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 FLUKE AND PHILIPS - THE GLOBAL ALLIANCE IN TEST & MEASUREMENT

FLUKE PHILIPS
PHILIPS

The new 80 Series

is a digital meter,
an analog meter,
a frequency counter,
a recorder,
a capacitance tester,
and a lot more.
It's the first multimeter that can truly be
called "multi" ... not only standard
features, but special functions usually
limited to dedicated instruments.
Plus, innovations only Fluke can bring
you. Like duty cycle measurements. Or
recording the minimum, maximum and
average value of a signal. Or the audible
MIN MAX Alert"' that beeps for new highs
or lows.

There's even Fluke's exclusive Input

Alert"', that warns you of incorrect input
connections. And a unique Flex -Stand"'
and protective holster, so you can use the
80 Series almost anywhere.

Make sure your next multimeter is truly

multi. Call today for the name of your local
Fluke distributor.

FROM THE WORLD LEADER

IN DIGITAL MULTIMETERS.

FLUKE 83 FLUKE 85 FLUKE 87

Volts. ohms, amps. diode test, audible continuity, frequency and duty cycle,
capacitance, Touch Holdi., relative, protective holster with Flex -Stand".
0.39á basic dc accuracy 0.1% basic dc accuracy 0.1% basic dc accuracy
51á1z acV 20 kHz acV 20 kHz acV
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eh digit mode
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FLUKE
John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc.. P.O. 80e C9090 MIS 2500, Everen, WA 98208
The new Fluke 80 Series U.S.: 206-356-5400 CANADA: 416-8W-7600 OTHER COUNTRIES: 206-356-5500
shown actual size © Copyright 1988 John Fluke Mfg. Co.. Inc. All rights reserved. Ad No. 0881-F80

CIRCLE 121 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com
January 1989 Éléctnnies.
Vol. 60 No. 1

BUILD THIS COMPUTERDIGEST

INSIDE INTEL'S 80386
52 LOW -CAPACITANCE SCOPE PROBE Spead t Multi.torküy -- Pourer

Get more accurate measurements with this easy -to -build probe.
Herb Friedman
55 CARRIER -CURRENT AUDIO TRANSMITTER
Set up your speakers where ever there's an electrical outlet!
William Sheets & Rudolf F. Graf
62 PLASMA DISPLAY GLOBE
Make your own for under $50! .:r
Jeffrey C. Caudill RUN DOS ON THE PT.68H
9uiid our adopter <ord
Ra/ie
70 Electronics ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM PAGE 87
Add a power supply with battery back-up.
Jim Bybee o1 e'o 0 0¢7

IINPIIOVBO
Wernernen
W1s/OM
43 IMPROVED DEFINITION TV
What to watch while waiting for HDTV!
Leonard Feldman

IRCUITS
46 UNDERSTANDING OSCILLOSCOPE PROBES á-- TI¡
Learn about passive probes and improve your troubleshooting skills.
Jonathan Gordon PAGE 43
65 COMPOUND OP -AMPS
Design your own for enhanced performance.
Ray Marston

122 Advertising and Sales

Offices
122 Advertising Index
8 VIDEO NEWS 80 DRAWING BOARD
What's new in this fast - "Custom" EPROM decoders. 12 Ask R -E
changing field. Robert Grossblatt 4 Editorial
David Lachenbruch 82 COMMUNICATIONS 123 Free Information Card
34 HARDWARE HACKER CORNER
Data -book sources, and more! Tunable preselectors. 16 Letters
Don Lancaster Herb Friedman 104 Market Center
78 AUDIO UPDATE 84 ANTIQUE RADIO 26 New Products
Amplifying damping factor. Condensers and tubes.
Larry Klein Richard D. Fitch 6 What's News

1
 ON THE COVER Radio
Wouldn't it be great to have full -
Electronics
room audio sound everywhere in your
BETTER T ' SETS Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) founder
10K 1989 house? Unfortunately, it's not prac-
M. Harvey Gernsback,

ElectronIcs tical to have separate audio systems

in every room, and transmitting au-
editor-in -chief, emeritus

Larry Steckler, EHF, CET,

BUILD THIS dio from one room to another usually editor -in -chief and publisher
CARRIER-CURRENT TRANSMITTER entails the time-consuming (and EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
BUILD A PUMA
messy) task of running cables to aux- Art Kleiman, editorial director
rorkbii:iump.
11

os
iliary speakers. The carrier-current Brian C. Fenton, editor
mous e transmitter pictured on the cover is a Carl Laren, WB2SLR,
r
rrd in 4np, editorial associate
better solution. Combined with one
míú tnt ta /'i}ib.
Marc Spiwak, associate editor
of two receivers that we'll show you Jonathan A. Gordon,
7,._,.;-T,<r:
next month, it allows you to transmit assistant technical editor
an audio signal through your house's Teri Scaduto, assistant editor
existing AC wiring. Then simply plug Jeffrey K. Holtzman,
computer editor
the receiver into any electrical outlet
Robert A. Young, assistant editor
and you'll receive that signal-any- Byron G. Wels, editorial associate
where in the house. Turn to page 55 Jack Darr, CET, service editor
for details. Robert F. Scott,
semiconductor editor
Herb Friedman,
Cftt fI;Cr communications editor
Robert Grossblatt, circuits editor
Larry Klein, audio editor
David Lachenbruch,
THE FEBRUARY ISSUE contributing editor
Don Lancaster,
IS ON SALE contributing editor
Richard D. Fitch,
JANUARY 3 contributing editor
Kathy Campbell, editorial assistant
Andre Duzant, technical illustrator
HDTV Injae Lee, assistant illustrator
A look at the major contenders in high -definition TV.
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
Ruby M. Yee, production director
PHONLINK II Robert A. W. Lowndes,
Use your telephone to control your home. editorial production
Karen Tucker, advertising production
CIRCUIT COOKBOOK Marcella Amoroso, production traffic
Recipes for pre-setable down -counter circuits. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT
Jacqueline P. Cheeseboro,
circulation director
ACTIVE ANTENNA Wendy Alanko,
An easy -to -build antenna amplifier for improved shortwave reception. circulation analyst
Theresa Lombardo,
circulation assistant
USING WWV AS A CALIBRATION STANDARD
It's really traceable to the National Bureau of Standards! Typography by Mates Graphics
Cover photo by Diversified Photo
Services
COMPUTERDIGEST
More on Intel's 80386. Radio -Electronics is indexed in
Applied Science Technology Index
&

As a service to readers, RADIO -ELECTRONICS publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products,
and Readers Guide to Periodical Liter-
techniques and scientific and technological developments. Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of ature.
materials and workmanship used by readers, RADIO -ELECTRONICS disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper
functioning of reader -built projects based upon or from plans or information published in this magazine. Microfilm & Microfiche editions are
available. Contact circulation depart-
Since some of the equipment and circuitry described in RADIO-ELECTRONICS may relate to or be covered by U.S. patents.
RADIO-ELECTRONICS disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the making, using, or selling of any such
ment for details.
equipment or circuitry, and suggests that anyone interested in such projects consult a patent attorney.
Advertising Sales Offices listed
RADIO-ELECTRONICS, (ISSN 0033-7862) January 1989. Published monthly by Gernsback Publications, Inc., 500-B Bi -County on page 122.
Boulevard, Farmingdale, NV 11735 Second -Class Postage paid at Farmingdale, NY and additional mailing offices. Second-Class
mail registration No. 9242 authorized at Toronto, Canada. One-year subscription rate U.S.A. and possessions $17.97. Canada
$23.97, all other countries $26.97. All subscription orders payable in U.S.A. funds only, via international postal money order or
check drawn on a U.S.A. bank. Single copies $2.25. c. 1988 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to RADIO -ELECTRONICS, Subscription Dept.. Box 55115, Boulder, CO
80321-5115.

A stamped self-addressed envelope must accompany all submitted manuscripts and/or artwork or photographs if their return is
desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and/or artwork or
photographs while in our possession or otherwise.
,11h
2
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CIRCLE 191 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
3
 EDITORIAL

It is with deep sorrow that announce the passing of a great writer and
I

editor, Herb Friedman.

Herb was a contributer to countless magazines, writing on a wide

range of topics-but he was most at home with electronics. He wrote
his first article for Radio -Electronics sixteen years ago, and started his
"Communications Corner" column almost a decade ago. You may
well remember the stories he did for us on computers, power con-
ditioners, blue boxes, facsimile, paging technology, and more. In
coming months, you'll be seeing some of the stories that Herb had
been working on recently.

Three years ago, Herb retired from the New York City school system
where he was an engineer at radio station WNYE. Of course, Herb's
idea of retirement included joining our staff and working full time for
Radio -Electronics.

Herb was not one to keep quiet and sit back. A dynamic man, and
never content to leave well enough alone, he was always looking for
better ways to do things, whether that meant setting up an in-house
photo studio or installing better connectors on our computer net-
work cabling.

He constantly challenged the status quo. Of course, that made my job

more difficult. But it kept me on my toes, and made the magazine
better for you-the people Herb was most concerned with.

Herb will be missed not only in our pages, but on the floor of
Gernsback Publications, where his stories, comments, criticisms, and
jokes were enjoyed immensely. And where his experience amd his
love of new technology taught us all.

27\r).-- ` cr.z -rear4

Brian C. Fenton
Editor

www.americanradiohistory.com
Heathkit

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 WHAT'S NEWS
AA lithium batteries for
Magnetic resonance opens new fron-iers consumers
Eveready Battery Company has
developed the industry's first AA
1.5 -volt lithium battery. Dubbed
Lithium+, it is expected to move
lithium technology out of the spe-
cialty-battery field and into the
mainstream of consumer usage.
When it is introduced in early 1989,
Lithium + will be the highest -ener-
gy AA battery available. It will last
up to double the length of alkaline
batteries in many applications,
weigh one-third less, and have a
shelf -life of 10 years or more.

Lithium+
THE LONGEST LASTING AA BATTERY

EXPERIMEWTAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCANNER based on a 50-ton superconduct-

ing magnet, has twice the power of any used now, producing a uniform magnetic field of 4
Tesla in its 1-meter bore. Drs. John F. Schenck (left) and Rowland W. Redington are shown
examining a coil used in making 4-Tesla magnetic resonance images of the head.
EVEREADY BRINGS THE POWER
lithium into the mainstream with
General Electric researchers re- radio signals. Those penetrate into Lithium +, the industry's first AA 1.5 -volt
ported important advances in the body and, under the influence lithium batteries.
magnetic resonance technology át of the strong magnetic field, cause
the Magnetic Resonance in Medi- the nuclei of selected atoms to res- Lithium -battery technology, pi-
cine meeting in San Francisco last onate and produce faint radio sig- oneered by Eveready in the 1960's,
August. Reports were based upon nals. Those are picked up and has had narrow applications in
work done with a 50 -ton super- transmitted to a sophisticated pro- specialty batteries, including pho-
conductor -magnet scanner with a cess computer for interpretation. to cells and the declining 9 -volt
field of 4 Tesla -80,000 times the The new scanner has a signal-to- segment. Lithium+'s unique de-
strength of Earth's magnetic field. noise ratio teat is double that of sign allows the power of lithium in
(The experimental scanner is one the 1.5 -Tesla scanners presently in the popular 1.5 -volt cell format,
of three 4 -Tesla scanners in the use. With the higher resolution, creating a battery with unmatched
world, and the only one in the the GE scientists are discovering energy density. Besides the advan-
United Slates.) more of the diagnostic capability tages to consumers, Eveready ex-
In magnetic resonance scan- of magnetic resonance. Knowl- pects the new batteries to prompt
ning, the subject is positioned in edge gained with the 4 -Tesla scan- innovations in electronics design
the cylindrical bore of the magnet ner will enhance the performance in the form of more compact and
and probed with high -frequency of today's machines. complex battery -powered de-
vices. R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com
 TV SYNC FILTER

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Variable Holdoff allows stable viewing of comp ex waveforms.

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ductance to help you do the job-fast. Temperature probe, quick and easy. The component tester
aids in fast troubleshooting. Service
test heads and battery included.
technicians appreciate the TV Sync
Basic DC accuracy: plus/minus 0.25% circuits for viewing TV -V and TV -H
* DC valtage200mv-1000V, 5 ranges and accurate synchronization of
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* Resistance: 200 ohms-20M ohms, 6 ranges V/H sync pulses.
Capacitance: 2000pf-20 µf, 3 ranges
Transistor Tester: 0°-2000°F Exceptionally bright 5" CRT
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+ Input impedance: 10M ohm.

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to read 1h" LCD display. Fully overload protected for safety. Rugged construction, 20 amp current capability and 22
2000 hoer battery life with standard 9v cell. Probes and ranges make it a perfect choice for serious field or bench
battery included. work. Low battery indicator and tilt -stand. Probes and 2000
hour battery included.
Basic DC accuracy: plus/minus 0.5%
DCvottage: 2v -1000v, 4 ranges Basic DC accuracy: ptusor minus 0.25%
ACvohage:200v-750v,2ranges DC voltage: 200mv-1000V, 5 ranges
* Resistance: 2k ohms -2M ohms, 4 ranges AC voltage: 200mv-750V, 5 ranges
* DC current: 2mA-2A, 4 ranges Resistance: 200 ohms-20M ohms, 6 ranges
Input impedance: 10M ohm AC/DC current: 200µA -20A, 6 ranges
Fully overload protected Input impedance: IOM ohm
Approx. 5' x 3" a 1". Under 7 ozs. Fully overload protected
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DPM-1000 $54.95
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* 2 YEAR REPLACEMENT WARRANTY
Case and batteries included.
Basic DC accuracy: plus minus 1%
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DC voltage: 2v-500", autoranging
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Resisance: 2k ohms -2M ohms, autoranging
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 VIDEO
NEWS
DAVID LACHENBRUCH.
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

HDTV and EDTV. Japan is the first country home use, but it probably is only a matter of time
to broadcast in high -definition TV (HDTV) and before improved tubeless lightvalve projectors
almost certainly will be the first to transmit make their way into consumer use.
extended-definition TV (EDTV). The HDTV
transmissions started unofficially with Still video arrives. Although it's been used
government-chartered NHK (Japan Broadcasting by professional news photographers for several
Co.) satellite telecasts of the Olympics from Seoul, years, still video has just arrived on the
Korea. So far there are no concrete plans to consumer market. Several manufacturers
broadcast HDTV from conventional terrestrial TV introduced home models at the recent Photokina
stations. Japan's commercial broadcasters, exposition in Cologne, Germany. Still -video
meanwhile, hope to start transmitting EDTV in cameras all use the 2 -inch "video floppy," a tiny
April. That system involves a signal that is disc which can store 50 TV fields or 25 full
compatible with standard-NTSC broadcasts and, frames. All of them have accessory videoplayers
therefore, receivable on standard TV sets (Radio - that will place the still picture on the TV screen,
Electronics, April 1987). But special digital and printers are available to make hard color
EDTV sets would get a much better picture. The copies. Canon introduced a still electronic camera
tentative EDTV standards involve the use of a at under $800 retail, to be available early in 1989.
higher resolution picture source, detail -corrected Fuji's version will cost about $1,270. Sony is more
high -saturation images, adaptive emphasis, and moderately priced, at about $520 in Japan
three-dimensional Y/C (lumachroma) separation (probably more when it reaches the U.S.), while
at the broadcast end. The receiver will use non- Konica's is $740. When you consider that the
interlaced progressive scanning and digital ghost still-video cameras have relatively low resolution
cancellation. A second phase of EDTV is expected and require such accessories as the TV player and
to involve the transmission of a compatible wide- printer, film photography begins to look like a
screen picture. bargain.
LCD TV projector. Eastman Kodak is now Super' Laservision. Until Super VHS came
offering a tubeless video projector at $3,500. along, Laservision optical videodiscs provided the
Believed to be the forerunner of a new generation best picture available on the home screen. Then
of consumer projection TV's, the projector uses S-VHS-with its 400 -line -plus resolution and,
three liquid-crystal displays as lightvalves-one particularly, its separate chrominance and
for each primary color. The three color images luminance signals-arrived and pre-empted that
are brought together into a single lens by a series position. Now Laservision is fighting back with
of mirrors that are sensitive to each type of light. new Laserdisc players from Pioneer that have the
The entire system can be focused, and Kodak same split-Y/C output as S -VHS recorders. Of
claims it can project a picture up to 12 -feet wide course, to get the good picture quality you'll need
on a wall or external screen. It can take any high -resolution TV sets with the special Y/C-
video or computer signal as input, is small input terminals that are designed for S -VHS.
enough to fit under an airline seat, and weighs 13 Another added attraction in the new videodisc
pounds. The system is made by Seiko for Kodak players is the ability to play both sides of the disc
(Radio -Electronics, January 1987). Several without turning it over. And one upcoming player
other manufacturers, including Sharp, Toshiba, will take two discs and will automatically play
and Sanyo, have demonstrated prototype LCD both sides of each in sequence. That will allow the
projectors. The pictures projected by all of those potato to remain on the couch for the entire
are currently too coarse to be satisfactory for duration of both movies. R-E
8

www.americanradiohistory.com
EXPAND YOUR CAREER HORIZONS...

gni
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 WRITE TO:

Asi R -E ASK R -E
Radio -Electronics
500-B Bi -County Blvd.
Farmingdale, NY 11735

POWER -SUPPLY WOES

Ineed some help with a variable
L/NRE6/rtATEO D/ .eE6.uL.477E0
power supply that I built. I'm using a VOLTAGE 7905 /N S/OO VOLTA6E
OUT
2 -amp transformer, but the circuit i/Vo /N our
gets hot and I've already burnt out
one regulator on the positive side. I O
Cz
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3
Ri
C cL

want a 12 -volt 2 -amp supply using a C/ 30 V C3 /oOA.F

/OO9AF -/- 77y(E.QEGUL.ATOQ 30 V
center-tapped transformer-any ,30 er.. 41.11sT 25Ia "ZZ
Aa,<
O. /ecF

ideas? And what gauge wire should I /1FstiT .S/NKEO T30 y

be using?-R.J.N., Ridge Manor, FL
Your letter leaves me with al- FIG. 1
most as many questions as you're
asking. I'm guessing that you're
producing a bipolar supply since
you talked about the "positive
side," and you specifically men- L/N42E6' ZITEL7 R.E6 LizwArEO
VOL TA&E yOLTAGE
tioned using a center -tapped
transformer. Since you haven't
burnt out the negative side, you're FIG. 2
either not regulating it or you
aren't drawing much current there stitute an LM 317, because it's de- through the resistor gets high
anyway. signed to produce an output from enough, the voltage drop will turn
The issue, therefore, is to work about 1.2 to 25 volts and it, like the on the transistor and pass current
out a circuit that will generate a 78XX series, can safely handle a to the output of the supply. There's
variable supply with a 12 -volt ceil- maximum of 1.5 amps. As in the not enough room here to get into
ing that's capable of supplying 2 earlier example, you MUST heat- all the design considerations but
amps. If that's the case, here's the sink the chip properly. you should be able to find them in
deal. You didn't specify the range of most of the "voltage regulator"
Because you're only looking for voltages you wanted but if you data sheets. A complete discus-
2 amps, the easiest way is to use need something that goes down to sion on how to design power sup-
any standard three-legged reg- zero volts, you've got a big prob- plies like these appeared in the
ulator, like the 7805, and hang it on lem because that's a major design "Drawing Board" columns that
the plus side of the diode bridge. job. were published from May to Au-
There's more to it than that, of You mentioned that you needed gust of 1983.
course, and the schematic in Fig. 1 2 amps. Remember that you can
should answer most of your ques- only get 2 amps from a supply if LIGHT -ACTIVATED SCR
tions. By using the potentiometer you have a transformer that's capa- I'm having a lot of trouble locating
on the ground leg, you can raise ble of producing it in the first a light -activated SCR. Most of the
the voltage well above the IC's place. Since you're using a center - companies don't seem to carry
rated 5 volts. The output will go tapped transformer and obviously them. Can you tell me where I can go
from about 5 to 15 volts at the top, producing a split supply, you're to get those parts?-A.A., Queens,
but make sure you heat -sink it asking half the transformer to sup- NY
properly or the regulator will suf- ply more than 25 watts of power. Once upon a time just about
fer the same fate as the one you That's a lot of juice! every one carried those things-
had in the circuit originally. The circuit in Fig. 2 show you the even Radio Shack-but times have
If you need to get below 5 volts, basics of designing with a pass changed. I guess people aren't in-
use the schematic in Fig. 1 but sub - transistor. When the current terested in building slave units for
12
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List price $509.95/CE price 5254.95/SPECIAL
MA91 7-T Ni-Cad battery peck for HX1000/1200
B P205-T Ni -Cad batt. pack for BC200/ BC 10OX
B8 -T 1.2 V AA Ni-Cad batteries (set of eight)
LT
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offer. Offer valid only on prepaid orders 12-Band, 200 Channel 800 MHz. Handheld FBE-T Frequency Directory for Eastern U.S.A. $14.95
C mailed directly to Communications Elec- Search Limit Hold Priority Lockout FBW-T Frequency Directory for Western U.S.A . $14.95
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tronics Inc, P.O. Box 1045 -Dept. UNI29, Frequency range: 29-54, 118-174, 406-512, 806-956 MHz. ASD-T Air Scan Directory

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The Bearcat 200XLT sets a new standard for hand-
SRF-T Survival Radio Frequency Directory
TSG-T "Top Secret" Registry of U.S. Govt. Freq
$14.95
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z Coupon expires February 28, 1989.
Coupon may not be used in conjunction
with any other offer from CEI. Coupon
z held scanners in performance and dependability.
This full featured unit has 200 programmable
TTC -T Tune in on telephone calls
CBH-T Big CB Handbook/AM/FM/Freeband
$14.95
$14.95
maybe photocopied. Add $9.00 for ship- TIC -T Techniques for Intercepting Comm. $14.95
channels with 10 scanning banks and 12 band $14.95
ping in the continental USA. coverage. If you want a very similar model without RRF-T Railroad frequency directory
EEC -T Embassy & Espionage Communications $14.95
Regency TS2-T $259.95 the 800 MHz. band and 100 channels, order the
Regency INF1-T $119.95 o BC 100XLT-T for only $189.95. Includes antenna,
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o Regency INF5-T
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$79.95
$114.95 o carrying case with belt loop, ni-cad battery pack,
AC adapter and earphone. Orderyour scanner now.
A80 -T Magnet mount mobile scanner antenna
A70 -T Base station scanner antenna
$35.95
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C Regency UC102-T $109.95 C Bearcat° 800XLT-T A500 -T 10 & 11 Meter - 500 Watt antenna $38.95
$109.95
Regency RH806B-T $419.95 1:1 A1300 -T 25 MHz. -1.3 GHz Discone antenna

o Regency RH256B-T $294.95 o List price $549.95/CE price $259.95/SPECIAL

12 -Band, 40 Channel No -crystal scanner
USAMM-T Mag mount VHF ant. w/ 12' cable
USAK-T 3a" hole mount VHF ant. w/ 17' cable
$39.95
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z Bearcat 200XLT-T
Bearcat 100XLT-T
$249.95
$184.95 z Priority control Search/Scan
Bands: 29-54, 118-174, 406-512, 806-912 MHz
AC/DC USAK450-T i4" hole mount UHF ant. w/ 17' cable $35.95
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The Bearcat 145XL is a 16 channel, programmable are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to
The Bearcat 760XLT has 100 programmable chan- change without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out
nels organized as five channel banks for easy use, scanner covering ten frequency bands. The unit features
of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically
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the dash and connects directly to fuse block or mobile version called the BC58OXLT-T featuring pri- merchandise total under $50.00. Shipments are F.O.B.
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stand and telescopic antenna for desk top use. 6- available for $94.95. CEI's package price includes Most items listed have a manufacturer's warranty. Free
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a similar version without the 800 MHz. band for
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The new Regency Informant scanners cover virtu- ics" Box 1045, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
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The President HR2510 Mobile 10 Meter Transceiver
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TS1-T is a 35 channel version of this radio without made by Uniden, has everything you need for
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Regency° RH256B-T
USB/LSB and 25 Watt CW mode. Noise Blanker.
PA mode. Digital VFO. Built-in S/RF/MOD/SWR
Sale dates 12/1/88 - 2/28/89 AO *010189-T1

meter. Channel switch on the microphone, and Copyrighte 1989 Communications Electronics Inc.
List price $799.95/CE price $299.95/SPECIAL
16 Channel 25 Watt Transceiver Priority
The Regency RH256B is a sixteen-channel VHF land
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cy control gives you maximum stability and you
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nel steps, or use the built-in VFO for steps down to
1 -800 -USA-SCAN
100 Hz. There's also RIT (Receiver Incremental
store up to 16 frequencies without battery backup. Tuning) to give you perfectly tuned signals. With
All radios come with CTCSS tone and scanning
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capabilities. A monitor and night/day switch is also one of four band segments to find out where the
standard. This transceiver even has a priority func- action is. Order your HR2510 from CEI today. COMMUNICATIONS
tion. The RH256 makes an ideal radiofor any police
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ELECTRONICS INC.
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this radio called the RU156B-T is also available P.O. Box 1045 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1045 U.S.A.
and covers 450-482 MHz. but the cost is $454.95. SPECIAL! For orders call 313-973-8888 or FAX 313-971-6000
CIRCLE 79 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
13

www.americanradiohistory.com
 Put Professional Knowledge and a
photostrobes any longer. In any down at 0000h. Most systems
COLLEGE DEGREE event, most large suppliers should doing that sort of thing load 0000h
in your Technical Career through still be carrying LSCR's. with a jump to the ROM starting
If you're not sure what to location that contains all the ini-
order-and there are lots of dif- tialization code. That means you
ferent LSCR's-you can ask the have to load three bytes at the bot-
suppliers if they carry an MRD-920. tom of memory since the jump
That is a fairly standard LSCR and uses three bytes of code.
should work in most applications. There's no way you can have
If it should turn out that you ROM and RAM occupying the
can't find anyone who carries that same memory space, so you need
part, (or its equivalent), you can some way of switching between
always try Radio Shack. They don't them-automatically. Simply
have any LSCR's in their current stated, you want the ROM active
catalog but they do claim to be only at power up and reset, and
Add prestige and earning power to able to get "any semiconductor or the RAM active the rest of the time.
your technical career by earning tube." This is a good way to put That can often be a real decod-
your Associate or Bachelor degree them to the test: Just walk into ing nightmare but; since we know
through directed home study. your local branch and ask them to when the ROM has to be selected,
Grantham College of Engineering get you an MRD-920. the problem is a bit easier to solve.
Your absolute last resort is to In actual fact we don't have to do
awards accredited degrees in build an LSCR. That isn't hard to any address decoding at all.
electronics and computers. do, because an LSCR is really There's not enough room here to
nothing more than a light -acti- go through the design of the cir-
An important part of being pre- vated SCR that's capable of han- cuit but the subject is interesting
pared to move up is holding the dling 120 -volt loads. Examine the enough to cover in detail later on.
right college degree, and the abso- variables in your application and First of all, the jump instruction
lutely necessary part is knowing use just about any phototransistor has to be put in some type of per-
your field. Grantham can help you to turn on a standard SCR that manent storage device. A small bi-
both ways-to learn more and to meets your circuit specifications. polar PROM like a 74S288 makes
earn your degree in the process. sense because it's easy to pro-
HARDWARE AND A Z-80 gram, can be tristated, and we only
Grantham offers two degree pro- I'm interested in developing hard- need three bytes of code. The cir-
grams-one with major emphasis ware around the Z-80 but a lot of the cuit's core is a decade counter,
software I've been looking at re- such as the 4017. Why a decade
in electronics, the other with. major
quires RAM at 0000h. The problem counter? Well, once you realize
emphasis in computers. Associate is that that is also the Z -80's power- that a jump instruction takes ten
and bachelor degrees are awarded up location. Is there some way to clock cycles you should under-
in each program, and both pro- either change the power-up location stand what's going to happen.
grams are available completely or store a permanent jump there to At power up, the final output of
by correspondence. some other location in RAM? Also, the counter keeps the ROM en-
can anything be done about the abled and the RAM disabled. The
No commuting to class. Study at Z -80's built-in jump to 0066h for an Z-80 goes to location 0000h and
your own pace, while continuing NMI?-C. Long Baltimore, MD takes ten clock cycles to fetch the
on your present job. Learn from The first thing to realize is that jump instruction. Meanwhile, the
easy -to -understand lessons, with there's absolutely no way, short of counter is advancing once for each
help from your Grantham instruc- surgery, to change the Z -80's inter- clock cycle. At the end of the op -
tors when you need it. nal jump locations. They're an in- code fetch the counter has
herent part of the microcode and reached ten. That disables the
Write for our free catalog (see ad- there's not one thing you can do counter, tristates the ROM, and
dress below) or telephone us at about it. Given that, let's see what enables the RAM that's mapped to
the options are for working the bottom of the memory map.
(213) 493-4423 (no collect calls) around it. The parts count for the circuit is
and ask for our "degree catalog." Most small systems, including minimal. You'll need a PROM, a
home -built Z-80 circuits such as a counter, and maybe a gate or two
Accredited by controller, development system, to make it all happen. If you want
the Accrediting Commission of the
cn
National Home Study Council or the like, follow the path of least more than just the one instruction
z resistance and draw up a memory to execute automatically when-
o map with ROM at the bottom and ever the system is reset-initialize
GRANTHAM RAM at the top-and that is still the ports, test memory, etc.-you only
College of Engineering best way to go about it. need a larger PROM (an EPROM is
If you insist on sticking ROM up ideal), and a longer counter to do
10570 Humbolt Street at the top, you need some way of the job. The rest of the circuit is
Los Alamitos, CA 90720 getting power -up instructions the same. R -E

14

www.americanradiohistory.com
 OPTOELECTRONICS

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15
CIRCLE 183 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com
 !l:13:4P ii7::-75
3s'14ti. Sri:1131C

LETTERS .da.TK:' :y
S73'

LETTERS
,Q40/0- EL ECTRON/cS
500-3 B/-COuNtY BOULEVARD
FA4iM/NGLL4LE, NY 1/735

THE POLITICS OF ISDN still works now, 51 years later, by titled "Health Risks of Radon and
Not mentioned in Mr. Summer's the way!) I got advice about pat- Other Internally Deposited Alpha-
excellent article, "ISDN: The Tele- ents and kept out of the adversary Transmitters." The report is based
phone of Tomorrow" (Radio -Elec- situation. I later discovered that on a 3 -year study funded by the
tronics, October 1988), are the the basic idea of a vacuum -tube Environmental Protection Agency
potential political uses for an oscillator as a musical instrument (EPA) and the Nuclear Regulatory
ISDN -based national network. was thought of by Lee DeForest in Commission (NRC). Of particular
Now there is reason to believe that 1917 (the year I was born). Imagine importance in the report is the in-
electronic -initiative petition, refer- what those patent examiners formation that health risks from
endum, and recall are not 21st - would have done to me, citing ref- breathing radon are significantly
century dreams, but 20th -century erences from that far back! higher for smokers, and that peo-
possibilities. More recently, I built some giant ple can cut the risk of lung cancer
Instead of pursuing improbable contrabass steel guitars with my from radon even after they have
space stations, or Star Wars de- own brand of pickups and a inhaled the radioactive gas by re-
fense programs of dubious value unique colored -line design on ducing further exposure. The
to the people of this country, the both sides of a 7- or 8 -foot board. Council's report did not give a spe-
government should invest in the They've been exhibited in six dif- cific number of excess lung -cancer
nation's democratic future by en- ferent modern art galleries since deaths attributable to radon, but
gaging cooperatively with busi- 1977, and color pictures of them estimated them to be in the mid-
nesses in a technological initiative were published in LIFE, Omni, and dle of the 5,000 to 20,000 range
dedicated to bringing a national Connoisseur magazines in the calculated by the EPA. And, in Sep-
electronic -voting network-one 1980's. tember, 1988, Dr. Vernon J. Houk,
that could reach every home-into So, with the publicity my instru- Assistant Surgeon General with
existence. ments received as modern art, I the Public Health Service, stated,
I truly believe that such a system made a reputation without having "Radon -induced lung cancer is
can be built. And, considering the to bother with the dreadful patent one of today's most serious public
growing impatience of the elector- system. That's one way to escape health issues."
ate with representative democracy it-and certainly a far more pleas- Dr. McCarty faults us for using
(as evidenced by progressively ant experience. John Gofman, M.D., Ph.D., as an
lower voter turnouts), it might be IVOR DARREG authority on the hazards of radia-
just the thing to revive our flagging San Diego, CA tion. We make no apologies for
democracy. that. Dr. Gofman's credentials are
DAVID A. SAULT RADIATION impeccable. He is Professor Emer-
Taunton, MA The letter from Leslie P. McCar- itus of Medical Physics at the Uni-
ty, Ph.D. (Radio -Electronics, Sep- versity of California, Berkeley. He
PATENTLY ABSURD tember 1988) raises some ques- was a co -discoverer of Uranium
Congratulations on your item tions about the Radalert nuclear- 233, and developed several of the
concerning patents in "Hardware radiation monitor (June and July, first methods for isolating plu-
Hacker" in the October1988 issue. 1988) that need a response, says tonium for the Manhattan Project.
Iam sure it will save many of your author Joe Jaffe. He was Associate Director of the
readers a lot of grief. Back in 1968 I Dr. McCarty claims that "there is Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
published a pamphlet (reissued in a negative correlation between the and founder of the Laboratory's
1980) called "Patent Absurdity" presence of radon and lung can- Biomedical Research Division that
that expressed much the same cer," and that "those areas with the evaluated the role of ionizing radi-
sentiments. highest concentration of radon ation in human cancer causation.
I was very fortunate with the have a lower incidence of lung The original permissible standard
electronic -keyboard oboe that I cancer." Those claims are contra- of average exposure of 170 milli -
built back in 1937 and played occa- dicted by a January 6, 1988 report rems per person per year, over and
sionally in orchestra groups. (It by the National Research Council, above radiation received from nat-
16
ural sources, was set by the 50 G=&H201:L=13:LOCATE
Federal Radiation Council in the 1,23,0
early1960's. That high level was op- 330 OUT G,0 When performance & puce really count

posed by Dr. Gofman for many

years-until, finally, in 1979 the
340 X = X+1:IF(INP(G) AND RYSTEK
standard was reduced to 25 milli -
1) =1 THEN 340 RYSTA LS
My simplified unit works just
rems per person per year. The pulsa of dependable co,nnvrocebons
fine; however, can no longer use
I
Finally, Dr. McCarty says, "I
the enhanced version of the com-
don't know what the window of piled software that is available
the GM1 tube is made of, but can I
from Mr. Barbarello.
guess that alpha particles do not
ERIC B. SCHUYLER
penetrate it." I refer Dr. McCarty
Snyder, NY
to the IEEE Standard Test Pro-
cedure for Geiger-Muller Coun- Reliability & Quality
ters, which indicates standards for COMPUTER VARIETY From Start To Finished Product
the detection of alpha particles. I would like to add my two -cents
The GM1 tube used in the Radalert worth to the "computer variety"
meets those standards. issue that has recently come up in /4
agree with Dr. McCarty that the
I the "Letters" section (Radio -Elec-
Journal of Health Physics is a more tronics, July, September & Oc-
professional source of information tober 1987).
on the biological effect of radia- read Radio -Electronics from
I

tion than is Radio-Electronics-but cover to cover, and obtain valu-I

that should certainly not preclude able information of some sort from
your magazine from publishing each issue-sometimes from one
such important material. column, sometimes from another. QUARTZ
haven't the time to build many of CRYSTALS/OSCILLATORS FOR
JOE JAFFE
San Diego, CA
I

your projects, but do construct

I
ELECTRONIC -
Micro -Processor Control
INDUSTRIAL

some and wish that could make I Computers/Modems

BIOFEEDBACK MODIFICATIONS more. And, although my comput -
Test/Measurement
Medical
enjoyed Jim Barbarello's "Build
I

A Biofeedback Monitor" in Com- COMMUNICATIONS -

Mobile/2-way/Channel Elements
REPLACEMENT

puterDigest (October 1988). It is a

good example of a simple hard-
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21

www.americanradiohistory.com
 er is a clone, have learned quite a
I Herculean task of covering all TRULY TRUE NORTH...
bit about computers in general computers in Radio-Electronics- spent quite a while trying to
while following the ongoing se- any longer. figure out why the method you de-
ries, "Build the PT-68K" (Computer- You're doing a great job, just as scribed in "Ask R -E" (Radio -Elec-
Digest, October 1987 - December the magazine is. tronics, September 1988) for locat-
1988). STEVE POLOWICHAK ing true north actually works. fi- I

Whether that makes me a typical Big Spring, TX nally discovered the principle.
reader or not, this reader votes The sun casts its shortest shad-
"Yes" for the general layout of your A CAREER IN ISDN ow of the day when it is due south
magazine, including the content I was really impressed by the ar- (at "noon"); it casts equal -length
of the columns, and lends his sup- ticle, "ISDN: The Telephone of shadows at equal times before and
port to your "bias" toward the Tomorrow" (Radio-Electronics, Oc- after it is due south. The shadow
80XX/80XXX family of computers. tober 1988). It sounds as if that sys- will grow shorter for X minutes un-
Iwould suggest to those who tem will be big in the future. til "noon", then lengthen for X
want to read up-to-date, infor- I've been looking for that kind of minutes until it again equals the
mative articles that are about article for a few years. When was I earlier length. That is when it
non-80XX/80XXX computers, that in the U.S. Air Force, worked on a
I crosses the arc. Your statement
they think about subscribing to Mode V terminal -control unit. It that the shadow will cross the arc
Computer Shopper in addition to was Autovon-adaptable by adding about an hour and fifteen minutes
Radio -Electronics. Computer cards. simply loved the machine.
I after "noon" is incorrect. If the arc
Shopper is the best single source Those control characters (D -Chan- was dug one hour before "noon",
for so many of the "other" com- nel) were a real thrill. the shadow will cross it exactly one
puter families, including Apple, Now I'm an student, going for hour after "noon".
Amiga, Atari, Timex, Tandy, Texas an Associate's Degree. Is AT&T the I'm using the term "noon" to re-
Instruments, Commodore 64/128, only company that uses ISDN? I fer to the time when the sun is due
and even CP/M! realize that in the future it will be south. That is not always 12:00 by
And, once they see the size of used in homes, government, and the clock. Standard time zones are
Computer Shopper, they might business. exact only for those living on their
think twice before trying to argue LANNY R. GATLIN central longitude lines. For exam-
their point-that you take on the Franklinville, NC ple, Philadelphia (75°), New Or -

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 CHEMTRONICS ANNOUNCES
leans (90°), Denver (105°), and Reno
(120°) lie on the central lines of

Ozone Safe their respective zones. The sun

passes due south four minutes
earlier per degree of longitude
east of the central line, or four
minutes later per degree of long-
itude west of it.

