NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE::NELLORE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
II B.TECH (ECE, 2018-19) - I SEM 2-Marks Questions

Sub: Signals & Systems Staff Name: Mr. J.SUNIL KUMAR

UNIT-I
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
1. Define Signal.
Signal is a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space or any
other independent variable (or) it is a mathematical representation of the system.
Ex: y(t) = t. and x(t)= sin t.
2. Define system.
A set of components that are connected together to perform the particular task.
3. Name some elementary signals?
1. Real exponential signal
2. Complex exponential signal
3. Signum function
4. Sampling function
4. Define discrete time signals and classify them.
Discrete time signals are defined only at discrete times, and for these signals,
the independent variable takes on only a discrete set of values.
Classification of discrete time signal:
1. Periodic and Aperiodic signal
5. Define continuous time signals and classify them.
Continuous time signals are defined for a continuous values of the
independent variable. In the case of continuous time signals the independent
variable is continuous. For example:
(i) A speech signal as a function of time
(ii) Atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude
Classification of continuous time signal:
(i) Periodic and Aperiodic signal
(ii) Even and Odd signal

6. Define discrete time unit step & unit impulse.

Discrete time Unit impulse is defined as
δ (n) = 0, n≠0
1, n=0
Unit impulse is also known as unit sample.

Discrete time unit step signal is defined by

u(n) = 0 , n=0
1 , n≥ 0
7. Define continuous time unit step and unit impulse.
Continuous time unit impulse is defined as
δ(t)= 1, t=0
0, t≠0
Continuous time Unit step signal is defined as
u(t)= 0, t<0
1, t≥0
8. Define unit ramp signal.
Continuous time unit ramp function is defined by
r(t)= 0 , t<0
t , t≥0
A ramp signal starts at t=0 and increases linearly with time‘t’.
9. Define periodic signal and nonperiodic signal.
A signal is said to be periodic,if it exhibits periodicity.
i.e.,x(t +T)=x(t), for all values of t.
Periodic signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.
A signal that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is called an aperiodic signal.
10. Define even and odd signal?
A discrete time signal is said to be even when,x(-n)=x(n).
The continuous time signal is said to be even when,x(-t)= x(t)
For example, Cosωn is an even signal.
The discrete time signal is said to be odd when, x(-n)= -x(n)
The continuous time signal is said to be odd when, x(-t)= -x(t)
Odd signals are also known as nonsymmetrical signal.
Sine wave signal is an odd signal.
11. Define Energy and power signal.
A signal is said to be energy signal if it have finite energy and zero power.
A signal is said to be power signal if it have infinite energy and finite power.
If the above two conditions are not satisfied then the signal is said to be neither energy nor
power signal.
POWER SIGNAL ENERGY SIGNALS
The normalized average Total normalized energy is
power is finite and non-zero finite and non- zero.
Practical periodic signals Non-periodic signals are
are power signals energy signals

12. Define unit pulse function.

Unit pulse function Π(t) is obtained from unit step signals, Π(t)=u(t+1/2)- u(t-
1/2)
The signals u(t+1/2) and u(t-1/2) are the unit step signals shifted by 1/2units inthe
time axis towards the left and right ,respectively.
13. Define continuous time complex exponential signal.
The continuous time complex exponential signal is of the form, x(t)=Ceat,
 where c and a are complex numbers.

14. What is continuous time real exponential signal.

at
Continuous time real exponential signal is defined by x(t)=Ce
Where c and a are complex numbers. If c and a are real, then it is called as real
exponential.
15. What is continuous time growing exponential signal and decaying exponential ?
Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined as x(t)= C eat
Where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is positive, as t increases, then x(t) is a growing exponential.
Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined as x(t)= C eat
Where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is negative, as t increases, then x(t) is a decaying exponential.
16. State parseval’s theorem for continuous time periodic signals.
Parseval’s relation for continuous time periodic signals is
1/T |x (t) 2|dt =∑|ak2|
Parseval’s relation states that the total average power in a periodic signal equals the
sum of the average power in all of its harmonic components.
17. State Dirichlets conditions.
(i) The function x(t) should be single valued function
(ii) The function x(t) should have atmost a finite number of discontinuities .
(iii) The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima.
(iv) The function x(t) is absolutely integrable.
18. Define Quadrature Fourier Series.
Consider x(t) be a periodic signal. The fourier series can be written for this
signal as follows
x(t)= ao+  [ancosnωot + bn sin nωot ], This is known as Quadrature Fourier Series.
19. Define memory and memoryless system.
The output of a memory system at any specified time depends on the inputs
at that specified time and at other times. Such systems have memory or energy
storage elements.
The system is said to be static or memoryless if its output depends upon the present input
only.
20. State the relation between step, ramp and delta functions (CT).
1) r(t)=ʃ u(t) dt 2) u(t)=∫ δ(t) dt
3) u(t)=d/dt r(t) 4) δ(t)=d/dt u(t)

