Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

69

60
2.2.1 Limit of a Function.
Let y  f (x ) be a function of x. If at x  a, f ( x ) takes indeterminate form, then we consider the values of
the function which are very near to ‘a’. If these values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to ‘a’, then

E3
the unique number so obtained is called the limit of f (x ) at x  a and we write it as lim f (x ) .
x a

(1) Meaning of ‘x  a’: Let x be a variable and a be the constant. If x assumes values nearer and nearer
to ‘a’ then we say ’x tends to a’ and we write ' x  a' . It should be noted that as x  a , we have x  a . By ' x
tends to a' we mean that
(i) x  a

right as shown in figure.

x a
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(ii) x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ and
(iii) We are not specifying any manner in which x should approach to ‘a’. x may approach to a from left or

a x
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(2) Left hand and right hand limit : Consider the values of the functions at the points which are very
YG

near to a on the left of a. If these values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to a, then the unique
number so obtained is called left-hand limit of f (x ) at x = a and symbolically we write it as
f (a  0)  lim f (x )  lim f (a  h)
x a h 0

Similarly we can define right-hand limit of f (x ) at x  a which is expressed as f (a  0)  lim f (x )

x a

 lim f (a  h) .
D

h 0

(3) Method for finding L.H.L. and R.H.L.

(i) For finding right hand limit (R.H.L.) of the function, we write x + h in place of x, while for left hand
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limit (L.H.L.) we write x – h in place of x.

(ii) Then we replace x by ‘a’ in the function so obtained.
ST

(iii) Lastly we find limit h  0 .

(4) Existence of limit : lim f (x ) exists when,
x a

(i) lim f (x ) and lim f (x ) exist i.e. L.H.L. and R.H.L. both exists.
x a x a

(ii) lim f (x )  lim f (x ) i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.

x a x a

0 
Note :  If a function f (x ) takes the form or at x  a , then we say that f (x ) is indeterminate or
0 
meaningless at x  a . Other indeterminate forms are   ,   , 0  , 1 ,0 0 , 0
 In short, we write L.H.L. for left hand limit and R.H.L. for right hand limit.
70 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
 It is not necessary that if the value of a function at some point exists then its limit at that point must
exist.
(5) Sandwich theorem : If f (x ) , g(x ) and h(x ) are any three functions such that, f (x )  g(x )  h(x ) x 
neighborhood of x  a and lim f (x )  lim h(x )  l (say) , then lim g(x )  l. This theorem is normally applied when
x a x a x a

the lim g(x ) can't be obtained by using conventional methods as function f (x ) and h(x ) can be easily found.
x a

60
 x , when x  1
Example: 1 If f (x )   2 , then lim f (x )  [MP PET 1987]
 x , when x  1 x 1

(a) x 2 (b) x (c) – 1 (d) 1

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Solution: (d) To find L.H.L. at x  1 . i.e.,

lim f (x )  lim f (1  h) = lim (1  h)2 = lim (1  h 2  2 h) = 1 i.e., lim f (x )  1 ….(i)

x 1  h 0 h0 h 0 x 1 

Now find R.H.L. at x = 1 i.e., lim f (x )  lim f (1  h) = 1 i.e., lim f (x )  1 …..(ii)

x 1  h 0 x 1 

Example: 2
From (i) and (ii), L.H.L. = R.H.L.  lim f (x )  1 .

lim
x 2
| x  2|
x 2

x 1 ID
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(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) Does not exist (d) None of these
| x  2| | 2  h  2| h
Solution: (c) L.H.L.= lim   lim = lim  1 …..(i)
x 2 x 2 h 0 2  h  2 h 0  h
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| x  2| | 2  h  2| h
and, R.H.L.= lim   lim = lim  1 …..(ii)
x 2 x 2 h 0 2  h  2 h0 h

| x  2|
From (i) and (ii) L.H.L.  R.H.L. i.e. lim does not exist.
x 2 x 2

 2
 , when x  3
Example: 3 If f (x )   5  x , then
D

5  x , when x  3

(a) lim f (x )  0 (b) lim f (x )  0 (c) lim f (x )  lim f (x ) (d) None of these
x 3  x 3  x 3  x 3 
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2
Solution: (c) lim f (x )  5  3  2 and lim f (x )  1
x 3  x 3  53
ST

 3 x , if 0  x  1
Example: 4 Let the function f be defined by the equation f (x )   , then [SCRA 1996]
5  3 x , if 1  x  2
(a) lim f (x )  f (1) (b) lim f ( x )  3 (c) lim f ( x )  2 (d) lim f (x ) does not exist
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

Solution: (d) L.H.L.  lim f (x )  lim f (1  h)  lim 3(1  h)  lim (3  3 h)  3  3 .0  3

x 10 h0 h0 h 0

R.H.L.  lim f (x )  lim f (1  h)  lim [5  3(1  h)]  lim (2  3 h)  2  3 . 0  2

x 1  0 h 0 h 0 h 0

Hence lim f (x ) does not exists.

x 1

| x|
Example: 5 lim  [Roorkee 1982; UPSEAT 2001]
x 0 x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
71
| x| | x|
Solution: (d)  lim  1 and lim  1 , hence limit does not exists.
x 0  x x 0  x

2.2.2 Fundamental Theorems on Limits.

The following theorems are very useful for evaluation of limits if lim f (x )  l and lim g(x )  m (l and m are
x 0 x 0

real numbers) then

60
(1) lim ( f (x )  g(x ))  l  m (Sum rule) (2) lim ( f (x )  g(x ))  l  m (Difference rule)
x a x a

(3) lim ( f (x ).g(x ))  l.m (Product rule) (4) lim k f (x )  k .l (Constant multiple rule)
x a x a

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f (x ) l 1
(5) lim  ,m  0 (Quotient rule) (6) If lim f (x )   or   , then lim 0
x a g(x ) m x a x a f (x )
(7) lim log{ f (x )}  log {lim f (x )} (8) If f (x )  g(x ) for all x, then lim f (x )  lim g(x )
x a x a x a x a