Ultrajet The other reason is what astron-

omers and navigators refer to as
the "equation of time." It arises
because the Earth's orbit around
the sun is not perfectly circular,
fact: E-SeriesTM Ultrajet is man- but is slightly elongated; and be-
ufactured with an EPA -designated cause the Earth's axis is not per-
substitute for the ozone depleting pendicular to the plane of its orbit,
CFCs found in conventional gas but is tilted. Those two factors
dusters. cause the time that the sun passes
due south each day to vary from
about 16 minutes before 12:00 to
fact: Laboratory pure E -Series about 14 minutes after 12:00-even
Ultrajet is ultra - filtered to < 0.2 for someone living on the central
microns, inert and nonflammable. line of the time zone.
You can determine "noon" time
fact: Powerful non-abrasive 120 adjusted for the equation of time
by referring to some almanacs-
PSI jet removes dust and contami- pages 206-217 of the 1988 World
nants from computers, electronic de- Almanac, for example. With a sci-
vices, optical surfaces, photographic entific calculator, you can use the
and laboratory equipment. following formula to quickly esti-
mate the correct noon time to
fact: Economical new ozone safe within one minute:
Angle Al = 30 x (month
E -SeriesUltrajet is available now number - 1) + day number -3
only from Chemtronics. Angle A2 = 2 x (Al -78)
Adjustment in minutes =
For more information, contact 7.6 '< sin(A1) - 9.9 x sin(A2)
Chemtronics at 800-645-5244 Angle Al approximates the an-
(in NY 516-582-3322). gular distance travelled by the Ear-
th around the sun since the day it
was closest to the sun (about Janu-
ary 3). Al - 78 approximates the
angular distance the Earth has trav-
elled since the beginning of spring
(March 21).
For example, on November 1:
Al=30x (11-1)+1-3=298
degrees
A2 = 2 x (298 -
78) = 440 de-
Ultrajet grees
Adjustment = 7.6 x sin(298) -
pa M.,' oui:
Ultra-FìltereH W
e:WO
02
e' ,,, 9.9 x sin(440) = -16 minutes
Thus, for someone living on the
Envrr°nmenteuy Dram 5'4 central line of his time zone, the
sun will be due south at 11:44 on
November 1. For others, the other
adjustment must also be made.
For example, "noon" in New York
City, which at 74° longitude is 1 de-
gree east of the EST central line,
will be at 11:40. If daylight savings
time is in effect, add one hour.
Chemtronics ROBERT HINKLEY
681 Old Willets Path, Hauppauge, NY 11788 New York, NY R-E

24 CIRCLE 54 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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the digital -design and field -service menu -driven operation; automat- vides advanced tape -access fea-
markets. The portable scope's ic, one -button front -panel setups; tures, including the real-time tape
counter/timer provides 11 auto- on -screen readouts on the CRT; counter, high-speed digital pro-
matic voltage and time measure- and the ability to store and recall gram search, and "Intro Search."
ments, including rise/fall time, up to 20 setups. That function automatically lo-
propagation -delay time, delta "SmartCursors" track changes cates all the indexed programs on
time, gated -counter, and frequen- in the voltage, trigger, and ground
a tape and plays back the begin-
cy -ratio measurements. Another level of the displayed waveform. ning of each in fast motion for
feature allows the owner to use That capability shortens setup about five seconds.
cursors to make measurements on time, single -shot triggering, peak - Other features include a 155 -
the delayed sweep; simply posi- voltage, and DC measurements.
tion the cursors on the expanded The 2247A, with a 3 -year warran-
waveform, and the numeric value ty on labor and parts (including
appears on screen. CRT), has a suggested retail price
For ease of use, the 2247A pro- of $2795.00.-Tektronix, Inc., Por-
vides auto setup, on -screen cur- table Test Instruments Division,
sors, and up to 20 pre-pro- P.O. Box 1700, Beaverton, OR
grammed measurements. To 97077;1-800-426-2200.

SUPER-VHS VIDEO RECORDER. lines with simplicity of use and

JVC's HR-S5000U Super-VHS VCR sleek design. To ensure a sharp,
combines sophisticated features true-to-life picture, the unit also
and a resolution of more than 400 has a built-in wide -bandwidth CIRCLE 11 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

26
channel, cable -compatible, fre- price of approximately $900.00;
quency -synthesized tuner with the optional APS1024 antenna po-
MTS decoder; double -speed play- sitioning system costs approxi-
back, variable -speed search, mately $100.00.-R.L. Drake Com-
noiseless still, and 5 -step slow- pany, P.O. Box 112, Miamisburg,
motion playback modes; a 10 -key OH 45342.
TV/VCR unified remote control;
14-day/8-event timer; and FM -si- AUTOMATIC CABLE TESTER.
mulcast recording. CIRCLE 12 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
American Reliance's model
The suggested list price of the AR-6400P automatic cable tester
HR -S5000Ú Super-VHS VCR is placed. can test cables and wire assem-
$1299.00.-JVC Company of Amer- The ESR1024 integrated receiver/ blies of up to 128 test points. Based
ica, 41 Slater Drive, Elmwood Park, decoder has a suggested retail on a microprocessor design, the
NJ 07407.

SATELLITE RECEIVER/DECODER.
R.L. Drake's ESR1024 is an entry-
level satellite receiver with Vid- FLUKE Introductory SALE! ®
eoCipher II decoder. Designed for
newcomers to the satellite -TV mar- forDéllvéryte
ket who are reluctant to invest in a
deluxe system initially, the unit
can be expanded into a full -fea-
NEW DMMs
tured model at a later time. 31/2 DIGIT 3200 COUNT THE NEXT GENERATION OF 31/2 DIGIT
¡FLUKE' METERS HAS ARRIVED HIGH -ACCURACY
The priority-view feature allows ANALOG/DIGITAL
MULTIMETERS Announcing the HAND HELD
the owner to pre-program as many
Model 73 New 80 Series DMM Model 80218
as 30 channels, and parental lock- 0.25% DC Accuracy, Audible
Value Leader -World's Most Popular FLUKE, the technology
out can be used to restrict chil- DMM-Autoranging and high performance Continuity Function
leader now offers their
dren's access to objectionable pro- most advanced and
grams. The microprocessor-con- s69 reg. $79 versatile analog/digital 185 reg. $209
muttimeter featuring
trolled ESR1024 can be easily Model 75
40 ranges and 11
Model 80208
0.1% DC Accuracy, Audible Con-
Autoranging + Range Hold Audible
programmed from the infrared re- Continuity Function
functions including
tinuity & Conductance Function
frequency, capaci-
mote control. (Because most func- tance, duty cycle,
tions are controlled remotely, the $105 reg. $119
min/max, touch hold, and more
packed into a dust and splash -proof
s229 reg. $259
receiver's sleek front panel has Model 77 EMI shielded case. Model 80248
only six buttons.) Threshold -ex- Touch -Hold Feature + Features of Model 83 33/4 Digit, 4000 count 0.1% DC Accuracy, 11 Func-
Model 75 tions Peak Hold, Temperature
tension circuitry provides clear .3% DC Acc.
pictures even in weak -signal con- Intro. Price $189.
$139 reg. $159 Model 85 Digit, 4000 count s269 reg $299
ditions, and full -range audio tun- Model 37 .1% DC Acc.
33/4
Model 80268
ing with digital frequency and Bench/Portable, 0.1 VDC Accuracy
Intro. Price $219. 0.1%DC Accuracy True RMS AC Volts

bandwidth selections allow the 10 A Range 2 yr. Warranty

Model 87 41h Digit, True RMS
& Current

owner to receive digital stereo .1% DC Acc.

from subscription channels. Using s219 reg. $249 Intro. Price $259. s239 reg. $269

a 950-1450 -MHz block -input fre-

41/2 DIGIT TRUE RMS TRUE RMS BENCH DMMS
quency, the ESR1024 features in- HAND HELD Model 8012A-01
Model 8010A
put -switching to eliminate the Model 8060A 31/2 Digit 10 AMP Range With Rechargeable Battery
need for external relays. It can ac- Measures True RMS AC Volts & $295 reg. $329 $355 reg. $399

commodate one C -band and one Amps, dB + Frequency From 12 Hz Model 8010A-01 Model 8050A
to 200 kHz, Resistance to 300 M 41/2 Digit Relative Ref.
Ku -band LNB, and is compatible With Rechargeable Battery
$345 reg. $389 Function 0.03% DC Accuracy
with all Drake LNB's and its BDC24 $329 reg. $369
Model 8062A Model 8012A $379 reg. $429
downconverter. Same as 8060A, but Less 31/2 Digit Two Low Ranges Model 8050A-01
The basic receiver can be up- Frequency & dB
$319 reg. $359 With Rechargeable Battery

graded to meet the owner's chang- $295 reg. $329

Model 8060A
$419 reg. $469
ing needs. With an optional 1 YEAR WARRMIIY
antenna -positioning system
JOSEPH ELECTRONICS, INC.
(APS1024), the antenna can be rSend for FREE 560 page "Industrial
Prod.icts Catalog" understand It Is
I
8830 N. Milwaukee Ave. Dept. R
moved to any of 36 pre -stored sat- FREE with any order or if requested on
company letterhead. (Otherwise. 54.95 Niles, IL 60648 FAX: 312-297-6923
ellite positions with the push of a to cover catalog and shipping costs.) Rush merchandise per attached arder.
understand rated accounts are shipped open
button. The UHF remote -control ORDER TOLL FREE I

account otherwise send per credit card.

option is designed for consumers 1-800-323-5925
IWNOIS
Vlsa D Master Card Discover
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who have more than one TV set. It 312-297-4200 Card No. Exp. Date

LCas
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Name
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gardless of where the receiver is street Address

ELECTRONICS IL Res. 7% Tax

City state np

www.americanradiohistory.com
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28
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microcomputer based on the 8085A using advanced test equipment on real Postage -Paid Card Or Call
8 -bit microprocessor. You construct a
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I/O and support circuits, and a second Get all the details on this and seven other at-home computer training programs
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PEOPLES COLLEGE
OF INDEPENDENT STUDIES
233 Academy Drive
Drawer 1768
Kissimmee, Florida 32742-1768 Toll -Free 1-800-366-3113 CO

31
 unit is expandable to a total test connection to virtually any cable.
capability of 512 test points by the The AR-6400P cable tester and
addition of plug-in I/O boards. the 6401FX universal test fixture,
The AR-6400P can print out test both with a one-year warranty, sell
results and wire lists. Its built-in for $995.00 and $99.95, respec-
parallel -printer port will interface tively.-American Reliance Inc., CIRCLE 14 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
with virtually any Centronics -com- 9241 East Valley Blvd., Rosemead,
patible parallel printer. A printer CA 91770. The "mini scope" contains a
cable is also included. bright blue/white 1 x 1.5 -inch dis-
The optional 6401FX universal "MINI" OSCILLOSCOPE. Weighing play, containing 5 -horizontal x 4 -
test fixture allows easy testing of in at only 2 pounds and measuring vertical divisions. Its features in-
most major cable types. Two each a compact 10.2 x 6 x 2 -inches, clude a built-in calibration circuit
of 9-,15-, 25-, and 36 -pin "D" -type, HMC's model 1010 is truly a porta- and a full complement of adjust-
and 37- and 50 -pin Centronics - ble oscilloscope. Designed for ments. The model 1010 can be
type connectors are included on field -service applications, the powered with disposable bat-
the fixture for a quick and easy scope can easily fit into a tool kit teries, rechargeable batteries, or
and is enclosed in a rugged hous- AC adapter. (The power source
ing for durability. must be purchased separately.)
The model 1010 offers DC to 10 - The model 1010 portable os-
MHz bandwidth, 12 sensitivity cilloscope costs $450.00.-HUB
ranges, and 21 timebase ranges. Material Company, P.O. Box 526,
The user can select vertical sen- Canton, MA 02021.
sitivity from 10-mV/div to 50-V/div;
timebase can be varied from LOW -VOLTAGE CABLE TESTERS.
0.1-µsec/div to 0.5-sec/div. The Weetech's model 22 and model 23
scope features internal and exter- low -voltage interconnection test-
nal triggering with sensitivity of <1 ers are designed for evaluating ca-
div internal and <1 volt external. It bles, cable harnesses, backplanes,
has AC, DC, TV-frame, and TV-line and wiring systems. Each has the
CIRCLE 13 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD coupling modes. ability to measure continuity and

BI( i-caiiázi '.á' ..

FIX
eTest BK PRr:C4S10tJ Earn Money Faster!

Instrument
Digital Test
Instruments
Signal Generators
MWltineters
Oscilloscopes
VCR's
Three out of four VCR repairs are
SALE!
Power Supplies

.ät. 44.
due to a mechanical problem
FREE CATALOG Tentel's universal gauges allow you to
MODEL 540 quickly and easily diagnose these mechanical
Component Tester problems. Fix machines faster, better and
Reg. $995.00 SALE $836.95
easier. Prevent costly customer returns and
MODEL 541 dissatisfaction. Tentel's four test instru-
Component Comparator
Reg. $395.00 SALE $332.95
ments will accurately analyze various
torques, tensions, head wear, guide height,
MODEL 560 388 -HD
MO'.)EL
Test Bench
spindle height and many checks that factory
Programmable In/Out-
of Circuit IC Tester Reg. $139.00 gauges can't do.
Reg. $3500.00 SALE $2940.95 SALE $106.95 VCR repair is the eighth fastest growing
MODEL 2120
business in the U.S. If you're going to be
Oscilloscope, 20MHz competitive in this dynamic field, these
Dual Trace gauges are essential. Current users tell us
Call for
Reg. $520.00 SALE
Quote
these are the only mechanical gauges they
use or need!
MODEL 2125
Oscilloscope, 20MHz Dual -
Products Internetlsn& Inc.
8931 Brookville Rd.
1506 Dell Avenue
(800) 538-6894
Trace, with Delayed Sweep Silver Spring, MD 20910 U.S.A. Campbell, CA 95008 In Calif -(408) 379-1881
Reg. $620.00 SALE $478.95 (800) 638-2020 (301) 587-7824

Complete B & K Line Available,

'Call for your Price Quotations' ENTEL
CIRCLE 188 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 189 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
32
such components as resistors, di- GENUINE AP PRODUCTS
brand
_ :
odes, and switches. Test voltage
for both units is 10 -volts DC, with i TEST CLIPS AT 1/2 PRICE! :
current ranges of 0.1 to 10 mill - i Act now! Limited quantities!
amps. Threshold values can be se-
Distributor orders welcome!
:
lected between 200 ohms and 90 : Unconditionally guaranteed! 2
kilohms, and test speeds of 500
test points per second are typical.
Models 22 and 23 are controlled
j How can we offer genuine AP Products test clips at 1/2 price? An
ordering mix-up has left us with a surplus of 25,000 blue AP Products
p We're clearingout our entire stockby selling
test clips. II'gh
them at
~
by an XT-compatible computer 1/2 price! Don'tmiss this once -in -a- fe t ime opportunity! H ur ryi
I i .

Quantities are limited. Included in this special 1/2 price offer are:
using MS-DOS. The computer can -
AP Products®brand DIP IC Test Clips For fast, easy DIP testing.
be networked via RS -232C multi- Provides easy access to IC leads.

user links at 9.6K bits per second,

AP Products®brand Plastid Leaded Chip Carrier Test Clips Four-sided - NOTE. AP Products is a registered

for safe, effective testing of PLCCstyle ICs.c brand name of the 3M Company.
;
for either on- or off-line program-
ming and test data management. Toorder send this coupon, along with Item Sug. Retail SALE
your check or money order to: No. Description Qty. Price PRICE TOTAL
Using a sample cable that is known CaryDistribution
14 -pin nail head
to be good, each unit will program Id
100-B Woodwinds Industrial Court
I
1 $2.83

Cary, North Carolina 27511. 2 16 -pin nail head $2.95

itself; or they may be manually For more information, or to 3 20 -pin nail head $4.73

programmed either on the tester reserve your order quantities,

call 919-460-9016.
4 24 -pin nail head $6.48

or on a separate program station. Minimum orders $20.00. Distributor

5 40 -pin nail head $9.48

Programs can be stored on either orders welcome. Add $2.75 shipping 6 16 -pin connector compatible S. 5 $2.95

31/2 -inch or 51/4 -inch floppy disks,

i and handling per order. Free shipping
tor orders over $100.
7 24 -pin connector compatible 2. $6.48

or-on model 23 only-a 20- 8

9
40 -pin connector compatible
20 -pin PLCC 6 8.9
$15.95
$9.48
$7.98
Mbyte hard -disk drive. Please print clearly, this is your shipping label
Subtotal
North Carolina residents add 5% sales tax

Name

Address

Cit y State Zip Phone number

l
Shipping & handling (add $2.75 per order)

Payment enclosed via:

yE CheckMoney order
d
TOTAL

KepioCbc by Kepro Circuit Systems, Inc M

Make PCB's In Your Home!
KeproClad'N gives you the power to
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CIRCLE 15 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

Each unit comes with interfaces

The Power -
nearly any electronic construction project
from simple power supplies to
sophisticated lasers. And when you're
for RS -232C, Centronics printer,
and keyboard. Interfaces for and done, you'll know the glory that comes
from top performance assured by the use
monitors are available optionally. of KeproClad PCB's.
The monitor and an alphanumeric
display provide clear indications of
The Glory KeproClad is the quick, easy and inex-
pensive system for production of quality
shorts, opens, component faults,
printed circuit boards. KeproClad has all
and failed connection ID num-
the supplies and instructions you need to
bers, as well as self -test and self -
diagnostic information. 1-800-325-3878 create professional boards at home.
Model 23 (shown) performs All KeproClad products are safe, easy
point-to-point tests for opens and 1-314-343-1630 MO to use and come with an unconditional
shorts for up to 8,192 test points. For the dealer nearest you. guarantee. When you want to build the
Model 22 is a smaller version; it best, choose KeproClad. KeproClad gives
performs the same functions for you the power. You get the glory.
up to 512 test points.
For your free KeproClad catalog and
Model 22 and model 23 low -volt-
age interconnection testers cost
$4,446.00 and $5,979.00, respec-
kepro name of the KeproClad dealer nearest
you, call Kepro.
tively. (Prices vary with the number
Kepro Circuit Systems, Inc. 630 Axminister Drive, Fenton, MO 63026-2992
of test points; test-point capability
costs $448.00 per 128.)-Weetech
Inc., 300 Pine Street, Canton, MA
02021. R -E h. AIM
CIRCLE 195 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
33

www.americanradiohistory.com
 Surface mount parts kits

H ARDWARE Visible and infrared filters

Innovative circuit suppliers
Digital sinewave generators
Getting and using data books

H ACKER DON LANCASTER

A/D converter accuracy

DID I REALLY SAY THAT? APPARENTLY I Starting with this column, all our tensive collection of data books
was so eager to warn you that a Names and Numbers are now should be a major and a most im-
high -accuracy A/D converter only being twice verified: once by an portant early goal for hackers.
offers full accuracy at full scale, independent service bureau when As a preliminary backing -up -for-
that I got some of the numbers my story is sent in, and once later a -good -start, you will want to get
wrong in the September 1988 col- by Radio -Electronics just before at least one hundred different data
umn. At any rate, a sixteen -bit A/D press time. books. And you will want to keep
having a four -volt reference can But there still are several of you all of them within three years of
give you sixteen bits of accuracy, who either insist on jamming the being current.
but only with a minimum of a four - help line by ignoring the Names The price of a data book varies
volt input. and Numbers entirely, or else end from free to optional to nominal.
With a one-volt input, you only up calling all the names at random, You pick them up by circling the
get fourteen bits of accuracy at rather than carefully reading the bingo cards in such trade journals
best, and with a quarter-volt input, article to see who goes with as EDN, Electronic Design, Elec-
you will only get twelve bits. whom. tronic Products, E. E. Times, and
The important point here is that As per usual, this is your column such; or by writing or phoning the
you can't take a high -accuracy A/D and you can get both tech help and manufacturers and asking for a
and input a very small input signal off-the-wall networking per the technical literature list; or by cop-
and expect high -accuracy results. phone number in the help box. ping some older copies from an
Sorry about that. Best calling times are 8-5 week- engineer or technician friend at
One reader did criticize me for days, Mountain Standard Time. most any electronics company.
warning you so strongly about the We return you now to our col- While virtually all the inte-
anti -alias filtering in A/D convert- umn already in progress... grated -circuit manufacturers do is-
ers. For most hackers most of the sue data books, the really heavy
time, it is super important that you Data books publishers include National,
do understand the aliasing prob- This time of the year, there al- Motorola, and Texas Instruments.
lem and then go far out of your ways seems to be a flood of brand Any unbiased Radio -Electronics
way to absolutely prevent any new data books coming out. Data author would include Intel as one
high -frequency aliasing from tak- books are fat bound collections, of those majors, but since my VW-
ing place. chock full of integrated -circuit bus license plate is 6502, I consider
But hail yaesss. Once you really data sheets and applications any integrated circuit whose part
understand all the rules, you will notes. They are second only in im- number starts with an "8" to be an
sometimes want to selectively and portance to the trade journals as a intrinsically evil satanic tool.
creatively break them. That's what major resource for all serious Where to start? Certainly with
hacking is all about. Break the hardware hackers. They are tools National's Linear Handbook, with
rules and you can sometimes leap you simply cannot ignore. An ex - Motorola's CMOS Data Book, and
tall buildings in a single bound. Texas Instrument's multi -volumes
Just do not let the ground get in NEED HELP? of TTL Data Books. Then, one volt-
your way when you are done. age -regulator data book from any
For instance, you could build a Phone or write your Hardware of those companies. Unfor-
single -conversion 60 -kHz WWVB Hacker questions directly to: tunately, it is hard to get free cop-
receiver by purposely aliasing. Don Lancaster ies; just about everyone has to pay
You peak sample your 60 -kHz car- Synergetics the going rate.
rier input at a phase -locked 60 -kHz Box 809 There's also a very useful series
rate. And out comes a baseband Thatcher, AZ 85552
of limited -information data books
(602) 428-4073
digitally detected time code. from ECG that cross the bound -
34

www.americanradiohistory.com
aries of the major manufacturers. It was almost as bad as when the ceiver-transmitter circuits that are
They include their Linear IC Man- fourth largest minicomputer available.
ual, the Master Replacement builder merged with the fifth We would have to include SGS,
Guide, their TTL Digital IC Man- largest minicomputer manufac- first for all their unique high -
ual, the Optoelectronic Manual, turer, and then very shortly went power products, and second be-
and their Linear Module Manual. on to become the ninth largest cause they ended up with all the
Beyond the majors, you'll have minicomputer manufacturer. Oh goodies that Mostek and Thomson
to dig deep to ferret out... well. used to make before SGS took
So, who can we put on today's them over.
The good guys list? Here's some possibilities... For specialized communications
Of the many hundreds of useful Maxim Integrated Products has chips that include tone encoding
integrated -circuit manufacturers some absolutely outstanding volt- and decoding, scramblers, and
and data -book publishers, only a age regulators, micropower the like, MX-COM also goes on
very few stand out as having really CMOS circuits, A/D and D/A con- the list.
neat new goodies of major interest verters, and power -supply cir- And, stuffy as they seem,
to hardware hackers. Who are they cuits. Fortunately, to the benefit of Sprague gets the nod for their
and where are they hiding? all, Maxim second sources many power drivers, stepper-motor con-
A few years back, Intersil would of the Intersil products. trol circuits, consumer IC's, and
have headed the list, with all their Reticon is the obvious choice automotive chips.
outstanding clock, timer, volt- for solid-state image sensors and Analog Devices gets included
meter, stopwatch, and regulator video cameras, audio -delay lines, for their various converter, multi-
chips. and for new digital filters. plier, and amplifier products,
Unfortunately, Intersil got Dallas Semiconductor is heavy along with their great and free
bought out by GE, who got bought in clock chips and on sneaky ways Analog Dialog newsletter and fine
out by RCA, who has recently put to make an ordinary CMOS mem- ap notes.
the whole works up for grabs in a ory non-volatile. They also have To round out our list, for remote
yard sale. some interesting shorter -range re - controls and satellite chips,
Plessey; for opto stuff, Siemens;
and for various RAM and EPROM
stuff, Hitachi.
square wave sharp cutoff output
generator low pass filter sinewave

NEW FROM
FIG. 1-BRUTE-FORCE GENERATION of a digital sine wave creates a square wave and
DON LANCASTER
sharply low-pass filters it. Triangular or certain "magic" waveforms can give you much
better results than a square wave. HANDS-ON BOOKS
Hardware Hacker Reprints II 24.50
Ask The Guru Reprints I or II 24.50
output sinewave CMOS Cookbook 18.50
frequency = N x F TTL Cookbook 16.50
Active Filter Cookbook 15.50
o Micro Cookbook vol or II 16.50
voltage controlled I

sinewave oscillator Enhancing your Apple I or II 15.50

AppleWriter Cookbook 19.50
Apple Assembly Cookbook 21.50
Incredible Secret Money Machine 10.50
PostScript Cookbook (Adobe) 16.50
PostScript Ref. Man. (Adobe) 22.50
divide-by -N PostScript Prog. Man (Adobe) 22.50
counter
UNLOCKED SOFTWARE
PostScript Show & Tell (Ile/Mac/PC) 39.50
Intro to PostScript VHS Video 39.50
Input frequency PostScript Perspective Draw 39.50
reference F PostScript Printed Circuits 39.50
phase PostScript Technical Illustrations 39.50
detector
PostScript Gonzo Justify 24.50
PostScript BBS stuff 19.50
Absolute Reset Ile & Ilc 19.50
AppleWriter/Laserwriter Utilities 49.50
Enhance I or II Companion Disk 19.50
AppleWriter CB or Assy CB Disk 24.50
phase lock
loop filter FREE VOICE HELPLINE VISA/MC

SYNERGETICS
control voltage Box 809 -RE
Thatcher, AZ 85552
(602) 428-4073
FIG. 2-The PHASE -LOCKED LOOP can generate digital sine waves and does get par-
ticularly useful where many different channels are desired for frequency synthesis.
Changing "N" changes the channel selected. CIRCLE 83 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

35

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 NAMES AND NUMBERS

Analog Devices Intersil Read Plastics Inc

1 Technology Way 0710 N. Tantau Avenue 12331 Wilkins Avenue
Norwood, MA 02062 Cupertino, CA 95014 Rockville, MD 20852
(617) 329-4700 (408) 996-5000 (301) 881-7900
Circuit Cellar, Inc Lasers & Optronics Reticon
4 Park Street, Suite 20 PO Box 9339 345 Potrero Avenue
Vernon, CT 06066 North Hollywood, CA 91609 Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(203) 875-2751 (818) 763-4134 (408) 738-4266
Comm Specialists Luminescent Systems Rolyn Optics
426 West Taft Avenue Etna Road 706 Arrow Grand Circle
Orange, CA 92665 Lebanon, NH 03766 Covina, CA 91722
(714) 998-3021 (603) 448-3444 (818) 915-5707
Computer Shopper Maxim Rohm & Haas
Box F 120 San Gabriel Independence Mall West
Titusville, FL 32781 Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Philadelphia, PA 19105
(407) 269-3211 (408) 737-7600 (215) 592-3000
Dallas Semiconductor Minco SGS Semiconductor
4350 Beltwood Pky South 7300 Commerce Lane 1000 East Bell Rd
Dallas, TX 75244 Minneapolis, MN 55432 Phoenix, AZ 85022
(214) 450-0400 (612) 571-3121 (602) 867-6100
ECG/Phillips Motorola Siemens
70 Empire Drive 5005 E McDowell Road 19000 Homestead Road
W Seneca, NY 14224 Phoenix, AZ 85008 Cupertino, CA 95014
(716) 325-2620 (602) 244-6900 (408) 257-7910
Electronic Musician MX-Com, Inc Sprague
6400 Hollis Street #12 4800 Bethania Station Rd PO Box 9102
Emeryville, CA 94608 Winston-Salem, NC 27105 Mansfield, MA 02048
(415) 653-3307 (8090) 638-5577 (508) 339-8900
Hitachi National Semiconductor Synergetics
1800 Bering Drive 2900 Semiconductor Drive Box 809
San Jose, CA 95112 Santa Clara, CA 95051 Thatcher, AZ 85552
(408) 435-8300 (408) 721-5000 (602) 428-4073
Infrared Industries Plessey Texas Instruments
12151 Research Parkway 3 Whatney Street PO Box 655012
Orlando, FL 32826 Irvine, CA 92714 Dallas, TX 75265
(407) 282-7700 (714) 472-0303 (800) 232-3200
Intel Polymer/Polypenco Ulano Corp
3065 Bowers Avenue Box 422 255 Butler Street
Santa Clara, CA 95051 Reading, PA 19603 Brooklyn, NY 11217
(408) 987-8080 (215) 320-6600 (718) 622-5200

Let me know if you have any higher -frequency harmonics can triangular waveform of just the
other "good guys" favorites that lead to all sorts of serious unex- right amplitude through a pair of
I've missed, so we can pass the pected problems. back-to-back diodes. At the right
news on. Let's look at four different ways level, a high -quality sine wave will
to generate digital sine waves. Fig. result, without any filtering at all.
Digital sine waves 1 shows you the brute -force meth- A second approach is known as
There are lots of advantages to od. Here you generate a digital the phase -locked loop method,
generating sine waves using digital square wave and then low-pass fil- which appears in Fig. 2. Here you
techniques. One is that you can ter your square wave to extract that start off with a voltage -controlled
end up with extreme accuracy. A fundamental sine -wave output. sine -wave oscillator that often
second is that you can rapidly The hassles here are that you'll forms your ultimate output.
change or sweep the frequency. A need good filtering and that You then condition that output
third is that multiple -related chan- changing frequency over a wide and divide it down with a program-
nels are easily done, and a fourth range can get rather sticky. mable counter and then phase de-
is that you can often save quite a One obvious improvement is to tect it against an input reference
bit on those expensive inductors generate a waveform that has frequency. The output of the
and capacitors. fewer or weaker low-frequency phase comparator is filtered and
Pure sine waves are often harmonics. A triangular wave is a fed back to the oscillator. If the
needed for electronic music, for good choice. Its lower harmonics frequency is low, the oscillator fre-
very -high -quality synthesizers, are weaker and can be easily fil- quency gets raised, and vice versa.
and for radio -frequency mixers. In tered out. Phase -locked loops are handy
any of those applications, any A much older trick is to route a when multiple channels are
36
www.americanradiohistory.com
needed. For instance, to syn-
thesize all the AM broadcast fre-
quencies, you would start with a output waveform
(before filtering)
530- to 1650 -kHz voltage -con-
trolled oscillator. That would get
divided down by some program-
mable number from 53 to 165 and
compared against a 10 -kHz preci-
sion reference. Such a device is
called a frequency synthesizer and 30.9K 22.1 K 30 9K
they are quite commonly used for
radio, TV, ham, CB, and for other
communications work.
Note that only one crystal or ref-
erence is needed, no matter how a
many channels are available.
Popular older hacker phase -lock o
chips include the Signetics NE565 input clock = 8X 74HC573 or software equivalent
or the CMOS 4046. The "horses output frequency
mouth" classic book on all that is
Phaselock Techniques by Floyd FIG. 4-A WALKING RING digital sine -wave generator of eight steps uses a "magic"
waveform that has no low harmonics and thus is very easy to filter. Your first harmonic is
Gardner. the seventh at one/seventh and the ninth at one/ninth of the fundamental amplitude.
Figure 3 shows us the table -
lookup method. Here you route a
software or hardware counter into
output waveform
a lookup table that computes the
(before filtering)
individual sine for each selected
angle of the current count. That
table -lookup value is routed into
an A/D converter and then gets
output as a sine wave with fine
steps in it.
Filtering is quite easy since the
22.1 41.2K 53.6K 57.6K 53.6K 41.2K 22.1K
harmonics of the steps are way K

above the fundamental. Often

only a small capacitor is needed. D o D D D D o D

Table lookup is ideal for sub -audio c c c c c c

work such as that involved in

brain -wave research and in the
study of seismology.
On the other hand, table lookup input clock = 16X 74HC573 or software equivalent
is largely limited to the lower fre- output frequency
quencies, because your input FIG. 5-A SIXTEEN -STEP walking ring digital sine -wave generator gives an even better -
clock is some 256 or more times looking output waveform. In this circuit, the fifteenth and seventeenth are the first
higher than the output sine wave. harmonics that are present.

The walking -ring method

D/A I've saved the most interesting
o sinewave
converter output method for last. All you need to
generate digital sine waves is an
unusual software or hardware
TT counter and a few resistors. Figure
4 shows you an eight -step sine -
EPROM s'ne
lookup table wave generator, while Fig. 5 shows
you a sixteen -step version.
The walking -ring counters, or
the Johnson counters directly gen-
erate a square wave of 1/Nth of the
input clock = 256X
-
eight stage input frequency. That can be done
output frequency c' binary counter
in your choice of either hardware
or software.
For instance, here are the se-
FIG. 3-THE TABLE LOOKUF OF DIGITAL SINE WAVES gives a clean waveform and high
accuracy, but is often limited to lower frequencies, especially when done by using quential states of a four -stage
personal -computer software. continued on page 85
37
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41
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SIGNAL ELIMINATOR $2995

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Works on cable or broadcast TV
External adjustments allow
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CLEAR UP a Channel
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CIRCLE 65 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

42

www.americanradiohistory.com
L

MPROVED
DEFINITION
5 riELE-
ISION
While we wait for high -definition TV-
there's improved -definition TV.

