolt centre line to toe of fillet weld
or to half the root radius of a rolled section
(figure. 16 of IS 800)
le = distance between prying force and bolt centre line
(figure. 16 of IS 800)

b = 2 for non-pre-tensioned bolts = 1 for pre-tensioned bolts

η = 1.5
f0 = proof stress
t = thickness of end plate
An ISA 110 mm ×110 mm ×10 mm carries a factored tensile force
of 150 kN. It is to be jointed with a 10 mm thick gusset plate.
Design the joint using HSFG bolt when (a) no slip is permitted, (b)
when slip is permitted. Assume steel is Fe 410 grade.
Let us provide HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 and of diameter 20 mm.
For 8.8 grade bolts: fub = 800MPa
Net tensile stress area of bolt= Anb=0.78 *( /4)*202=245 mm2
For Fe 410 grade of steel: fu=410 MPa
a) Slip-critical connection (slip is not permitted):
For proof load, F0=Anb*0.7fub=245*0.7*800=137.2 kN
Slip resistance of bolt =fekhF0/mf=
f= 0.5 (assuming)
e= no. of effective interface offering frictional resistance to slip=1,
mf =1.25 at ultimate load
Kh= 1 Assuming bolts in clearance hole
Slip resistance of bolt=0.5*1*1*137.2/1.25=54.88 kN