(9) lim [ f (x )]g( x )  {lim f (x )} x a

x a x a
lim g( x )
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(10) If p and q are integers, then lim ( f (x )) p / q  l p / q , provided (l) p / q is a real number.
x a
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(11) If lim f (g(x ))  f (lim g(x ))  f (m ) provided ‘f’ is continuous at g(x )  m . e .g. lim ln[ f (x )]  ln(l), only if
x a x a x a

l  0.
YG

2.2.3 Some Important Expansions.

In finding limits, use of expansions of following functions are useful :
n(n  1) 2 (x log a) 2
(1) (1  x )  1  nx 
n
x  ..... (2) a x  1  x log a   .....
2! 2!
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x2 x3 x2 x3 x4
(3) e x  1  x    ..... (4) log(1  x )  x     .....,| x |  1
2! 3! 2 3 4
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x2 x3 x4
(5) log(1  x )   x     ....... , where | x |  1
2 3 4
ST

1 1 x x2
log(1  x ) 1   x 11 2 
(6) (1  x )x  ex  e 2 3 .......  e 1   x  ....... 
 2 24 
x3 x5 x2 x4 x6
(7) sin x  x    ....... (8) cos x  1     ......
3! 5! 2! 4 ! 6!

x 3 2x 5 x3 x5
(9) tan x  x    ..... (10) sinh x  x    .....
3 15 3! 5!
x2 x4 x6 x3
(11) cosh x  1     ..... (12) tanh x  x   2 x 5  .....
2 ! 4! 6! 3
72 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
x3 x5  
(13) sin 1 x  x  1 2 .  3 2 .1 2 .  ..... (14) cos 1 x     sin 1 x
3! 5! 2
x3 x5 x7
(15) tan 1 x  x     .....
3 5 7

2.2.4 Methods of Evaluation of Limits.

60
We shall divide the problems of evaluation of limits in five categories.
(1) Algebraic limits : Let f (x ) be an algebraic function and ‘a’ be a real number. Then lim f (x ) is known
x a

as an algebraic limit.

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(i) Direct substitution method : If by direct substitution of the point in the given expression we get a
finite number, then the number obtained is the limit of the given expression.
(ii) Factorisation method : In this method, numerator and denominator are factorised. The common
factors are cancelled and the rest outputs the results.
ID
(iii) Rationalisation method : Rationalisation is followed when we have fractional powers (like
1 1
,
2 3
etc.) on expressions in numerator or denominator or in both. After rationalisation the terms are factorised
which on cancellation gives the result.
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(iv) Based on the form when x   : In this case expression should be expressed as a function 1/x
1
and then after removing indeterminate form, (if it is there) replace by 0.
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x
f (x )
Step I : Write down the expression in the form of rational function, i.e., , if it is not so.
g( x )
Step II : If k is the highest power of x in numerator and denominator both, then divide each term of
numerator and denominator by x k .
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1
Step III : Use the result lim  0 , where n > 0.
x  xn
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Note :  An important result : If m, n are positive integers and a0 , b 0  0 are non-zero real numbers,
 a0
 b , if m  n
ST

a 0 x m  a1 x m 1  ....  a m 1 x  a m  0
then lim   0, if m  n
x  b 0 x n  b 1 x n 1  .....  b n 1 x  b n  , if m  n



Example: 6 lim (3 x 2  4 x  5 ) 
x 1

(a) 12 (b) –1 (c) Does not exist (d) None of these

Solution: (a) lim (3 x 2  4 x  5)  3(1)2  4 (1)  5  12 .

x 1

3x / 2  3
Example: 7 The value of lim is [MP PET 2000]
x 2 3x  9
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
73
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) ln 3
3 6
3x / 2  3 (3 x / 2  3) 1
Solution: (c) lim = lim = .
x 2 (3 )  (3)
x/2 2 2 x 2 (3 x /2
 3)(3 x / 2  3) 6

x n  an
Example: 8 The value of lim is [Rajasthan PET 1989, 92]
x a x a

(b) nan 1

60
(a) 0 (c) na n (d) 1
n 1 n2 n 1
x an n
(x  a) (x  x a  ..  a )
Solution: (b) lim = lim = lim (x n 1  x n  2 a  ....  an 1 ) = n . an 1 .
x a x a x a (x  a) x a

1 1 1
Example: 9 lim  equals [Rajasthan PET 1987]
h 0 h  x  h x 

E3
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
2x 2x x 2 x2
1  1 1 1  x  (x  h)  1  h  1
Solution: (d) lim  x  h  x  = hlim 

 = hlim 

= 2 .
h 0 h    0 h  ( x h) x   0 h  ( x h)x  x

Example: 10 The value of lim

(a) 1
x 0
1  x2  1  x2
x2
(b) –1
is
ID (c) – 2 (d) 0
[MP PET 1999]
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 2  2
 1 x  1 x   1 x  1 x 
2 2
    = lim (1  x 2 )  (1  x 2 ) 2
Solution: (b) lim =  1 .
x 0 x2  2 x 0 2  2 2
 1  x 2
 1  x  x  1  x 2
 1  x 
   
YG

x 3
Example: 11 lim equals [UPSEAT 1991]
x 3 x 2  4 x
3 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 4

Solution: (d)
x 3
 lim
( x  3)  x 2  4 x 
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 x 2  4  x 
lim
x 3 x 2  4 x x 3 2 2

= lim

( x  3) x  2  4x
= lim
x  2  4  x 1 1
 1.
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x 3 (2 x  6) x 3 2 2

ax 2  bx  c
Example: 12 lim =
x  dx 2  ex  f
ST

b c a d
(a) (b) (c) (d)
e f d a

Solution: (c) Here the expression assumes the form 

 . We note that the highest power of x in both the numerator and
denominator is 2. So we divide each terms in both the numerator and denominator by x 2 .
b c
 2 a
ax 2  bx  c x x  a00  a .
lim  lim
x  dx 2  ex  f x  e
d  2
f d 00 d
x x
 
Example: 13 lim  x  x  x  x  is equal to
x   
74 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) log 2 (d) e 4
2

  x x x x x x 1  x 1 / 2 1
Solution: (b) lim  x  x  x  x  = lim = lim  lim  .
x    x  x  x  2
x x x  x x x x  x 1  x 1  x  3 / 2  1

 x2 1 
Example: 14 The values of constants a and b so that lim   ax  b   0 is
x   x  1 
 