LEONARD FELDMAN

EVERYONE SEEMS TO BE TALKING ABOUT between the lines." If the interlace of

high -definition TV, or HDTV as it is the 262.5 lines of the first scan of each
generally known. We hear promises frame was properly positioned rela-
of TV pictures that will have an aspect tive to the second 262.5 line -scan,
ratio of 5:3 or 16:9 (instead of our and if signal strength was good
current picture width -to -height ratio enough so that the resulting picture
of 4:3). There's also talk of increasing was relatively free of noise or
the number of scanning lines per "snow," most viewers were content.
frame from 525 to 1125, or, 1050, or However, given today's larger
825 or...you name it. screens-up to 35 -inch direct- view,
And that's exactly the problem. and even larger projection TV im-
There are well over a dozen proposals ages-the artifacts of the basic NTSC
for new TV standards, each endorsed picture become more obvious. In ad-
by a particular company or by a par- dition to the "spaces between the
ticular country. What everyone is in lines," there are such visible defects
agreement about is the fact that a bet- as line -flicker, color-dot -crawl (a sort
ter TV picture is long overdue; after of shimmering effect at the demarca-
all, the basic parameters of the NTSC tion lines between large areas of
system used in North America and in color), and poor color signal-to-noise
Japan are now more than 40 years old. ratios.
When the 525 -line TV picture was Several recent video innovations PRESS 0 DR TO RDJUST

standardized, the transistor had not have made many people more aware I :Liläiit
21 .
yet been invented, let alone today's of just how poor the ordinary broad-
digital computers, microprocessors, cast and cable NTSC pictures are. .l TJitf'..;,,,. a
and digital storage devices. Owing to the limited bandwidth avail-

What's wrong with NTSC TV?

able for the video signal information,
the best horizontal resolution possible
s NUMBER OF PIP lo
When TV sets were equipped with for a standard TV broadcast is only
10 -inch CRT's (or even 20 -inch pic- 330 lines. The introduction of Super-
ture tubes), a 525 -line picture wasn't VHS video tapes and laser vid-
PHILIPS' IDTV system has improved
too bad. The picture was reasonably eodiscs, along with higher -resolution noise reduction, 525 scan lines per
good if you sat far enough away from TV monitors and monitor/receivers, field, high resolution graphics and
the set so as not to see the "spaces allows us to see NTSC pictures with three picture -in -picture modes.

www.americanradiohistory.com
better than 400 -line horizontal resolu- ble picture" out of NTSC. While spe- let's take a look at what they've done.
tion. But even when viewing the cific schemes for improving NTSC A block diagram of the Toshiba IDTV
sharper pictures, vertical resolution reception differ somewhat, all of the is shown in Fig. 1. In that system, the
remains limited by the interlace -scan- companies engaged in the effort seem signal information of each 262.5 -line
ning method used by the sovereign agreed on what to call it: IDTV, for field is stored in a digital memory (1
NTSC system. Improved Definition TV. Mbit x 5) and then double -scanned
The nice thing about the various twice as fast as the current NTSC in-
Don't hold your breath IDTV systems is that they require no terlaced signal.
Certainly, any one of the many pro- modifications on the part of the broad- The most innovative element of
posed high -definition TV systems caster. Best described as "single end- what Toshiba calls their "Advanced
would provide a better picture quality ed" systems, all of the IDTV schemes Double Scanning TV" is the use of a
than our present NTSC system. But process the incoming video signal in motion -adaptive non -interlace sys-
with so many systems vying for world the receiver (or VCR). tem. The general shortcoming of a
approval, and with organized studies There are three major TV compa- "frame memory" double -scanning
of those systems only just getting un- nies involved with IDTV: Toshiba, system is that the image of fast-mov-
derway, any hope for a terrestrially who claims to have been first with an ing objects in a scene appears to be
delivered HDTV signal within the IDTV approach; Philips, who, in this smudged or smeared (almost like a
next five or even ten years, seems over- country, offer TV sets labeled Magna- double exposure.) The phenomenon
ly optimistic. Evidently, several ma- vox, Sylvania, and Philco, as well as occurs because the actual broadcast
jor consumer electronics companies Philips; and Mitsubishi. signal is sent field by field. In
are equally certain that HDTV is still Toshiba's motion-adaptive non -inter-
a long way off, having turned their Toshiba lace system, the digital circuitry uses
attention to what can best be de- Since Toshiba's announcement each pixel's location to determine
scribed as "squeezing the best possi- preceded that of the other companies, whether an image is still or moving. It
then applies line -memory double -
scanning for the moving image, and
\ 1MBIT x 5
frame -memory for the still image.
There are immediate advantages of
A/D
PIF/ A/D DA
CONVERTER
HELD the Toshiba system: the scanning
SIF CONVERTER CONVERTER MEMORY
_
lines are virtually unnoticeable, line-
flicker is minimized, vertical resolu-
tion is effectively increased to 450
FRAME DOUBLE lines, and the noise level is improved
VIDEO CHROMA SCANNING by 3 dB.
PROCESSING (GATE ARRAY * 31

The Philips system

\\UMBIT 60- Philips takes the IDTV idea a bit
D/A LINE further. Like the Toshiba approach,
SYNC PROCESSING CONVERTER MEMORY
Philips' IDTV involves non -inter-
J ----. ,
laced scanning; thus there are 525
lines scanned every 1/4o -second in-
DEFLECTION stead of 262.5 lines. In this case, how-
CIRCUIT ever, the "extra" lines are not simply
a repetition of the same field. Rather,
the extra lines are digitally gener-
LINE -MEMORY FRAME -MEMORY ated-by means of an interpolation
DOUBLE SCANNING DOUBLE SCANNING system called a median filter-to fill
1 12 in the "space between the lines."
3 3
3
3
Video signal values for the extra lines
5 54 are chosen on a pixel by pixel basis as
75, 76
7
T the median or middle value of the
three lines adjacent to the line being
interpolated. The three lines used are
the one above the interpolated line,
the one below the interpolated line,
2 and the line from the previous field
34 that corresponds to the interpolated
4
56
2ND FIELD
6
7
line. Information for the creation of
the interpolated lines is obtained from
digital line and field memories.
The Philips approach, according to
their researchers, provides virtually
FIG. 1-IN THE TOSHIBA IDTV SYSTEM, the picture information in each line is stored all the benefits of a full -frame 525 -
digitally and then double -scanned. line picture.
 ADDER
Y/RY/BY FIFO

PIP
VIDEO

0 MUX
CONTROL
PIP WRITE

ICTL PIP YRY/BY

FIELD PROG. SCAN

RY/BY
FIFO 1 DELAY
FIFO
SEP
1
MEDIAN
FILTER
\ VINT

FIFO l
LINE
DELAY;
MUX _
FIFO l N VOA

N I
AVERAGE

Y
CURR..
FIFO

OUT FIELD
MEMORY

CTLL\1\7 D IO \
256MBIT)

MUX
PIP
VIDEO
SEL
DRAM

I512KBIT)
SO PIP --\ MO MI

MUX
D O

/ NOISE
REDUCTION
MPIP SEL

U
MAIN
VIDEO
1BIT
AD - DIGITAI
DECODER
I
YiRYBY
PIP MUX
DO YRS
/
}DO =K=uYRB

K MUX
+ 11 -KI MO

I 7.1
PIP
BORDER

PIP READ
SUBTRACT LPF ; RECT -; PROM

FIG. 2-THE PHILIPS IDTV SYSTEM also provides for PIP (Picture In a Picture) effects.

In addition to a doubling of the field -stored data. As the field dif- A block diagram of the entire Phi-
scan lines through the median filter ference increases (indicating motion lips IDTV signal -processing system
approach (which provides about 40 on screen), noise reduction is reduced is shown in Fig. 2. In addition to the
percent improvement in apparent ver- to prevent smearing. benefits related to IDTV, the new sets
tical resolution), Philips has devised a Finally, the Philips IDTV system will also feature a dual TV tuner and
two -level digital noise -reduction sys- also incorporates a digital comb filter, picture -in -picture (PIP) enhance-
tem that provides up to 10-12 dB of which-in comparison to a con- ments that allow the viewer to scan
user-selected -level video -noise reduc- ventional comb filter-significantly what's happening on other channels
tion, which results in sharper, crisper, reduces other NTSC interference while watching the main program;
and "cleaner" picture reproduction. effects, such as hanging dots and dot - moreover, the viewer can watch a
The noise reduction is provided by a crawl. At the same time, the filter main program and an inset PIP pro-
filter having a delay element of one allows for a full 480 lines of horizon- gram at the same time.
field of video data and a motion detec- tal resolution from such local program
tor that controls the depth of the filter sources as S -VHS video tapes and LV Mitsubishi's IDTV
to prevent "smearing" of moving ob- discs. TV sets incorporating this so- The latest, and one of the most im-
jects. The motion detector subtracts phisticated IDTV technology will be pressive examples of how NTSC-for-
the incoming video data from the marketed under the Philips name. continued on page 68
 UNDERSTANDING
OSCILLOSCOPE
PROBES
THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF OS-
cilloscope probe used by technicians
is the voltage -sensing passive probe.
Because passive probes are so com-
mon, and used so routinely, their pe-
culiar effect on electronic circuits has
been universally experienced- Knowing how scope probes
though very often misunderstood.
Nothing can replace the kind of load the circuit under test
troubleshooting knowledge that
comes from viewing different wave- gives you a new
forms from various types of circuits, troubleshooting skill.
such as digital, analog, and radio fre-
quency. However, understanding how
an oscilloscope probe loads the cir-
cuit under test will give you a new
troubleshooting skill that no amount JONATHAN GORDON, ASSISTANT TECHNICAL EDITOR
of experience can quite equal.

pensating network, the shielded coax- R1C1 = R2(C2+C3)

Equivalent circuits
Figure 1 is an equivalent circuit of a ial cable, and then terminates at the If their time constants are equal, elec-
typical 10X scope probe and the ver- scope's input connector. The input trical waveforms will be communi-
tical input of the associated os- impedance of a typical scope is 1 cated from the probe tip to the scope
cilloscope. The probe's head has a 9- megohm (R2) shunted by a 20-pF ca- input without the probe adding distor-
megohm resistor, Rl, that is shunted pacitance (C2). The scope's input tion to the signal. The amplitude of
by a 4- to 20-pF trimmer capacitor, characteristics are often printed near the displayed pulse will merely de-
Cl. The shielded coaxial cable that the input connector. pend on the resistance ratio:
connects the probe to the scope has a The idea of compensating a passive
probe is to balance the probe imped- VSCOPE = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VINPUT
distributed capacitance, C3, of ap-
proximately 80 pF. ance and scope impedance so their For example, using a 10X passive pro-
An electronic signal travels through time constants are equal, as shown in be a 1-VINPUT p -p at the probe's tip
the probe tip, the probe head and corn - the following formula: will yield a 0.1-VscopE p -p on the
scope's display. The resulting decade
Cl attenuation of the 10X probe is highly
COMPENSATION-.. 4-2013E desirable because it affords a greater
PROBE TIP
SCOPE PROBE SCOPE INPUT tip resistance (10 times the 1-megohm
scope input resistance) to minimize
0 all HI 0y' circuit loading.
9MEG
Once the probe has been compen-
PROBE HEAD COAXIAL CABLE sated by adjusting trimmer capacitor
Cl, the probe and scope input are
C3
T soPF further reduced to the equivalent cir-
cuit shown in Fig. 2. Any circuit un-
der measurement will now see a
FIG. 1-INPUT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of 10X probe and oscilloscope. single impedance at the probe's tip of
 Figure 6-a is what a rectangular you can see, the rectangular pulse is
pulse looks like displayed on an os- made up of both even and odd order
cilloscope as amplitude vs. time. sinusoidal harmonic components.
R
However, as shown in Fig. 6-b, the Unlike the rectangular pulse, a per-
10MEG same rectangular pulse displayed on a fect square wave is made up of only
spectrum analyzer is transformed into odd -order harmonics (that is 1, 3, 5,
a chart of amplitude vs. frequency; 7, 9, etc.). For example, if a -kHz 1

FIG. 2-INPUT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT of that is what the pulse would look like square wave is input to the os-
10X compensated probe as seen at the if broken up into its individual sin- cilloscope, the -kHz fundamental
1

probe's tip.
usoidal harmonic components. As (1st harmonic) sinusoid up to the 9 -

10 megohms, RP, shunted by an 11.2-

pF capacitor, Cp, which is a specifica-
tion that is often printed on the probe's
head or compensation box. LOOSEN

Scope probe manufacturers have

been clever in the methods they use to
shunt the resistor in the probe's body.
For example, Fig. 3 shows the inside
of a Tektronix model 6006 l0X probe. r -* CYLINDRICAL
The coaxial -cable's center conductor SLEEVE
TIGHTEN
is extended into the probe's body PROBE BODY
where it connects to a cylinder that ANO TIP ASSEMBLY
LOCKING
slides over the resistor. At one end of SLEEVE

the resistor is a shorting slug that ADJUST

makes contact with the cylinder. A SHORTING
capacitor is formed by the cylinder SLUG R1

and the resistor. The probe is compen-

sated by screwing the probe's body ALLIGATOR GROUNDING CLIP
EXTENSION OF
COAXIAL GROUNDING
into the locking sleeve, which is then SHIELD
tightened; during that adjustment, the
inner-cylinder slides a varying dis-
FIG. 3-THIS PROBE IS COMPENSATED by adjusting the locking sleeve.
tance over the resistor, and that varies
the shunt capacitance. Lastly, the
C3
coaxial -cable's outer conductor is COAXIAL-CABLE
connected to a second cylinder for SHUNT CAPACITANCE
shielding.
Figure 4 shows the inside of a
INNER CONDUCTOR
Tektronix model P6105A 10X probe.
In that configuration the cylindrical
CYLINDRICAL SLEEVE FORMING FIXED
tubing forms a fixed shunt capaci- SHUNT CAPACITOR ACROSS RESISTOR
BNC

tance across the resistor. No probe

adjustment can be made in the probe's
body to compensate the probe assem-
bly. Instead, the assembly uses a com-
pensation box at the connector end
that houses a trimmer capacitor, C2,
that is connected from the center con-
ductor to ground. The capacitance C3
and trimmer C2, are in parallel. COMPENSATION BOX
Figure 5 shows a compensation PROBE fò
method that uses a 4- to 20-pF trim- TIP ,- C2

mer capacitor to shunt the resistor in TRIMMER CAPACITOR

the probe's head.

Pulse waveforms
In general, probes are compared by
how well they communicate an elec- ALLIGATOR GROUNDING CLIP

trical pulse without causing distortion

of one kind or another. But what is the FIG. 4-THIS PROBE IS COMPENSATED by adjusting a trimmer capacitor housed in the
real nature of an electrical pulse? compensation box at the end of the probe's cable.

47
www.americanradiohistory.com
 kHz harmonic sinusoid must be re-
Ri
produced without attenuation or PROBE BODY 9MEG
phase shifting. As shown in Fig. 7-a, RESISTOR COAXIAL SHIELDED CABLE

the 1st and 3rd harmonic components

produce a rather poor square wave. [n 464 BNC

Fig. 7-b, the square wave looks a little CI

better when the 1st, 3rd, and 5th har-

monics are present. And, as shown in PROBE TIP 4_20pF SHUNT
mom-- TRIMMER ADJUSTMENT
Fig. 7-c, the square wave looks better CAPACITOR SCREW
still when the 1st through 7th odd -
COAXIALCABLE
SHUNT CAPACITANCE

PROBE INFORMATION
FIG. 5-THIS PROBE IS COMPENSATED by adjusting a trimmer capacitor housed in the
A 25 page booklet from Tektronix, probe's head.
Inc., the ABC's of Probes, is an excel-
lent source of technical information order harmonic components are pres-
on scope probes of all types, includ- ent. The waveform will appear suffi-
ing passive probes, active FET pro-
bes, low -Z probes, current measuring
ciently square and undistorted when
probes, etc. The booklet will also frequencies are present out to about PULSE PULSE

guide you in selecting the correct pro- the 9th harmonic sinusoid.
be for your application. Available free Obviously, the shape of a square
on request from Tektronix National wave displayed on an oscilloscope de-
Marketing Center, P.O. Box 500 pends upon the amplitude and phase
Group 94, Beaverton, OR 97077. relationship of the harmonic compo-
Phone: (800) 426-2200. nents. To accurately reproduce an TIME
Also available from Tektronix is electrical pulse it would be necessary
their free Accessory Selecting Guide, to design a circuit that responds
which lists their complete line of
equally well to an infinite number of
scope probes and attachments such
as retractable -hook tip, grounding
harmonic frequencies, so that all har-
clips, coaxial attenuators, IC grab- monics are included. In practice,
bers, colored -band markers, etc. however, that cannot be done, so a
Tektronix offers modular probes, sub- compromise between pulse shape and
miniature probes to negotiate dense circuit design must be made.
circuitry, high -voltage probes, active 2
probes, current probes, specialty Compensation
probes for every application, and Every electronics technician has re-
card -mountable microprobes. corded pulse waveform data, such as FREQUENCY
An 8 -page product catalog is avail-
rise time, width, amplitude, and re-
able from Test Probes, Inc., 9178
Brown Deer Road, San Diego, CA petition rate, only to realize-too
92121. Phone: (800) 368-5719, in CA late-that the probe wasn't compen-
call (800) 643-8382. TPI offers re- sated. Knowing that an improperly FIG. 6-THE PULSE WAVEFORM in a is
how an oscilloscope displays the elec-
placement probes for all os- compensated probe can distort an oth- trical pulse as amplitude vs. time. As
cilloscopes including Tektronix, HP, erwise perfect waveform, the probe's shown in b. the same pulse waveform is
Philips, B&K, Leader and others. compensation capacitor must be ad- displayed using a spectrum analyzer as
They are intended for use by engi- justed, then the test data must be re - amplitude vs. frequency.
neers and technicians who need ac- measured. Let's now examine how to
curacy and durability at an econom- properly compensate a probe and, ad- because the sinusoidal harmonic
ical price. Also available are RF -
ditionally, how faulty compensation components are very close together,
detector probes, high -voltage pro- so the slightest offset in the probe's
bes, modular oscilloscope probes, can affect the measurement of pulse
50 -ohm attenuators, patch cords and waveforms. frequency response will effect the am-
accessories. Because probes should be compen- plitude and phase relationship of
A 22 -page product catalog is avail- sated often, most scopes provide a many harmonic components all at
able from Probe Master, Inc., 4898 square -wave calibration signal ac- once, resulting in a visually distorted
Ronson Ct., San Diego, CA 92111. cessible from the front panel. There waveform.
Phone: (800) 854-1519, in CA call are other types of probe calibrators, Figure 8-a shows a -kHz calibra-
1

(800) 772-1519. Probe Master offers like a line -frequency calibrator, a - 1 tion signal from a properly compen-
monolithic probes with gold-plated kHz square -wave calibrator, and other sated probe. Notice that the square
probe tip, gold-plated sprung hook, wave is undistorted. Figure 8-b shows
more exotic types. However, they are
gold-plated ground lead, and all other
used less often then the more conve- the same calibration signal from an
critical contacts are gold plated too.
Other products include test -lead kits, nient front-panel scope calibrators. over-compensated probe. Notice that
BNC-adaptor kits, precision BNC ca- The front -panel probe calibration the leading edge high -frequency har-
bles, and attenuators. signal is a -kHz repetitive square
1 monics are passed while some of the
wave. A l -kHz square wave is used lower -frequency harmonics are
48

www.americanradiohistory.com
slightly attenuated. Some phase shift- puter circuit is working just fine, and
ing has also occurred. The greater the that you want to observe the 20 -MHz
drooping effect of the waveform, the master clock. So you connect your IX
more low -frequency harmonic at- scope probe-and the whole system
tenuation and phase shifting has oc- crashes. The clock's waveform dis-
curred. Figure 8-c shows the same played on the scope looks a little dis-
calibration signal from an under-com- torted. You then remove the probe
pensated probe. Notice the lack of from the circuit and the system imme-
high -frequency components in the diately comes up. What happened?
leading edge of the square wave. Now One possible cause is the added shunt
let's examine the relationship be- capacitance of the probe degraded the
tween pulse shape, rise time, and the clock's rise time, which threw off the
capacitance of the circuit. system timing. As shown in Fig. 9,
When the driving pulse has a slow slower rise time translates into a wider
rise time, or the pulse width is com- pulse width. Try using a 10X probe
paratively wide, then stray shunt ca- instead of a IX probe because the 10X
pacitance can have a fairly high value probe has a lower shunt capacitance.
without producing objectionable dis- In general, the greater the resistive -
tortion. That's because slower rise attenuation ratio, the lower the probe -
times and greater pulse widths corre - tip shunt capacitance. For example, a
IX, 10X, and 1OOX probe attenuation
might have a 54 pF, 11.2 pF, and 2-pF
FUNDAMENTAL PLUS 3rd HARMONIC
tip capacitance, respectively.
FUNDAMENTAL SINUSOID

Continuous wave
When measuring a continuous sig-
nal from the output of a sine -wave
SQUARE
WAVE

tr RISE-TIME
a
900/o

FUNDAMENTAL PLUS 3rd & 5th HARMONICS WIDTH 50%

'1
FUNDAMENTAL SINUSOID
C

8-A PROPERLY COMPENSATED H- WIDTH -1.-1

probe will display a 1 -kHz calibration
signal as a perfect square wave, as TIME
shown in a. However, in b, when the
probe is over compensated, the same
1 -kHz signal shows low -frequency at-

tenuation and phase shifting as indi- FIG. 9-PULSE WIDTH IS MEASURED at

cated in the drooping effect. As shown the 50% marks on the waveform. As the
in c, when theprobe is under compen- circuit's shunt capacitance is increased,
sated, the high -frequency compo- the rise-time slows, causing the pulse to
FUNDAMENTAL PLUS nents are lost (as indicated by the become wider.
3rd, 5th & 7th HARMONICS rounded leading edge).
FUNDAMENTAL SINUSOID
10M

ilk ¡A spond to fewer high -frequency har-

monics. The same value of stray
capacitance can become intolerable
1M

100K
when the driving pulse has extremely X
fast rise times, or a very narrow wid-
á10K
th. The wave shape then depends crit-
ically on the preservation of high - 1K
frequency harmonics. As more and
more stray shunt capacitance is added
FIG. 7-ALL PULSE WAVEFORMS are loo

built up from sinusoidal harmonic compo- to the circuit under test, the shunt 0.01 01 10 100 1000

nents. As shown in a, the fundamental (1st (bypass) capacitive reactance de- FREQUENCY MHz

harmonic) plus the 3rd harmonic create a creases. Harmonic frequencies that
rather distorted square wave. In b, the 5th comprise the pulse's edge will now be
harmonic is added, thus creating a less FIG. 10-WHEN MEASURING SINE waves,
distorted square wave. In c, the 7th har- shorted to ground by the lower shunt - it's important to know how the probe's in-
monic is added, thus minimizing distor- capacitive reactance. put impedance (Zr) changes with regard
tion even more. Assume, for example, that a com- to frequency.
49

www.americanradiohistory.com
 oscillator, the probe -tip's capacitive the faster the rise time, the greater the
reactance (Xe) at the operating fre- bandwidth.
quency should be taken into account. 500 For low-frequency applications
In Fig. 10, the total probe -tip imped- (audio frequencies), choose a 1X pas-
ance designated Ze, includes the pro- sive probe because it costs the least
be's resistive, capacitive and induc- and will do the job. Be aware that the
too
tive elements. The capacitive and 1X probe has a limited bandwidth-
resistive elements make up most of less than 40 MHz. Use the 10X probe
the probe's impedance. However, for general digital, analog, and RF
some probes also include additional frequency measurements because that
inductive elements that are designed 10 probe has low capacitance and a band-
100
into the probe itself to offset the ca- 10
width upwards to 400 MHz depend-
FREQUENCY (MHz)
pacitive loading. For worst case anal- ing on the model and the cable length.
ysis, use the probe's capacitive Although not discussed in this article,
reactance formula: FIG. 11-THE MAXIMUM VOLTAGE that a for frequencies higher than 400 MHz,
X, = 1/2nFC probe can handle becomes less as the choose one of the active probes (FET)
frequency increases. with a IX sensitivity. Those will pro-
where C is the probe -tip capacitance vide high sensitivity, low shunt capac-
which is often marked somewhere on itance, and a bandwidth greater than
the body of the probe. Ä
900 MHz.
100%
For example, the Tektronix model
P6105A passive probe has a 10- 97.0%
Grounding
megohm input resistance with a tip \3dB How often have you touched the
70.7%
capacitance of 11.2 pF. The Xe will probe tip to an IC pin only to see a
equal 290 ohms at 50 MHz. Depend- ó waveform you know from experience
ing on the impedance of the source, isn't right. After moving the probe's
the probe's loading could have a ma- grounding clip from the chassis to the
jor effect on the signal amplitude and IC's grounding pin, the scope's trace
possibly interfere with the operation 30MHz 100MHz immediately shaped up and became
of the circuit under test. The typical FREQUENCY recognizable as the waveform you've
curves for probe impedance vs. fre- seen a hundred times before. That
quency vary for each probe type-so leads us to an obvious question: How
consult your probe's specifications. FIG.12-PROBE BANDWIDTH is the point does the probe's grounding lead effect
For sine -wave amplitude measure- where the voltage amplitude is down 3 dB
from a starting reference level.
the circuit measurement? The ob-
ments, a probe should have the high- vious answer is that improper ground-
est possible impedance at the ing will generally distort the
frequency of interest. waveform by allowing excess noise to
RP be picked up. That's true, but it's only
Voltage derating VSOURCE
10MEG part of the reason.
The maximum voltage (DC and Figure 13 shows an equivalent cir-
AC) that can be safely handled by a CP
cuit of a passive probe connected to a
probe varies with frequency. Figure 11 11.2pF e
GROUND LEAD L
voltage source. Notice the series
shows the voltage derating curve for a ground -lead inductance, L, which
Tektronix model P6105A passive pro- represents the ground return path. Re
be. The curve may be summarized by FIG. 13-GROUND-LEAD INDUCTANCE and Ce represent the equivalent im-
saying that the maximum voltage han- will reduce the high -frequency response
through its series -inductive reactance.
pedance as seen at the compensated
dling capability is inversely propor- probe's tip. When measuring any sig-
tional to frequency. Most scope ence frequency voltage. The formula nal, the series inductive reactance
probes are supplied with their own to calculate decibels is: will be proportional to both frequency
voltage-derating specification. and inductance by the formula:
dB = 20 log VOUT/VIN
X, = 2ní1.
Bandwidth For example, if your input is a -volt 1

Scope probes are often rated for p -p 100 -MHz sine wave, then at -3 The higher-frequency harmonics will
bandwidth. It's best to use a probe dB the scope's waveform will show an therefore see a larger inductive reac-
that has a bandwidth equal to or high- amplitude of only .707 -volts p -p tance than the lower-frequency har-
er than that of your scope. However, if (which is an amplitude accuracy of monics. The pulse waveform dis-
the probe's bandwidth is less then that 70.7%). For an amplitude accuracy of played on the oscilloscope will show
of the scope's, then the input frequen- 97% or better, you must limit the in- distortion and aberrations because the
cy will be limited by the probe. Figure put frequency to about 30 MHz. An- p -p voltage of the higher-frequency
12 shows the response curve of a pro- other useful equation shows how harmonics have been attenuated and
be having a 100 -MHz bandwidth. By bandwidth is related to rise -time (tr): phase shifted across the ground -lead
definition, bandwidth is the upper fre- inductive reactance.
Bandwidth = .35/tr
quency where the scope's displayed Getting back to the original prob-
voltage is down 3 dB from the refer - That equation shows the relation that lem. If you move the probe's ground-
50
 ing clip from the chassis to the IC have more to do with the mechanical signals generated by nearby equip-
itself, then the ground -loop induc- nature of the probe than anything ment. To virtually eliminate any ex-
tance will be reduced. That allows the else. ternal -field pick up, always use a pro-
high -frequency harmonics to reach If the probe's inner signal -carrying be with coaxial shielding of the center
the scope's input, so the trace shapes conductor is poorly shielded, then the conductor.
up. As a rule of thumb, when making probe's cabling will be susceptible to As a final note, the probe tip should
any kind of precise measurement- external electric fields. (The shielding be clean or a poor circuit connection
such as amplitude, rise time and pulse could become frayed due to constant will result. Be sure to check printed
width-you should use the shortest flexing of the cabling over many circuit boards for a conformal coating
grounding path possible. months or years of use.) A poorly used for humidity and static guard,
As shown in Fig. 14, loop induc- shielded probe wire can act as an an- which can easily prevent an electrical
tance may also manifest itself as ring- tenna and pick up all types of inter- connection between the probe tip and
ing on the leading and trailing edge of ference, such as electrical noise from the circuit. It may be necessary to
the electrical pulse. The grounding - fluorescent lamps, radio stations, and scrape off some of that coating. R -E
lead inductance and probe -tip capaci-
tance form a series -resonant circuit
with only a 10-megohm resistor for
damping. When shock excited by a
pulse, the resonant circuit will ring
Upto
with a predictable damped oscilla-
tion. For example, a 11.2-pF passive
probe having a 6 -inch ground lead
will ring at about 140 MHz when hit
50zSavings
on Probes
by a fast rise -time pulse. As the ring-
ing frequency increases, it tends to
fall outside the scope's passband and
is highly attenuated. It's therefore de-
sirable to try and increase the ringing
Performance
"LEADING EDGE
\ RINGING
Guaranteed

V = TEST
PROBES, INC. TP I
9178 Brown Deer Road
San Diego, CA 92121
Call toll free for informa-
tion and free catalog:
Model SP100 1-800-368-5719
Switchable 1X 10X 1-800-643-8382 in CA

FIG. 14-PULSE RINGING occurs when ORDER OM THESE DISTRIBUTORS

the grounding -loop inductance and pro- Or PhoneFR Toll Free for the Distributor Nearest You
be -tip capacitance form a series -resonant
circuit that is shock excited by a very fast
rise -time pulse.
.`^\
contact east Metermaster
1-800-535-9593 1-800-225-5370 1-800-962-8128
1-800-462-9520 LA (508) 682-2000 MA (213) 685-4340 CA
frequency. To do that, use the shortest
possible ground lead, and the probe ALCI02TRON
with the lowest shunt capacitance. It's specialized
PRODUCTS COMPANY
i
(617) 879-7650
ironic, but for the reasons just men- 1-800-527-5018 1-800-363-6592 Canada
(214) 550-1923 TX
tioned, you're more likely to see un- 1-800-363-7601 CUE

wanted ringing on an expensive high

JENSEN. TOOLS INC. BCSELECTRONICS
passband 300 -MHz scope than a low
(602) 968-6231 LIMITED
passband 20 -MHz scope. (416) 661-5585

Mechanical properties
Often, while touching or rearrang-
ing a probe or lead wire, unpredicta-
.ALL/ED ELECTRON/CS,
A.G%.SIO/AhM OF HALL M41N
11JE5Tcon
(503) 283-0132 OR, (206)223-1133 WA
1-800-433-5700, (817) 336-5401 TX
ble, confusing, and non -repeatable
effects are produced on the observed CIRCLE 123 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
waveform. That kind of problem may
51
 L
DD

LOW -CAPACITANCE

Even audio -frequency

scope measurements are
more accurate with
this easy -to -build low -
SCOPE
capacitance probe.
1
F

PROBE
HERB FRIEDMAN

EVEN IF YOU'RE MEASURING WELL DOWN the tightest affordable tolerance (1%,
into the bass audio frequencies, an RI 5%, or 10%) that keeps the final value
9MEG
oscilloscope's display of a complex near 9 megohms. Trimmer capacitor
waveform-such as a square wave- COAX CABLE
Cl can be anything that physically fits
will not be accurate unless the input to PROBE TO
inside the handle: The unit specified
Cl
the scope is made through a low-ca- TIP
6-50pF PL1 in the parts list is cheap and an ideal
pacitance test probe. size. PL1 is whatever connector
Elsewhere in this issue of Radio - matches your scope's vertical input.
GROUND CLIP
Electronics there is an in-depth dis- The problem is, however, to assem-
cussion on the why's and wherefore's ble RI and Cl in a shielded probe; one
FIG. 1-ALTHOUGH A LOW -CAPACITANCE
of low-capacitance oscilloscope pro- probe is a simple device, it plays a vital
that does not pick up extraneous hum
bes, so there's no sense in repeating part in obtaining accurate oscilloscope and noise because of capacitance -
what's been said. Suffice to say that, traces. coupling to the user's hand. On the
as a general rule, all AC scope mea- other hand, for the user's safety, even
surements should be made using a though the probe is shielded it should
low -capacitance 10X test probe. be insulated from the user's hand. So
Also as a general rule, you're prob- you will need some form of plastic
ably best off with a low-C 10X scope handle, a probe tip for the handle, an
probe that's specifically designed for internal shield, and a perforated wir-
your scope. But what if you can't ing board having a lug that can be
afford to buy one? Simple! You build used as a common ground.
it using readily available, budget -
priced parts. From input to output, the
prototype low -C 10X probe shown can
cost as little as $15. And by building
1 E IME
IIIII
The necessary parts are available in
a Keystone 1810 probe handle kit, but
the 1810 is not modified for use as a
low-capacitance probe. Holes must be
your own, you get the extra advantage drilled in both the handle and the
of precisely matching your scope's shield to allow access to Cl. Take
vertical -input connector: anything extreme care when drilling the holes
from a modern BNC connector to a FIG. 2-THE PROBE -HANDLE KIT con- in the handle and the shield because
tains an internal shield and flea -clip
somewhat older banana plug, to an mounting terminals. If the pre -drilled ver- they are prone to snag on the drill bit.
ancient microphone -type connector. sion of the kit isn't used, the builder must You must create some kind of safe
Whatever your scope needs, just hang drill the holes in the handle and the shield drilling jig when working with the
it on the end of the probe's cable. that provide access to Cl. handle and the shield.
The circuit of a low -capacitance Figure 2 shows the probe -assembly
probe, shown in Fig. 1, is certainly %z -watt resistor rated about 9 components after the handle and the
simple enough because it essentially megohms. The actual value really shield are drilled. A pre -drilled kit is
consists of three components: R1, Cl, isn't all that critical; it can be 9.2 available from the source given in the
and PL1. R1 can be any kind of %- or megohms, or 8.8 megohms; just use parts list.
52
 against the board. That's all the sup-
port that's needed.
Using Fig. 3 as a guide, install a
flea clip on each side of Cl; then in-
stall RI between the clips, positioning
the resistor so that it is adjacent to the
side of Cl. Do not position Rl across
FIG. 3-THE RESISTOR SHOULD be the top of Cl. Notice from Fig. 3 that
placed to the side of Cl. Do not span the one of RI's leads passes through the
resistor across the top of the capacitor. front flea clip full length. The extra
length will pass into the probe's tip
during final assembly. FIG. 5-YOU MUST CUT A NOTCH in the
Connect Cl to the two flea clips on plastic handle so that the ground test lead
from the shield tube can exit from the front
the bottom of the board using the of the probe.
shortest, most direct lengths of wire.
The connecting cable is three to six
feet of conventional coax. To prevent
constant flexing from snapping the
center conductor, use one of the cable
types having a stranded center con-
ductor, such as RG-58A/U or
RG-58C/U. Avoid RG -59 cable be-
cause its center conductor is solid.
The probe's ground is the solder lug
FIG.4-THE POINTER INDICATES where
the wiring board's solder lug is tack -sol- on the wiring board. Unbraid the ca-
dered to the inside of the shield tube. ble's shield, twist the strands tightly
into a pigtail, pass the pigtail through
Construction the hole in the solder lug, and solder FIG.6-THE BNC CONNECTOR at the top
Bend the ground lug on the probe's the pigtail to the lug on the underside provides shielding all the way into the
of the board. (Avoid letting excess scope. On the other hand, a banana plug
wiring board 90° upward so that the causes a break in the shield, which ex-
board can slide through the metal poses the inner conductor to possible
shield. Position the lug so that it is hum and noise pickup.
inside the tube and exactly flush with PARTS LIST
one end. Mark the opposite end of the soldering heat flow through the pig-
R1-As close to 9-Megohms as is
tail; that would melt the center con-
board at the end of the metal tube and possible, see text
cut the board exactly on the line. If C1-6-50-pF trimmer capacitor (Ra- ductor's insulation.) Then connect the
you are not using the CC -5 handle kit, dio Shack 272-1310A) cable's center conductor to the nearest
drill a '/a -inch hole in the metal tube PL1-Connector to match scope flea clip that supports Rl Finally, slip
.

exactly 5/16 inch from the non -lug end (see text) the shield tube over the board until the
of the tube. Drill a matching hole Misc.: Probe -handle kit, coaxial ca- back end is exactly flush with the sol-
exactly '/a inch from the front of the ble, solder, ground clip. etc. der lug. Force or bend the lug against
plastic handle. Note: The pre -drilled test probe kit the inside of the shield, rotate the
Install C1 on the board so that it is is available for $10 plus $3 shield so that its hole is exactly op-
centered 5/i6 inch from the cut edge. postage and handling per total posite Cl, and, as shown in Fig. 4,
order from: Custom Compo- tack -solder the lug to the inside of the
Enlarge existing board holes so that nents, Box 153, Malverne, NY
the trimmer's lugs just barely squeeze 11565. NY State residents must
shield.
through. Pass Cl 's lugs through the add appropriate sales tax. Using a knife, or an %s drill bit as a
holes and then fold the lugs outward router, cut a slot for the grounding test

FIG.7-A FULLY SHIELDED CABLE will provide the rock -steady square wave display
shown in a. A break in the shield, such as caused by a banana plug, can cause the trace
smearing shown in b. Close examination of the smear in c shows a 60 -Hz noise signal
superimposed on the desired signal.