UNIT-II
CONTINUOUS TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
1. What is Fourier transform?
Fourier Transform is a transformation technique which transforms signals from the
continuous time domain into frequency domain and vice-versa.
2. Write the expression for fourier transform.
3. Write the expression for Inverse fourier transform.

4. What is the purpose of fourier transform

5. State the dirichlet conditions for fourier transform.

6. State and prove the Linearity property of Fourier transform

Statement:
7. State and prove the Time scaling property of Fourier transform
Statement:

8. State and prove the Convolution property of Fourier transform

Statement:
9. Define sampling of band pass signals.
A bandpass signal x(t) whose maximum bandwidth is ‘2W’ can becompletely
represented into and recovered from its samples, if it is sampled at theminimum
rate of twice the band width.

10. What is meant by aliasing?

When the high frequency interferes with low frequency and appears aslow
then the phenomenon is called aliasing.

11. State and prove modulation property

12. State and prove Duality property

13. What are the effects aliasing?

Since the high frequency interferes with low frequency then thedistortion is
generated. The data is lost and it can not be recovered.

14. Compare double sided and single sided spectrums.

The method of representing spectrums of positive as well as negative
frequencies are called double sided spectrums.
The method of representing spectrums only in the positive frequencies is known as
single sided spectrums.
15. Define Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval.
When the sampling rate becomes exactly equal to ‘2W’samples/sec, for a
given bandwidth of W hertz, then it is called Nyquist rate.
Nyquist interval is the time interval between any two adjacent samples.
Nyquist rate = 2W Hz
Nyquist interval = 1/2W seconds.

16. How the aliasing process is eliminated.

i). Sampling rate fs ≥2W.
ii). Strictly band limit the signal to ‘W’.
This can be obtained by using the Low pass filer beforethe sampling process.It is
also called as antialiasing filter.

17. State Sampling theorem.

A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components
higher than the W hertz, is completely described by specifying the values of the
signal at the instant of time separated by 1/2W seconds and A band limited signal of
finite energy, which has no frequency components higher than the W hertz, is
completely recovered from the
knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second.

18. State the properties of Fourier transform.

• Linearity property
• Shifting property
• Convolution in time domain
• Multiplication in time domain
• Duality property
• Parseval’s theorem

19. What is Fourier spectrum?

The fourier spectrum of a periodic signal x(t) is a plot of its fourier
coefficients versus frequency ω. It is in two parts (a). The amplitude spectrum
(b).The phase spectrum the plot of the amplitude of fourier coefficients versus
frequency is known as the amplitude spectra and the plot of the phase of fourier
coefficients versus frequency is known as the phase spectra. The two plots together
are known as fourier spectrum of x(t).

20. What is meant by sampling?

A sampling is a process by which a CT signal is converted into a sequence
ofdiscrete samples with each sample representing the amplitude of the signalat the
particular instant of time.
 UNIT-III
SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH LTI SYSTEMS

1. Why CT signals are represented by samples.

A CT signal cannot be processed in the digital processor or computer. To enable the
digital transmission of CT signals.
2. What is the importance of impulse response?
The importance of impulse response of an LTI system is that the characteristics of an
LTI system are completely characterized by its impulse response.
3. List any properties of LTI systems?
The properties of LTI system are
(a) Commutative property: x(t)*h(t)=h(t)*x(t)
(b) Distributive Property: x(t)*[h1(t)+h2(t)]=x(t) * h1(t)+ x(t)* h2(t)
(c) Associative Property: x(t)*[h1(t)*h2(t)]=[x(t) * h1(t)]* h2(t)
4. Define Invertibility
A continuous time LTI system is said to be invertible if the convolution of its impulse
response and the impulse response of its inverse system is δ(t).
5. What is distortion of a signal?
The change in the shape of the signal when it is transmitted through a system is
called distortion.
6. What is Linear phase system?
The system whose phase varies linearly with frequency.
7. What is stop band?
The band of frequencies that is severely attenuated and not allowed to pass through
the filter is called stop band or rejection band.
8. What does the term physical realizability imply?
Physical realizability implies that it is physically possible to construct that system in
real life.
9. What are the classification of the system based on unit sample response.
a. FIR (Finite impulse Response) system.
b. III (Infinite Impulse Response) system.
10. What is meant by FIR system?
If the system has finite duration impulse response then the system is said to be FIR
system.
11. What is meant by IIR system?
If the system have infinite duration impulse response then the system is said to be FIR
system.
12. What is LTI system?
The system which satisfies linear and time invariant properties then that type of
systems are said to be LTI systems.