60
(a) a  0, b  0 (b) a  1, b  1 (c) a  1, b  1 (d) a  2, b  1
 x2 1  x 2 (1  a)  x (a  b)  1  b
Solution: (b) We have lim   ax  b   0  lim 0
x   x  1  x  x 1
 
Since the limit of the given expression is zero, therefore degree of the polynomial in numerator must be less than that

E3
of denominator. As the denominator is a first degree polynomial. So, numerator must be a constant i.e., a zero degree
polynomial.  1  a =0 and a  b  0  a = 1 and b = –1. Hence, a = 1 and b = – 1.
Example: 15 lim x x 
x 1
(a) 1 (b)  (c) Not defined (d) None of these
lim x
lim x x   lim x 
x 1
Solution: (a)

Example: 16
x 1

x 1
(a) 2
 x 1 
lim (1  x )1 / x 
 11  1

(b) e
ID (c) Not defined (d) None of these
1
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lim  
lim (1  x )1 / x   lim (1   x 1  x 
Solution: (a) x)  2
x 1  x 1 
x 3  x 2  18
YG

Example: 17 The value of the limit of as x tends to 3 is

x 3
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 21
x  x  18
3 2
Solution: (d) Let y  lim  lim (x 2  2 x  6)  9  6  6 = 21
x 3 x 3 x 3

x3  8
Example: 18 The value of the limit of as x tends to 2 is
(x 2  4 )
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3
(a) 3 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
2
x 8
3
( x  2 x  4 )( x  2)
2 2
 2x  4
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x 444
Solution: (a) lim 2  lim  lim  3.
x 2 x  4 x 2 ( x  2)( x  2) x 2 x2 22
x
Example: 19 lim is equal to [Rajasthan PET 1988]
ST

x 0 1  x  1  x

1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
2
 x   x 1 x  1x 
lim    lim  
Solution: (c)
x 0  1  x  1  x  x 0  1  x  1  x  1  x  1  x 
  

 lim 

x 1 x  1x   lim   1  x  
1  x  2
 1
x 0   x 0   2
 1  x 1  x   2 
a  2x  3x
Example: 20 lim equals [IIT 1978; Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
x a 3a  x  2 x
2a 2
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
3 3 3 3
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
75
a  2x  3x  a  2x  3x   a  2x  3x   3a  x  2 x 
Solution: (b)  lim    
x a  3 a  x  2 x   a  2x  3x   3a  x  2 x 
lim
x a 3 a  x  2 x
     
 3a  x  2 x  2
 lim   .
x a 3( a  2 x  3 x )
  3 3
199  299  3 99  ....  n99
Example: 21 lim = [EAMCET 1994]
n100

60
n 

99 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 99 101

 r 99 
1
199  299  3 99  ....  n99
n 99  x 100 

  lim 1  r  
1
x
n
 lim  
1
Solution: (b) 99
dx   
n   r 1 n 100  n  n  n 
lim .

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n  n100   r 1
0  100  0 100

 x2 1 
Example: 22 The values of constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that lim   ax  b   2 is

x  x  1 
 
(a) a  0, b  0 (b) a  1, b  1 (c) a  1, b  3 (d) a  2, b  1

Solution: (c)
 x2 1
lim 

x  x  1



 x  x 
ID
 ax  b   2  lim x  1  ax  b  2  lim x (1  a)  (1  b)  2 .

Comparing the coefficient of both sides, 1  a  0 and 1  b  2  a  1, b  3

U
  n2 
Example: 23 lim  3   [Rajasthan PET 1999, 2002]
n   n 
 
1
YG

1 1 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3
 1  1
1    2  
 n(n  1) (2n  1)   n  n 1
Solution: (c) lim 
n   3   nlim 
6n    6 3

Note :  Students should remember that,

D

n 1 n
2
1
lim  and lim  .
n  2 2 n  n
3
3
n
U

 1 2 n 
Example: 24 lim    ......   is equal to [IIT 1984; DCE 2000]
n   1  n 2 1  n2 1  n2 

1 1
ST

(a) 0 (b)  (c) (d) None of these

2 2
 1 2 n  n 1 n2  n 1
Solution: (b) lim    ......    lim  lim  .
n   1  n 2
1n 2
1  n  n  1  n
2 2 2 n  1  n 2 2
2 x 3 2(2 x  1)
Example: 25 If f (x )  , g(x )  and h(x )   2 then lim [ f (x )  g(x )  h(x )] is
x 3 x 4 x  x  12 x 3

2
(a) – 2 (b) – 1 (c)  (d) 0
7

x 2  4 x  17  4 x  2 x 2  8 x  15 ( x  3)( x  5 )
Solution: (c) We have f (x )  g(x )  h(x )   
x  x  12
2
x  x  12
2 ( x  3 )( x  4 )
( x  3)( x  5 ) 2
 lim [ f (x )  g(x )  h(x )]  lim  .
x 3 x 3 (x  3 )( x  4 ) 7
76 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
1/n
 n! 
Example: 26 If lim  n  equal [Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
n   n 

1  4
(a) e (b) (c) (d)
e 4 
1/n 1/n
 n!  1 2 3 4 n
Solution: (b) Let P  lim  n   P  lim  . . . .......... 
n   n  n  n n n n n

60
n


1 1 2 n 1 r
 log P  lim  log  log  .........  log   log P  lim log
n n  n n n n  n n
r 1

 log x dx  [x log x  x]
1 1
log P  1
0  (1)  P  .
0 e

E3
 x3 1 
Example: 27 If lim  2  (ax  b)  2, then [Karnataka CET 2000]
x   x  1 

(a) a  1 and b  1 (b) a  1 and b  1 (c) a  1 and b  2 (d) a  1 and b  2
 x3 1   x 3 (1  a)  bx 2  ax  (1  b) 
Solution: (c) lim  2  (ax  b)  2  lim    2  lim [ x 3 (1  a)  bx 2  ax  (1  b)]  2 (x 2  1) .

x  x  1  x   2
  x 

Example: 28
   x 1
ID 
Comparing the coefficients of both sides, 1  a  0 and b  2 or a  1, b  2 .