53
 wire flows out of the slot. Assemble ATTENTION!

i
the probe tip and slide the tip over the
free resistor lead. Seat the tip into the oteci
handle, secure the tip assembly with
the two supplied screws, and, using E LE ÑÑia
long -nose pliers, pull the lead
through the tip so the front of the
shield and the board are snug against
T
the front of the probe. Then secure the EARN YOUR \
locking collar on the probe's tip.
If you want, run a small grommet
B.S.E.E.
down the connecting cable to fill the DEGREE
opening in the back of the handle.
PLI is any connector that matches
THROUGH HOME STUDY
Our New and Highly Effective Advanced -Place-
FIG. 8-ADJUST Cl USING annsulated your scope's vertical input. It might ment Program for experienced Electronic Tech-
tool for an optimum square-ware scope be a BNC connector, a banana plug, nicians grants credit for previous Schooling and
Professional Experience, and can greatly re-
display. or whatever. Bear in mind that, as duce the time required to complete Program and
shown in Fig. 6, a BNC connector reach graduation. No residence schooling re-
quired for qualified Electronic Technicians.
provides full shielding all the way Through this Special Program you can pull all of
from the probe to the scope's input, the loose ends of your electronics background
together and earn your B.S.E.E. Degree. Up-
while a banana plug actually breaks grade your status and pay to the Engineering
the shield at the connector, and will Level. Advance Rapidly! Many finish in 12
months or less. Students and graduates in all 50
allow some kind of noise pickup. For States and throughout the World. Established
example, using the same scope, as Over 40 Years! Write for free Descriptive Lit-
shown in Fig. 7-a, a BNC connector erature.

resulted in a rock -steady trace. In Fig.

7-b, PLI was a banana plug that was COOK'S INSTITUTE
connected to a BNC-banana adapter. OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Notice that noise (hum) pickup CTEE 4251 CYPRESS DRIVE
causes the trace to "smear." Figure JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 39212

7-c is the same trace as Fig. 7-b, but a

CIRCLE 58 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
faster camera shutter was used to
show that the "smear" is actually an-
other signal (60 Hz leaking through
the broken shield at the banana plug) Try the
that is superimposed on the square Radio
wave. If possible, maintain shielding
throughout the entire assembly and Electronics
connection. Of course, if your scope bulletin board
has only banana jacks for the vertical - system
input connections then PLI must be a
FIG. 9-IMPROPER ADJUSTMENT OF Cl
banana plug.
(RE-BBS)
will produce the rounded leading edge
shown in a, or overshoot of the leading 516-293-2283
edge, as shown in b. Adjustment
To adjust the probe, set the scope's The more you use it the more
useful it becomes.
lead in the front of the plastic handle, vertical input for DC. Then, using any
180° opposite to the 1/4-inch hole. square wave as the signal source -1 We support 300 and 1200 baud
Slide the assembly into the handle, kHz is almost a universal "stan- operation.
rotate the assembly so that the holes in dard-as shown in Fig. 8, use an insu-
the handle and shield correspond, and lated (non-metallic) alignment tool to Parameters: 8N1 (8 data bits, no
then mark the slot's location on the adjust Cl for the precise square wave parity, 1 stop bit) or 7E1 (7 data
metal shield. Remove the assembly shown in Fig. 7-a. Improper adjust- bits. even parity, 1 stop bit).
and tack -solder a 6 -inch length of ment of Cl will result in a rounding of Add yourself to our user files to
stranded No. 22 or No. 24 insulated the signal's leading edge (Fig. 9-a), or increase your access.
wire to the shield at the mark. As overshoot of the signal's leading edge
shown in Fig. 5, position the wire so (Fig. 9-b). See the scope probe article Communicate with other R -E

that it will flow naturally from the slot elsewhere in this issue to learn why readers.
in the handle. CI 's adjustment does what it does.
Leave your comments on R -E with
Be sure you allow for the 10X factor
the SYSOP.
Final assembly when using the low-C 10X probe. For
Slide the assembly into the handle, example, if the scope indicates that a RE-BBS
taking care that the holes for CI are in signal is 1.1 volts p -p, then the actual 516-293-2283
alignment and that the ground test value is 11 volts. R -E

54

www.americanradiohistory.com
 I- J
.2

CARRIER
POWER FM

m'M

CARRIER CURRENT TRANSMITTER

CURRENT
ON HI

LOW AUDIO
WILLIAM SHEETS and RUDOLF F GRAF
TRANSMITTER
Now you can set up your stereo speakers anywhere in your home,
as long as there's an electrical outlet nearby!

THERE HAVE PROBABLY BEEN TIMES WHEN Additionally, if the AC power lines Complicating that fact is that certain
you wished you could send audio are to be used as an RF transmission loads may be a near short circuit to
from one place to another without medium, the power line's indefinite RF, especially if those loads have
having to run any wires or cable. impedance must be accounted for. built-in RF bypassing.
Well, now you can stop wishing, be-
cause such a method called carrier
current does exist. It uses the existing VCO DRIVER
AC lines in your home as the trans- ICI Q2
FM
mission medium, in which RF car- AUDIO
R9
riers in the range of 100-500 kHz are AMP
FRED
modulated with the information to be Q1

R5
transmitted. (Simple AM, FM, or re- AUDIO FM FM
lated modulation methods can be INPUT MODULATION
RF
AM
used to place the information on the d ' S1 -a
COUPLING
NETWORK
OUT
carrier.) VOLTAGE

Carrier-current techniques are also

REGULATOR
IC2 --. + 30V
Z --10f2

useful for coverage throughout a large

building, or perhaps a complex of
buildings. Some of the possible ap-
FFFD
plications for carrier-current are wire- R24
BACK
less extension speakers, headphones, AM
MODULATION
and wireless intercom and loud-
speaker paging systems.
AM
AM MODULATOR - 30
Obstacles AUDIO DRIVER AND
NORM
There are several problems that AND Q4 POWER

must first be taken into account before COMPARATOR 05 SUPPLY

REGULATOR S2
90 LOW
08 I

we can apply the carrier-current tech- 06-07 TUNE/CHECK +15

SWITCH
nique to practical use. The AC power
system in the average home can often
CARRIER
vary in its construction. But what is AM POWER
more important than that is that, be- -b
CONTROLS
S1
cause there can be any number of
appliances operating at any given mo- FM R22
ment, the load on the power system is
constantly varying. FIG. 1-BLOCK DIAGRAM of the carrier-current transmitter. It can transmit AM and FM.

55
 Take any one of these HANDBOOKS
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56
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57

www.americanradiohistory.com
 K
Q3
C5 C10
02 TIP41A
100K
470pF" 01
C14
R3 R7 s C7 2N3904 0018
47K 7
7
.01
C1

tOµF .. 01 R5
)1+_5
IC1
NE566V
3 'M ` L3

.
16V R11
2N3904 5K VCO Lt q Z= 109
R2
R4
FM
DÉV.
C3
1µF 6
2.2K R12
2.2K
470µH Cii
470pF
C15
22K 50V --11E .00331
RI
10K
R8
eC6 I
He
R6 R10 R13 R14 -_ C13
6.8K .001
4.7K 1K 2.2K
IC2 330 .0033T
WS. We
L-330
J1 C2 + C4
LM7812 C12 I+
AUDIO r- 10µF i-. 141F
R9
C
C9 0.22
16V 2K 50V TWISTED
INPUT FM 16V
PAIR

Si -a AM
c + FRED
rJ

J2
R20
i, C16 OUTPUT
R19 R29
1K
1K R25 +30/+15 6V 2.2K R27 PWR
R24
104 5.612
C19 C20 POWER LINE
10K
AM
.001

K Q4
V Q6
TIP41A
M4700µ1
35V
o 2
LEVEL LEDI 1W
94.4.
INPUT
J3

/
MOD LOW
Cl) 2N3904 NORMAL°
470pF R21
C22 22K
R56 R15* R15* C8 R28 _L
3.30 3.352 TEST 1 1K
10µF AM POINT 600V AC
16V + R26 Q5 *SEE PARTS A Ti
C18 ON/OFF
2N3906

AM
AM
K
470pF 1052 LIST

0.7
120V 4VCT

Fl
S3 -1BLK
FM TIP41A
S1 -b 1.5A
PWR GRN
R23
R22 Q8 R17 R188
5K FM R18*
5K 150 3.34
2N3904 3,352
PWR C21...
Oi
T WHITE

FIG. 2-THE COMPLETE SCHEMATIC of the carrier -current transmitter. Everything ex-
cept the power-supply components, the switches, and the power -line coupling compo-
nents are installed on the PC board.

Another problem is the presence of

noise voltages generated by ap-
CABINET
pliances that are connected to the
PLASTIC OR FIBER
power lines. Unfortunately, those SHOULDER
noise voltages are within the frequen- WASHER 3-#33
cy band of 100-500kHz, which can HOLES\ l-1" -44-1" 44
cause interference with carrier-current
-1)-
transmissions. Offenders are motors, 06 0.7 03
fluorescent lamps, neon signs, relay 4-40x/o" 3/s2OR,6"ALUMINUM PLATE
contacts, triacs and SCR's, rectifier TRANSISTOR SCREW
6" 2s.
diodes, etc. In short, the AC (HOLE #33 DRILL}

powerline in the modern home is a

hotbed of noise and interference.
MICA OR TEFLON REMOVE ALL BURRS
However, the situation is not hope- INSULATOR MATERIAL AND
less as it appears. The problems can COAT WITH SHARP PROJECTIONS
SILICON GREASE
be overcome, and this article will de-
12"OR%"THICK
scribe an effective carrier transmitter ALUMINUM
and receiver that can be used for many PLATE

applications. (HEAT SINK)

a b

Carrier-current transmitter FIG. 3-THE TRANSISTORS SHOULD BE ATTACHED to the heat sink and cabinet as
The decision to use either AM, nar- shown in a, and a drill guide for the heat sink is shown in b.
e
rowband FM (less than 15 kHz), or
wideband FM (greater than 30 kHz) Looking at the block diagram in tion of the voltage -controlled os-
depends on the application. For the Fig. 1, audio is fed from switch S 1-a to cillator, ICI, which is set to nominally
transmission of music, FM is better either the FM or AM circuitry. Start- 280 kHz. IC1 and Q1 are supplied
because it has greater noise immunity. ing with the FM section, amplifier Q1 with a regulated 12 volts from IC2. A
For speech or other noncritical ap- accepts an audio signal in the 10 -Hz to square -wave signal from ICI pin -3
plications, AM may be satisfactory. 20 -kHz range of about 0.5 volts peak - drives Q2, and Q2 drives the output
Our transmitter permits either mode to -peak. The audio gain is adjusted amplifier Q3. A coupling network is
by switch selection. via R5 to provide up to 60 -kHz devia- used to match the nominal 45 -ohm
58
 PARTS LIST

All resistors are '/a -watt, 5%, un- 08-0.1 µF, 600 volts DC Q5 -2N3906, PNP transistor
less otherwise noted. 09-0.1 µF, 50 volts, Mylar D1-D4-1N4002 rectifier diode
R1-4700 ohms C7, 010, C21-0.01 µF, 50 volts, LED1-light-emitting diode, any
R2, R21-22,000 ohms ceramic disc color
R3-100,000 ohms C11, 017,C18-470 pF, ceramic disc Other components
R4-10,000 ohms C12-0.22 µF, 50 volts, tantalum J1-J3-RCA jack
R5, R22, R23-5000 ohms, C13, 015-0.0033µF, 250 volts, 10% F1-1.5- or 2 -amp fast-blow fuse
potentiometer Mylar S1-DPST switch
R6, R19, R20, R28-1000 ohms C14-0.0018 µF, 250 volts, 10% S2, S3-SPST switch
R7-47,000 ohms Mylar T1-117 VAC primary, 24 -volt 1.5 amp
R8-6800 ohms C16-47 µF, 16 volts, electrolytic secondary, center tapped
R9-2000 ohms, potentiometer 020-4700 µF, 35 volts, electrolytic Miscellaneous: 3 -wire line cord, PC
R10-R12, R29-2200 ohms Coils board, cabinet, two RCA plugs, ter-
R13, R14-330 ohms L1--470 µH choke minal strips, hardware, etc.
R15, R18-1.65 ohms (use two 3.3 - L2-100-160 µH, 33% tap (see Note: The following items are
ohm resistors in parallel for both) Fig. 4) available from North Country
R16, R17-150 ohms L3-100-160 µH, 14% tap (see Radio, P.O. Box 53, Wykagyl Sta-
R24-10,000 ohms, potentiometer Fig. 4) tion, New Rochelle, NY 10804. A
R25, R26-10 ohms Semiconductors kit of parts containing a PC
R27-5.6 ohms, 1 watt IC1-NE566, voltage -controlled board and everything that is in-
Capacitors oscillator stalled on it is available for
C1, C2, C4, 022-10 µF, 16 volts, IC2-LM7812 or LM78L12, 12 -volt $54.50, and a single PC board is
electrolytic regulator available for $13.00. Add $2.50 to
C3-1 µF, 50 volts, electrolytic 01, 02, Q4, Q8 -2N3904, NPN either order for postage and
C5-470 pF, silver mica, 5% transistor handling. NY residents must in-
C6, C19-0.001 µF, Mylar Q3, Q6, Q7-TIP41A, NPN transistor clude sales tax.

output impedance of Q3 to the 10 - COIL

ohm AC line impedance. SLUG

In the AM mode, audio is coupled /2"LONG

%a-28THD
to Q8 via R24 and then amplified MATERIAL SUITABLE
again by transistors Q4 to Q7. The FOR 200kHz
WINDING
normally stable DC voltage at test 93 TURNS #32 ENAMEL
(3 LAYERS 31 TURNS EACH)
point A is thereby varied at an audio COIL FORM TAP AT 31 TURNS L2
rate. Because Q2 and Q3 obtain their 300 OD 13 TURNS L3
DC Vcc from test point A, the VCO 250 ID
FINISH -OFINISH
carrier input to Q2 is amplitude mod- 93 TURNS ? 93 TURNS
ulated by the varying Vcc amplitude.
That produces an amplitude -modu- 1 /2" WINDING
lated output from the transmitter. 31 TURNS
Careful setting of R23 (carrier level) 13 TURNS

and R24 (audio level) provides up to

100% modulation.
START L.-
L2 L3

Circuitry INDUCTANCE:
100-160µH
Referring to the schematic in Fig. Q >_ 50 (a'250kHz
2, an audio input signal of nominally
0.5 volt peak -to -peak is fed into J1. FINISH

Switch S1 -a selects either FM or AM TAP

modulation. For FM modulation, au-

dio appears across R1, which serves
as a termination for a 5K audio source START

impedance. The input signal is ap- BOTTOM VIEW NOTE - USE OLD TV SWEEP OR WIDTH COILS

COIL CONNECTIONS AS A SOURCE OF COIL FORMS AND SLUGS.

plied to the base of Q1. The output of
Q1, from the wiper of R5, is fed to
FIG. 4-YOU CAN MAKE COILS L1 AND L2 yourself. First you have to get some old coil
IC1. An audio signal between 0.5 and forms and slugs with the specifications as shown. Then wind three layers of 31 turns
1.0 volt peak -to-peak appears at pin 5 each, wrapping a piece of clear tape around each layer. Remove the enamel coating from
of that VCO, as the modulation for a each end, as well as the tap point, and solder each point to the appropriate PC pin.
carrier of 200-350 kHz; the carrier
frequency depends on the setting of R12 provides a DC path to ground for of about 8 volts peak -to -peak appears
R9. The AC component is coupled to the base of Q2 and allows Q2 to gener- at the collector of Q2, and C10 cou-
the base of driver Q2 via R11 and C7. ate its own base bias. A square wave ples that waveform to the base of Q3.
59
 Transistor Q3 provides power am- back circuit keeps the DC Vcc volt- and Q7 less, raising the voltage at
plification of the nominal 280 -kHz age at test point A stable during FM point A. The exact voltage at point A
signal from Q2. The collector of Q3 operation. Here's how it works. Tran- depends on the ratio of R21 to either
connects to a tap on L2 at about a 45 - sistor Q8 is connected as a common - R23 for AM or R24 for FM, and the
ohm impedance level. L2, C13, C14, emitter amplifier, receiving its bias base -emitter turn -on voltage of Q8
C15 and L3 form a bandpass filter for from R21, which connects to the emit- (about 0.6 volt). Therefore, R23 and
the 200 -350 -kHz range, and also ter of Q6 and collector of Q7, which is R24 can set the DC level at point A:
match the impedance of the collector also the DC Vcc supply for Q2 and 10-20 volts for FM and 12-14 volts for
circuit of Q3 to a nominal 10 -ohm Q3. If the voltage at test point A rises, AM.
powerline load impedance. Q3 must it will tend to turn on Q8 even more; When AM modulation is used, au-
be heat sinked, and the collector Q8 will draw more current from R20 dio is fed to R24 and C17, and cou-
(which is also the tab) must be insu- and R19, lessening the drive current pled to the base of Q8 through C22
lated from ground. A mica washer, to Q4 and increasing it to Q5. That and S1 -b. R23 determines the quies-
with a light coating of silicone grease makes Q6 conduct less and Q7 con- cent point of Q6 and Q7 and the no-
to aid in heat transfer is used for that duct more, lowering the voltage at signal resting (static) voltage to Q2
purpose. point A. A similar but opposite effect and Q3. Now, Q8, Q4, Q5, Q6, and
In the FM mode, Q6 and Q7 func- occurs if the voltage at point A starts Q7 function as an audio amplifier,
tion as pass transistors, supplying to fall. In that case Q8 tends to con- producing a clamped DC voltage at
Vcc for Q2 and Q3. A negative feed - duct less, Q4 and Q6 more, and Q5 test point A with a superimposed AC
voltage that varies at an audio rate.
The audio component can cause the
Q3 -Li- -R6- C2 voltage at test point A to vary from 0
R14
C9
R9 -R10- --- R8- R5 I .I volts to 27 volts. Remember, it's that
-C10- C3 R3 R4 INPUT voltage that amplitude modulates the
Ji
-c11-
R13á2

4-, C5 ICi
C6
1

-R7- CI I I Rl
S1 -a
VCO carrier at Q2 and Q3.
RI12
GND I
GB C1
t
Components R29 and LED1 are
`ç12
s=R1ß

'R18 + I L2 RE
-C7- I -R11- E
used as a power indicator and may be
Q7 I I omitted if desired. A small incandes-
TEST
E R17 E Cl3 POINT
cent lamp rated for 30 or 36 volts can
B C14
L3 A also be used.
05 D ,
To prevent excess radiation, the
R26
C20
transmitter's output is connected to J2
^'RI15 RI 16 I Cr R21 I via a twisted pair of insulated hookup
*R15 I -,
wire about 6 inches long. RF from J2

'
Q6
i I

BU
(E R25C19
ÌC18
I
I

R20
R39

IC
C22
S1 -b
is then fed into J3 via a short jumper
wire (J) that has RCA plugs at both
B c 04 I
R22 772 R24
Cl] ends (the jumper uses only the center
conductors of the plugs). RCA jack J3
is connected to the hot side of the AC
SEE PARTS LIST -I. TO R29 S2 -y
o TO T1 power line via R27, R28, and C8,
C41`o--1.- TO D1 after the fuse, Fl. Resistor R28 limits
FIG. 5-FOLLOW THIS PARTS-PLACEMENT diagram when building the transmitter. AC voltage on C8 to about five volts.
REAR Otherwise a mild but uncomfortable
shock would be gotten from J3 if the
center pin were touched. The 5.6 -
J2,J3
ohm -watt resistor, R27, provides a
1

stabilizing effect on the impedance

seen by the transmitter. It also limits
EXTRA
HEAT SINK AC line current in case C8 shorts; Fl
will blow instantly in that case. C8
HEAT SINK
PLATE
must be rated at least 600 -volts DC or
TERMINAL better.
STRIP
Note: Never plug the unit into an
ungrounded outlet (2 -wire system),
because the transmitter case must
PC
be grounded to either an earth
BOARD ground, a cold -water pipe, or the
D1-04 electrical -system ground (conduit,
MOUNTED ON
TERMINAL
metal boxes, etc.).
STRIP Switch S2 is used to select either
the full transformer voltage or half of
S3-i .i--S1,S2iBOTTOM) it. Normally, the full voltage is used.
FIG. 6-THE INSIDE OF THE UNIT should be laid out as shown here. Just make sure that During testing, use the low position,
the transistors are insulated from the heat sink and cabinet. because it reduces the chance of
60
 SWEEP 2ms/cm SWEEP 2ms/cm SWEEP 11Ls/cm

-.I 3-51Ls H-

f=1YHz f= 1kHz
COLLECTOR Q1 PIN 3 IC1
AUDIO INPUT TO J1
FM MODE ONLY AM MODE

SWEEP 1µs/cm SWEEP .2ms/cm SWEEP 1µs/cm

VARIES WITH
SETTING OF R5 --i hi - +5
+ 8V
TO

OV

PIN 3 IC1 COLLECTOR 02 COLLECTOR Q2

FM MODE AM MODE FM MODE

SWEEP 1µs/cm SWEEP 1µs/cm SWEEP 14/cm

F3-5µsH k3-5µs*I 3-5p s-.

+0.6
6.6V
5-25V p -p*
-6.0 p p

AMPLITUDE 20-25V p -p
VARIES
BASE Q3 FM MODE COLLECTOR 03 FM MODE J3 FM MODE WITH R22
NO AUDIO NO AUDIO NO AUDIO

SWEEP .5ms/cm

1ms4-
4 -25
AUDIO
AT J1
+ 13V R23 OK NO
0.5Vp-p
CLIPPING

OV R23 SET
23 TOO LOW
TEST POINT A SO VOLTAGE AT
AM MODE TPA = +13V CLIPPING
100"H MODULATION RF OUTPUT J2 AM EFFECT OF R23 AT J2

FIG. 7-EXPECT TO SEE THESE WAVEFORMS at the various points in the circuit that are
mentioned below each diagram.

damaging something. Also, depend- The leads to and from J1, J2 and J3 and plastic bushings to insulate the
ing on R22's setting, the low position should be either twisted pairs or transistor tabs. 4-40 steel hardware
can be used (in the FM mode only) to shielded cables. Mount all compo- should be used to mount the tran-
reduce the transmitter's output. nents that are not on the PC board on sistors; nylon screws can be used but
terminal strips or standoff insulators. they tend to loosen over time.
Construction Be sure to use the unit only with a Coils L2 and L3 can be made by
The transmitter is built inside a grounded outlet-if you live in an hand (see Fig. 4), but they, too, can
metal case that is 8-1/4 x 6-1/4 x 3 older home with two -prong outlets, also be purchased. If you decide to
inches. Transistors Q3, Q6, and Q7 make sure that the chassis is grounded make them yourself, you can use old
are heat-sinked to a piece of I/8- or 3/32 - to the outlet box (and that the outlet TV sweep or width coils as a source of
inch aluminum that is mounted flat box is properly grounded), or run a coil forms and slugs. Follow the parts
against the rear of the case. Except for ground wire to a cold -water pipe. Q3, placement as shown in Fig. 5. The
the power supply, the switches, and Q6, and Q7 must be heat-sinked and cabinet layout is shown in Fig. 6. As
the AC line-coupling components, all electrically insulated from the metal you can see from that photo, the pro-
of the transmitter circuitry is con- chassis. totype has an additional heat sink at-
tained on the PC board. A foil pattern The mounting details for the tran- tatched to the back of the cabinet. It
for the PC board is given in PC Ser- sistors and a drill guide for the heat may be required if the back of the
vice, and it is also available with or sink are shown in Figs. 3-a and 3-b cabinet seems to get excessively hot
without a parts kit, from the source respectively. Use sheet mica cut to fit during operation.
given in the Parts List. (with a light coating of silicon grease) continued on page 64
61
 L_ S
JG 1

PLASMA
DISPLAY
GLOBE
You can save really big bucks by
home -brewing your plasma
display globes. Here's how you do it.

JEFFERY C. CAUDILL
ALTHOUGH THE PLASMA -DISPLAY POWER globe's curled lip to ensure an air- pulling a vacuum on the completed
supply featured in the March 1988 tight assembly. globe.
issue of Radio -Electronics is rela- The globe's base is made from a 12 Figure 2 shows the dimensions for
tively inexpensive, the globe itself- x 10 inch piece of 3/4 -inch Corian-a the globe's discharge assembly. The
which, depending on size, can cost material that's used for cabinet tops. 13/4 -inch discharge ball used in the
well over $200 often proves to be (It can be purchased at local kitchen - prototype is aluminum; it has a 1 -inch
beyond the budget of many experi- cabinet shops; it's usually the scrap deep 5/16 -inch threaded hole for its
menters. But if plasma displays fire from the sink cut-out.) As shown in support rod. (The ball was made by a
your enthusiasm, you can get them at Fig. 1, use a router to cut a 3/8 inchW local machine shop for $12.)
a relatively low cost by making the X 3/R inchD circular groove that The support is a 5/16-inch threaded
plasma globes yourself. matches the diameter of the curled lip; brass rod that is 81/4-inches long. It is
Yes, you read correctly: We did say the groove should be centered. a standard electrical part that is used
make the globes yourself. You can do Drill a 5/16-inch hole in the center of to repair table lamps.
it even if you know next to nothing the grooved circle. Then, as shown in
about glass-blowing because our pro- Fig. 1, drill a %s -inch hole that is offset Assembling the globe
totype-which costs about $45-is as far as possible from the center hole. Screw the rod into the aluminum
made from a conventional glass light- The 1/2 -inch hole will be needed for and then cover the rod with at least
ing globe. four layers of heat -shrink tubing or
Although making your own plasma plastic electrical tape. (Try for eight
/
1/8
" 5/16 "
DAM
globe sounds like a complex project, HOLE HOLE GROOVE layers of insulation, if possible.)
in reality it is rather easy to do, and it / Leave the bottom threads uncovered
can be a lot of fun. So follow our for 11/4 inches so that the rod can be
instructions in the context of fun, fastened through the base.
rather than as a chore. Apply a nut and a washer to the
exposed end of the brass rod, insert
Construction the rod through the center hole in the
The globe itself is a 14-incher, the base, and using another washer and
kind used for outdoor yard -post light- BASE another nut, fasten the rod securely.
ing fixtures; it can be obtained from a Then sandwich a solderless wire con-
local lighting -equipment supply nector between the bottom mounting
house for about $20.00. Typical of 12"
nut and a third nut. (If you can get the
lighting globes, it has an opening appropriate size lockwasher, use one
FIG. 1-PREPARE THE BASE by drilling
with a curled lip that allows the globe two holes, routing a mounting groove, and on each side of the connector.)
to be held in place by three thumb- building an epoxy dam between the two To ensure an airtight seal, both the
screws. As you'll see, we will use the holes. top and the bottom of the rod-as well
62
 tween the rod and the tube. That is
done by building a small epoxy PARTS LIST
dam-made from epoxy putty-
around the discharge assembly's rod.
14 -inch round globe
Epoxy putty comes in stick form; it 13/4 -inch aluminum ball
can molded and shaped much like 81/4 -inch length of 5/16 -inch threaded
children's Play Dough. Work the put- brass rod
ty with your fingers until it's soft, then 10 x 12 -inch Corlan
roll it between your palms until it Heat -shrinkable tubing or plastic
forms a string having a diameter of tape
about one-half to three-quarters of an Epoxy cement
inch. Plumber's epoxy
11/4 -inches of/e-inch steel automotive
As shown in Fig. 1, use the epoxy
ALUMINUM BALL brake tubing
string to form a dam on the base be-
5/16 -inch solderless wire connector
tween the tube and the discharge rod. 5/16 -inch nuts to match threaded brass
BRASS
ROD SCREWED
Press the dam against the base and rod
1" INTO BALL then pull it upward so that it looks like 6 -inch length of rubber automotive
6 a mountain ridge. The higher you vacuum line
4 LAYERS OF
stretch the "ridge" the greater the dis- Ye -inch vacuum -line plug
HEAT -SHRINK charge path between the rod and the
TUBING
tube. Try for a height of at least - 1

inch, keeping in mind that only the

height of the dam is important-not
its thickness.
THREADS Next, carefully clean the inside of
the globe, because once the globe is
mounted, there is no way to get inside
the globe. Then, fill the routed-groove
FIG. 2-THE DISPLAY ASSEMBLY con-
sists of an aluminum ball that is mounted approximately half-full with epoxy
on a brass rod that is threaded on both cement and place the globe's lip into
ends. the groove. Make certain that the lip is
completely submerged-all the way
as where the rod passes through the
base must be sealed with epoxy ce- t
ment. And not just a smear of epoxy;
really pile it on-the thicker the bet-
ter. Try for a 1/4-inch thickness of ep- FIG. 4-THIS IS HOW THE BASE of the
oxy, and make certain the epoxy AIUMINUM prototype looks. The second tubing was
covers everything: the washers, the BAU added to simplify inserting of the gases
that change the display's color. Notice the
nuts, the end of the rod, etc. heavy application of the epoxy that is
Next, install a 11/4 -inch length of %c- used to seal the tubes and the rod.
inch steel automotive brake -line tub- ROD
ing (from an auto parts store) into the around-in the cement. Set the as-
base's %s-inch hole. Do not allow the sembly aside for at least 24 -hours to
tubing to protrude into the globe as ensure complete curing of the epoxy
BASE
that will cause the center rod to arc to cement.
%" TUBE
the tube. In fact, you should manage The completed globe assembly is
to install the tubing so that it is about shown in Fig. 3. Figure 4 shows the
1/2 -1/4 -inch below the top of the base. underside of the prototype. The two
(Leaving at least 7/8 -inch of the tubing wood strips that are screwed to the
below the Corian will ensure that the base allow the base to be secured to its
tubing is positioned properly.) cabinet
The tubing's joint also must be
sealed at the top and the bottom with w,mmimmu The vacuum
epoxy cement, but use extra care not To vacuum the air from the globe,
to get any epoxy into the tube.
Since the tubing will be relatively
close to the discharge -assembly's
NUTS; _
TUBEIIIIII
11'

SOLDER
LUG
slide a 6 -inch piece of rubber auto-
motive vacuum -hose over the metal
tube sticking out from the bottom of
rod, there is the possibility that most the base. Connect a vacuum pump-
of the display arc will travel from the borrowed from the local college, or
bottom of the rod straight across the rented from a neon -sign vendor, an
FIG. 3-ASSEMBLY DETAILS for mount- air-conditioning repairman, or a tool
Corian to the metal tube. To prevent ing the globe on the Corian base. Take
that from happening, it is necessary to extra care to ensure that the epoxy cement shop-to the rubber hose and pull a
increase the length of the path be- seals the rod and the tubing to the base. vacuum in the globe.
63
 display appears the way you want it
(different pressures make different
displays), clamp off the rubber hose
and seal it with a V8 -inch plug.
The normal display is blue -white
streamers. If desired, various display
colors can be attained by releasing
different inert gases into the globe
through the hose. Helium makes
yellow streamers, argon makes dark
blue, and neon a reddish -orange.

Power modifications
Although the power supply shown
in March 1988 issue works well as is,
a brighter and more active display can
FIG. 5-THE PROTOTYPE'S BASE is be attained through two minor
made of wood. Holes are drilled in the changes in the power -supply circuit.
front and rear for ventilation. Air move- First, change capacitor C6 from 0.005
ment is generated by the small fan
mounted in the upper left corner. to 0.004 µF at 1600 VDC. Sec- FIG. 6-THE FINISHED PLASMA DISPLAY.
ond, change resistor R1 to 10 ohms at The streamers that emanate from the cen-
With the pump running, connect 5 watts, because that display will tral ball will follow your fingers if you
move your hand over the globe.
your power supply to the solderless overheat a 10 ohm 3 -watt resistor.
wire -connector on the base of the wood. The plasma globe display unit
threaded rod and power up the supply The cabinet sits directly on the box. If you intend
while the pressure in the globe is Figure 5 shows the cabinet that to move the display frequently, secure
being lowered. If you have, or can houses the power supply and a small the Cohan base to the cabinet using
borrow a vacuum pressure gauge, the fan that is used to provide air circula- the wood strips as shown in Fig. 4.
final pressure should be between one tion. The cabinet is a 9- x 11 -inch The completed plasma display is
and three torrs. Otherwise, when the wood box that was made from scrap shown in Fig. 6. R -E

CARRIER CURRENT J3's center conductor to ground, and should have a nearly constant output
then apply power; the voltage at point level from 220 to 340 kHz.
continued from page 61 A should be less than 5 volts. Then The 6 -volt bulb connected to J2
adjust R22 (S1 must be in the FM should glow dimly; it can be used as
position) for about 8 volts at point A, an output indicator if an oscilloscope
Alignment and check for 12 volts at pin 8 of ICI. is not available. A 10 -ohm 2 -watt re-
After construction, make sure ev- Note: Do not operate this unit sistor can be used as a dummy load.
erything is properly positioned and with J3 open. Always short J3 to Next, place S2 in the NORMAL
assembled, and check for poor con- ground when not used during test- position and adjust R22 for 30 volts at
nections and solder bridges. Also, ing, so that Fl will open in the event point A; the lamp should glow bright-
make sure that the tabs of Q3, Q6, and that C8 should short circuit. ly. Then set S 1 to the AM position and
Q7 are not shorted to the case or to the Then make the following checks: adjust R23 for 14 volts at point A; the
heat sink. The Vcc line should read at Collector of Ql: about +8 volts. lamp should still glow brightly.
least 200 ohms to ground. Collector of Q2: 4 to 10 volts. Apply a 0.5 -volt pp 1 -kHz sine
Place SI in the FM position, S2 in Collector of Q3: about 8 volts. wave to JI and adjust R24 until 100%
Low, and S3 OFF. Plug in the unit, Collector of Q5: between 0 and 0.5 modulation is obtained (see Fig. 7).
connect a DC voltmeter to the junc- volts The bulb will brighten with modula-
tion of Dl and D2, and turn on S3- Collector of Q4: between 1.0 and tion. Adjust R23 for the best possible
you should read 25 volts DC. If you 1.5 volts higher than test point A. modulation symmetry.
don't, quickly turn off S3 and correct If everything checks out, connect a Switch Si back to FM and re -check
the problem. If the voltage reading is frequency counter to the collector of the waveforms shown in Fig. 7; adjust
okay, check for 15 volts across C20. Q2 and verify that R9 can adjust the R5 if required. Finally, run the trans-
Then turn off S3, connect the volt- frequency from approximately 200 to mitter into either the light bulb or the
meter to test point A, set R22, R23, 350 kHz. Set R9 for 280 kHz-or a 10-ohm, 2 -watt resistor for an hour or
and R24 to maximum resistance, and period of 3.57 µs on an oscilloscope. so to check for overheating; Q3, Q6,
set R5 and R9 to their center posi- Figure 7 shows the various waveforms and Q7 should not get too to touch
tions. Connect a 6 -volt flashlight bulb that are expected at different points in them.
to J2, and set the slugs in L2 and L3 the circuit. Connect an oscilloscope That completes the construction,
half-way into the windings (a plastic to J2 (across a 10-ohm 2 -watt resistor) alignment, and testing of the trans-
TV alignment tool will prevent and adjust L2 and L3 for a maximum mitter. In our next installment, we
damage to the slugs). Remove the output. Next, vary R9 to produce fre- will show you how to build AM and
jumper between J2 and J3 and short quencies from 200 to 350 kHz; you FM line -carrier receivers. R -E
 Dr -

Build r3 ©LJJ
THE RADIO -ELECTRONICS
ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM
This month we build
Five LED indicators are
a battery-backup included in the circuit: One
power supply for for each of the three voltages
the REACTS system. (+ 12, -12, and + 5), one to
indicate the presence of an
external charge voltage, and
BATTERY -BACKUP POWER IS RE- one to indicate that the bat-
quired when there is no AC teries are getting low.
power available, in the event
of a power failure, or when Operation
RAM disks are used in a Figure shows the com-
1

computer without a magnetic plete schematic for the sys-

disk for permanent storage. tem. Normally, charging
In this article we'll show you power is supplied by the 14 -
how to build a sophisticated volt AC, 1.6 -amp wall sup-
battery -backup power-supply ply. The incoming AC volt-
module. And, while it is spe- age is rectified and filtered
cifically designed for the RE- before being sent to the rest
ACTS system, it can be used of the system. Part of the sig-
with any computer or other nal is fed to the three switch-
project with similar power ing regulators while the rest
requirements. is sent to the automatic re-
JIM BYBEE
charging circuits for the in-
Features allow future system expansion with- ternal Ni-Cd's and the external gel
The module can operate from 117 - out concern for the power-supply out- cell.
volts AC, 12-15 volts AC, its internal put. That is achieved by cutting pins The circuit contains three indepen-
Ni -Cd batteries, or an external 12.6 - on the power supply in such a way as dent switching regulators, each one
volts DC. The module automatically to only power the modules that are built around a uA78S40 switching-
charges the 100-milliamp/hour inter- stacked above the power supply. regulator IC. The 5 -volt regulator is a
nal Ni -Cd battery pack, and the exter- Three outputs are provided by the step-down circuit. The + 12 -volt reg-
nal 5-amp/hour gel cell, and its module: + 5 -volts DC at amp, + 12 -
1 ulator is a step-up circuit that derives
circuitry includes two independent volts DC at 500 mA, and -
12 -volts its input from the output of the 5 -volt
chargers for those batteries. DC at 100 mA. The system can actu- regulator. The - 12 -volt regulator is
The low-voltage sense circuit, in- ally supply almost double those out- similar, except for the external PNP
cluded inside the power-supply, is put currents, but the lower numbers transistor which produces the voltage
quite useful when used with the RE- provide a safety margin. By simply inversion.
ACTS computer. That circuit lights an substituting larger pass transistors, The charging circuits operate in a
LED on the front panel when the volt- you can increase the output current to two-step mode. The first step re-
age at the regulator's input drops to 10 several amps. You should note that charges the Ni-Cd's and/or the gel
volts or less. The output of that circuit each regulator has a bank of current - cells at their maximum rate. Once the
can be used to trigger the system inter- sense resistors that allows active con- batteries are charged, the system
rupts, such as NMI (Non Maskable trol of the output current. switches to a low -current trickle
Interrupt). In some applications, you Two independent, two -stage charg- charge. That maintains the charge
might supply the signal to the system ing circuits supply 20 mA for charg- without damaging the batteries. Full
BREQ (Bus REQuest) input which ing the Ni-Cd's and 50 mA for charge is detected by operational am-
will quickly halt the execution of any charging the gel cells. (In the low- plifiers in the uA78S40. The life -time
program. current mode, approximately 0.2 mA of a standard gel cell when trickle
The power supply was designed to is supplied to the Ni-Cds and 10 mA charged is approximately 7-8 years.
65
www.americanradiohistory.com
 To use the supply with other than
the normal wall supply, simply con-
nect the AC or DC input to the normal
AC -input jack. The system will oper-
ate properly with inputs from 12 to 15
volts, AC or DC. If desired, an exter-
nal battery other than the recom- 10

mended gel cell may be connected to 11.161142

the gel -cell input. Just be careful to 1.'"hT

observe polarity when connecting INSO j[ WHIR.
other batteries to that input. Figure 2
shows one of the recommended gel 100
RAI

_ MOO.