13. Define Signal Bandwidth?

Signal  bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies.
14. Define system Bandwidth?
System bandwidth is the range of frequencies which a system can carry.
15. What is paley-Wiener criterion for physical system realization?
The Paley-Wiener criterion states that a necessary and sufficient condition for
causality is

16. What is the relationship between rise time and BW?

Rise time X Band width = Constant

17. Define Impulse response?

In signal processing, the impulse response, or impulse response function (IRF), of a
dynamic system is its output when presented with a brief input signal, called an impulse.
More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of any dynamic system in response to
some external change.
18. The Impulse Response of the continuous time system is

19. Define PSD?

The power spectral density (PSD) of the signal describes the power present in the signal
as a function of frequency, per unit frequency. Power spectral density is commonly
expressed in watts per hertz (W/Hz)

20. What is distortion less transmission through LTI systems?

Transmission is said to be distortion-less if the input and output have identical wave
shapes. i.e., in distortion-less transmission, the input x(t) and output y(t) satisfy the
condition:
y (t) = Kx(t - td)
Where td = delay time and
k = constant.

UNIT-IV
DTFT

1. Define Discrete time fourier transform .

2. Write short notes on dirichlets conditions for fourier transform.

a. x(t) be absolutely integrable
 b. x(t) have a finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval.
c. x(t) have a finite number of discontinuities within any finite interval.
Furthermore each of these discontinuities must be finite.

3. Prove the Linearity property of DTFT

4. Define IDTFT

5. State parseval’s relation for discrete time fourier transform.

6. What is meant by step response of the DT system.

The output of the system y(n) is obtained for the unit step input u(n)then it is said to
be step response of the system.

7. Define Transfer function of the DT system.

The Transfer function of DT system is defined as the ratio of Z transformof the
system output to the input. That is,H(z)=Y(z)/X(z),

8. Define impulse response of a DT system.

The impulse response is the output produced by DT system when unitimpulse is
applied at the input.The impulse response is denoted by h(n).The impulse response h(n) is
obtained by taking inverse Z transform fromthe transfer function H(z).
9. State the significance of difference equations.
The input and output behaviour of the DT system can be characterized with the help
of linear constant coefficient difference equations.
10. Write the differece equation for Discrete time system.
 The general form of constant coefficient difference equation is
Y(n) = -∑ak y(n-k) +∑bk x(n-k)
Here n is the order of difference equation.x(n) is the input and y(n) is theoutput.
11. Define frequency response of the DT system.
The frequency response of the system is obtained from the Transfer function by replacing, z
jω
=e
i.e, H(z)=Y(z)/X(z), Where z = ejω

12. What is the condition for stable system?

A LTI system is stable if ∑h|(n)| < ∞.
Here the summation is absolutely summable.
13. What is the sufficient condition for existence of the DTFT

14. State the time delay property of DTFT

.
15. List the properties of DTFT.
_ Periodicity
_ Linearity
_ Time shift
_ Frequency shift
_ Scaling
_ Differentiation in frequency domain
_ Time reversal
_ Convolution
_ Multiplication in time domain
_ Parseval‟s theorem
16. Find the fourier transform of sgn function.
Ans: 2/jW
17. What is the relationship between Fourier transform and Laplace transform.
X(s)=X(jw) when s=jw
This states that laplace transform is same as fourier transform when s=jw.
18. State the frequency shift property of DTFT