lim
x 
(x  1)10  (x  2)10  .....  (x  100 )10
x 10  10 10
is equal to [AMU 2000]
U
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 100
 1
10
 2
10
 100  
10
x 10  1    1    ...   1   
(x  1)10  (x  2)10  ......  (x  100 )10  x  x  x  
  100 .
YG

Solution: (d) lim  lim

x  x 10  10 10 x   10 10 
x 10 1  10 
 x 
xf (2)  2 f (x )
Example: 29 Let f (x )  4 and f ' (x )  4 , then lim equals [Rajasthan 2000; AIEEE
x 2 x 2
2002]
(a) 2 (b) – 2 (c) – 4 (d) 3
D

xf (2)  2 f (x ) xf (2)  2 f (2)  2 f (2)  2 f (x )

Solution: (c) y  lim  y  lim
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
2 f (x )  2 f (2)  xf (2)  2 f (2) [ f (x )  f (2)] f (2).( x  2)
 y  lim  y  lim  2  lim
U

x 2 (x  2) x 2 x 2 x  2 (x  2)

f (x )  f (2)
 y  2 lim  f (2)  y  2 lim f (x )  f (2)   8  4   4 .
x 2 x 2 x 2
ST

(2) Trigonometric limits : To evaluate trigonometric limits the following results are very important.
sin x x tan x x
(i) lim  1  lim (ii) lim  1  lim
x 0 x x 0 sin x x  0 x x 0 tan x
sin 1 x x tan 1 x x
(iii) lim  1  lim (iv) lim  1  lim
x 0 x x  0 sin 1 x x 0 x x  0 tan 1 x
sin x 0 
(v) lim  (vi) lim cos x  1
x 0 x 180 x 0

sin( x  a) tan( x  a)
(vii) lim 1 (viii) lim 1
x a x a x a x a
(ix) lim sin 1 x  sin 1 a, | a |  1 (x) lim cos 1 x  cos 1 a; | a |  1
x a x a
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
77
sin x cos x
(xi) lim tan 1 x  tan 1 a;    a   (xii) lim  lim 0
x a x  x x  x
sin 1 / x 
(xiii) lim 1
x  1 / x 

 x 
Example: 30 lim (1  x ) tan    [IIT 1978, 84; Rajasthan PET 1997, 2001; UPSEAT 2003]
x 1  2 


60
2
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 0
2 
 x 
Solution: (c) lim (1  x ) tan   , Put 1  x  y  as x  1, y  0
x 1  2 
 y 

E3
 
 (1  y ) 2  2  2 2
Thus lim y tan  lim .  1  .
y 0 2 y 0   y   
tan  
 2 
1  cos 2(x  1)
Example: 31 lim [IIT 1998; UPSEAT 2001]
x 1 x 1
(a) Exists and it equal
(b) Exists and it equals  2
(c) Does not exist because x  1  0
2
ID
U
(d) Does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit
1  cos 2h sinh
Solution: (d) f (1)  lim f (1  h)   lim  lim 2  2
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h
YG

1  cos( 2 h) sinh
f (1)  lim f (1  h)  lim  lim 2   2.
h 0 h h 0 h 0 h
 limit does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit.

(1  cos 2 x ) sin 5 x
Example: 32 lim  [MP PET 2000; UPSEAT 2000; Karmataka CET 2002]
x 0 x 2 sin 3 x
D

10 3 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 10 5 6
2 sin 2 x sin 5 x 3 x 5 x 2 sin 2 x 3x sin 5 x 5 x 5 10
Solution: (a) = lim = 2.  .
U

lim 2
. . .
x 0 x sin 3 x 3 x 5 x x 0 x2 sin 3 x 5x 3x 3 3

x3
Example: 33 lim 
x 0 sin x 2
ST

1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 2

x3 x2  x 2  
Solution: (a)  lim . x =  lim lim x  = 1.0 = 0.
 x 0 sin x 2   x 0 
lim
x 0 sin x 2 x 0 sin x 2  
sin 3 x  sin x
Example: 34 lim =
x 0 x
1 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) 4 (d)
3 4
sin 3 x  sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x sin x
Solution: (c) lim = lim  lim = lim .3  lim = 1.3 + 1 = 4.
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 3 x x 0 x
78 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
 1
 x sin , x  0
Example: 35 If f (x )   x , then lim f ( x ) = [IIT 1988; UPSEAT 1988; SCRA 1996]
 x 0
 0, x  0
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None of these
1   
lim x sin    lim x   lim sin  = 0 × (A number oscillating between – 1 and 1) = 0.
1
Solution: (b)
x 0  x   x 0   x 0 x
 sin[ x ]
 , [x ]  0

60
Example: 36 If f (x )   [ x ] , then lim f ( x ) equals [IIT 1985; Rajasthan PET 1995]
 0 , [x ]  0 x 0

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) Does not exist
Solution: (d) In closed interval of x  0 at right hand side [x] =0 and at left hand side [ x ]  1 . Also [0] =0.
 sin[ x ]

E3
 , (1  x  0)
Therefore function is defined as f (x )   [ x ]
0 , (0  x  1)
sin[ x ] sin(1)
 Left hand limit  lim f (x )  lim   sin 1c
x 0 
[x ] 1 x 0 
Right hand limit = 0, Hence, limit doesn’t exist.
Example: 37 lim
x 0

(a)
tan x  sin x

1
2
x3

(b) 
1
2
(c)
2
3
ID [IIT 1974; Rajasthan PET 2000]

(d) None of these

U
 x  
sin x  2 sin 2   x 
sin 2
tan x  sin x sin x  sin x cos x  2  sin x 2 2 1 1
Solution: (a) lim  lim  lim  lim  . . . 
x 0 x3 x 0 x 3 cos x x 0 x 3 cos x x 0 x cos x  x  2 4  2
 
YG

 
 2 

sin(e x  2  1)
Example: 38 If f (x )  , then lim f (x ) is given by
log( x  1) x 2

(a) – 2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1

x 2
sin(e  1) sin(e  1)
t
Solution: (d) lim f (x )  lim  lim . (Putting x = 2 + t)
D

x 2 x 2 log( t  1) t  0 log( t  1)