9r ºZ.00.
oe

o
FIG. 2-ONE OF THE GEL CELLS that can
be used with the power- supply module.
w

1011

cells, available from the source men-

tioned at the end of the article.

BASIC design program

The BASIC program that was used
in designing the power supply is avail-
able on the RE-BBS (516-293-2283).
It is useful if wish to design your own
custom power supply, but in any case,
you'll find it interesting to see how it's
done.
The use of the program is self-ex- CTH REF

L
planatory when combined with the
data sheet for the uA78S40. Data
sheets are available from both Fair-
child and Motorola as well as other
sources. The program will run on a
standard REACTS with a BASIC in- FIG. 1-BATTERY-BACKUP POWER SUPPLY. It will keep your REACTS system up and
terpreter or any standard PC BASIC. running in the event of a power failure.

PARTS LIST Capacitors

R22, R23, R43 100,000 ohms C1-4700 µF, 6 volts, electrolytic
All resistors are 1/4 watt, 5%, unless R25, R45-7500 ohms C2, 014-1000 pF, 35 volts, ceramic
otherwise noted R26 820 ohms, Yz watt disc
R1-R3, R24, R31, R44, R60-R62- R28, R29-910 ohms C3-05-0.47 µF, 35 volts, ceramic
10.000 ohms R32-R34, R38-1000 ohms, disc
R4, R5, R9, R10, R20-1000 ohms potentiometer C6, C12-4700 µF. 16 volts,
R6-68 ohms R36-5000 ohms,
R35, electrolytic
R7-1200 ohms potentiometer C7, 013-1500 µF, 16 volts,
R8, R39 20 ohms R37-720 ohms electrolytic
R11-240 ohms R41-3000 ohms C8-2200 µF, 6 volts, electrolytic
R12, R40-100 ohms R46-R50, R57-R59 0.22 ohms, 09-011-2200 µF, 35 volts,
R13, R16. R30, R42-1500 ohms 1 watt electrolytic
R14, R17, R19-4700 ohms R51-R53-1 ohm 015-1500 pF, 35 volts, ceramic disc
R15, R18-750 ohms R54-47 ohms. Y., watt Semiconductors
R21. R27-470 ohms R55, R56-22 ohms, 1/ watt IC3-105-uA78S40 switching

66

www.americanradiohistory.com
 100

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2122 2
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COL
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DPAMP OUT

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JUL
12

BRED

regulator IC L3-L5-150-µH inductor dered from DataBlocks, Inc. PO

1C6-1C8-precision voltage F1-F3-3-amp slow -blow solder -in BOX 579, Glenwood, GA 30428.
reference fuse (800) 652-1336 or in Georgia call
Q1,02-TIP31 NPN transistor S1-right-angle PC -mount SPST (912) 568-7101. PC board: $37.00;
Q3-D45H10 PNP power transistor rocker switch A kit of all parts except for bat-
Q4-D44VH1 NPN power transistor S01-right-angle 3 -pin power teries and the external wall
Q5-D45H8 PNP power transistor connector power supply: $198.00; Wall
D1-D6-1N4004 general purpose SO2-right-angle 2 -pin power mounted power supply (10 VAC
diode connector at 1.6 amps): For prices on other
D7 -1N914 switching diode B1 -12 -volt Ni -Cd battery pack parts, including batteries,
D8-D14-1N5822 3 -amp diode ABUS, LBUS-60-pin male and please contact DataBlocks, Inc.
BR1-3-amp bridge rectifier female bus connector set
LED1-LED5-right angle, PC -mount Miscellaneous: PC board, 2-56 x
LED 3/8 -inch pan -head screw, 2-56 nut,
Other components 2-56 lockwasher
L1, L2, L6 7-µH inductor The following items can be or-

67
 -R56- ^i4
-R55-
m R4

+ CS R3028
2E1D2,j
-R4Ó3 - R44-, D3 -{f-
R54
R28_R27-"
R43 D744----
C2 IC3 C -R31- -R19-
a-R26
r R7 -E R48-
--R59-
R16`rRS-s5R42-
a -R17-.

=R49-
R47
R18
R20- R34

B R1
-{- -----
D12- IC8
Rr32
F1 -R14-R13

-F3 ---
F2
--
C9 - R58-
R50 -R61- R62-
36(1 -R13_R24 5C14
ß52` Rr _R11_
IC4 C - 06 RlOár-riz R12

C6 R25 R21
-4P1T314

0
R35
012
C7
_ .. Dy
rina u13

(-___ SO4

FIG. 3-PARTS PLACEMENT DIAGRAM. Follow this when constructing the PC board.

Construction Calibration power indicator circuit is adjusted by

Construction of the power supply is The 5 -volt output is adjusted by turning R37 until pin of IC6 mea-
1

quite simple. Just install the parts as turning potentiometer R41 until the sures 10 volts. The two reference ad-
shown in Fig. 3, and the Ni-Cd's are voltage at pins 2, 29, 32, and 59 on justments should be made with a
soldered to the board. In some ap- the left and right system buses equals precision voltmeter capable of at least
plications, it is useful to cut the bot- + 5 volts. Resistor R39 is adjusted 1percent accuracy. Most of the popu-
tom portion of pins 2, 25, 26, 29, until the voltage at pins 25, 26, and 33 lar 3 -digit DVM's will meet that re-
32-34, and 59 on the left 60 -pin bus on the left bus and pin 28 on the right quirement.
connector (LBUS), and pins 2, bus equals +12 volts. Adjust R38 for
27-29, 32, and 59 on the right 60 -pin -12 volts at pin 34 on the left bus and Using the power supply
bus connector (RBUS). That automat- that same voltage on pin 27 of the To use your supply, simply connect
ically supplies power to only the right bus. it to the bottom location on the stack.
boards stacked above the power sup- The two reference supplies are ad- Connect the wall supply and you're
ply. That way, you use the battery - justed by turning R35 until pin of 1 ready to go. The power supply will
backup power only for critical items. IC8 measures 14 volts, and turning charge the batteries whether or not
Remember that once you cut those R38 until pin of IC7 measures 14
1 power is being supplied to the rest of
pins, you can't reconnect them. volts. In a similar manner, the low- the REACTS system. R -E

eliminates another NTSC artifact that interpolation, or even storage -and-re-

I DTV is commonly referred to as cross - peat of the identical field to "fill in"
continued from page 45 color, which is especially obvious in between scanning lines cause no
conventional TV sets when the pic- problems. However, during fast -mo-
mat video programming can be ture contains diagonal lines or edges. tion scenes, it is more appropriate and
upgraded without resorting to a com- One of the outstanding charac- more effective to use line storage and
plete overhaul of the NTSC system teristics of Mitsubishi's IDTV system interpolation, rather than field storage
was demonstrated by the Mitsubishi is its ability to properly reproduce and interpolation.
Electric Company. Unlike con- scenes in which there is fast motion. Unfortunately, the Mitsubishi sys-
ventional NTSC TV, the Mitsubishi That is accomplished by the use of an tem-which is a joint effort with
IDTV picture was free of both dot - 11 -megabit memory. and micro- Hitachi-is still in its experimental
crawl, and line -crawl (that is nor- processors that vary the action of the stage. At the moment, as shown in
mally associated with alternate-scan signal processing depending on the Fig. 3, their prototype hardware fills a
fields and interlaced TV scanning). content of the video signal. For exam- cabinet that is considerably larger
Mitsubishi's IDTV system also ple, in the case of a still picture, field continued on page 76

68
www.americanradiohistory.com
 L
Sl
COMPOUND
OP -AMPS
Standard op -amp circuits can
easily be modified for appli-
cations requiring very high
FIG. 1-A COMPOUND OP -AMP with slew rates, high output cur-
boosted output current can typically rents, or output swings up to
source output currents up 50 mA.
hundreds of volts!
Here's how.
THE PERFORMANCE OF A STANDARD OP-
amp can be greatly enhanced or modi- RAY MARSTON
fied by connecting one or more bi-
polar transistors to its output - FIG. 2-THIS IMPROVED VERSION of the
feedback loop, to make a "com- voltage follower can source output cur-
pound" or hybrid op -amp. Com- rents up to 1 amp.
pound op -amps are inexpensive and
quite easy to design. They are specifi- current voltage follower. If a 3140 op -
cally intended to have output charac- amp were to be wired as a standard
teristics that are not economically DC voltage follower with a single -
available from conventional op -amps. ended supply, its output current
The output current of an inexpen- would be limited to only a few mA. C2
47OµF
sive op -amp, such as the CA3140, is That shortcoming can be overcome by
limited to only a few milliamps, but compounding the op -amp with a OUT

can be boosted to several amps by common -collector transistor, as RLono

compounding it with a couple of com- shown in Fig. 1. Note that because

mon -collector transistors. Also, the Ql's base -emitter junction is wired
output voltage can only swing to into the negative -feedback loop of the
within a few volts of the supply volt- op -amp, and that there is no phase
age-thus it is limited to a maximum inversion between QI's base and FIG. 3-A COMPOUND OP -AMP with
boosted bidirectional output current can
swing of about 32 volts, and its slew emitter, the output of the circuit fol- both source and sink up to 50 mA.
rate is limited to about 9 volts/µs. lows the input signal. The output cur-
However, when the output of the 3140 rent is limited to about 50 mA by the can supply output currents of up to 50
is compounded with a single com- power rating of Ql. mA each.
mon -emitter transistor, it can have a The available output current for the
swing of up to several hundred volts, circuit in Fig. can be boosted to an
1 Voltage followers
and the slew rate is increased to about amp or so by replacing Ql with a Figure 4 shows the circuit of a com-
100 volts/µs. Darlington pair of transistors, as pound voltage follower or unity-gain
With the possible hundreds of op- shown in Fig. 2 (Q2 is a high -power non -inverting amplifier, in which a
amp/transistor combinations, the device). The base -emitter junctions of common -emitter transistor (Q1) is
subject of compound op -amps is fair- the transistors are again wired into the wired to the op -amp's output and the
ly large. Therefore, for the sake of feedback loop of the circuit. collector of Q1 is wired into the nega-
simplicity, we'll stick to compound The circuits in Figs. I and 2 provide tive -feedback loop of the circuit. Be-
designs intended for use in single - unidirectional current boosting, cause an additional inverting stage
ended supply applications using the which means that they can source (Q1) has been added to the op -amp,
3140 op-amp. However, the principles high currents but can sink only rela- the input terminal notations of the
that we are going to explain are easy tively low ones. They are therefore not 3140 must be mentally transposed to
to adapt for use with other types of op - suitable for use with low-impedance understand the circuit's operation.
amps and different power-supply con- AC -coupled loads. That problem is Therefore, the input signal is applied
figurations. solved by using a complementary to the terminal marked inverting (pin
emitter-follower as the "compound- 2), which now acts as the non -invert-
High -current circuits ing" device, as shown in Fig. 3. Di- ing terminal, and the feedback con-
One of the best applications for the odes D1 and D2 provide offset biasing nection from the output (Q1's
compound op -amp is as a boosted - for the two output transistors, which collector) goes to the terminal marked

69

www.americanradiohistory.com
 of the 3140, so the slew rate of the
+60V (UNREGULATED)
compound follower is typically ten
times faster (100 V/µs) than a basic Di
1N4002
3140 op -amp. Care must be taken in
the layout though, because that high
slew rate can cause instability. That
problem can be compensated for by
increasing Cl from 100 pF to 1000 pF
as shown.
The circuit in Fig. 5 has been given
a gain of 2 via R3/R4, and the input REGULATED
FIG. 4-A
BASIC COMPOUND -FOL-
signal is attenuated by a factor of two OUTPUT
LOWER circuit has an improved slew rate 01 (0-50V)
that is about ten times faster than a non - via Rl/R2, so the circuit is still a 2N3904 R8
2.7K
D
compound follower. unity -gain voltage follower (overall).
Also, the 3140 is powered from a 30 -
volt supply and Ql is powered from a FIG. 7-A MODIFIED OUTPUT stage pro-
50 -volt supply. Therefore, it can accu- vides -amp current limiting to the circuit
1

rately follow input signals with peak in Fig. 6.

values of up to 50 volts, and can fol-
low them to within 50 mV of both the
supply voltage and ground, and also
has a high slew rate. That circuit is
therefore greatly superior to a basic
C2
3140. 22µF
Figure 6 shows how to make a 0-50
volt, 1 -amp, regulated DC supply. In
FIG. 5-BY USING SEPARATE power sup- that case, the output of Q1 is buffered
plies, this version of the circuit can follow via Darlington emitter-follower, Q2/
input signals up to 50 volts peak. Q3, which can supply output currents
of an amp or so. Also, the feedback
non -inverting (pin 3), which now acts loop for the 3140 is taken from Q3's
as the inverting terminal. emitter, rather than from Q1's collec-
When the input to the circuit in Fig. tor. Q1-Q3 are powered from an unre-
4 is at zero volts, the 3140 turns Ql on, gulated 60 -volt supply, and the 3140 is
which pulls its collector into satura- powered from a Zener-regulated 33 -
tion (typically within 50 mV of zero volt supply. The compound op -amp is
volts). When the input is above zero configured as a x 2 non -inverting am- FIG. 8-A 100 INVERTING compound
amplifier has full -power bandwidth of
a
but a couple of volts below the supply plifier, with its input derived from the several hundred kHz. Its output can swing
voltage, the 3140 forces Q1's collector center tap of R9, whose potential can to within 50 mV of both the positive supply
to take on a voltage identical to the be varied from 0 to 25 volts. The regu- and ground.
input signal. The follower charac- lated output of the circuit is fully vari-
teristics of the circuit in Fig. 4 are able from 0 to 50 volts via R9, and A, B, C, and D in Fig. 7 connect to
identical to those of a basic 3140, output currents of up to an amp or so the corresponding points in Fig. 6.
except that it can't quite follow input are available. When the circuit's output current ex-
signals down to zero volts. However, Finally, Fig. 7 shows how the out- ceeds amp, the resulting voltage
1

the signals appearing at Ql's collector put stage of the circuit in Fig. 6 can be drop across R10 turns Q4 on, which in
are amplified and phase-inverted ver- modified to provide I -amp overload turn "steals" the base current from
sions of those appearing at the output protection (current limiting). Points Q2, thereby limiting the output cur-
rent. Note that the feedback connec-
+60V (UNREGULATED) tion to R3 is taken from the R8/R10
yy A
junction.
R2
R1 ; 2.7 K 1M
2.2K' R6
0.2
D1 Inverting amplifiers
2N3904
; D2 R3
4.7K
R7 Q3
1N4002 Figure 8 is a compound inverting
1 33V 100K B 1K 2N3055 amplifier, with a gain of 100 set by the
-1IVr- Rl/R2 ratio. The output of the op -amp
is biased at half of the supply voltage
REGULATED
R9
R8 (for a maximum undistorted output
10K ' Q1 OUTPUT
2N3904 2.7K (0-50V) swing) via voltage -divider R3/R4.
The output swing of the compound
circuit is limited by Q1 rather than by
the 3140 op -amp itself. Therefore, the
FIG. 6-A COMPOUND OP -AMP can be used to make a 0-50 volt, 1 -amp, regulated DC output of the compound circuit can
supply. swing to within 50 mV of both ground

70
and the positive supply before clip- pedance greater than about 2.2K.
ping starts to occur. (The output sig- The available output current of the +5 TO 35V

nals of a basic 3140 amplifier can only circuit in Fig. 8 is limited to a few tens
R1
swing within a few tens of mV of of mA by R6, but can easily be in- 100K
R6
1.5K
ground and within a few volts of the creased by adding a power-amplifier
positive supply.) The slew rate and stage to Q1 and incorporating it in the
full -power bandwidth of the circuit in amplifier's feedback loop, as shown in R4

Fig. 8 is about ten times higher than in Fig. 9. In practice, the simple ampli- 56K

a basic 3140 -amplifier circuit. All fier consisting of Dl, D2, Q2, Q3,
things considered, the compound - R7, and R8 can be replaced by any n--jlov
amplifier circuit is quite superior to standard hi-fi output components,
OUT
the basic 3140. Because of its high making the circuit suitable for use in Cl
slew rate, the compound circuit tends audio power-amplifier systems. 01µF
to become unstable if the input signal The maximum output swing of the 2N3904
is disconnected or has a source im - circuits in Figs. 8 and 9 is restricted
(by the supply voltage limitations of
the 3140 op -amp) to 35 volts. Figure FIG. 12-A COMPOUND VERSION of the
10 shows how the output swing can be relaxation oscillator has a period of 6 ms,
increased to 120 volts (or any other a rise time of 1µs, and a fall time of 0.7 µs.

desired value) by powering the 3140

from a 30 -volt supply and powering
Ql from a 120 -volt supply.
Some thought must be given to the
biasing of the circuit in Fig. 10, be-
cause the 3140 must be biased (for
maximum output swing) to half of its
30 -volt supply, while Q1 must be bi-
ased to half of its 120 -volt supply.
That is achieved by biasing pin 2 of
the 3140 to 15 volts via R3/R4 and by
FIG. 9-A COMPOUND CIRCUIT with
100 voltage gain using hi-fi output com- using a 4:1 voltage divider (R7/R8)
ponents is well suited for use in audio between the output of Q1 and the in-
applications. put to the feedback resistor R2. That
way, 15 volts appears on pin 3 of the
3140 when Q1's collector is at a quies-
cent (half-supply) value of 60 volts.
Note that R7 is decoupled by C3, so
FIG. 13-THE DUTY-CYCLE RATIO of this
that the R7/R8 divider has no signifi- fixed -frequency compound oscillator is
cant effect on the AC voltage gain variable from 25:1 to 1:25.
(determined by Rl/R2).
one-third of the supply voltage is ap-
Relaxation oscillators plied to pin 3. Cl then starts to dis-
Figure 11 shows a relaxation os- charge towards zero (via R4) until
cillator or square -wave generator for Cl 's voltage reaches the new pin -3
FIG. 10-THIS COMPOUND 100 invert- use with a single -ended supply. The value and another regenerative
ing amplifier can provide an output of 120 circuit operates as follows: The output switching cycle is initiated and the
volts peak to peak.
of the circuit is a rectangular wave- output abruptly switches high again.
form which, at any given moment, is The process then repeats over and over
either at zero volts or at a positive again.
value that is typically three volts be- The circuit in Fig. 11 generates a
low the supply voltage. Suppose that rectangular waveform with a period
the output has just switched high. R3 that is determined by the values of R3,
is then effectively switched in parallel R4, and Cl, and it is almost indepen-
with R1. Therefore, approximately dent of the supply-voltage value. With
two-thirds of the supply voltage is ap- the component values shown, the cir-
plied to pin 3, and Cl charges towards cuit has a period of about 6 ms, but
the supply -voltage value (via R4) until can be increased (or reduced) by in-
it reaches the pin -3 voltage. The op - creasing (or reducing) the values of Cl
amp's output then starts to switch low, and/or R4. R4 can have any value
at which point a regenerative switch- from 10K to 10 megohms, and Cl can
ing action is initiated, and the op - have any value from 33 pF to 1000 µF.
amp's output abruptly switches to The circuit is quite useful, although it
FIG. 11-THIS RELAXATION OSCILLATOR
has a period is 6 ms, a rise time 12 µs, and zero volts. R3 is then effectively suffers from a number of defects. First
a fall time of 7µs. switched in parallel with R2, so only of all, since the output does not
71
 state indicator (known as the receiver)
V and the actual op-amp and its associ-
ated circuitry (known as the transmit-
ter) are located far apart from each
other. Figure 14 requires three inter-
connecting wires; but because it uses
BliTT
a compound comparator, the circuit in
VIN
Fig. 15 only requires two wires. In
OUTPUT
INDICATOR
(LED OR ALARM)

TRANSMITTER
3-CONDUCTOR
CABLE
--v RECEIVER
110K
R4

NOMI

FIG. 14-A CONVENTIONAL OP -AMP comparator requires 3 wires to connect the two
halves of the circuit together.
R3
110K
NOMI

TRANSMITTER

FIG. 16-THIS LIGHT-SENSITIVE circuit

can easily be modified to operate as an
over -temperature monitor.
OUTPUT
INDICATOR either case, a length of cable (indicat-
\JiN (LED OR ALARM) ed in Figs. 14 and 15 by the dotted
lines) is needed to connect the two
halves (transmitter and receiver) of
the circuit together. The cost of the 3 -
wire interconnecting cable alone may
exceed the total cost of all the elec-
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
tronic circuitry, so clearly, the two -
2 -CONDUCTOR
wire system is more economical.
CABLE

+
FIG.15-THIS COMPOUND COMPARATOR requires only 2 wires to send information from J

one half of the circuit to the other.

R3
3.3MEG
switch to the full supply voltage when generates a fixed -frequency rec-
in the "high" state, the output wave- tangular waveform in which the duty -
form is not quite symmetrical, and cycle ratio is fully variable from 25:1 METAL
also the period and symmetry vary to 1:25 via R7. The circuit operates PROBE

slightly with the supply -voltage val- similarly to that in Fig. 12, except that
ue. Also, the rise and fall times of the on high-output portion of the cycle,
output waveform are restricted by the Cl charges via R4/D2 and the right
characteristics of the op -amp; when half of R7, and on the low -output
used with a 15 -volt supply and a 50- portion of the cycle, Cl discharges via CONTAINER

pF load, the output takes 12 µs to rise R4/D1 and the left half of R7. TRANSMITTER
up to 12 volts, and 7 µs to fall back
down to zero volts. 2 -wire detectors FIG. 17-THIS LIQUID -LEVEL monitor has
Figure 12 shows a compound ver- 'to help understand what a 2 -wire a high output when the liquid in the con-
tainer rises above a pre-set level.
sion of the circuit in Fig. 11 , in which detector is, compare the circuits in
all the defects mentioned have been Figs. 14 and 15. Figure 14 shows the
done away with. The output waveform circuit of a conventional op -amp volt- The compound -comparator circuit
is perfectly symmetrical, switches age comparator. The op -amp's output in Fig. 15 operates as follows: When
`ully between the supply voltage and is normally low, but it switches high VIN is below VREF, the output of the
ground, has a period that is totally when VIN rises above VREF. An 3140 is at zero volts, so Q1 is off. In
independent of the supply-voltage LED, a buzzer, or any other type of that state the op-amp circuit only con-
value, and has rise and fall times of 1 signaling device is connected to the sumes about 2 or 3 mA, and the volt-
µs and 0.7 µs respectively. op -amp's output, to indicate the rela- age drop across R1 is not enough to
The circuit in Hg. 12 can be modi- tive state of VIN. In many applica- turn Q2 on. When VIN is above VREF,
fied (as shown in Fig. 13) so that it tions, the power supply and output - however, the output of the 3140
 deAte 41444
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*Ann etilW 75

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 I DTV
Popular Electronics IS BACK continued from page 68

Exciting Features, Projects, Reports, & Columns

ULTRASONIC RECEIVER GRANDPA'S
Expand your hearing, and your SHORTWAVE RECEIVER
horizons, when you explore the Capture the flavor of yesteryear
world of ultrasonic sound. using the technology of today.

DTMF FIELD PHONE GIZMO

Bring modern convenience and Our monthly look at what's hot in
utility to your camp or work tele- consumer electronics!
phone system.

ElectronicsPopular
('oMBIND-; FEBRUARY 1989 FIG. 3-ALTHOUGH MITSUBISHI'S IDTV
SYSTEM presently requires two relatively
large cabinets, it can be reduced to the
handful of LSI chips shown by the techni-
cian.

than the cubic volume occupied by

BUILD THE the two 35 -inch TV sets Mitsubishi
LIGHTNING uses for demonstrations. Although
Mitsubishi's engineers claim that all
BULB of the signal -processing circuitry
Spectacular effects, could be provided by seven LSI IC's
easy construction, that could be held in the palm of one
and a budget price hand, it would most likely increase
make this a winner the price of a TV set 20-25%, and
of a project. Mitsubishi's management seems hes-
itant to make the substantial invest-
ment needed to turn those two
cabinets full of circuitry into the re-
quired LSI's. The reason for their hes-
itation is the lengthening shadow of
HDTV. With so many HDTV systems
being considered, and with the sub-
ject of high -definition TV getting in-
creased coverage in the general
media, Mitsubishi is fearful that the
huge investment in their IDTV sys-
tem might not be able to be fully
amortized if, indeed, HDTV is sud-
denly standardized and people begin
And there is more! to discard their NTSC sets (IDTV
augmented, or not) in favor of HDTV
receivers.
CIRCUIT CIRCUS THINK TANK ANTIQUE RADIO In a future article we will discuss
the technology of some of the current
COMPUTER BITS HAM RADIO proposals for HDTV, some of which
are fully compatible with present-day
DX LISTENING E -Z MATH SCANNER SCENE sets, while others are backwards com-
patible-meaning that the HDTV
transmissions could be received on
PICK UP Popular Electronics AT YOUR FAVORITE older sets, albeit in the old 4:3 aspect
ratio and without the improvement in
NEWSSTAND, CONVENIENCE STORE, OR SUPERMARKET. definition. R -E

76

www.americanradiohistory.com
 Be an FCC
+V
LICENSED
ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN!
R2
47011
R3
5600

re Earn up to
$30 an hour
n 1111I and more!
r1olO
sro.
Learn at home in spare time.
No previous experience needed!
71

No costly School. No commuting to class.

RECEIVER The Original Home -Study course pre-
pares you for the "FCC Commercial Radio-
FIG. 18-AN AUDIO-VISUAL output indicator that turns on an LED and sounds a buzzer telephone License". This valuable license
can be connected directly to any one of the circuits in Figs. 15 to 18. is your "ticket" to thousands of exciting
jobs in Communications, Radio TV, Micro-
switches high turning Q1 on. At that be referred to as a light-sensitive wave, Computers, Radar, Avionics and
transmitter. If the LSR were to be more!- You don't need a college degree to
point, the circuit draws enough cur- qualify, but you do need an FCC License.
rent. to activate D2, which pulls the wired below R3, the voltage at pin 3 No Need to Quit Your Job or Go To School
3140's supply voltage down to 4.7 would rise as the light intensity de- This proven course is easy, fast and low
volts. The supply current then rises to creases and the LSR's resistance
would increase; the circuit would then
cost! GUARANTEED PASS You get your
FCC License or money refunded. Send for
-
between 8 and 25 mA (depending on
FREE facts now. MAIL COUPON TODAY!
Q2's supply -voltage value), and the be referred to as a dark -sensitive 7
resulting drop across Rl turns Q2 on, transmitter. In both configurations, commano PRODUCTIONS 1

which activates the output indicator. It the light level at which the circuits FCC LICENSE TRAINING, Dept. 90
P.O. Box 2824, San Francisco, CA 94126
can now be seen how the positive sup- become active can be preset via R3. Please rush FREE details Immediately!
ply line of the 2 -wire system also car- The circuit in Figure 16 can easily NAME
ries the "state" information. Note be modified to be sensitive to tem- ADDRESS
1

that, in order for the circuit to operate perature rather than light. By replac- CITY STATE ZIP
J
properly, the minimum supply volt- ing the light-sensitive resistor with
age must be at least 2 volts greater a Negative -Temperature -Coefficient 1
than VREF.
In most applications for the type of
circuit in Fig. 15, a half-supply refer-
(NTC) thermistor (nominal value
10K), the first configuration would
become an over-temperature transmit-
"Q
SONG
ence voltage is applied to one input of ter, and the second configuration

1 PMae
the comparator, and a variable voltage would become an under-temperature
is applied to the other input. That transmitter. Of course, the tem-
variable input is usually obtained perature at which the circuits would 120p.12GP`Ptoe, S\tR`
from a Wheatstone -bridge network in become active could be preset via R3. V55 asotc
which one of the elements is a re-
sistive transducer that is sensitive to
Figure 17 shows a circuit that has a
high output when the level of a liquid Mb
ht9
atY o de
ots 0tK4attY
o0
light, heat, pressure, etc. Because the exceeds a pre-set level. When the liq- otdets
variable input is bridge -derived, the uid level is below the probe's tip, pin 2 °otd09 e e
sass tot a
"trigger point" of the circuit is inde- of the op-amp is pulled above pin 3, ea° sd2°otsctode
pendent of the supply-voltage value and the op -amp's output is low. When tots\1 teaato\, 2
Vela,
and is determined only by the resis- the liquid reaches the probe, the liq- et\t-
votc e\ee\
c et
pK
tance ratio of the input bridge. uids resistance pulls pin 2 below pin t,tst , --
3 and the op-amp's output switches
AEGpß
In figures 16 and 17, only the trans- Gassette
PNONE
E p\\ So
mitter portion of the circuit is shown. high. With R3's value as shown, the aca\\Y e\ePho
That is because all of the circuits can liquid's resistance between the probe ca\\s ao<< PO glatis
use the receiver in Fig. 15. and the container must be less than Reatea
btted. VA*
Figure 16 is a light-sensitive trans- 3.3 megohms for correct operation. K
c0taQesteconeets
Ph o oP
peeP0gV1G
OApV
mitter circuit in which a cadmium - Finally, Fig. 18 is an audio-visual c
sulphide photocell or Light-Sensitive output indicator that can be used with as
ecctaWbe
coto
lwCrv
Pd1se,
Resistor (LSR) is used as the sensing any of the circuits that are in Figs. vOf,cE o< °á
15-17. When a high output is detected VOX
element. The potentiometer (R3) and statu Se\\ 0cctNate< a e ea.
the LSR (R4) should have nominal from the transmitter, transistor Ql c.\\ä sttN a\\l as etb g.`tsp
ay vex
values of at least 10K. In Fig. 16, the turns on and its collector is pulled oeo só
LSR is wired above R3. Con- high, simultaneously driving LEDI o
s°oo tec0m°te
te Pe9 te. Me
mske oZßd
tee
eßy
data.`Ubec ;A Pera

sequently, the voltage at pin 3 rises as

the light intensity increases and the
on via R3 and activating ICI, which
produces a pulsed tone in the buzzer
coáe
toetel sh`Peea. *del:: P`9p e+ 13 c`l
LSR's resistance falls; that circuit can BZI . R -E ` aeMiG as PM<j SAttStNO° 4\ Peoee
2,69-g3
(32
CIRCLE 108 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 77
 AUDIO
UPDATE LARRY KLEIN,
Amplifier damping factor: How important is it? AUDIO EDITOR

THE MAIN TOPIC THIS MONTH CON- sonic levels will ultimately dis-
cerns audio -damping factors. But AMPLIFIER SPEAKER qualify us as critical listeners. Be
before we get into that, let's finish warned: Unlike diamonds, golden
our discussion from last month. I ears are not forever!
had said that many audio profes- R=
sionals work with unusually high Damping factors
audio levels when monitoring FIG. 1
There is an audio -amplifier
mixes. My explanation for that was specification that manufacturers
hearing loss, and an AES survey In any case, the audiometric sur- always feature in their product
examines that possibility. vey revealed a small, but con- sheets, that magazine test labs al-
More than two hundred mem- sistent hearing loss among those ways report on, and that hi-fi
bers of the AES participated in an tested that cannot be attributed to buyers are nearly always totally
audiometric survey at a 1986 meet- the normal aging process. Al- confused about-it is known as
ing in Los Angeles. The object was though the loss averaged less than the Damping Factor, or DF. During
to determine what degrees of 15 dB after age correction, a wide the late 1950's or early 1960's, there
hearing loss-if any-were experi- variation in hearing thresholds was was a brief period when a few am-
enced by those engaged in the re- measured, particularly in the 3- to plifiers appeared that had rear-
cording professions. It has long 6 -kHz range. More than 10 percent panel variable damping controls.
been known that prolonged ex- of those tested had significant Those controls purported to allow
posure to high -intensity sound hearing loss at 4 kHz. the adjustment of the amplifier's
causes hearing loss. In fact, Oc- It's long been known that, for output impedance to the specific
cupational Safety and Health Ad- unknown reasons, some individu- requirements of the speaker that
ministration (OSHA) regulations als are far more susceptible to was being used with it.
limit workers' noise exposure to sound -induced hearing damage I was doing hi-fi service work at
no more than 90 -dB average dur- than others. The 10 percent of the time, and the way I handled
ing an 8 -hour workday. those tested-particularly the problems with the variable damp-
The elevation of hearing thresh- younger subjects-who had a sig- ing control-which were fre-
olds (which is a technical way of nificant 4 -kHz notch in their hear- quent-was to disconnect it. To
stating that sounds have to be ing should be aware that such a my ears, varying the control had
louder before they are audible) loss can be an early warning of no audible effect until you hit a
usually first occur in the 3,000- to greater trouble to come. The only setting that caused the amplifier to
6,000 -Hz range. That is true re- way to avoid further loss (and over oscillate-and that I heard. After
gardless of the spectral content of a wider frequency range) is to take one selling season the manufac-
the impinging sound. There are precautions when exposed to loud turers wisely decided that DF con-
two main reasons for that: The 3 - noise or music. trols caused more problems than
to 6 -kHz range is handled by the It seems to me that anyone pro- they cured, and they haven't been
first hair -cell transducers encoun- fessionally involved in audio found in amplifiers since.
tered in the inner ear, and the ex- would want to safeguard the vital
ternal ear canal acts as an acoustic tools of his trade (his ears) with an Measuring DF
resonator in the same general annual hearing test that pays par- The damping -factor number
range. Those two factors are also ticular attention to the 4 -kHz area. that appears on amplifier specifi-
responsible for the normal ear's There's an unfortunate paradox at cations sheets expresses the ratio
increased sensitivity in the 4 -kHz work here; for many of us, pro- of the load at the amplifier's output
area. longed critical listening at high terminals (the speaker) to the am -
78
 re

plifier's internal output imped- the same way that a car's shock each of the two conductors of the
ance. (An amplifier's output im- absorbers damp its tendency to cable going to the speaker system,
pedance is practically never spec- bounce after hitting a pothole. 0.5 ohms in the crossover inductor
ified, and has nothing to do with And it would also seem to follow in series with the woofer, and an-
matching speaker impedance.) that the higher the DF, the better. A other 5 ohms or so in the woofer
For example, with the Electronic DF of 100 is assumed to be better voice coil. And we should not for-
Industries Association (EIA) stan- than 10, and 1,000 is better than get the 0.008 ohms at the speaker
dard 8 -ohm reference load as 100. However, the truth of the mat- terminals of our amplifier with the
specified in RS -490, an amplifier ter is not so simple. Let's take a DF of 1,000. That means that the
with an output impedance of, say, closer look at the electrical and woofer within the speaker system
0.08 ohm would have a DF of 100. A mechanical aspects of damping. sees a total 5.608 ohms-a far cry
0.04 -ohm output impedance A speaker cone and voice -coil from the promised 0.008! That
would yield a DF of 200, and so assembly have three separate translates into a real -world damp-
forth. Damping factors have damping elements acting on ing factor of 1.42! If our amplifier
ranged from a low of under 20 to a them: mechanical, acoustical, and had a "low" DF of 20 rather than
high of about 1,000. electromagnetic. The mechanical 1,000, the effective DF at the speak-
The EIA Amplifier Standard in- damping element is easy to under- er voice coil would be 1.33-not a
cludes a Wideband-Damping-Fac- stand; it results from internal fric- great deal of difference.
tor rating that calls for a listing of tions in the cone's suspension.
an amplifier's lowest DF value Acoustic damping is produced by Practical tests
within the audio range, but I've the loading effects of the air on More than 10 years ago Dr. Floyd
never seen it listed on any specifi- both sides of the speaker cone. Toole of the National Research
cations sheet in that way. The point Council of Canada ran a series of
of the rating is that some ampli- Electromagnetic damping tests with an amplifier that was
fiers have a high midrange DF that You can demonstrate the effect modified so as to be able to switch
falls to a very low value at low fre- of electromagnetic damping for its damping factor from 9.5 to 200.
quencies. That is a possible prob- yourself with any unhoused 10- or He used the amplifier in various
lem faced mostly by tube ampli- 12 -inch speaker. Gently push on DF settings with a variety of speak-
fiers whose output transformers the speaker cone and it will move ers. Some of the speakers were de-
make it difficult to maintain a very readily with a slight springy quality liberately chosen for their reso-
low -source impedance at low fre- provided by its suspension. Now nant, undamped qualities; others
quencies. Unless information to short out the speaker terminals were among the best available at
the contrary is given, you can as- with a clip lead or a length of wire. the time. The speakers were sub-
sume that an amplifier's specified You'll notice that there is an en- jected to a series of tone -burst and
DF was measured at a midrange tirely different feel to the cone frequency -response tests with a
frequency with a standard 8 -ohm movement, almost as though the variety of damping factor settings.
load. voice-coil gap was filled with mo- In no case was there a significant
Damping is usually assumed to lasses. Shorting the speaker termi- change, for better or worse, in
be a good thing, implying tight nals increases the electromagnetic performance.
control of high- and low -frequen- resistance to movement. The Dr. Toole's test did not pretend
cy speaker -cone motion in much damping factor of an amplifier is to be totally comprehensive,
supposed to affect voice -coil covering all possible types of
movement in the same way, except speaker systems, but it certainly
µ¡1j,¡,I;;a.. that it does not in any way impede indicates that high or low damping
RADIO-ELECTwo,.o.o
617.97
voice-coil movement in response factors don't do much to alter the
500-B 01-001.111TY BLVD. EAREINGDALE. N., 11/35 to an amplifier signal. performance of today's con-
FARMINGDALE, N.Y. 11735 Up to now, the virtues of high DF ventional speakers. Speaker de-

,
500-11 BI -COUNTY BLVD.