19. State the Modulation property of DTFT

DTFT

20. State the convolution property of DTFT

DTFT
 UNIT-V
LAPLACE & Z-TRANSFORM

1. What is the use of laplace transform?

Laplace transform is an another mathematical tool used for analysis
ofsignals and systems.Laplace transform is used for analysis of unstable systems.
2. What are the types of laplace transform?
1.Bilateral or twosided laplace transform.
2. Unilateral or single sided laplace transform.
3. Define Bilateral and unilateral laplace transform.
The bilateral laplace transform is defined as
X(s)=  x(t)e-stdt
Here the integration is taken from -∞ to +∞.Hence it is called bilateral
laplacetransform
The unilateral laplace transform is defined as
X(s)=  x(t)e-stdt
Here the integration is taken from 0 to ∞.Hence it is called unilateral
laplacetransform.
4. Define inverse laplace transform.
The inverse laplace transform is given as
x(t)=1/2πj  X(s) estds
Here the integration is taken from σ-j∞ to σ+j∞.
5. State the linearity property for laplace transform.
Let x1(t) X1(S) and x2(t) X2(s) be the two laplace transform pairs.
Then linearity property states that
L[a1x1(t)+a2x2(t)]=a1X1( s)+a2X2(s)
Here a1 and a2 are constants.
6. State the time shifting property for laplace transform.
Let x(t) X(S) be a laplace transform pair.If x(t) is delayed bytime t0 ,then its
laplace transform is multiplied by e-sto.
L[x(t-t0)]= e-sto X(s)

7. Region of convergence of the laplace transform.

The range of values of s for which the integral i.e.,  x(t)e-stdtconverges is referred to
as the region of convergence of the laplace transform.
8. What is pole zero plot.
The representation of X(s) through its poles and zeros in the splane is referred to as pole
zero plot.
8. State initial value theorem and final value theorem for laplace transform.
If L[x(t)]=X(s), then initial value theorem states that
 x(0)=lim(s---> ∞ ) SX(S)
If L[x(t)]=X(s), then final value theorem states that
lim(t---> ∞) x(t)=lim(s---> 0) SX(S)

9. Define Z transform.
The Z transform of a discrete time signal x[n] is denoted by X(z) and it isgiven as
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n and the value n range from -∞ to +∞. Here ‘z’ is the
complex variable.This Z transform is also called as bilateral or two sided Ztransform.
10. What are the two types of Z transform?
(i) Unilateral Z transform
(ii) Bilateral Z transform
11. Define unilateral Z transform.
The unilateral Z transform of signal x[n] is given as
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n
The unilateral and bilateral Z transforms are same for causal signals.
12. What is region of Convergence.
The region of convergence or ROC is specified for Z transform ,where itconverges.
13. What are the Properties of ROC.
i. The ROC of a finite duration sequence includes the entire z- plane,
except z= 0 and |z|=∞.
ii. ROC does not contain any poles.
iii. ROC is the ring in the z-plane centered about origin.
iv. ROC of causal sequence (right handed sequence) is of the form |z| > r.
v. ROC of left handed sequence is of the form |z| < r.
vi. ROC of two sided sequence is the concentric ring in the z plane.
14. What is the time shifting property of Z transform.
x[n] X(Z) then
x[n-k] Z-k X[Z].
15. What is the differentiation property in Z domain.
x[n] X(Z) then
nx[n] -z d/dz{X[Z].}.
16. State convolution property of Z transform.
The convolution property states that if
x1[n] X1(Z) and
x2[n] X2(Z) then
x1[n] *x2[n] X1(Z) X2(Z)
That is convolution of two sequences in time domain is equivalent tomultiplication
of their Z transforms.
17. State the methods to find inverse Z transform.
a. Partial fraction expansion
b. Contour integration
c. Power series expansion
d. Convolution method.
18. State multiplication property in relation to Z transform.
 This property states that if ,
x1[n] X1(Z) and
x2[n] X2(Z) then
½ Πj  X1(v). X2(Z/v)v dv
-1
x1[n] x2[n]
Here c is a closed contour .It encloses the origin and lies in the Roc which is
common to both X1(v). X2(1/v)
19. State parseval’s relation for Z transform.
If x1[n] and x2[n] are complex valued sequences, then the parseval’s relation states
that
∑x1[n] x2*[n]= ½ Πj  X1(v). X2*(1/v*)v-1dv.
20. What is the relationship between Z transform and fourier transform.
X(z)=∑x[n] z-n.------------------1.
X(w)= ∑x[n]e-jωn. ----------------2
X(z) at z = ejωis = X (w).
When z- transform is evaluated on unit circle (ie.| z |= 1) then it becomes fourier
21. What are the different types of structure realization.
(i)Direct form I (ii) Direcct form II (iii) Cascade form (iv) Parallel Form.

Faculty HOD Principal