 
 
sin(e t  1) e t  1 t sin(e t  1)  1 t   1 
 lim . .  lim    ..... 
U

log(1  t) e  1  1! 2!    1  1 t  1 t 2  .....  
t
x  e t  1 t t 0
 
 2 3 
sin(e t  1)
= 1.1.1 = 1 [  As t  0, e t  1  0 ,  1]
ST

(e t  1)
acot x  acos x
Example: 39 lim  [Kerala (Engg.) 2001]
x  / 2 cot x  cos x
(a) log a (b) log 2 (c) a (d) log x
 acot x  acos x   cot x cos x  1 
Solution: (a) lim    lim acos x  a 
x  / 2  cot x  cos x  x  / 2  cot x  cos x 
   
 a cot x cos x  1 
 a cos( / 2) lim    1 log a  log a .
x  / 2 cot x  cos x 
 
sin x cos x tan x
f (x )
Example: 40 If f (x )  x3 x2 x , then lim is [Karnataka CET 2002]
x 0 x 2
2x 1 1
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
79
(a) 3 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1
Solution: (d) f (x )  x (x  1) sin x  (x 3  2 x 2 ) cos x  x 3 tan x

 x 2 sin x  x 3 cos x  x 3 tan x  2 x 2 cos x  x sin x

f (x )  sin x 
Hence, lim  lim  sin x  x cos x  x tan x  2 cos x    0  0  0  2 1  1 .
x 0 x 2 x 0  x 

 3x  x 3   
 and g(x )  cos 1  1  x  , then lim f (x )  f (a) , 0  a  1 is
2
Example: 41 If f (x )  cot 1  [Orissa JEE 2003]
 1  3x 2  1  x 2  x a g( x )  g(a)

60
    2

3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
2(1  a ) 2
2(1  x )2 2 2

 3 x  x 3  
1  1  x
2 
Solution: (d) f (x )  cot 1   and g(x )  cos  

E3
 1  3 x 2   1  x 2 
Put x  tan  in both equation
 3 tan   tan 3  
f ( )  cot 1    cot tan 3 
1

 1  3 tan 2  



2
 
f ( )  cot 1 cot   3    3  f ( )  3
 2

 1  tan  
and g( )  cos 1 

2

2 


ID
 cos 1 (cos 2 )  2  g ( )  2
..….(i)

….. (ii)
 1  tan  
U
 f (x )  f (a)   f (x )  f (a)  1 1 1 3
Now lim    lim    f (x ).  3    .
x a g(x )  g(a)  x  a  x  a  lim  g ( x )  g (a)  
g (x ) 2 2
 
x  a x a 
YG

  x 
1  tan   [1  sin x ]
  2 
Example: 42 lim is [AIEEE 2003]

x   x 
2 1  tan   [  2 x ]
3
  2 
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) 
D

8 32
 x 
tan    (1  sin x )
4 2
U

Solution: (c) lim

 (  2 x ) 3
x
2

 y  y y y  y
2
tan   (1  cos y )  tan .2 sin 2
ST

tan sin

Let x   y, then y  0  lim
 2  2 2  lim 1 2 . 2  1 .
= lim  
(2 y ) (8 )y   
   
2 y 0 3 y  0 3 y 0 32 y y 32
 
2  2 

[(a  n) nx  tan x ] sin nx
Example: 43 If lim  0, where n is non-zero real number, then a is equal to
x 0 x2
n 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) n (d) n 
n n
sin nx  tan x  1
Solution: (d) lim n . lim  (a  n)n    0  n [(a  n)n  1]  0  (a  n)n  1  a  n  .
x 0 nx x 0  x  n

(3) Logarithmic limits : To evaluate the logarithmic limits we use following formulae
80 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
x2 x3
(i) log(1  x )  x    .......... .. to  where 1  x  1 and expansion is true only if base is e.
2 3
log(1  x )
(ii) lim 1 (iii) lim log e x  1
x 0 x x e

log(1  x ) log a (1  x )
(iv) lim  1 (v) lim  log a e, a  0,  1
x 0 x x 0 x

60
log e (1  2h)  2 log e (1  h)
Example: 44 lim [IIT Screening 1997]
h 0 h2
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –2
 2 3  2 
3
 (2h)  (2h)  (2h)  .....    2 h  h  h  ...... 
log e (1  2h)  2 log e (1  h)  2 3   

E3
   2 3 
Solution: (a) lim 2
= lim 2
h0 h x  a h
 h 2  2h3  .... h 2 {1  2h  ....}
= lim = lim = lim {1  2 h  ....}  1 .
h0 h 2 h0 h2 h 0

log{1  (x  a)}
Example: 45 lim 

Solution: (c)
x a
(a) –1
(x  a)
(b) 2
Let x – a = y, when x  a, y  0,

 The given limit = lim

log{1  y}
1 .
ID (c) 1 (d) –2
U
y 0 y
log 10 (1  h)
Example: 46 lim 
h 0 h
YG

(a) 1 (b) log10 e (c) log e 10 (d) None of these

log e (1  h) 1
Solution: (b) lim .  log10 e .
h 0 h log e 10
log( 3  x )  log( 3  x )
Example: 47 If lim  k , then the value of k is [AIEEE 2003]
x 0 x
1 2 2
(a) 0 (b)  (c) (d) 
D

3 3 3
3 x  1  ( x / 3) 
log   log  
Solution: (c)
log( 3  x )  log( 3  x )
 lim  3  x   lim  1  ( x / 3) 
U

lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
log 1  (x / 3) log 1  (x / 3) 1  1  2
 lim  lim      .
x 0 x x 0 x 3  3 3
ST