500-B Ex -COUNTY BLVD. FARMINGDALE, N.Y. 11735 may seem self evident, but unfor- signers are well aware of that fact
o-ö=
LEBrey STECKLER

BY -COUNTY ELY!, .,.RIFI,GoLE. .... 11735

tunately the situation changes and they don't rely on amplifier
when dealing with real -world DF's to enhance the performance
_.....__...:
==.._,,,_:47,.=._.-_..un_."'. speaker systems in normal opera- of their products.
,.y. ,.... s. aK u
c m-, ma-: DIa.
tg tion. The beneficial effect of a high
amplifier DF can occur only if
If an extra -high damping factor
is of no consequence in respect to
there's little or no resistance in the controlling or enhancing speaker
circuit loop that starts and ends at sound, then why have so many

.
o'.a..'p
""=2:2.2.:.°2::".2"'
oe:na,721;4w

340.604
eiN
- ;;_...._<
zred&e2:4N
327,500
the output terminals of the ampli-
fier. In real life we have the sum of
the series resistances that are
manufacturers gone out of their
way to achieve it? Well, they really
haven't-gone out of their way,
56.371 56,195
shown in Fig. 1, where R1 is the that is. Heavy feedback is used in
amplifier's internal impedance, R2 most output circuits to stabilize
-=a......reZ...MIr" 9.262
and enhance performance. That
and R3 is the resistance of the
6.213
e rore5o.oemi.roortee ye.", 234,764 223.085

speaker cable, R4 is the crossover feedback also causes a lowering of

04 327,500 inductor, and R5 is the voice coil. the amplifier's output impedance,
..a...memo.
There is perhaps, 0.05 ohms in which means a high DF. R-E

www.americanradiohistory.com
DRAWING
BOARD ROBERT GROSSBLATT,
"Custom" EPROM decoders CIRCUITS EDITOR

NO MATTER HOW MANY WAYS YOU

look at a circuit problem, there's
always a couple of ways of getting
around it. The brain damage you
go through to find a solution usu-
ally disappears soon after the
problem's solved but it's nice to AN)e CViNB//Y4T/ON Box
BG4CJ<
OF S/6/17,4L,OATA, ANY CO,t/B/N.4T/o/Y
have a way to avoid the whole
thing from the beginning.,
COiYTROG , TiP/G6 ER,
oR 400 PE55 G /YLS
OC60/iYb O .EA/ABL.E, PO,QT,
.SELECT .57;eG7BE,
Now don't get me wrong. I'm C/Rci-//T,2? o,(' ,PESETL/iYES
not going to show you how to
avoid all design problems al-
together-I'm still waiting for
someone to show me how to do
that-but what we're going to start
talking about now can go a long FIG.1
way to making bench time a lot
easier on the brain. Problems like that are often real mately, the skill and imagination of
If you look through a catalog of brain benders and the solutions the person who designed it. In
digital IC's, one of the things you can be a real pain in the something most cases, it will be filled with
should notice is that there are an else. They up the parts count and TTL or CMOS parts that manage to
awful lot of numbers reserved for the circuit complexity-some- get the job done, but also gobble
things like decoders, demultiplex- times to the point where the cost up lots of power, cause timing
ers, and selectors. That makes per- of PC boards makes the whole problems, and if nothing else,
fect sense, because circuits with product economically impossible. helped send the designer to an
any degree of complexity spend a So what we're going to start talk- early grave. All of those are good
lot of time decoding, demultiplex- ing about here is a way that you things to avoid...remember
ing, and selecting. All IC manufac- can do the same job but cut down Grossblatt's eighty-seventh law:
turers are, if nothing else, respon- the complications. As a matter of Keep it simple.
sive to the market. fact, any time you find yourself Complex circuits are accept-
Once you've got some bench with a circuit that's composed of able, (almost inevitable), for the
time under your belt, however, an inordinate number of gates first solution where the main inter-
you begin to understand why watching a few common busses, est is just putting together some-
there are so many of those parts this may be just the thing you're thing that works; but final engi-
available. The more complex the looking for. neering solutions have to be
circuit, the more complex the de- The basic job of any decoding neater, and less complex, to be
coding problems that are likely to circuitry is shown in Fig.1. A lot of economically feasible.
arise. Computer circuits, for in- lines go into a magic decoding box Most modern circuits that have
stance, routinely have to work out with outputs that become active to deal with decoding problems
ways to decode one unique ad- when certain input combinations do away with the mass of decoders
dress from as many as thirty two are met. If you pop the lid off the found on older boards and replace
address lines. That's an extreme box, there's no telling what you'll them with ROM's. You'd be sur-
example but it's common to be see, because the exact contents prised to see how much of a dent
faced with the need to deal with 16 are going to depend on the par- even a small ROM will make in the
address lines-that's what most ticular characteristics of the circuit silicon real estate developed to
eight -bit computers have. being decoded or driven and, ulti - handle multiple -line decoding.
 The sure way to tell that that has that draw the typically CMOS min- program as EPROM's. It's not par-
become a very common tech- imal amount of power and, if that's ticularly difficult to burn a bipolar
nique in circuit designs is that the still too much, there are circuit PROM but they're not popular for
ROM's used that way have been techniques that can cut down the development work, as there's no
given names like mapping ROM's draw even further. We'll get into going back once you burn them.
or, if you want to get really high that later on when we actually start Any mistake means that you need
tech about it, "state machines." building stuff. another PROM because blowing a
Whatever you want to call them, The more decoding you have to bit is done by actually burning a
they can save a lot of work and it's do, the bigger the ROM you're go- small nichrome fuse.
worth our time to look at them. ing to need. Unfortunately, off - For most applications, the best
Any permanent memory can be the -shelf ROM's don't come in the all-around choice for a mapping
used as a decoding ROM (there's same variety of sizes as off -the - PROM is an EPROM. They're not
another name for you) as long as it shelf clothing. It's a fact of elec- the fastest or low -powered but
meets the needs of the circuit in tronics life that lots of space is usu- they're cheap and reprogramma-
terms of power, size, and speed. ally wasted in mapping ROM's. ble; and there are a host of avail-
Let's take those one at a time. That, by the way, is what our cur- able, inexpensive EPROM burners
Power requirements can be a rent contest is all about. (I built a on the market. They are either
major circuit consideration. If binary to 7 -segment decoder stand-alone units or computer pe-
you're designing a CMOS circuit using a 2716 EPROM. What can do I ripherals. You'll find both kinds
and going out of your way to put it with the extra space in the available from several advertisers
together so that it will run on EPROM?) The contest details were in the back of Radio -Electronics
changes in barometric pressure, it spelled out at the end of last magazine. If you don't have one
would be very silly to use a ROM month's column. yet, you should look into getting
that's going to draw more power Small decoding jobs can be han- an EPROM burner, as it is an in-
than the rest of the circuit. dled with a bipolar PROM; that is a credibly useful addition to any-
Unless, of course, you lived solution that shows up in a lot of one's bench.
someplace where the weather was circuits becuase bipolar PROM's Next month we'll work out some
very unpredictable. are fast, really fast -usually less of the design problems., and then
Modern CMOS technology has than 20 -nanosecond access time. design a custom character gener-
produced a number of ROM's (in- The problem with those parts is ator for an LED display using an
cluding a wide range of EPROM's) that they're not as convenient to EPROM. R -E

"Dick Johnson »ICON AMCOM SAY'S "We're glad we have

competition. It keeps us on our toe's. so you get better

in accounting products and service."

800-85-AMCOM For Orders) 804-456-5505 (Tech Line)

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81
 COMMUNICATIONS
CORNER
Tunable preselectors
HERB FRIEDMAN,
COMMUNICATIONS EDITOR

A FAMOUS PHILOSOPHER-ACTUALLY
not so famous because I can't re-
AMP
call his name-claimed that there RF
AMP
MIXER
IF
455kHz
TO DETECTOR
3.5MHz
could be no progress without
memory. If you think about it for a
moment you'll see he was correct.
It's the reason why highly suc- LOCAL
osc
cessful companies go bankrupt 3.955 M H z
when they're bought out by a a
youth -oriented conglomerate that
fires the old-timers: The old-time-
rs are the ones who know how and
why things were manufactured
and sold. It's also the reason why RF STAGE
many modern engineers and tech- BANDPASS
nicians keep reinventing the
wheel-they don't know why we 15

use or need certain circuits.

The value of memory came to
mind as sat listening to a 21 -year -
I

old teaching -assistant explain the

wonders of the RF preselector:
how its invention allows us to 3.5MHz 4.41MHz

manufacture a $100 communica- FREQUENCY t

3.955MHz LOCAL OSCILLATOR
tions receiver that can pick up the
b
whisper of a flea 3000 miles away,
and how modern solid-state tech-
nology makes it all possible. FIG. 1

After 45 minutes of watching

him fill a blackboard with equa- I first used a preselector back in But the preselector wasn't used
tions on frequency, impedance, the late 1940's, long before the just to provide additional RF gain.
noise, and a bagful of DC and AC transistor was a thought in any- By peaking the RF -input stage it
transistor parameters, my brain one's mind. It was made by the was hoped that interference from
had turned to jelly. Why must ev- James Millen Co., and it con- image signals would be reduced.
erything we do be quantified at nected between the antenna and In fact, image reduction was the
even an introductory level-par- my communications receiver's an- key to better receiver perfor-
ticularly when an understanding tenna input. It used small plug-in mance, and it is the reason why we
does not require quantification? tuning units for each of the ama- can easily incorporate preselec-
The problem with that instructor teur bands. Basically, it was simply tors into the modern receiver.
is that he is too young to have any an extra stage of optimized RF am-
memory-or knowledge-of the plification; optimized because the Image interference
real progress represented by the tuning circuits didn't have to be To explain: Moderately priced
preselector; why it is presently band -switched or gang -tuned. As I receivers used a 455 -kHz IF ampli-
used on virtually every kind of recall, had to tweak three con-
I fier because it was a good compro-
communications receiver re- trols to peak the gain on the desir- mise between sensitivity and
gardless of its price. ed station. selectivity. It allowed decent fre-
82
 Y M

quency response for AM -broad- ventional communications equip- But the receiver's selectivity is
cast and shortwave reception, yet ment sold at that time. not the point. What is the point is
provided sufficient selectivity to Double conversion works that because of double -con-
reduce interference from signals basically like this: There are two version, virtually no image -signal
near in frequency to that of the mixers and two local oscillators. reception gets through the re-
desired (tuned) station. But that The first mixer heterodynes the ceiver even if the RF amplifier is
didn't apply to image signals that desired signal (let's assume it's 27 broad -tuned, as it is in CB trans-
got past the RF amplifier-the MHz) to 10 MHz. That means that ceivers. We no longer have to wor-
stage of amplification between the the first local oscillator is running ry about either the Q or the
receiver's antenna input and the at 17 MHz. (At the higher frequen- precise tuning of the RF -amplifier
mixer, or the antenna-tuning cir- cies we usually-but not always- stage. That means that by using
cuit if the receiver didn't have an run the local oscillator below the double conversion in communica-
RF amplifier. As shown in Fig. 1-a, if frequency of the desired signal.) tion receivers we can divorce the
the desired frequency was 3.5 The image frequency is 7 MHz. If receiver's RF -amplifier tuning from
MHz, the receiver's local oscillator the receiver's antenna -input stage the station tuning and eliminate
was tuned to 3.955 MHz. The re- is tuned for 27 MHz, very little 7 - the ganged band -switching coils
ceiver's mixer heterodyned the MHz signal (if any practical and the ganged tuning capacitors.
two signals, and the resulting dif- amount) will get through the re- The user simply sets the "preselec-
ference signal of 455 kHz was fed ceiver's RF amplifier. Now the 10 - tor" or "antenna" tuning control
to the IF amplifier. MHz IF frequency from the first to some pre -marked average posi-
But, as shown in Fig. 1-b, if a mixer is beat down in the second tion, tunes in the desired station,
4.410 -MHz signal is also received, mixer to 455 kHz, or to whatever and then tweaks the preselector
it would also beat against the frequency the manufacturer de- for maximum overall gain. Be-
3.955 -MHz local oscillator. The re- cides to use for the second -IF am- cause the circuit has been made
sulting difference signal of 455 kHz plifier. Some have used a second - more compact, and the ganged -
would also be fed to the IF ampli- IF frequency of approximately 262 tuning's alignment problems and
fier-which could not distinguish kHz to attain super -selectivity; losses have been completely elim-
between the desired and the inter- others used 1.6 MHz, depending inated, the "preselector" now pro-
fering signals. The undesired sig- on crystal or ceramic filters to pro- vides higher gain while being less
nal is called the image signal; the vide acceptable selectivity. prone to frequency instability. R -E
image frequency is one that is sep-
arated from the desired signal by
two-times the IF frequency.
The selectivity of early RF ampli-
fiers was similar to that of Fig. 1-b,
so image -frequency rejection was
only 10-15 dB. In plain terms, it
means that if the image signal is 20 - w unGaß'uTc loo tit
dB stronger than the desired sig- Electronic Soldering System `i, ''
nal, it would actually come
through the IF amplifier louder ..

than the desired signal.

''®`
Eà

One tree can

Double conversion 3,000,000ma

It was inexpensive double con- SPECIAL

version, made possible by the
millions of Citizen -Band trans-
$49.95
ceivers being manufactured, that
forever changed RFtuning: It actu- w
ally made possible both the inex- One Year Warranty
pensive communications receiver, U.L. Listed
and the super-performance "gold- The UTC combines accurate closed loop temperature
control with economy. Easily calibrated at the station
plated special." without disassembly, the CMOS-safe unit is fully
Early single -conversion CB One match can burn grounded from tip to plug and meets military specs.
3,000,000 trees. List
System comes equipped with a macro iron, burn resis- $74.25
transceivers suffered unmercifully tant cord and replaceable ceramic heater.
from image interference because
the Q of the 27 -MHz antenna -in-
put circuits was very low-there
was effectively no image -frequen- W.S.JENKS & Son -\- ' ",,shed

cy suppression when the receiver

.....,
had but a single IF frequency. So Montana Ave. NE
1933
CB manufacturèrs switched to Washington DC 20002 TOLL -FREE
double conversion, which was still (202) 529-6020 1-800-638-6405
an expensive feature in con-
CIRCLE 66 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
83

www.americanradiohistory.com
 ANTIQUE
RADIOS RICHARD D. FITCH
Condensers and tubes

ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS AN ANTIQUE - The real value

radio restorer learns is that almost Effective component tolerance
nothing is readily available in re- is an important point to keep in
placement parts. While you can mind when you're working on an-
often find a modern substitute for tique radios that might be more
a resistor, and maybe even an au- than 50 years old. It's likely that
dio -output transformer, tubes and over the years some components
"condensers"-the old term for have been replaced many times,
capacitors-are a whole different and if each serviceman made a10%
ball game. variation in a value-which is usu-
ally an acceptable tolerance-the
Condensers part could off 50% or more from
Capacitors suitable for use in an FIG. 1 the original design value. So, if
antique radio are rarely, if ever, to you don't have a schematic, re-
be found in modern electronics If a capacitor connects directly to place an antique radio component
supply stores. While you might be ground, or through a low imped- with one having exact value and
able to match the capacitance val- ance path to ground, the banded connections as the unit being re-
ue, rarely will you find a unit rated end should go to that connection placed, even if there is no physical
at 600-WVDC (Working Volts DC), so that the outside foil will act as a resemblance.
and an under -voltage capacitor grounded shield to prevent un- For example, you might not be
will usually "pop" or burn up if desirable coupling between the able to find an exact physical
used. (It's a good idea to wear eye capacitor and other circuits. Other match for an electrolytic capacitor.
protection when working around than the remote chance of circuit In particular, the different sizes
old capacitors.) One way to get the instability, reversing the connec- and mounting of electrolytic
correct voltage rating is to connect tions of a paper capacitor usually "cans" will be hard to duplicate. As
two capacitors in series so that the has no affect on how well the radio long as you observe the capaci-
DC voltage divides equally (and performs. tance, working voltage, and polar-
we hope) across the two units. For Electrolytic capacitors do have ity, just about any shape or size will
example, if your radio needs a polarity, and it should always be work. Although you might have to
20-µF, 600-WVDC capacitor, you observed. When replacing elec- use two or three capacitors to re-
can series -connect two 40-µF, 400- trolytics, its best to use a unit hav- place what was originally a single
WVDC capacitors. The final rating ing the same capacitance as the unit, always try to replace all sec-
will be 20-µF at 800-WVDC. (While original part (if known). If you can't tions in a defective electrolytic,
the voltage ratings are additive, se- find out the value of the original because it's more than likely that if
ries -connected capacitors behave part, then assume that the part one section is defective, the
the same as parallel -connected re- you're replacing is original-even others are also ready to fail. If you
sistors, while parallel -connected if it is obviously a replacement -- can locate a direct substitute for an
capacitors behave like series -con- and substitute the same value. If chassis -mounting electrolytic
nected resistors.) you can't match the original value, "can," pay particular attention to
Paper capacitors, which are a slightly larger value can be used the way it's mounted to the chas-
made of wrapped foils, have no in most applications. However, an sis. Although some appear to be
polarity, although most are input -filter capacitor's value can mounted directly on the chassis,
marked on one end with a black be critical, and a larger capaci- they are actually insulated from
band. The band indicates that the tance is not recommended be- the chassis by rubber or fiber in-
foil connected to that end is the cause it might cause damage to the sulators under the mounting
outside wrapping of the capacitor. rectifier tube. screws. Remember, if a can is insu -
84
 lated from the chassis there's usu- noise, the sockets were often iso-
ally a good reason for doing it; lated from chassis vibrations by HARDWARE HACKER
perhaps the can itself is not at some form of cushioning. continued from page 37
ground potential. Although not as popular as the
To maintain authenticity in ap- 01A and 201A, there are other col- walking -ring counter that divides
pearance, many antique radio re- lectible tubes. Among them are by eight...
storers leave a dead (discon- the WD11 and WX12. Although the 0000
nected) electrolytic can in place two tubes are similar, they are not 1000
and install the replacement capaci- interchangeable without an adapt- 1100
tor under the chassis. er. They are also scarce. 1110
There is a considerable dif- 1111
Tubes ference in design between tubes 0111
Most antique -radio restorers designed for a DC filament power 0011
consider tubes to be the most im- supply and those that can be 0001
portant component because it's powered by either DC or AC. By 0000, etc...
usually the only part for which the 1920's the demand was for At times, all three of the re-
there is absolutely no kind of sub- tubes that were suitable for AC - sistors are pulling up, while at
stitute. Although many different powered receivers. Although the other times, all three are pulling
tube types were developed during 201A didn't qualify, a few types de- down. The output is a four-step
the halcyon days of radio, one signed for battery power, such as approximation to a sine wave. If
tube type, the 01A, which is syn- the 12A, were suitable for some you use an eight -state walking -
onymous with early radios, is still kind of AC operation and can be ring counter, you divide by sixteen
much in demand by antique -radio found in radios designed for both and end up with an eight -level sine
restorers. In my limited collection battery and AC power. wave.
there are three battery -operated The 112A, or 12A, had a filament What is really surprising is the
sets that use a total of ten 01A's, yet that could be powered by DC or harmonic performance. They are
I have been able to get only three. AC, and had operating charac- both carefully crafted magic wave-
(It would be a great gift if a tube teristics similar to that of the 01A. forms. With perfect resistors, the
manufacturer would turn out a few The tube was useful as an RF ampli- first harmonics for the four-stage
thousand 01A's to keep us antique - fier, detector, AF amplifier, and generator are the seventh at ' th
radio restorers supplied through power amplifier. It also made a and the ninth at'/9th the amplitude
the years.) good regenerative detector that of the fundamental.
Because of its unusual ver- oscillated more easily than the On your eight -stage generator,
satility, the general-purpose 201A 01A. It was also useful as an os- your first harmonics are the fif-
tube was another popular type. It cillator in superheterodyne re- teenth at a minuscule'/sth and the
was called a general-purpose tube ceivers and shortwave converters. seventeenth at 1Á7th of the funda-
because it could be used as an RF As an audio -frequency amplifier, mental amplitude. Way down
amplifier, as a detector, and as an the 12A was used with any of the there.
audio amplifier. standard interstage couplings of Thus, those magic waveforms
The tube was used extensively in the time, giving less distortion are extremely easy to filter, even
both tuned and untuned RF -ampli- than the 01A in the same kind of over a wide frequency range.
fier circuits. As an audio-frequen- application. It also could be used Often a single capacitor is all you
cy amplifier, the 201A was used in for the audio power amplifier. need. The counters might be built
transformer, resistance, and im- When used for anything other in either hardware or software.
pedance -coupled circuits. It also than the audio power output the Those are both good high -fre-
could be used as a low -power AF filament had to be DC -powered. quency circuits because the clock
power amplifier. In external appearance, the 112A only has to be 8 or 16 times that of
When the 201A was used as a was identical to the 201A. It also the sine wave.
detector, the triode elements were had the standard UX base, which Two minor gotchas: Variations
converted to function as a diode was able to fit into either the ear- in resistor values and circuit strays
by connecting the grid and the lier bayonet socket or the newer can introduce a few other low -am-
plate together to form an anode. plug-in socket. plitude harmonics into your out-
Using a similar grid -plate connec- Because of its rugged con- put. And, with a hardware counter,
tion, almost any triode tube can be struction, there was little need to you have to be very careful to elim-
used as a rectifier. mount the tube in a cushioned inate any disallowed states by re-
The 201A was considered to be a socket or take any of the other pre- setting to all zeros before you
particularly reliable detector be- cautiions needed for the 01A. The start. For instance, on the eight -bit
cause it was free from tube noises, 12A was used the same way as the counter, you are only using 16 of
such as microphonics. A tube was 01A in resistance, impedance, and the possible 256 states; the other
considered microphonic when a transformer -coupled audio -ampli- 240 can do all sorts of weird things
disturbance of the tube or the fier circuits. Due to its charac- if you inadvertently get into them.
chassis would cause a continuous teristics, the 12A was especially One place where you will see
squealing or a "bonk...bonk" useful as a driver for push-pull walking -ring sine -wave generators
sound. To prevent microphonic output amplifiers. R -E continued on page 103
85
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86
COMPU ,
INSIDE INTEL'S 80386
Speed + Multi -tasking =Power
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RUN DOS OM THE PI-68K dBiNSBACK

Build our adapter card

 EDITOR'S
WORK- 11

BENCH/®
» , J»>
ar
-

addressable as either COM1 or COM2,

Memorial for Herb and two nine -pin D connectors. One 9 -
HARD- to -25 pin adapter cable is included.
To use DoubleCOM, connect the two
Iljerb Friedman passed away this past
WARE devices you wish to share to the D con-
fall, and will be sorely missed. In a nectors. You can then switch between
career spanning some 30 years, Herb had them using a toggle switch on the card's
a profound influence on the electronics mounting bracket. Even better, you can
industry and on many involved in it. switch between them electronically by
As a kid, grew up building his proj-
I installing a small (less than 1K) memory-
ects and reading his articles in Popular resident program. Pressing Alt -Shift-A se-
Electronics, Radio -Electronics, and lects the upper port (A), and pressing
many others. Later on had the privilege
I
DoubleCOM Alt -Shift -B selects the lower port (B). You
of working with him fora period of about can also select the desired port using a
a year and a half. During that time, found
I stand-alone program; that is useful for
out that his interests spanned everything ime was, two serial ports were batch -file selection. Last, a special selec-
from automobiles to communications to enough. Now, however, a mouse, a tion program works from within Windows.
high fidelity to photography to comput- modem, a plotter, a laser printer, a printer Installation is as simple as setting the
ers. The latter were what drew the two of buffer, an RS -232 link to another PC-all card's port and interrupt jumpers (COM1
us together. those and more compete for the pre- uses IRQ4 and COM2 uses IRQ3), and
When Herb first came to work at our cious ports. inserting the card in an unused slot. An
office, was still a relative newcomer,
I One solution is simply to switch cables installation program copies software to
"green behind the ears." Herb gave of when necessary. But digging around your your disk, and asks you several questions
himself unselfishly, teaching me the PC's nether parts grows old fast. It can to configure it for your hardware setup.
ropes. If had a question, the chances
I also be bad for your PC's health. Your answers are used to configure the
were that he had an answer. If he didn't, Another possibility is an RS -232 ports when you switch them. For exam-
he would help me find it. In any case, he switchbox, but that can be expensive, ple, you might set up Port A as a Micro-
always had time to help. inconvenient, and also bad for health. soft mouse port, and Port B as a printer
Herb came to our office to "retire" from DG Electronic Developments has a port running at 9600 baud, with eight
a long career in education. He did more better idea: The DoubleCOM, which data, one stop, one start, and no parity
in his "retirement" than many people do combines a serial port and an electronic bits. Then, each time you use the soft-
in the prime of life. NB switch on a single half-length card. ware to change ports, the board's UART is
Herb was a man of great enthusiasm. If The card provides a single COM port, reconfigured with the correct operating
a new technology was introduced, he parameters.
was there badgering manufacturers for A three -position toggle switch pro-
details, and badgering editors to cover it. trudes through the mounting bracket. In
At bottom, Herb was a great teacher. the upper position, Port A is selected; in
He influenced thousands of people the lower, Port B is selected. In either of
through his articles. He influenced thou- those positions, the port is hard wired
sands of students in the New York City and will not respond to software selec-
schools. And he influenced his col- tion. The board responds to software
leagues at the office. commands when the switch is in the
If you had the privilege of meeting middle position.
Herb, you'll never forget him. If you
didn't, you missed out. Limitations
Herb was an irreplaceable friend. The software has some minor limita-
Goodbye, Herb, and good luck. tions. First, it can configure the UART for
-Jeff Holtzman FIG. 1 baud rates only as high as 9600 bps.
88
Versions of DOS beginning with 3.30 al- mina emulation type, communications Procomm +
low 19,200 bps transmission, and serial - protocol, script files, keyboard macros, Procomm provides similar capabilities.
link programs (Brooklyn Bridge, for exam- etc. Connection settings govern the phys- Lacking is the on-line text editor, but, in
ple) can go as high as 115K bps. ical hook-up: modem or direct, transmis- compensation, the program provides
However, even though the Dou- sion settings (baud rate, etc.), etc. many file-transfer protocols and terminal
bleCOM software can't configure the The program comes with a number of emulations. Procomm also includes a
UART for high-speed baud rates, the pre -defined activities (Compuserve, MCI script language that is quite similar in ca-
hardware will function normally. The Mail, TTY, etc.) and connections (Tymnet, pability to Smartcom's.
catch is that you may not be able to 9600 -baud direct connect, etc.). You can Procomm is somewhat easier to get
switch out of and back into a session at use the built-in settings as -is, or you can started with than Smartcom, because
one of the higher rates. Some programs define your own. A series of menus when you load the program, you're im-
reset port parameters periodically makes the process easy. After you've de- mediately placed into a telecommunica-
throughout a communications session; fined an activity/connection combina- tions screen. To dial a number, press Alt-
others do it once only at the beginning. tion, you can access them one by one via D; a directory window pops up. You can
The former are the ones that could cause Smartcom's menus, or directly from the add and edit directory entries at will, or
trouble; however, just don't switch ports DOS command line. For example, sup- simply enter a number to dial manually.
during a session. pose you have an activity named RE-BBS, With Procomm's auto-redial, it's easy to
The software supports the Microsoft and a connection named BAUD2400. The break through a line that's often busy.
mouse (and compatibles) directly. You activity defines the RE-BBS telephone Procomm also has extensive
can use another type of serial mouse, but, number, terminal type, etc., and customization features and on-line help.
depending on the program, it may stop BAUD2400 defines a 2400 -baud Hayes Lacking is Smartcom's disk and file main-
responding if you switch ports. internal modem. Then, to dial the RE-BBS tenance tools, but a DOS "gateway" can
All in all, the DoubleCOM is a highly from the command line you would type: take you to DOS from within the program.
useful piece of hardware. At $149, it's Like Smartcom, you can capture the
price -competitive with a stand-alone se- SCOM3 RE-BBS.BAUD2400 entire contents of a session to a disk file,
rial port plus an external A/B switch-and but Procomm is less intelligent about
it provides a more elegant and conve- Because each activity is separate from what it stores-it stores everything. If
nient solution..W$ each connection, you might also dial up you're used to editing your work exten-
with: sively while on-line, you'll end up with
many unwanted control characters.
SCOM3 RE-BBS.BAUD1200 One useful feature is the ability to run
Procomm in the "host" mode-i.e., to set
After initiating a session, you can return up a miniature BBS.
to Smartcom's master menu and start an-
other. In that way, you could simulta- The choice
neously download a lengthy file from a Choosing between Procomm + and
BBS and exchange files with a local PC. Smartcom Ill is difficult. Both provide
With the appropriate hardware, you powerful, reliable communications.
could even communicate with a main- Smartcom allows for multiple simulta-
frame in one session and a BBS in another! neous sessions, and its user interface is
Smartcom is a little weak when it more polished, but the activities/connec-
ProComm + and Smartcom III comes to terminal emulation and file - tions orientation takes some getting used
transfer protocols. It has only three basic to. Procomm, on the other hand, is quite
emulations: TTY, ANSI.SYS, and DEC easy to use, although many its choices for
Telecommunications programs have VT52/100/102. Likewise, only Kermit and keystrokes are odd (e.g., Alt -Z for help). A
grown in sophistication rapidly during several XMODEM protocols are sup- moving -bar menu approach (a la 1-2-3)
the past few years. Two leaders in the ported. However, most users need no alleviates learning those keystrokes.
field are Smartcom Ill from Hayes (the more than those anyway. What tipped the scale to Procomm is
modem company) and Procomm + from Smartcom also contains a script lan- its extensive customizability, the intuitive
Datastorm Technologies. Both are power- guage (SCOPE) that can automate your dialing directory, the auto-redial feature,
ful programs with many built-in features telecommunications chores. With SCOPE and it costs 1/3 of Smartcom..$
including terminal emulation, scroll -back you could create a system to automat-
buffering (to see what's happened pre- ically log on to your favorite telecom ser-
viously in a session), session logging to vice, check your personal mailbox for PRODUCTS REVIEWED
disk or printer, background communica- messages and download them, if any,
DoubleCOM: ($149), D -G Electronic
tions, keyboard macros, script languages and then log off. You can even force the Developments, Inc., 700 South
(that allow you to write programs to auto- whole thing to happen in the middle of Armstrong, Denison, TX 75020. (214)
mate communications tasks), and more. the night when telephone rates are 465-7807.
Smartcom's strengths include a built-in lowest! SCOPE is not difficult to master, CIRCLE 17 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
text editor and multiple simultaneous and examples provided with the pro-
communications sessions. Procomm's gram illustrate the basics. Smartcom III ($249), Hayes Microcom-
strengths include many file -transfer pro- Script programs can be "taped live" by puter Products, Inc., 705 Westech Drive,
Norcross, GA 30092. (800) 241-6492.
tocols and terminal emulations. Both recording your keystrokes as you make
CIRCLE 18 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
have sharp, intuitive user interfaces that them on-line. Or you can create or edit a
are easy and pleasurable to use. script file using the built-in editor. Then Procomm+ ($75 + $3 shipping), Pro-
you compile it and it's ready to run. You comm 2.4.2 ($50 + $2 shipping),
Smartcom III can associate a script file with an activity Datastorm Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box
Smartcom is built around activities and or connection so that it runs automatically 1471, Columbia, MO 65205. (314)
connections. Activity settings govern the every time you choose that activity or 474-8461.
CIRCLE 19 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
basic communications environment: ter- connection.