(4) Exponential limits :

x2 x3
(i) Based on series expansion : We use e x  1  x    .......... ... 
2! 3!
To evaluate the exponential limits we use the following results –
ex  1 ax  1 e x  1
(a) lim 1 (b) lim  log e a (c) lim  (  0)
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
(ii) Based on the form 1 : To evaluate the exponential form 1  we use the following results.
f (x )
lim
(a) If lim f (x )  lim g(x )  0 , then lim {1  f (x )} 1 / g( x )
e x a g ( x )
, or
x a x a x a
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
81
lim ( f ( x )1)g ( x )
when lim f (x )  1 and lim g(x )   . Then lim { f (x )} g( x )
 lim [1  f (x )  1] g( x )
= e x a
x a x a x a x a
x x
 1   
(b) lim (1  x )1 / x  e (c) lim 1   e (d) lim (1  x )1 / x  e  (e) lim 1   e
x 0 x  x x 0 x  x
 , if a  1
Note :  lim a x   i.e., a   , if a  1 and a   0 if a  1 .
x 
0 , if a  1

60
e x  e x
Example: 48 lim  [MP PET 1994]
x 0 x
1
(a)    (b)  (c)  2   2 (d)   


E3
e x  e x (e x  1)  (e x  1) e x  1 e x  1
Solution: (d) lim  lim = lim  lim =  .
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
e x  (1  x )
Example: 49 The value of lim is [Karnataka CET 1995]
x 0 x2

Solution: (b)
(a) 0

lim
e x  (1  x )
= lim
(1  x 
(b)

x2
2!
1
2

 .....)  (1  x )
ID = lim
1
x 2 

(c) 1

x x2

 2! 3! 4 !

 ..... 

 = 1 1 .
(d)
1
4
U
2
x 0 x2 x 0 x2 x 0 x 2! 2

ax  1
Example: 50 lim is equal to
x 0 1  x 1
YG

1
(a) 2 log e a (b) log e a (c) a log e 2 (d) None of these
2

Solution: (a) lim

ax  1
 lim
ax  1
.
1  x 1
= lim

(a x  1) 1  x  1
= lim 

 ax  1 
. 1  x 1  
x 0 1  x 1 x 0 1  x 1 1  x 1 x 0 1  x 1 x 0  x 
 

=  lim
a x  1  
 
. lim 1  x  1  = (log e a) . (2) = 2 log e a .
 x 0 x   x 0
D

  
x 2
x 3
Example: 51 The value of lim   is [UPSEAT 2003]
x  x  1 
U

(a) e 4 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) e 2

 2 
 1 
2.  x 
ST

x 2
x 1
.( x  2).
2  x 1   1
1
  2   1  
2 lim  1   1  
x 3  2  2 ( x 1)  2  2   x 
 x    x   x 
Solution: (d) lim    lim 1    lim   1    e  e 2.
x  x  1  x  x 1 x    x 1  
 
 2 
 1 
lim 2  x 
x 2 x 2 2 x   1 
x 3  2  lim ( x  2)  1 
Alternative method : lim   = lim  1    e x   x 1 e  x 
 e2
x  x  1  x   x 1
c  dx
 1 
Example: 52 If a, b, c, d are positive, then lim  1   [EAMCET 1992]
x   a  bx 

(a) e d / b (b) e c / a (c) e (c d ) /(a b) (d) e

82 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
c  dx  a bx  c  dx  a bx
 1   1   a bx   1  c  dx d
Solution: (a) lim 1    lim 1    = ed / b  lim  1    e and lim  
x   a  bx  x   a  bx    x    a  bx  x   a  bx b
  
 1   c  dx 
lim    
x   a  bx  1 
Alternative method : e  ed / b .
Example: 53 lim x x
 [Roorkee 1987]
x 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) None of these

60
Solution: (b) Let y  x x
 log y  x log x ;  lim log y  lim x log x  0  log 1  lim x x
1
y 0 x 0 x 0

1
(1  x )1 / x  e  ex
Example: 54 The value of lim 2 is [DCE 2001]
x 0 x2

E3
11e 11e e
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
24 24 24
1  x2 x3 
1
log(1  x ) x  ....  x x2
1  .......
x x2
  ......
x  2 3 
Solution: (a) (1  x ) 1/ x
 ex e   e 2 3  ee 2 3

  

 
x x2
 e 1    
  2

(1  x )1 / x  e 
3
 1  x x2
 .....     
 2!  2


ex
 3



2




 .....   .....   e 1  

x 11 2
2 24
ID
x  ..........

.. 


2  11 e
U
 lim
x 0 x2 24

(1  x )1 / x  e
Example: 55 lim equals [UPSEAT 2001]
x 0
YG

x
(a)  / 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 / e (d) – e / 2
1  2 3  4  2  3  x x 2 3 
1 1  x  x  x  x ....   1  x  x  x  ....    
x
.... 
[log(1  x )] x  2 3 4   2 3 4   2 3 4 
Solution: (d) (1  x) x  ex e    e    e .e  

  x 2 3   x x2 x3   2
    x  x  .....      ...  
 2   2    ex 11 e 2 
=   3 4   3 4   ...   e   x  .......... 
D

e 1    2 24 
 1! 2! 
 
 

U

 ex 11 e 2 
(1  x )1 / x  e  e  2  24 x ..........  e   e 11 e  e
 lim  lim    lim    x  ...    .
x 0 x x  0
 x  x 0  2 24  2
 
ST

m
 x
Example: 56 lim  cos  = [AMU 2001]
m   m
(a) 0 (b) e (c) 1/e (d) 1
m m m
 x   x    x 
Solution: (d) lim  cos   lim 1   cos  1   lim 1    cos  1 
m  m m    m  m    m 
2
 x 
 sin   x2 
 x  lim  2  2m   m
m lim  2 sin2 m m   x   4m 2  x2
 x  m        2 lim
2m   2m 
 lim 1  2 sin 2  e e e m  4 m
 e0  1 .
m   2m 
n(n 1)
 n2  n  1 
Example: 57 lim  2   [AMU 2002]
n   n  n  1 
 
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
83
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e 1 (d) 1
n(n 1)
 1 
n(n 1)  1  
 1) 
n(n 1)
n n 1
2
 n(n  1)  1   n(n e
Solution: (b) lim  2   lim    lim  1  e 2 .
n  n  n  1  n  n(n  1)  1  n   1 
n(n 1)
   1  
e
 n(n  1) 
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)
 2  lim
Alternative Method: lim 1  2 = e n n  e2 .
2
 n 1


60
n   n  n 1 

(5) L’ Hospital’s rule : If f (x ) and g(x ) be two functions of x such that

(i) lim f (x )  lim g(x )  0
x a x a

E3
(ii) Both are continuous at x  a
(iii) Both are differentiable at x  a .
f (x ) f ' (x )
(iv) f ' (x ) and g' (x ) are continuous at the point x  a , then lim  lim provided that g' (a)  0
x a g(x ) x a g' (x )

Note :  The above rule is also applicable if

f ' (x )
ID
lim f (x )   and lim g(x )   .
x a


x a

 If lim assumes the indeterminate form 0 or and f ' (x ), g' (x ) satisfy all the condition
U
x a g' (x ) 0 
f ' (x ) f ' (x )
embodied in L’ Hospital rule, we can repeat the application of this rule on to get, lim
g' (x ) x a g' (x )
YG

f "( x )
= lim . Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a number of times till our goal
x a g "( x )
of evaluating limit is achieved.