89

www.americanradiohistory.com
INSIDE
A revolution is occurring, quietly and subtly, and it prom-
' ises to drastically alter the way we work and the tools we
work with. The 80386 microprocessor is the cause of the
revolution; it has high speed and the ability to run advanced
operating systems and applications programs. Yet it main-
tains full compatibility with the 8086/88 and 80286 micro-

IIYTEL's
processors, and with the wealth of DOS software that runs
on them.
Here is an introduction to the 386 family. In a series of
three articles, we'll present basic theory. Then we'll present
a really hot construction project showing you how to put a

80386
386 in your PC for about $600. After that, an article by a
leading vendor of DOS -compatible multi -tasking operating
systems will show you how to put that 386 to work. Stay
tuned.-Editor

Speed + Multi -tasking = Power. Try a 386 once, and you'll

become addicted to that power. Start learning about the microprocessor
of the future in the first of a three-part series.
NEAL MARGULIS, INTEL CORP.

he 80386 microprocessor has drastically changed the eight -bit data bus. Internally, however, they're the same.
I course of personalcomputing. Systems built around The 8088/86's address space is divided into variable -
the 80386 initially were very costly, but competition sized segments, each of which may contain up to 64K
among manufacturers and new low-cost versions of the bytes of memory. The one -megabyte address limit has
chip are making 386 power available to more and more caused widespread use of complex and slow memory-
people every day. In fact, it is estimated that two million management techniques: program overlays and ex-
386 -based systems will be sold in 1989-not counting panded (EMS) memory.
386SX-based systems. That number should triple over the Next is the 80286. When first powered up, it operates in
next few years. Meanwhile, the 386SX is sure to acquire a real mode, a mode that is compatible with the 8088: the
share of the more than seven million 80286 systems esti- same 16 -bit registers are present, as are the same 64K-byte
mated to be sold between 1989 and 1991. segments, and the same one -megabyte address space.
The 386 family consists of three microprocessors: the Real mode on the 80286 enhances performance through
80386, the 16-bit 386SX, and the 376 embedded pro- increased clock speed and fewer clock cycles to execute
cessor. Although they have varying external hardware an instruction.
characteristics, all three have 32 -bit internal buses, on - The 80286 can also operate in a new mode, called
chip memory management, protected- and real -mode protected mode, that provides a 16 -megabyte address
operation, and software compatibility. Major features are space, multitasking, virtual memory, and protection.
summarized in Table 1. (When two programs are running in protected mode, one
In the first of this three-part series, we'll discuss the cannot access the other's data or program memory; thus,
basic features of all three family members, comparing programs are protected from one another.) MS-DOS runs
them with the previous generation (the 8088/86 and the in real mode; OS/2 and varieties of UNIX run in protected
80286) along the way. In the second part, we'll show how mode.
to take advantage of the on -chip hardware for developing To increase the amount of memory it can access, the
advanced operating systems. In part three, we'll discuss 80286 deals with segments in protected mode in a dif-
how to interface the CPU with memory and peripherals, ferent way than in real mode. Instead of being associated
and we'll examine the support IC's, including the 80387 with a physical area of memory, a segment register is
and 80387SX math coprocessors, the 82385 cache con- treated as a pointer into a table of descriptors; that table
troller, and the 82370 and 82380 integrated system pe- shows which areas of memory belong to each stored
ripherals. program.
Because of space limitations, we assume you have at The 80386 improves on the 80286 in several ways. First,
least a passing familiarity with the Intel family. If not, you all registers have been extended to 32 bits. That means
may wish to consult one or more of the references listed that data can be shuttled to and from memory more
in the bibliography. efficiently than with the earlier generation processors. It
also means that segments can be larger than 64K bytes. In
Family basics addition, an on -chip memory -management unit provides
The 8086 and 8088 provide 16 -bit registers and a one - better protection facilities. Last, switching between
megabyte address space. The two differ in that the 8086 modes (real, protected, and a new virtual mode) is much
has a sixteen -bit external data bus, and the 8088 has an more efficient than with the 80286.

www.americanradiohistory.com
 TABLE 1-INTEL FAMILY MICROPROCESSORS
8086/88 80286 386SX 386 376
Register Sizes (bits) 8, 16, 32 8, 16 8, 16 8, 16, 32 8, 16, 32
Operand Sizes (bits) 8, 16, 32 8, 16 8, 16 8, 16, 32 8, 16, 32
Maximum Segment Size 64KB 64KB 64KB/4GB 64KB/4GB 16MB
Maximum Virtual Memory 1MB 1GB 64TB 64TB 256GB
Maximum Physical Memory 1MB 16MB 16MB 4GB 16MB
Paging Unit NO NO YES YES NO
16 -bit Real Mode YES YES YES YES NO
16 -bit Protected Mode NO YES YES YES NO
Virtual 8086 Mode NO NO YES YES NO
32-bit Protected Mode NO NO YES YES YES

Internal architecture As its name suggests, the instruction -decode unit de-
The 386 is built from 275,000 transistors using CMOS codes machine -language instructions, and then stores
technology. The key to the microprocessor's high perfor- them in a FIFO (First In First Out) buffer. Opcodes are
mance is the pipelined operation of its six internal units, decoded at a rate of one byte per clock cycle. Immediate
as well as its high-performance 32 -bit architecture. Figure data and offsets are decoded in one cycle, regardless of
1 shows the basic structure of the 386. Both the 386SX and length. The decoded -instruction FIFO can hold three in-
the 376 have 16-bit data buses and 24 -bit address buses. structions; instructions that have been decoded wait in
The bus -interface unit is the microprocessor's path to the FIFO for use by the execution unit.
the outside world. It functions by granting priorities to the The execution unit contains three sub -units. The control
code prefetch unit and the execution unit. The scheme unit contains the microcode and dedicated hardware for
gives highest priority to the execution unit. Spare clock address calculations. The data unit contains eight general-
cycles are used by the code-prefetch unit. purpose registers and a 64 -bit barrel shifter. Microcode in
The code-prefetch unit uses the bus-interface unit to the control unit operates on data in the data unit.
sequentially fetch new instructions from memory. Be- The third sub -unit is the protection -test unit; it checks
cause execution -unit requests are given a higher priority, for segment violations (i.e., illegal access by one program
prefetch activity seldom slows the execution unit. How- of another's allotted memory space). Several 32 -bit bus-
ever, by using cycles that would otherwise be wasted, the ses are used internally to tie everything together.
prefetch unit reduces the amount of time that the pro- Fifth is the segmentation unit. It contains the segment
cessor spends waiting for the next instruction. The code- registers and the segment descriptor caches. The seg-
prefetch unit stores the fetched instructions in a 12 -byte mentation unit uses on -chip information to translate log-
code queue where they await processing. ical addresses into linear addresses and check them with

3 -INPUT REQUEST
EFFECTIVE ADDRESS BUS ADDER
ADDER PRIORITIZER

DESCRIPTOR PAGE
EFFECTIVE ADDRESS BUS
REGISTERS CACHE

LIMIT AND CONTROL AND

ATTRIBUTE ATTRIBUTE
PLA PLA

BEO#-BE3#,
PROTECTION ADDRESS
A2 -A31
TEST UNIT DRIVER

M/10#.11 C#.
PIPELINE/
W/R#.LOCK#,
INTERNAL CONTROL BUS BUS SIZE
ADS#,NA#.
CONTROL
BSI6#.READY#

MUX/
BARREL PREFETCHER/ TRANS-
SHIFTER, DECODE AND INSTRUCTION
LIMIT CEIVERS
ADDER SEQUENCING DECODER
CHECKER

MULTIPLY/
DIVIDE 3 -DECODED 16 BYTE
CONTROL
INSTRUCTION CODE
REGISTER ROM
QUEUE QUEUE
FILE

DEDICATED AW BUS

FIG. 1-INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE 80386: It's composed of six units: bus interface,
prefetch, decode, execution, segmentation, and paging.

91
 the segment limit fields. When paging is not used, the Flags
linear addresses are used by the bus unit for accessing In addition to the status, control, and system flags
external memory. present in the 80286, two new flags have been added to
Sixth and last is the paging unit (which is unavailable on the 80386 (see Fig. 3). First is the VM (Virtual Mode) flag.
the 376). When paging is enabled, the paging unit trans- When that flag is set, the 386 treats the segment registers
lates linear addresses into physical addresses. The paging as the 8086 would-i.e., values in the segment registers
unit has a 32 -entry translation cache, called the Translation point to actual memory locations, and not entries in a
Lookaside Buffer (TLB), that stores the most recently used table. Thus, in virtual mode, real -mode software can run
page translations. with all the benefits of protected mode. 80386 control
programs use virtual mode to provide multiple indepen-
Register Structure dent DOS environments. The 376 embedded micro-
The 80386 has eight general-purpose registers, each of processor cannot operate in virtual mode.
which is 32 bits wide (see Fig. 2). For compatibility with The VM flag is affected only by the IRET (Interrupt
the 80286 and the 8088/86, each 32 -bit register can also RETurn) instruction and by task -switching operations. You
be used as a 16 -bit register, and four can also be used as cannot alter the VM flag using the POPF instruction.
eight -bit registers. The eight 80386 registers are highly The second new flag is the RF (Resume Flag), which is
versatile; for example, in most instructions, any register used in conjunction with the new debug registers. The RF
can be specified as an operand, multiplied with another flag is used to resume program execution at a breakpoint
register, or used as an index into memory. address without causing another breakpoint to occur on
the same instruction.
The flag register also provides a method fordistinguish-
ing among microprocessors. In an 8086/88, bit 15 is al-
ways a 1, but in an 80286 or 80386, bit 15 is always a 0. In
addition, bits 14,13, and 12 in the 80286 are always zero,
but they can be set on the 80386.

Debug registers
The 386 has the same ability to single-step programs
and to insert software breakpoints as the 286. For exam-
ple, the 386 supports the Interrupt 3 breakpoint.
In addition, the 386 has advanced debugging capabili-
ties, including dedicated debug registers that support both
code and data breakpoints. Using them, a debugger can
regain control after every instruction, after execution of a
breakpoint instruction, after a task switch to a specified task,
after executing code or accessing data at a specified ad-
dress, or on an attempt to change a debug register.
As shown in Fig. 4, the debug hardware consists of six
registers: four address and two control registers. The
linear-address breakpoint registers (DRO-DR3) can be ac-
cessed with a special form of the MOV instruction while
the microprocessor is running in privilege level zero.
Because the addresses specified in those registers are
linear addresses, paging has no effect.
A complication occurs when two tasks have different
FIG. 2-MAIN REGISTERS include eight general-purpose regis- linear-to -physical mappings of a given address. To avoid
ters, six segment registers, the instruction pointer, and flags. the complication, control register DR7 has a number of

FIG. 3-THE FLAGS REGISTER: The VM flag enables virtual -mode operation, and the RF
flag allows execution to resume after a breakpoint has been encountered.

92
 Mh o
DRO
BREAKPOINT 0 LINEAR ADDRESS
DR1
BREAKPOINT 1 LINEAR ADDRESS
BREAKPOINT 2 LINEAR ADDRESS

BREAKPOINT 3 LINEAR ADDRESS R3

RESERVED R4

RESERVED R5

B B B B B B B R6
o o o o o o 0 o o o
T S D 3 2 0

LEN R w LEN R w LEN R LEN R w 0 0

G
o o o
G L G L G L G G L

0 0 0 D E E 3 3 2 2 0 0
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1
IR2
16 15 0

NOTE 0 INDICATES RESERVED.

FIG. 4-THE DEBUG REGISTERS: DRO-DR3 hold addresses of as many as four break-
points; DR6 and DR7 provide status information, and specify whether a breakpoint
should occur on code or data access of the specified memory location.

bits (LO-L3 and G0-G3) that indicate whether an address TABLE 2-BREAKPOINTS
is relevant to the current task only, or to all tasks. Value Type of Break Length
00 Break on instruction execution only Byte
In addition, register DR7 also contains several four-bit
01 Break on data writes only Word
groups, each of which corresponds to a debug address Undefined
10 Undefined
register. As shown in Table 2, two of those bits specify the 11 Break on data reads or writes only Double word
type of memory access that will cause a breakpoint; the
other two bits indicate the size of the breakpoint ob- referred to by one can partially or totally overlap that
ject-byte, word, or double word. referred to by another, or it can be completely different.
When a debug exception occurs, various bits in the A segmented address space has advantages and dis-
debug status register (DR6) are set, thus al lowing a debug- advantages. On the plus side, small programs need only
ger to determine the source of the exception. (An excep- modify a 16-bit address component for most memory
tion is similar to an interrupt, except that interrupts are accesses. In addition, it can be easier to manage relocata-
generated externally, and exceptions are generated inter- ble segments and to code procedures that work on
nally.) If the breakpoint conditions have not been modi- multiple areas of data without modification. The disad-
fied, and program execution is to continue at the vantages come from having to reload the segment regis-
breakpoint address, the RF in the flags register must be set ters to access areas outside the 64K limit.
to one. That can be done by popping the appropriate
value into the flags register with the IRET instruction. Protected -mode memory addressing
Those features allow real-time debugging support. So In protected mode, things are more complicated. The
a debugger that traps every instruction while checking for 386 has three distinct address spaces: logical, linear, and
data access becomes unnecessary. Rather, a debugger physical. Working backward, the physical address corre-
can use built-in features of the 386 to "watch" variables sponds to the arrangement of memory IC's in a computer.
during execution. The debug registers allow near full - When paging is not used, linear addresses correspond
speed execution during a variable "watch." one -for-one with physical addresses. However, when
paging is used, any given 4K page of linear memory may
Control Registers be treated by the processor as if it were located at a
Whereas the 286 has only a single 16 -bit Machine different physical location (on a 4K boundary). That ca-
Status Word (MSW), the 386 has three 32 -bit control pability is what allows 386 control programs (Win-
registers: CRO, CR2, and CR3. For compatibility, the ma- dows/386 and VM/386, for example) to set up multiple
chine status word has been incorporated as the lower "simultaneous" DOS environments.
word of CRO. In addition, the 80286 instructions that relate The 8088/86 and 80286 have four segment registers
to the MSW operate identically on the 386 Micro- (CS, SS, DS, and ES); the 386 adds two additional ones, FS
processor, but ignore the upper 16 bits. The new bits in and GS, that hold selectors that identify the currently
CRO, CR2, and CR3 are used to implement memory paging addressable segments. As on the 80286, in protected
on the 386. mode the value of the selector is an index into a
descriptor table. There are two descriptor tables: local
Real -mode segment addressing and global. An operating system stores information rele-
In real mode, a segment register is treated as part of a vant to all tasks in the global descriptor table; particular
physical address. A 20-bit address is formed by shifting tasks use local descriptor tables.
the segment register left four bits and adding an offset, Figure 5 illustrates a segment register and its use as a
which is contained in the instruction pointer or one of the descriptor table selector. The lower two bits are the
general-purpose registers. The result is a 20 -bit address Requestor Privilege Level (RPL). Lower values of the RPL
ranging from 000000 to OFFFFFh have higher priority and greater freedom in accessing
Each segment register is independent; the memory particular memory segments. The third bit is the table

www.americanradiohistory.com
 SELECTOR WHO NEEDS 32 BITS?
Using 32 -bit registers for data can dramatically increase the
15 4 3 2 1 0 performance of many programs. Because a 32 -bit register
SEGMENT RPL can contain long -integer values, functions that take multi-
REGISTER 0 0 01
ple operations on an 80286 can be performed in a single
TABLE step on a 386.
INDICATOR For example, multiplying a long -integer value on a 386
INDEX
TI=1 TI=O can be performed in one operation. On a 286, the same
procedure would have to be performed as a series of 16 -bit
N
DESCRIPTOR-
multiplies and adds.
NUMBER Because a long -integer multiply is simple on a 386, a
6
compiler can directly "in -line" the operation (insert code
5 5
that performs the multiplication directly, rather than call a
4
library routine). By contrast, a long -integer multiply on a
4
3 OESCRIPTOR
286 is usually provided as a library function. In addition to
3
the less -efficient multiplication, calling a library function
2 2
further increases the number of necessary instructions.
1
The code sample shows a side -by -side comparison of
0 NUL L
how the same multiplication is performed on a 286 and a
LOCAL GLOBAL 386. The 80286 routine was generated by version 5.1 of the
DESCRIPTOR DESCRIPTOR Microsoft C compiler.
TABLE TABLE

FIG. 5-A SEGMENT REGISTER contains a 16 -bit selector that stand the process, let's work through an example. Assume
points to one of two tables, each of which contains eight -byte the GDT base is 4OOh and that AX contains 28h. Which
memory descriptors that specify how memory is allocated. memory location would be loaded in the DS selector's
descriptor cache if the following assembly instruction
indicator (global or local), and the upper 13 bits con- were executed?
stitute an index into the table itself.
Each entry in the table is called a descriptor; each MOV DS,AX
descriptor consists of eight bytes of data. When a seg-
ment register is loaded in protected mode, the eight The 28H in AX is 0010 1000 in binary. The lower two bits
bytes of information associated with that selector are contain an RPL level of zero, and the zero in bit three
automatically loaded into the microprocessor's segment indicates that the descriptor is in the GDT. The remaining
descriptor cache, a set of on -chip memory registers that bits (00101) have a value of 5, so that entry refers to the
allow quick access to the desired segment. The 386 has a fifth entry in the GDT. Each entry contains eight bytes, so
separate cache for each segment register. the descriptor begins at byte 40 (28h). The table begins at
Figure 6 shows a segment descriptor. It is similar to the 4OOh, so the desired descriptor is located at 428h.
8O286's descriptor, but the base and limit fields are larger.
The 8O386's descriptor contains a 32 -bit base address Address modes
that designates the starting point for the segment in the The 386 supports 11 addressing modes consisting of
microprocessor's four-gigabyte address range. The 20 -bit immediate, register, displacement, base, index, scale, and
limit field specifies the maximum size of the segment. various combinations thereof.
Because it's only 20 bits wide, you might expect that With an immediate operand, the address is specified
segments could have a maximum size of 1MB (220). The as part of the instruction itself. With a register operand,
trick is in the G (Granularity) bit. When it is set to one, the one of the eight general-purpose registers points to the
limit field is effectively multiplied by 4K, thereby provid- desired location. With an index operand, the contents of
ing access to 4096 megabytes, or 4 gigabytes, of memory. one of the general-purpose registers (except ESP) is add-
When the processor loads a segment register, it must ed to the contents of the base register to point to the
determine which segment descriptor to load. To under- desired location. In addition, an index register may be

SEGMENT BASE 15...0

BASE
BASE
31...24
G

BASE ADDRESS OF THE SEGMENT

D 0 0
19...1623...16 .
LIMIT
SEGMENT LIMIT 15...0

DPL
DPL
I
S
I
TYPE
1

DESCRIPTION PRIVILEGE LEVEL (0-3)

A BASE

LIMIT THE LENGTH OF THE SEGMENT S SYSTEM DESCRIPTOR 10= SYSTEM 1= USER)

P PRESENT BIT (1= PRESENT 0= NOT PRESENT) TYPE TYPE OF SEGMENT

A ACCESSED BIT GRANULARITY BIT 10 = BYTE 1= PAGE)

D DEFAULT SIZE (1=32 BIT SEGMENT 0=16 BIT SEGMENT) BIT MUST BE ZERO

FIG. 6-EACH DESCRIPTOR consists of eight bytes of information, including a 32 -bit

base address, a 20 -bit limit, a granularity bit, and other status information.

94
 LINEAR
ADDRESS

CRO

CR1

CR2

CR3

CONTROL REGISTERS

FIG.8-IF PAGING IS ENABLED, a two -level table structure allows any 4K linear address
page to be located at any 4K boundary in physical memory.

32 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The primary source of information is Intel Corp., Liter-
INDEX Ph'YSICAL
ature Sales, P.O. Box 58130, Santa Clara, CA
MEMORY
95052-8130. (800) 548-4725.
80386 Microprocessor Data Sheet (order no.
BE3-BEO
BASE DISPLACEMENT¡ A31 -A2
231630-002), Intel Corp., 1986.
80386SX Microprocessor Data Sheet (order no.
PHYSICAL
240187-001, Intel Corp., 1988.
ADDRESS
SCALE 80387SX Numeric Processor Data Sheet (order no.
1.2,4,8 1 240225-001, Intel Corp., 1988.
PAGING UNIT 376 Embedded Microprocessor Data Sheet (order
(OPTIONAL USE) no. 240182-001), Intel Corp., 1988.
82385 Cache Controller Data Sheet (order no.
LINEAR
7 290143-001), Intel Corp., 1987.
ADDRESS
82380 DMA/Integrated System Peripheral Data
EFFECTIVE Sheet (order no. 290128-001), Intel Corp., 1987.
32 ADDRESS
80386 Hardware Reference Manual, (order no.
LOGICAL OR SEGMENTATION 231732-002) Intel Corp, 1987.
UNIT
R VIRTUAL ADDRESS 80386 Programmer's Reference Manual, (order no.
SELECTOR P
MENT
DESCRIPTOR 230985-001 Intel Corp, 1986.
INDEX 80386 System Software Writer's Guide, (order no.
231499-001 Intel Corp, 1987.
FIG. 7-EFFECTIVE ADDRESS CALCULATION: A logical address 80387 Programmer's Reference Manual, (order no.
is combined with a descriptor index and processed by the seg-
231917-001 Intel Corp, 1987.
mentation unit to arrive at a linear address. If paging is disabled,
the linear address corresponds to the physical address. Also available are the following books from Osborne/
McGraw-Hill, 2600 Tenth Street, Berkeley, CA 94710:
scaled by 1, 2, 4, or 8. Last, a displacement may be added 80386 Microprocessor Handbook, Pappas and Mur-
ray, 1988.
to the other values. This is the formula for determining the
80386/80286 Assembly Language Programming,
Effective Address (EA) of an instruction: Pappas and Murray, 1986.
EA = Base + (Index x Scale) + Displacement Advanced 80386 Programming Techniques, James
L. Turley, 1988.
Those addressing modes are combined with the segment
register and descriptor register addressing described bytes long. In addition, common move instructions (regis-
above. The complete mechanism for computing the lin- ter-register, memory -register and register-memory) are
ear address in protected mode is summarized in Fig. 7. efficiently coded in one to three bytes.
After a linear address has been calculated, it must be Many simple instruction set computers require all in-
converted to a physical address. That is done via two structions to be the same length. Because the 386 has on -
levels of tables, as shown in Fig. 8. chip microcode, complex instructions are implemented
with a simple machine -language encoding, leaving the
Instruction set microcode to sequence the processor through the actual
The 386 instruction set is quite efficient. In order to steps of the instruction. The encoded instructions are
reduce bus usage by the CPU (thereby leaving the bus smaller and may be loaded from memory faster than the
free for use by other devices), many commonly used sequence of smaller instructions they replace. Instructions
instructions (for example, PUSH, POP, INC, and DEC) are of that sort include bit manipulations, loop instructions,
one byte long. Less -common instructions are only two continued on page 102
RUN MS-DOS
ON THE PT-68K
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Run MS-DOS programs

in your PT-68K!

MARK HENRY

In case you missed it, beginning in the October 1987 System overview
issue, we began a series of articles on building a 68000 - Although software emulators are available, for reasons
based computer from scratch. A basic system can be as- of performance and compatibility, we prefer a hardware
sembled for about $200; an expanded system with disk solution with an 8088 microprocessor. Many inexpensive
drives, etc., is also inexpensive, due to use of IBM PC clone clone motherboards are available, but it is physically
components (case, power supply, video adapters, disk con- impossible to install most in a cabinet that already con-
trollers, and keyboard). Many hundreds of readers have tains a 68000 motherboard.
already built the PT-68K; many of them and others have However, we have located a special plug-in card that
been clamoring for an adapter card that would allow them
provides all the basics of a turbo (4.77/8 MHz) PC com-
to run IBM software in their 68K machines. Here it is.-
Editor. patible. The card resembles a standard full-length expan-
sion card, but it is designed for a passive -backplane
et's face it-even 68000 aficionados want to use IBM- motherboard, one that has no active circuitry on it. The
incompatible software. Even though you own a power- card has on -board BIOS ROM, DMA controller, keyboard
ful 68000 -based PC, you still want access to the many connector, and sockets for 256K of RAM. To build a fully
thousands of MS-DOS programs. functional system, all it needs is RAM, a keyboard, a video
Now you can have the best of both worlds. Your PT-68K adapter, and a monitor.
already provides a great environment for learning about Because the 8088 board was designed for a passive
and experimenting with 68000 hardware and software; backplane, and because it has no provision for sharing the
now, by adding an inexpensive (less than $400, less RAM) bus with another microprocessor, we designed a special
co -processor board, you can tap in on all the great adapter card that allows the 8088 and the 68000 to
software that's available for IBM's and compatibles. coexist peacefully. The card provides an interface that can
disable the bus -driving components of either micro-
processor, thereby allowing the other to access I/O ports,
TABLE 1-ALT88 FEATURES video adapters, etc. The card also switches the keyboard
and the floppy-disk drive(s) between the two environ-
8088 microprocessor ments. We call the combined coprocessor and adapter
Standard 4.77 MHz and 8.0 MHz turbo speeds card the ALT88.
BIOS by Award Software The ALT88 contains most of the circuitry found on a
256K DRAM on -board, expandable to 640K
DMA controller
typical PC clone motherboard. The main difference is that
Speaker interface the ALT88 has a maximum of 256K on -board memory,
Keyboard interface whereas most clones can accommodate 640K. That's not
Turbo and power LED indicator outputs really a limitation, because memory can be expanded to
640K by using a standard PC memory or multi -function

www.americanradiohistory.com
 8088 PROCESSOR
B8000 SELECT

RESET ALT 88
PT68K TO DAUGHTERBOARD
PC/XT CONNECTOR
PC/XT
EXPANSION
CARD
RESET RESET
ALT 88 TO
PC/XT CONNECTOR

PT 68K
KEYBOARD
PORT

PC/XT
KEYBOARD
ALT 88
KEYBOARD
PORT

PT 68K
FLOPPY
CONTROLLER

FLOPPY
DRIVEIS)
ALT 88
FLOPPY
CONTROLLER

88 BUS ENABLE

FIG. 1-A SMALL DAUGHTERBOARD is at tie core of the

8088/68000 adapter. It provides a system reset, as well as pro-
cessor, keyboard, and floppy-disk drive selection.

card. The features of the ALT88 are summarized in Table 1. expansion slots. The basic kit (the PACK88) includes an
Ideally, you'd like to plug the ALT88 into the PT-68K and unpopulated memory card; a Multi I/O card with serial,
start running IBM programs immediately. Unfortunately, parallel, and game ports, and a floppy-disk controller;
that is not possible; some minor surgery must be per- DOS 3.30, and all required cables. The ALT88 is also
formed on the motherboard. Ten traces must be cut, and available separately, if you prefer to purchase your own
fifteen jumpers must be added. We'll present complete memory and I/O adapter.
step-by-step directions for doing so, but if you're nervous Although any IBM-compatible hard -disk controller may
about doing the modifications yourself, they can be done be used with the ALT88, if you wish to use the controller
for you for a nominal fee (see note in Parts List). Future with both the 8088 and the 68000, a Western Digital
versions of the PT-68K motherboard will not require those model XT-GEN controller must be selected. Even if you
modifications. do share controllers, however, the hard disk itself may not
be shared between the PT-68K and the ALT88. A separate
Hardware requirements drive is required for use with each processor.
To run the ALT88 board in a PT-68K, you need a mono- The ALT88 uses the Award BIOS, which has an out-
chrome or color/graphics adapter and appropriate standing reputation for reliability, compatibility, and prob-
monitor, a PC clone keyboard, a 40 -track (360K) floppy- lem -free operation.
disk drive for booting MS-DOS, and a PC/XT floppy-disk MS-DOS vs. PC -DOS: Many people are unaware of the
controller. You can use a high -density drive or a 3.5 -inch differences between PC -DOS and MS-DOS. PC -DOS is
drive, but you must have an appropriate disk controller, as sold by IBM; MS-DOS is available from other manufac-
well software in the appropriate disk format. turers. The main difference between the two is the BASIC
The ALT88 has only 256K of memory, so you may want interpreter supplied with each. Part of IBM's BASIC, called
to add a memory or multi -function card with 384K, to BASICA, is burned in the machine's ROM; the other part is
bring your PC up to the 640K limit. A multi -I/O card with loaded from disk. BASICA will not run on non -IBM PC's,
serial, parallel, and game ports, and a clock and floppy- because they don't have the BASIC ROM's.
disk controller is highly desirable for purposes of saving The BASIC interpreter included with MS-DOS is usually

97
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FIG. 2-SCHEMATIC OF THE DAUGHTERBOARD: The 8288 (1C1)
98 is removed from the 8088 card and relocated to the daughter -
board, which then plugs into the vacant socket card via J7.
 v
P 0
0 0''

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
a 0
0 0
0 0
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FIG. 3-CAREFULLY CUT NINE TRACES on the bottom of the board as shown here.

called GW-BASIC; it is loaded entirely from disk, so it will keyboard, and floppy -disk drives. Display adapters, hard -
run on just about any PC compatible. MS-DOS also in- disk controllers, and other expansion cards can be shared
cludes a manual on the language; the corresponding without modification.
manual is an extra -cost option from IBM..
The solutions
The problems To share the bus and peripheral devices between the
Several problems must be resolved in order for both PT-68K and the ALT88, several circuits must be accounted
the 8088 and the 68000 to share the bus and peripherals. for. First, we must be able to enable and disable the bus
When one microprocessor is active, the address, data, buffers of both environments. Second, we must be able
and control lines of the other must be three-stated so they to switch the keyboard between the two. Third, we must
will not interfere with the active processor. In addition, the provide a means of decoding floppy-disk drive selects
IBM keyboard must be switched between the two pro- for both environments. Fourth, we must provide a master
cessors. Further, the floppy-disk drives require additional reset circuit. Fifth, we must provide a means of switching
drive -select circuitry so that they may be used in both environments. Figure 1 summarizes those requirements.
environments. A small daughterboard attached to the The bus: To allow the PT-68K buffers that drive the XT
ALT88 allows you to control the appropriate bus signals, expansion slots to be three -stated, we must modify the
ss
www.americanradiohistory.com
 system board. The modifications require buffering several
signals through spare latches in IC17, a 74LS373. The
relevant portion of the schematic was shown in Fig. 5 of
the PT-68K article that ran in the April 1988 issue of
Computer Digest.
As shown in that article, latches IC17, IC18, and IC19
have an output-enable signal that is tied to ground. If that
enable line can be controlled by the ALT88, the PT-68K
bus signals can be disabled, so the ALT88 can have
access to the bus and the devices on it.
The daughterboard also switches several signals on the
8088 card to allow it to three -state its lines when the
68000 has control of the bus.
The keyboard: Some keyboard signals (clock and
data) are bidirectional, so it is difficult to switch the
keyboard electronically. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 2, we
use a miniature DPDT relay that can be control led by a TTL-
level signal. It is not necessary to switch the power and
ground connections to the keyboard.
You must plug the keyboard into the back of the ALT88
board. The keyboard signals are then routed to either the
ALT88 or the PT-68K, depending on which one is se-
lected. An additional cable runs from the daughterboard
to the normal keyboard connector on the PT-68K.
Floppy -disk decoding: Because of an anomaly in the
way the PC's floppy-disk controller is initialized, addi-
tional logic is required to allow floppy drives to be
shared. The controller has open -collector outputs, but
unfortunately leaves SIDE SELECT low when the card is ini-
tialized. Therefore, that signal is routed to an additional
buffer on the daughterboard, thereby allowing the signal
to be three-stated when the 68000 has control.
On the 68000 side, the drive selects must be convert-
ed to open -collector outputs by a 7407. In addition, a
jumper block is included so that you can assign the
floppy-disk drives in both environments to be whatever
you want.

PARTS LIST
R1 -R4-10,000 ohms, 1/4 watt, 5%

Cl, C2-0.1 p.F

IC1--8288 bus controller (from 8088 card)
IC2-74LS373 octal three -state latch
IC3-7406 hex inverter
1C4-7404 hex buffer FIG. 4-CAREFULLY CUT ONE TRACE on the top of the board as
J1 -J3-34 -pin dual -row header strip shown here.
J4-12 -pin triple -row header strip
J5, J6 -2 -pin header strip
The PC disk controller will select only one of two drives
J7-20 -pin wirewrap socket
RY1-5-volt miniature DPDT relay at a time. However, the jumper block allows you to
Note: The following items are available from Pe- connect any of the PT68K's four drive -select lines to either
ripheral Technology, 1480 Terrell Mill Rd., Suite controller -select line. That would allow, for example, a
870, Marietta, GA 30067 (404) 984-0742. Due to PT-68K to have two 80 -track drives configured as drives 0
unstable market conditions, RAM is not included and 1. A 40 -track drive could then be configured as
in any prices below; please contact us for current drive-2 to the PT-68K, but, via the jumper blocks, as Drive -
pricing. PACK88 (8088 coprocessor, DOS 3.3, A (the first drive) to the PC controller.
Multi -I/O board, unpopulated 576K RAM board, all Reset: The reset circuit on the daughterboard will reset
cables, assembled and tested): $399. PACK88-
whichever microprocessor happens to be active: Mean-
KIT (same as PACK88, but unassembled): $379.
ALT88 (8088 card, floppy -disk controller card, all while, the inactive processor is held in the reset state to
cables): $250. MS-DOS 3.30 with GW-BASIC: $95. prevent interference with expansion-bus signals.
Motherboard modification: $25. Other accesso- Environment: Last, let's discuss the circuit that selects
ries (disk drives, monitors, etc.) are available; the active microprocessor. When the pins at J6 are open,
write or call for more information. All orders add the ALT88 processor is selected, the ALT88 I/O drivers are
$5.00 shipping per item; Georgia residents add enabled, the keyboard is connected via RY1 to the ALT88,
appropriate sales tax. and the floppy-disk drive is connected to the ALT88. In

100
 CUT AT DOTTED LINES 5-Cut the trace between pin 15 of IC7 and C6.
Wire jumpers must now be installed between several
points on the PT-68K system board. 30 -gauge wire -wrap
wire should be used to make the modifications. The wires
should be soldered securely to the connection points.
The PC expansion connectors are numbered from 1 to 31
from the back of the chassis to the front. The left row
(facing from the front) comprises the "B" connectors; the
right row, the 'A."
1-Connect pin 8 of IC13 to pin 10 of IC7.
2-Connect pin 3 of IC14 to pin 7 of IC17.
3-Connect pin 6 of IC14 to pin 4 of IC17.
4-Connect pin 8 of IC14 to pin 3 of IC17.
CUT AT DOTTED LINES
5-Connect pin 11 of IC14 to pin 14 of IC7.
FIG. 5-CUT THEREAR CHASSIS PANEL between slots four and 6--Connect pin 10 of IC17 to the grounded pin of J3.
five as shown here to provide cleárance for the ALT88. 7-Connect pin 6 of IC17 to pin B13 (rW) of J4.
8-Connect pin 5 of IC17 to pin B14el) of J3.
9-Connect pin 2 of IC17 to pin B11 (, tnw) of J3.
10-Connect pin 1 of IC18 to pin 1 of IC19.
o O O O O o O O 11-Insert and solder a one -pin header in the top side
of the board through the feed -through closest to pin 1 of
o o O O 0 o O O. IC19.
12-Connect pin 1 of IC19 to pin 1 of IC7.
O o O O O O O O --.
13-Connect pin 9 of IC7 to pin B20 vo-cLK) of J6.
14-Connect pin 11 of IC7 to pin All (AEN) of J6.
a b 15-Connect pin 12 of IC7 to pin 8 of IC7.
16-Connect pin 13 of IC7 to pin B12 (mEMR) of J6.
FIG. 6-FLOPPY-DISK DRIVE CONFIGURATION: Use the setup at
(a) for two 40 -track drives, and the setup at (b) for one 80 -track The 8088 board must also be modified; however, we
drive and one 40 -track drive. The 80 -track drive will respond as will not discuss the details here. The price of PACK88
drive 0 to the PT-68K and as drive B to the ALT88. The 40 -track includes the cost of making all modifications. If you insist
drive will respond as drive A to the ALT88 and as drive 1 to the on modifying the board yourself, the PACK88-KIT includes
PT-68K.
the appropriate instructions.

addition, the PT-68K's expansion I/O drivers are disabled,

Initial testing
and the 68000 is held in reset.
Important note: The header pin near IC19 must be
On the other hand, when the pins at J6 are snorted, the
grounded if you wish to use the PT-68K without the ALT88
ALT88 is held in reset, and its I/O drivers are disabled. In
installed. You can wrap a piece of wire -wrap wire around
addition, the 68000's reset line is cleared, its I/O drivers
the pin and attach the other end to a convenient ground.
are enabled, and the keyboard and floppy-disk drives are
Turn the PT-68K on and check for proper operation. No
switched to it.
discernible difference should be noted in the operation
of the keyboard and video system. If the PT-68K system
Modifying the PT-68K board fails to work properly, recheck the cuts and jum-
A total of ten traces must be cut on the PT-68K's mother-
pers. A common mistake is improperly connecting the
board: Nine on the back, and one on the front. It is
jumpers on the back side of the board. When everything
recommended that a sharp hobby knife be used to make
works as normal, the ALT88 board can be installed.
the incisions. Refer to Fig. 3 for the locations of the nine
cuts to be made on the back of the board.
1-Cut the five traces near IC13. Installing the ALT88
2-Cut J1 (AEN) free from the ground plane. 1-Install nine 256K DRAM's in the sockets (IC9, IC10,
3-Cut pin 1 of IC17 free from the trace that passes IC18-IC21, IC27, IC28 and IC35) on the 8088 card.
through it. Doing so requires two cuts that should be 2-Set the DIP switches on the ALT88 board according
made close to pin 1 of the IC. to the type of video system you have. With a C/GA,
4-Cut the trace shown near J5. switch -5 should be on and switch -6 should be off. With a
The next trace is cut on the top side of the board, as monochrome adapter, both should be off. You can install
shown in Fig. 4. an EGA adapter in the system, but it will only work in the
8088 environment, not the 68000 environment, which
requires a C/GA or monochrome video adapter, or an
TABLE 2-ALT88 BOOT ERROR MESSAGES
RS-232 ASCII terminal.