1  cos mx
Example: 58 lim  [Kerala (Engg.) 2002]
D

x 0 1  cos nx

m2 n2
(a) m / n (b) n / m (c) (d)
n2 m2
U

 
 
 
ST

2
 2 mx   mx  
1  cos mx  2 sin   sin  m 2 x 2 1 4  m2 m2
 lim  2 2
Solution: (c) lim   lim  mx  . . 2 2   2 1  2
x 0 1  cos nx x 0  2 nx  x 0 
  4  nx 
2
n x  n n
2 sin
 2   2   sin 2  
  nx  
   
  2  

Trick : Apply L-Hospital rule ,

1  cos mx m sin mx m 2 cos mx m2

lim  lim  lim 2  2 .
x  0 1  cos nx x  0 n sin nx x 0 n cos nx n

(cos x  1) (cos x  e x )
Example: 59 The integer n for which lim is a finite non-zero number is [IIT Screening 2002]
x 0 xn
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
84 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
Solution: (c) n cannot be negative integer for then the limit  0
x
2 sin 2
2 e x  cos x 1 e x  cos x
Limit = lim 2 
 lim ( n  1 for then the limit = 0)
x 0 2 (x / 2)2
x n 2 2 x 0 x n  2

1 e x  sin x 1
 lim . So, if n  3 , the limit is which is finite. If n  4 , the limit is infinite.
2 x 0 (n  2)x n  3 2(n  2)

60
1
 f (1  x )  x
Example: 60 Let f : R  R be such that f (1)  3 and f  (1)  6 . Then lim   equals [IIT Screening 2002]
x 0
 f (1) 
(a) 1 (b) e 1 / 2 (c) e 2 (d) e 3
f (1)

E3
1
f (1  x ) / f (1  x )
lim log f (1  x )log f (1)
1
 f (1  x )  x lim
Solution: (c) lim    e x 0 x  e x 0 1 e f (1)
 e6 / 3  e2 .
x 0
 f (1) 
sin   cos 
Example: 61 lim  [IIT Screening 1997; AMU 1997]
  / 4   / 4
(a) (b) 1 / 2 (c) 1 (d) None of these

Solution: (a) lim

  / 4

=
1
2
sin   cos  0
  / 4


1

( 0 form) = lim

2
  / 4

 2.
cos   sin 
1
ID (By ‘L’ Hospital rule)
U
2 2 2

x 3  a3
Example: 62 lim 
x a x 2  a2
YG

3a
(a) 0 (b) Not defined (c) 2a (d)
2

x 3  a3
00 form  = xlim 3a2 3a
2
3x
Solution: (d) lim (By ‘L’ Hospital rule) =  .
x a x 2  a2 a 2x 2a 2
x h  x
Example: 63 lim  [Roorkee 1983]
D

h 0 h

(a) 1 / 2 x (b) 1 / 2 h (c) Zero (d) None of these

x h  x x h  x x h  x (x  h)  x h 1
U

Solution: (a) lim = lim  = lim = lim =

h 0 h h 0 h x h  x h 0 h( x  h  x) h 0 h( x  h  x) 2 x
Trick : Applying ‘L’ Hospital’s rule, [Differentiating Nr and Dr with respect to h]
ST

1
0
2 x h 
1
We get, lim .
h 0 1 2 x

sin 2   sin 2 
Example: 64 lim [MP PET 2001]
  2  2
sin  sin 2 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
 2

sin 2   sin 2 
Solution: (d) lim = lim sin(   ) sin(   ) = lim sin(   ) lim sin(   ) = lim sin(   ) = sin 2  .
  2  2     (   ) (   )    0 (   )     (   )    (   ) 2

2 sin  cos  sin 2 

Trick : By L’ Hospital’s rule, lim  .
  2 2
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
85
tan 2 x  x
Example: 65 lim equals [IIT 1971]
x  0 3 x  sin x

(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 0

 2 tan 2 x 
1
tan 2 x  x   1
Solution: (c) lim  lim  2 x  .
x  0 3 x  sin x x 0 sin x
 3  2
 x 

60
G( x )  G(1)
Example: 66 If G(x )   25  x 2 , then lim equals [IIT 1983]
x 1 x 1

(a) 1/24 (b) 1/5 (c)  24 (d) None of these

G(x )  G(1)  25  x 2  24

E3
Solution: (d) lim  lim [Multiply both numerator and denominator by ( 24  25  x 2 )]
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1 1
 lim 
x 1
24  25  x 2 24

G(x ) 1(2 x ) 1
Alternative method: By L'-Hospital rule, lim  lim 

Example: 67 If f (a)  2, f ' (a)  1, g(a)  1, g' (a)  2, then lim

ID
x 1

x a
1 x 1
2 25  x 2
g(x ) f (a)  g(a) f (x )
x a
equals
24

[IIT 1983; Rajasthan PET 1990; MP PET 1995; DCE 1999; Karnataka CET 1999, 2003]
U
1 1
(a) –3 (b) (c) 3 (d) 
3 3
g(x ) f (a)  g(a) f (x ) g(x ) f (a)  g(a) f (x )
YG

Solution: (c) Applying L – Hospital's rule, we get, lim  lim

x a x a x a 1
 g(a) f (a)  g(a) f  (a)  2  2  1  (1)  3.

(1  x )n  1
Example: 68 lim  [Kurukshetra CEE 2002]
x 0 x
(a) n (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None of these
D

(1  nx  n C 2 x 2  ...... higher pow ers of x to x n )  1

Solution: (a) lim n
x 0 x
U

Trick : Apply L- Hospital rule.

sin x  log(1  x )
Example: 69 lim is equal to [Roorkee 1995]
x 0 x2
ST

1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c)  (d) None of these
2 2

1 1
cos x   sin x 
1  x  lim (1  x )2 1
Solution: (c) Apply L- Hospital rule, we get, lim 
x 0 2x x 0 2 2

 3 5   2 3 4 
 x  x  x  ......    x  x  x  x  ...... 
sin x  log(1  x )  3! 5!   2 3 4 
Alternative method : lim  lim  2
  lim 
2

x 0 2 x 0 x 0
x x x
 3 5 2 3 
 sin x  x  x  x  ...... and log (1  x )   x  x  x ........ 
 3! 5 ! 2 3 
 
86 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
 x2  1 1  x4
 x3    ....
Hence, lim
2  3! 3  4 1
 .
x 0 x2 2

xe x  log(1  x )
Example: 70 lim equals [Rajasthan PET 1996]
x 0 x2
2 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)

60
3 3 2 2

xe x  log(1  x ) 0 
Solution: (d) Let y  lim  form 
x 0 x 2
0 

1
e x  xe x 
1 x 0 

E3
Applying L–Hospital's rule, y  lim  form 
x 0 2x 0 

1 x 1  1 3
y  lim e  e  xe 
x x
  lim [1  1  0  1] 
x  0 2  (1  x )  x 0 2
2 2

sin 1 x  tan 1 x
Example: 71 lim
x 0

(a) 0
x3
is equal to

(b) 1
ID (c) – 1 (d)
1
2
[Rajasthan PET 2000]

sin 1 x  tan 1 x 0 
U
Solution: (d) lim  form 
x 0 x 3
0 
Applying L-Hospital’s rule,
1 1
YG


1x 2 1  x2 0 
 lim  form 
x 0 3x 2 0 
1 2 x 2x
 
2 (1  x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1  x 2 ) 2 1 1 2  1
 lim  lim    .
x 0 6x x 0 6  (1  x )
2 3 / 2
(1  x )  2
2 2
D

1  log x  x
Example: 72 lim = [Karnataka CET 2000]
x 1 1  2x  x 2
1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) 
U

2
1
1
1  log x  x 1x
Solution: (d) Applying L-Hospital’s rule, lim  lim x  lim
x 1 1  2x  x 2 x 1  2  2 x x 1 2 x ( x  1)
ST

1 1
Again applying L-Hospital’s rule, we get lim 
x 1 4x  2 2
4 x  9x
Example: 73 lim  [EAMCET 2002]
x 0 x (4 x  9 x )
2 1 3 1 3 3
(a) log   (b) log   (c) log   (d) log  
3 2 2 2 2 2
4x 9x 0 
Solution: (a) y  lim  form 
x 0 x (4 x  9 x ) 0 
2
2
log  
4 log 4  9 log 9
x x
log 4  log 9 3 2
Using L-Hospital’s rule, y  lim y   y  log .
x 0 (4 x
 9 )  x (4 log 4  9 log 9)
x x x 2 2 3
 Functions, Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
87
f (a) g(x )  f (x ) g(a)
Example: 74 If f (a)  2 , f (a)  1 , g(a)  3 , g (a)  1 , then lim  [Karnataka CET 2003]
x a x a
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) – 5 (d) – 1
f (a) g(x )  f (x ) g(a) 0 
Solution: (a) lim  form 
x a x a  0 
f (a) g(x )  f (x ) g(a)
Using L-Hospital’s rule, lim  f (a)  g (a)  f (a)  g(a)  2  (1)  1  (3)  1 .
x a 10

60
2 x 3
Example: 75 The value of lim is [MP PET 2003]
x 7 x 2  49
2 2 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
9 49 56 56

E3
1
0
2 x  3  lim 1 1 1
Solution: (d) Applying L-Hospital’s rule, lim   .
x 7 2x x 7 4 x x  3 4 .7 7  3 56

Example: 76 Let f (a)  g(a)  k and their n th derivatives f n (a) , g n (a) exist and are not equal for some n. If

lim
x a

(a) 4
f (a) g(x )  f (a)  g(a) f (x )  g(a)
g(x )  f (x )

k g(x )  k f (x )
(b) 2
ID
 4 , then the value of k is

(c) 1 (d) 0
[AIEEE 2003]

Solution: (a) 4
U
lim
x a g(x )  f (x )

 g (x )  f (x ) 
By L-Hospital’ rule, lim k   4 ,  k 4.
x a  g (x )  f (x ) 
YG

 x2 

Example: 77 The value of lim 


 0
sec 2 t dt 

is [AIEEE 2003]
x 0 x sin x 
 
 
 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
D

x2

d
sec 2 t dt
dx sec 2 x 2 . 2 x
Solution: (c) lim 0
 lim (By L' –Hospital's rule)
sin x  x cos x
U

x 0 d x 0
(x sin x )
dx

2 sec 2 x 2 2 1
= lim  1 .
ST

x 0  sin x  1 1
  cos x 
 x 

 3 sin x  3 cos x 
Example: 78 lim   [EAMCET 2003]
x  / 6 
 6x   

1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c)  3 (d) 
3 3

3 1
3.  3.
3 cos x  3 sin x 2 2  1 .
Solution: (b) Using L–Hospital’s rule, lim 
x  / 6 6 6 3
88 Functions, Limits, Continuity and
Differentiability
f (2 h  2  h 2 )  f (2)
Example: 79 Given that f ' (2)  6 and f (1)  4 , then lim  [IIT Screening 2003]
h 0 f (h  h 2  1)  f (1)

3 3
(a) Does not exist (b)  (c) (d) 3
2 2

f (2 h  2  h 2 )  f (2) f (2h  2  h 2 )(2  2h) 62

Solution: (d) lim  lim  3.
h 0 f (h  h  1)  f (1)
2 h 0 f (h  h 2  1)(1  2h) 4 1

60
E3
ID
U
YG
D
U
ST