101 ALT88 system board error 3-Connect the signal called "LS373 Enable" from the
201 Memory error during initial test ALT88 board to the header pin near IC19 on the PT-68K
301 Keyboard error system board.
601 Floppy controller error 4-Connect the signal called "68000 Reset" to pin 1 of
Parity check Indicates memory failure J23 on the PT-68K system board. Pin 1 of J23 is located
near IC61.
 'Rates: Ads are 21/4" x 27/8". One insertion $900. Six insertions $875.each.lWelve'
insertions $845. each. Closing date same as regular rate card. Send order with
R -E Computer Admart remittance to Computer Admart, Radio Electronics Magazine, 500-B Bi -County
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code -516-293-3000. Only 100% Computer ads are accepted for this Admart.'

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41256 2561(x1 150 ns 11.90 very simple micro-
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AM(. WOO. or Wa.m08 M. M yOa Ir MAW

CIRCLE 61 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

5 -To provide room for the ALT88, remove the metal either the Turbo switch or the key switch on the comput-
support bracket between I/O slots four and five on the er's front panel for that purpose.
rear of the cabinet, as shown in Fig. 5. (Slots are numbered 12 -Connect the RST line on the ALT88 board to a reset
one through eight from left to right, facing the front of the switch. That switch will reset either processor, depending
machine.) on which is active.
6 -Plug the ALT88 into slot four, and the floppy-disk 13-Configure the jumper block to assign drive selects.
controller card into slot three. If you use a multi -I/O card Figure 6-a shows the setup for two 40-track drives that will
rather than a separate floppy controller, it should be respond as drives 0 and 1 to the PT-68K and as drives A
plugged into slot three. and B to ALT88. Figure 6-b shows the setup for one 80 -
7-Unplug your PC keyboard from the PT-68K system track drive and one 40 -track drive. That way, the 80-track
board, and plug it into the back of the ALT88 board. Then drive will respond as drive 0 to the PT-68K and as drive B
insert the plug from the ALT88's daughterboard into the to the ALT88. The 40 -track drive will respond as drive A to
connector on the PT-68K system board. the ALT88 and as drive 1 to the PT-68K.
8-Unplug the floppy-disk data cable from J7 on the
PT-68K system board, and plug it into J1 on the ALT88 Booting DOS
daughterboard. Observe pin 1 orientation. The switch across J6 should be open to select the
9 -Plug a short 34 -pin cable from J2 on the ALT88 to J7 ALT88. Insert an MS-DOS system diskette in drive A, and
on the PT-68K. Observe pin 1 orientation. turn on the power. If all is well, a BIOS copyright notice
10-Plug a card -to -socket cable between the PC flop- will appear and a memory test will execute. Then the
py -disk controller and J3 of the ALT88. That cable is ALT88 will boot MS-DOS from Drive A. If an error message
included with the ALT88. is displayed during the boot process, refer to Table 2 for
11 -Connect the pins at jumper block J6 on the ALT88 an explanation.
to an SPST switch. That switch selects the active pro- Installation and testing are now complete. Have fun
cessor. If you're using a baby AT case, we suggest using and enjoy using your dual -processor system./m«

and 80286, the INT instruction generates a software inter-

INTEL rupt; however, the 386 treats it internally as an exception
continued from page 95 known as a trap.
Actually, there are three types of exceptions; faults,
repeating move instructions, and ASCII -to -decimal con- traps, and aborts. Faults are exceptions that are detected
version instructions. prior to the execution of an instruction. When a fault
occurs, a service routine corrects the cause of the fault,
C/D Interrupts and exceptions and returns to execute the instruction. A trap is reported
U
z The 386, 386SX and 376 Microprocessors can handle immediately following the execution of the instruction
o
Is as many as 256 different interrupts and exceptions. The that caused a problem. An abort is an exception in which
U first 32 are reserved; some of those are used to report the cause cannot be located precisely.
w Also like the earlier generation, the microprocessor has
Jw special internal exceptions.
d Hardware interrupts that are caused by asynchronous two hardware interrupts: NMI and IRQ. The NMI input
o external events must be distinguished from exceptions cannot be masked (temporarily disabled), but the IRQ
o= that are caused by instruction faults. As with the 8088/86 input can..$
102
www.americanradiohistory.com
 .1

Rates: Ads are 23/4" x 27/s". One insertion $900. Six insertions S875.each Twelve
insertions $845.each. Closing date same as regular rate card. Send order with
R -E Engineering Admart remittance to Engineering Admart, Radio Electronics Magazine, 500-B Bi -County
Blvd., Farmingdale, NY 11735. Direct telephone inquiries to Arline Fishman, area
code -516-293-3000. Only 100% Engineering ads are accepted for this Admart.

NO WAITING FOR COMPLETE, LOW

FCC LICENSE
MIDI
PRICED, CHIP COMPONENT KITS P'U,ec is
CC-1 Capacitor Kit contains 365 pieces, 5 ea. of every
10% value from 1pf to .33µf. CR -1 Resistor Kit contains

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Sizes are 0805 and 1206. Each kit Is ONLY $49.95 and
available for Immediate One Day Delivery)
MIDI
Order by toll -free phone, FAX, or mail. We accept
The FCC has revised and updated the VISA. MC, AMEX, COD orders, or company P.O.'s with PROJECTS
approved credit. Ceti for free detailed brochure.
commercial license exam. The NEW
EXAM covers updated marine and
aviation rules and regulations, BP182-MI0I interfacing enables any so
transistor and digital circuitry. equipped instruments, regardless of the
THE GENERAL RADIOTELEPHONE manufacturer, to be easily connected to-
OPERATOR LICENSE - STUDY GUIDE gether and used as a system with easy com-
contains vital information. VIDEO puter control of these music systems.
SEMINAR KITS ARE NOW AVAILABLE. Combine a computer and some MIDI instru-
ments and you can have what is virtually a
WPT PUBLICATION programmable orchestra. To get your copy
979 Young Street, Suite A send $6.95 plus $1.25 for shipping in the
Woodburn, Oregon 97071 U.S. to Electronic Technology Today
Phone (503) 981-5159 Cö14MUNiCAres
426
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SPECIAUSIS, M.
WSA Tati Avenue
Inc., P.O. Box 240, Massapequa Park,
0641(7141998-3021 FAX(71 974-3420
Enloe USA. 1-600-6;4-0647 NY 11762-0240.

CIRCLE 181 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 176 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

HARDWARE HACKER for years of hacking. heaters is available from Minco.

Whenever you build an infrared If you are into surface mounting
continued from page.85 remote control, it is very important at all, new low-cost capacitor and
to shield the receiver's pho- resistor kits are now available from
the touch-tone chips used
is in all todetector from all but the trans- Communications Specialists. The
in telecommunications. But that is mitted infrared control signals. resistors cost three cents each; the
a very general technique with out- Otherwise, sunlight or room il- capacitors around thirteen.
standing hacker potential. lumination will swamp the input Texas Instruments now has a
More details on all that appear in and either saturate you or else give data sheet on the new TLC32040
my CMOS Cookbook, while all you errors. Analog Interface Circuit. That
the hairy math behind it appeared Several hackers have asked me dude combines both a fast 14 -bit
in Digital Generation of Low Fre- where you go to get suitable in- A/D and a faster D/A converter on a
quency Sinewaves by A. C. Davies, frared filter material. single chip, along with all of the
way back in the June 1969 IEEE Weil, Rohm and Haas makes a needed filters and the sample -
Transactions IM18, Number 2. special 2711 Plexiglas optimized for and -hold stuff. Cost is around $30.
For our contest this month, just IR remote -control filtering. The Steve Ciarcia's new Circuit Cel-
dream up a new or unusual use for good news is that it costs around a lar Ink magazine is going great
digitally generated sine waves, or nickel per square inch. The bad guns and is an absolute must for
else a unique way of doing the ac- news is that they're sold by the the serious hardware hacker.
tual digital sine -wave generation. humongous sheet rather than by Meanwhile, Craig Anderton's
Paper designs are just fine. As per the square inch. One distributor is Electronic Musician magazine is
usual, there will be twenty Read Plastics. Yes, they will cut. also really taking off. Included are
Incredible Secret Money Machine For some real infrared filters' at hands-on MIDI construction proj-
books for the better entries, and real infrared -filter prices ($32 ects. If you are into fancy optics,
an all -expense paid (FOB Thatcher, each) check out Rolyn Optics, in there's a trade journal by the name
AZ) tinaja quest for the very best of particular their model 65.1385. An- of Lasers and Optronics that you
all. other possible source for filter ma- might want to try and qualify for.
Send your entries directly to me, terial is Infrared Industries. Turning to my own products, the
and not to the Radio -Electronics Hardware Hacker Volume II is now
editorial offices. New tech lit shipping and contains edited and
Free sample strips of most of the updated reprints of all of my
Optical and infrared filters common engineering ther- Radio -Electronics stuff so far,
If you are interested in improv- moplastics are available on a card along with additional examples of
ing the contrast of ordinary red, from Polymer/Polypenco. Low- Postscript goodies. Also available
orange, or yellow LED displays, cost electroluminescent lamps in a are my Ask The Guru reprints, vol-
check out Ulano and ask them for variety of colors are available umes I and Il from my sister col-
some free samples of their through Luminescent Systems. A umn to this one over in Computer
Rubylith and Amerberlith prod- $50 evaluation kit of fourteen dif- Shopper. Write or call if you need
ucts. One sample book is enough ferent stick -on thin-film power any additional info. R-E

103
 MARKET CENTER
FOR SALE COMMODORE/AMIGA CHIPS, DIAGNOSTICS, DESCRAMBLERS. All brands. Special combo Jer-
Parts or low cost repairs. Catalog and Dealer pricing rold 400 and SB3 $165. Complete cable de -
TUBES. new, unused. Send self-addressed, stamp- available. VISA/MC. KASARA, INC. 24 West scrambler kit $39. Complete satellite descrambler
ed envelope for list. FALA ELECTRONICS, Box Street, Spring Valley, NY 10977.1 (800) 248-2983 or kit $45.00. Free catalog. MJM INDUSTRIES, Box
1376-2, Milwaukee, WI 53201. (914) 362-3131. 531, Bronx, NY 10461-0531.

PHOTOFACT folders, under #1400 $4.00. Others CABLE TV EQUIPMENT, Scientific Atlanta, Jer-
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Meadow, NY 11554. undersold. Call Toll Free 1 (800) 327-3407, or Quality Microwave TV Antennas
send $3.00 for catalog to K. D. VIDEO, INC., P.O. Multi -Channel 1.9 to 2.7 GHz. 40dB Gain
TUBES, name brands, new, 80% off list. KIRBY, Box 29538, MLPS, MN 55429. 30 -Channel System complete $149.95
298 West Carmel Drive, Carmel, IN 46032.
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OPENING Special. Super Duper Kits. Send $1.00
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Call for facts! 1-(312) 742-1142, ext. 4673. Lafleche, St. Hubert, Quebec, J4T-3J6. PIMIIIDE Tech Electronics
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RESTRICTED technical information: Electronic PRODUCTS PO Box 582 Dept E. Saco, ME
surveillance, schematics, locksmithing, covert sci- RADIO Parts Bag $5.00. 1909 Brewerton Road, 04072 (207) 967-0726.
ences, hacking, etc. Huge selection. Free bro- Syracuse, NY 13211. Resistors, Capacitors,
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$25.00. Fiver'$112.50. Assortment #104, contains by interference. Channels 2, 3, 4,14,15,16,17,18, generator including an ohms, capacitance and fre-
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COD accepted. Jim Rhodes, Inc. P.O. Box 3421, dB ELECTRONICS. P.O.Box 8644, Pembroke NALL ELECTRONICS, 179 May, Fairfield, CT
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104

www.americanradiohistory.com
 os An interesting and worth-
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BUILD circuit lets you use
any regular TV set as a sim-
CABLE -TV
DETAILED PLANS: $4.95 ple OSCILLOSCOPE. Build
for less than $10. NO MODI-
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PENN RESEARCH, dual trace. Send for FREE
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catalog. TEKTRASONIX, 1120 Avenue of the California Penal Code #593-D forb'ds us SUBTOTAL
Americas, 1/fl Suite 4038, New York, NY 10036. from shipping any cable descrambling unit Shipping Add
"CB Trick of the Trade book" learn CB repair tricks. to anyone residing in the state of California. $3.00 per unit
Send $19.95 to MEDICINE MAN, CB P.O. Box 37,
Clarksville, AR 72830.
Prices subject to change without notice. Cards -
COD & Credit
Add 5%
TOTAL
FM transmitter 88 to 108 MHZ kit $12.95 Sierra DI CAC= 12010.11.
Electronics. Box 709, Elfers, FL 34680-0709
POWER'Supply Kit: Variable, D/C voltage, fullwave
Name r
bridge retification. Complete: Transformer, PC Address City fi
board, Cabinet and Components. Satisfaction
Guaranteed. $29.95 + $3.00 SI -I. KDC ELEC- State Zip Phone Number ( )

TRONICS, Box 5771, Bloomington, IN 47407.' Cashier's Check Money Order COD Visa Mastercard /)
ELECTRONIC Kits! Transmitters! Recorders! Acct # Exp Date
Phone Devices! Surveillance items! More! Catalog
$1.00: XANDI ELECTRONICS, Box 25647, 60J, Signature
Tempe, AZ 85285-5647. 2
FOR OUR RECORDS:
DECLARATION OF AUTHORIZED USE - I, the undersigned,
that all products purchased, now and in the future, will only
do hereby declare under penalty of perjury
be used on cable TV systems with proper
"'SCRAMBLING NEWS"' authorization from local officials or cable company officials in accordance with all applicable federal and
PAY TV AND SATELLITE DESCRAMBLING
state laws. FEDERAL AND VARIOUS STATE LAWS PROVIDE FOR SUBSTANTIAL CRIMINAL AND CIVIL
The very best source of descrambling information. Pay N and PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED USE.
Satellite Descramblinu Volume 1 $14.95 Volume 2 512.95. Experi-
ences with Videocypher $14.95. Cable TV Security, design $12.95
MDS/MMDS Handbook. Microwave hacking. $9.95. Build Satellite
Dated' Signed' a
Systems Under $600. $12.95. Any 3/$28 or 6/540. Scrambling
News $24.95/yr. Monthly. Sample $3. Product catalog $1. New
Zenith Products.
Shojiki Electronics Corp., 1552 Hertel Ave..
Buffalo, NY, 14216 COD's 716-874-2088
Pacific Cable Company, Inc.
73251/2 RESEDA BLVD., DEPT. #R-1 RESEDA, CA 91335
(818) 716-5914 No Collect Calls (818) 716-5140
CABLE T.V. descramblers converters all brands
Zenith Z-tac w/remote $170. Oak M35 -B $70. Deal-
ers wanted. (702) 887-3894. IMPORTANT: WHEN CALLING FOR INFORMATION
Please have the make and model # of the equipment used in your area. Thank You
105
 FREE catalog 36 pDages. Major brands. Nobody VIDEOCYPHER II descrambling manual, sche-
undersells WEST. Since 1977. Immediate shipping. matics, video and audio DES, cloning, muskateer-
##<**PRESENTING*isirir* Call for prices. 1741 Cedardale Road, Mt. Vernon, ing, EPROM codes. (HBO, Cinemax, Showtime,
WA 98273. (800) 222-9064. adult channels.) $13.95, $2 postage.
CABLE TV SATELLITE T.V. Systems, Upgrades, Featuring:
CABLETRONICS, Box 30502R, Bethesda, MD
DESCRAMBLERS
Isis***
Uniden, Chaparral, Tee -Comm. Toshiba, LNA's,
20814.
## STARRING it it is LNB's, Feeds, Dishes. Best Prices! Catalog $1.00
JERROLD, HAMLIN, OAK (Refundable) CASCADE ELECTRONICS, P.O. DESCRAMBLER MODULE
AND FAMOUS
OTHER MANUFACTURERS Box 414, Dundee, IL 60118.
LATEST technology alternative to Jerrold SB -3 or
FINEST WARRANTY PROGRAM AVAILABLE
LOWEST RETAIL/WHOLESALE PRICES IN U.S. Radio -Electronics Feb. 1984 project. Featuring
ORDERS SHIPPED PROM STOCK WITHIN 24 HOURS electronic tuning, AGC, auto-on/off, AD/DC power,
FOR FREE CATALOG ONLY 1-800-345-8927 mini -size, A&T, and more. For literature -SOUTH -
1-818-716-5914 TECH DISTRIBUTING, (813) 527-2190.
CABLE T.V.
FOR ALL INFORMATION

PACIFIC CAINE CO. INC.

7325': RESEDA BLVD. DEPT. RE1 89 "BOXES"
RESEDA. CA 91335

Converters-Descremblers This publication

Remote Controls -Accessories
PROJECTION TV Convert your TV to project foot
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Systems available...Illustrated Catalog
FREE...MACROCOMA, 15GE Main Street, Wash-
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* FREE CATALOG *
in microform.
ington Crossing, PA 18977. Creditcard orders 24
Hrs. (215) 736-3979.
Call or Write
TRANS -WORLD CABLE CO. University Microfilms
12062 Southwest 117th Court, Suite 126
Miami, Florida 33186
SATELLITE TV 800-442-9333 International
CABLE TV Secrets -the outlaw publication the ca- Please send additional information
ble companies tried to ban. HBO, Movie Channel, Name
Showtime, descramblers, converters, etc. Sup- Institution
plier's list included $8.95. CABLE FACTS, Box 711- Street
R, Pataskala, OH 43062.
SATELLITE TV receiver kits! Instruction manual,
boards, semiconductor parts! 59° LNA's! LNB's! Ku- City
FREE catalog systems, Upgrades, Houston, Uni- Band LNB's! Catalog $1.00 XANDI ELEC- State Zip
den, Chaparral, etc. Save, $$$$ SKYVISION, 2009 TRONICS, Box 25647, Dept. 21NN, Tempe, AZ
Collegeway, Fergus Falls, MN 56537. (218) 85285-5647. 300 North Zeeb Road 30-32 Mortimer Street
739-5231, DESCRAMBLERS for movies, networks, $175. vid- Dept. P.R. Dept. P.R.
Ann Arbor. Mi. 48106 London WIN 7RA
SEND Stamp For Catalog. COMMUNICATIONS eo only. $450 complete. Visa, MC accepted. Cata- USA. England
ENGINEERING, 76 Boulevard, Hudson Falls, NY log $4 SKYWATCH, 238 Davenport Road, Toronto,
12839. Ontario, Canada, M5R-1J6.

CALL FOR FREE CATALOG

Scientific Atlanta & Pioneer Cable Descramblers in Stock TEXT TO SPEECH BOARD!
PC/XT COMPATIBLE. MAKE YOUR COMPUTER TALK!
AC/DC -7de
Vecei4e4cleit c4.Zacci. P A VERY POWERFUL AND AMAZING SPEECH CARD. USES THE NEW GENERAL
We will match or beat anyone's advertised price INSTRUMENTS SP0256-AL2 SPEECH CHIP AND THE CTS256A-AL2 TEXT TO SPEECH
CONVERTER.
THIS BOARD USES ONE SLOT ON THE
ITEM ONE UNIT 10- UNITS MOTHERBOARD AND REQUIRES A COM >....-,. .__.
PIONEER ADD ON PD -2 DECODER FOR ALL PIONEER SYSTEMS
PANASONIC WIRELESS CONVERTER 1403N
JERROLD JSX3-DIC 36 CHANNEL CONVERTER
....250.00. ..
...79.95
.. 84.95
....
....
200.00
69.00
65.00
SERIAL PORT. BOARD MAY ALSO BE USED IN A
STAND ALONE ENVIRONMENT WITH ALMOST
ANY COMPUTER THAT HAS A RS232 SERIAL
PORT. FEATURES ON BOARD AUDIO AMP OR
^`
<'

JERROLD 400 WITH REMOTE (MANUAL FINE TUNING)

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JERROLD 400 COMBO W/ REMOTE (DRX3DIC)
JERROLD 450 COMBO W/ REMOTE (DRZ3DIC) ..169.95.... 125.00 DEMONSTRATION SOFTWARE AND A LIBRARY - ,t+7
JERROLD 400 OR 450 REMOTE HAND UNIT ...24.95 .....
15.00 BUILDING PROGRAM ARE INCLUDED ON A 5'/.
INCH PC/XT DISKETTE. FULL DOCUMENTA-
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JERROLD SB ADD ON WITH TRI -BI ... 95.00 .....
75.00 TION AND SCHEMATICS ARE ALSO INCLUDED.
$6995
...94.95..... 65.00
OAK M-35 COMBO
...84.95..... 59.00 PACE c'1`
OAK MINICODE (N-12)
OAK ECONOCODE (E-13) ...64.95..... 40.00 NEW! ASSEMBLED
TESTED
HAMLIN MLD-1200 ...64.95..... 55.00
EAGLE PD -3 ...99.95..... 60.00
ZENITH SSAVI CABLE READY ..149.95.... 100.00 NEW! IC TESTER! $149.00
SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA SA -3 ADD ON ..109.95..... 80.00 SIMILAR TO BELOW EPROM PROGRAMMER. PLUGS IN TO YOUR PC OR XT. TESTS
INTERFERENCE FILTER (CHANNEL 3 OR 6) ...24.95..... 14.00 ALMOST ALL 14, 16, AND 20 PIN 74XX SERIES. INCLUDES STANDARD POWER, "S" AND
VIDEO TAPE COPY STABILIZER ...69.95 .....
45.00 "LS" DEVICES. ALSO TESTS CD4000 SERIES CMOS. SOFTWARE INCLUDED CAN EVEN
PANASONIC CONVERTOR W/ VOLUME CONTROL (170 3PB) ..109.95 .....
95.00 DETERMINE PART NUMBERS OF MOST UNMARKED AND HOUSE NUMBERED DEVICES
SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA 8580 ..299.95.... 249.00 WITH SIMPLE MOD. THIS UNIT CAN ALSO TEST 6.4K AND 256K DRAMSI WITH MANUAL
SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA 83 CHANNEL CONVERTER ...94.95..... 79.00 AND SOFTWARE: $149. PERFECT FOR SCHOOLS.
SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA 8535 ..210.00.... 175.00
PIONEER CONVERTOR (4535) ... 89.95 .....
75.00
r QUANTITY ITEM OUTPUT PRICE TOTAL
I PC/XT EPROM ASK ABOUT
CHANNEL EACH PRICE
OUR NEW
PROGRAMMER PAL
IIis not he 1MeRI of AC-DC Io defraud any Pay television Operator and we will SUBTOTAL $169 PROGRAMMER!
not easier any company or individual in doing so. Slripp¡rp Add
PLEASE PRINT: D Cashier's Check D Money Order D coo Saw MU"'
COD: * LATEST DESIGN * PROGRAMS UP TO 4 DEVICES AT ONE TIME * FEATURES EASY '

Name Add 5% TO USE MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE THAT RUNS UNDER PC OR MS-DOS. * USES AN
Address TOTAL 4 INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR SUPER FAST (8X) EPROM
BURNING. * THIS PLUG-IN BOARD ATTACHES TO AN EXTERNAL MINI CHASSIS
City / State / Zip
CONTAINING 4 TEXTOOL Z.I.F. SOCKETS. * NO PERSONALITY MODULES
Signature Phone Number ( ) REQUIRED * AUTOMATIC VPP SELECTION: 125V, 21V, OR 25V. * EPROM DATA CAN
WAIVER. Since I, the undersigned, fully understand That the ownership of a cable decoder does not give the owner d ALSO BE LOADED FROM OR SAVED TO A DISKETTE. * PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
the decode, the right to decode or view premium cable channels without proper authorization from their local cable com- SUPPORTS: 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764, 2784A, 27128, 27128A, 27256, 27256A, 27512, AND
pany, hereby declare under penally of periuny that all products purchased. al any lime, will only be used on cable 1V sys 27512A. * ASSEMBLED AND TESTED, BURNED. IN WITH MANUAL. $169 WITH
tams with proper authorization from local officials or cable company officers In accordance wall all applicable federal and SOFTWARE.
state laws. Federal and various stale laws provide la substantial criminal and civil penalties for unauthorized use.

Signed.
JUST RECEIVED. SAME AS ABOVE PROGRAMMER, BUT PROGRAMS 8 UNITS AT ONE
Dated:
TIME - $299.

ATLANTIC CABLE DISTRIBUTING CENTER INC.

P.O. BOX 276
516 - 625-3550 IMPORTANT Have
NY 11548
516 - 625-3532
- Digital Research Computers
P.O. BOX 381450 DUNCANVILLE, TX 75138 (214) 225-2309
TERMS: Add $3.00 postage. We pay balance. Orden under $15 add 756 handling. No
C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCard. Texas Res. add 6-1/4% Tax. Foreign orders
(except Canada) add 209. P 8 H. Orders over $50 add 856 for Insurance.
106
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 CABLE TV
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HOW To Rewind Power Transformers To Your
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Order now! $29.95 for each course + $3.00 postage TION for free information. Over a decade of service
and handling. (New York residents add applicable 1 (800) 338-5656. In Massachusetts or Canada call

state and local sales tax.) The Magic Course, 500- (413) 568-3753.
B BiCounty Boulevard, Farmingdale, NY 11735.
F.C.C. Commercial General Radiotelephone li-
1-$89.00 10-$69.00 100 -Call cense. Electronics home study. Fast, inexpensive!
Last channel recall-Favorite channel select - "Free" details. COMMAND, D-176, Box 2223, San CAD/CAM
75 channel -Channel scan -Manual fine tune - Francisco, CA 94126. PHOTOPLOTTING...for any RS-274 Gerber Photo
One year warranty -surge protection-HRC & Stand- Plot file produced from your PC Cad program. 8" x
ard switchable- and much more. Call Today! 10" Negative or Positive Photoplots start at $15. Call
for details. KEPRO CIRCUIT SYSTEMS, Fenton,
INFORMATION(402)554-0417 elf
rNUTS b VOLTSI P,aae
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Orders Call Toll Free 1

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1-800-624-1150 NUTS K VOLTS WILL Save YOU MONEY
ON ELECTRONIC PARTS A EQUIPMENT
Ong AAA!.
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M.D. ELECTRONICS Plat SHOW YOU WHERE TO FIND UNIQUE.
UNUSUAL AND HARD -TO -FIND ITEMS.
One ,.. USA WOO PRICE & Product Best of 2 Worlds 1(313) 548-0050.
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SUITE 133E PAC.
A ?Mimi Publication For lire Buying And Sallie Of &ehenicEquiywmf ndale MI. 48220-9998.
OMAHA, NE. 68114 "óó
CIRCLE 53 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

(V) PIONCER

CAA
SPEAKERSe AND COMPONENTS
PIONEER
MOTOROLA
EMINENCE
- EIVPIFE
ELECT"U"'CS

EMINENCE
Made In
U.S.A.
6" x 9" COAXIAL SPEAKERS 18" WOOFER
Super buyout. Made in Japan by EMINENCE 100 oz. magnet, 3" voice coil. 250 watts
Pioneer for GM. Upgrade auto sound RMS, 350 watts max. 8 ohm, 30 Hz
system. 6" x 9" woofer, 21" cone 100 WATTS MADE IN 100 WATTS resonant frequency, 22-2700 Hz
tweeter. 35 watts RMS, 50 watts max. 12 RMS U.S.A. RMS response. Efficiency: 95 dB, 1W/1M.
10" WOOFER
oz. magnet, Dust cover. Sold in pairs. 8 Paper cone treated accordian surround.
lbs./pair. Limited quantities. Super duty 34 oz. magnet, 2" voice coil. 12" POLY WOOFER
Paper cone, treated accordian Net wt: 29 lbs.
Super duty, 40 oz. magnet. Polypropylene
#300-220 $1450 $1195 surround. 100 watts RMS, 140 watts
max. 8 ohm, 70Hz resonant frequency, cone. 100 watts RMS, 145 watts max. 4-8 #290-200 $9880 $8950
(1-5 prs) (6 prs-up) ohm compatible (6 ohm). 2" voice coil. (1-3) (4 -up)
response: 45-4000 Hz. Net weight: 8 lbs.

#290-098 $3150 $2870 #290-125 $3680 $3450

iii PIONEER' (1-3) (4 -up)
(1-3) (4 -up) (u) PIONEER
12" 3 -WAY, 100 WATT SYSTEM
HORN TWEETER
15" WOOFER Pioneer design engineers carefully
evaluated the performance characteris- Exponential horn design.
60 watts RMS, 90 watts max. 1'/" voice Mylar dome. 31/2" x 31".
coil. 8 ohm, 25-2500 Hz response. 20 oz. tics of this speaker systems to ensure
the best tu)) range frequency response. 1800-20,000Hz response.
magnet, paper cone with poly foam 35 watts RMS, 50 watts
surround. 93 dB, 1W/1M sensitivity. Net System Includes: (1) #290-125 poly max.
weight: 7 lbs. woofer, (1) #280-045 heavy duty 53/4"

#290-160 $2895 midrange, (11 #270-035 4" sott dome

tweeter, (1) #260-210 3 -way 100 watt #270-050 $650 $590
(1-9) (10 -up)
Any Oty. crossover, (2) #260-255 50 watt L -pads,
(1) #260-300 terminal, and (1) #260-340
WOODGRAIN woodgrain grill cloth. Recommended cabinet volume 3.1 3 -WAY 100 WATT
GRILL CLOTH cu ft. Cabinet Kit Available #260-390 $19.95 each CROSSOVER
Authentic woodgrain print
design cloth. 36" x 60"

$595 #12-100
Save
$7395 12 dB/octave rolloff. 800
Hz, 5000 Hz. 8 ohm. 100
watts RMS.
#260-210 $1 250
$995
#260-340 each (10 -up)
(1-9)
Per Yard $1
Parts 15 day money back guarantee. $10.00 minimum

Express CALL
TOLL FREE
order. We accept Mastercard, Visa, Discover, and
C.O.D. orders. 24 hour shipping. ' Shipping charge
= UPS chart rate ($2.50 minimum charge). Hours:
8:30 am - 6:00 pm EST, Monday - Friday. Mall order
340 E. First St., Dayton, OH 45402
Local 1-513-2224)173 1-800-338-0531 customers, please call for shipping estimate on
orders exceeding 5 lbs.
FREE
CATALOG
FAX: 513 222-4644
108
CIRCLE 56 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
www.americanradiohistory.com
 TEÑM9P' Dual
Trace 35MHz
Oscilloscope
FoOCow the. main Dual trace model
capable of displaying
signals up to 35MHz

red. bQocks to Versatile enough for

use in production,
service, and design

a
Employs a metal-
back-post-accerated

wide sePectiov CRT for accurate

reproduction of a wide
band width

of Prodtt4! TEMM P' Rotary OMM

A full function31/2 digit DMM with
a rotary dial for rapid selection of
functions and ranges Measures
Super Wash AC/DC voltage and current; as well
as resistance
Powerful spray cleans intricate
electronic assembly without harming For more specifications
plastics Dries instantly and Test Equipment
see pages 8-23 of

Circuit Cooler
Cools circuits
-1 TES
'Station
Soldering
Catalog #19

instantly for rapid Adjustable temperature range of

location of heat related 150° -420° C (300° -790°F)
problems Will not Grounded tip for soldering static
leave residue sensitive devices Overheat
For more Cherhicals protection with closed loop
see pages 24-27 of temperature control Replaceable
Catalog #19 iron clad tip Improved circuit design
for greater temperature stability
Catalog #19 contains other Soldering
RS -232 Type Port Equipment on pages 37-39
Switches 111
All pins switched pin for
pin TEÑIM/t` Passive Infrared
Four -Way Detector
Contemporary design, in neutral
gray color Blends well with any
Logic Probe with decor or environment Protects a 40
x 40 foot area
Memory
For more Computer Equipment see This compact and Additional Alarm Equipment may be
pages 42-52 of Catalog #79 lightweight probe found on pages 117-119 of
recognizes high, Catalog #19
intermediate, and low
level pulses in DTL, ITE Vie/
15"
TTL, HTL, and CMOS Polypropylene
logic circuits. Woofer
Poly cone with
VCR Battery Pack Replacement polyfoam surround
_' Fits many RCA and Magnetron e Display packaged
Panasonic portable VCRs A quality replacement for Made in USA
Replaces RCA battery many magnetrons on the market Magnet weight: 60 oz.
#149722 and Panasonic Intended for use in Power handling:
#LCR1812 Lead -acid microwaves of 600-700 watts, RMS/peak 100W/144W
type 12V, 1.9Ah 950 watts maximum Frequency response:
20-3500Hz
For more VCR parts see pages 71-83 in Catalog #19 contains additional
For more Woofers see pages 102-108 of
I

Catalog #19 Microwave Oven Parts on

page 125 Catalog #19

© 1988, MCM Electronics

Be sure tb =et for gate FREE catatoy !

Over 11,000 items,

MCM ELECTRONICS
858
CONGRESS PARK DR.
E.
CENTERVILLE, OH 45459-4072
A PREMIER Company
Cali/ ToPL 1-800-543-9330 CIRCLE 87 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD SOURCE NO. RE -52

www.americanradiohistory.com
 gives you more SELECTION
SERVICE
MI QUALITY
VALUE

QUALITY ANTI -STATIC QUALITY 6 OUTLET SURGE Semiconductors and integrated circuits...
ADJUSTABLE WRIST STRAP ARRESTOR POWER BAR In stock for Immediate delivery.

16°°
PANT* ACT* PRICE PART* ACT* PRICE PANT* ALT* PRICE

SN74AF SERIES SN74HC SERIES CMOS

SN74ASOON 05100 2'1.47 SN74HCOON 6100 31 .03 40018PC 08305 41103
SN74AS02N 05101 2'1.47 SN74HCO2N 6105 3 .25 40118PC 08383 4/125
Fully adjustable for Protect sensitive equipment 9N749O44 05102 211.47 9174110044 6110 3 .03 40138PC 083355 3/1.45

maximum comfort from power irregularities SN74AS274 O5T08 21147 SN14HC(EN 6115 3 .03 4015BPC 08370 711.20

* Patented closure system Six three -prong sockets for SN74AS30N 05109 21147 947411C14N 6101 2/.03 4016BPC 08375 3/135
Fully effective static drain maximum flexibility 9M74AS244N 05126 3.E 9N74HC32N 6145 31 03 4017BPC 08380 211.03

One size fits all * Lighted on/off switch and SN74AS2574 05T27 1.75 9A14HC123N 6259 2/ 56 4O2OBPC 08400 21.25
Complete with retractile reset button 9N14AS258N 05T28 115 SN74HC132N 6262 2 56 4023BPC 08420 411.03

grounding cord with clip " UL listed MORE IN STOCK -CALL

5474HC1384 6172 2 36 402413PC 08425 21.03
SN7441C139N 6175 2 47 4026BPC 08435 1.36
ACT NO: 69264 ACT NO: 84017 SN74AL3 SERIES 9N74HC193N 6290 60 4027BPC 02440 311.25
SN74ALS00 05A01 25 SN74HC244N 6200 03 4028BPC OBUS 2/1.25

WELLER 35 WATT QUALITY PROBE CONVERTS SN74ALS32N

SN74ALS1384
05A55
05A94
3 25

64
S4741)x459
3N74HC373N
6205
6225
03
12
4029BPC
4040BPC
08450
06470
2/1.25
21.36
PROFESSIONAL DVM TO FREQUENCY SNI4ALS1618N 05807 14 9N74HC573N 6136 47 4042BPC 08493 21.03
9174ALS1744 2 áß4 4046BPC E495 2147
SOLDERING IRON 05819 64 917414C40404
COUNTER 9474ALS1754 05822 2 64
MORE IN STOCK -CALL
36

40478PC 08503 2/1.03

SN74ALS244AN 05849 58 404948PC 08505 3/125
SN74HC f SERIES

2600 4800
SN74ALS245AN 05852 75 40608PC 0E15 3/125
S474AL53734 05819 75 S4744CT004 16237 21.03 4051BPC 08525 2125
SN74ALS374N 05882 15 SN74HCT2444 16901 125 4052BPC E530 2125
SN74ALS541N 05C16 75 9174HC12494 16302 125 4053BPC 08535 2125
` Develops 400°C tip temperature SN74ALS5738N 05C28 18 911749C13734 16319 1.00 4098PC E640 21.25
Stainless steel barrel Accurate ±0.5%
No power required - and works with any DVM
SN74ALS574AN 05C31 75 91741iC137414 16321 1.03 40668PC 08545 31103
construction S474AL58734T 05094 97
MORE IN STOCK -CALL
40690BIC 08565 4/125
Complete with 3.17mm double Measures from 200Hz to 2MHz 40708PC E575 4125
* Coaxial test leads included MORE IN STOCK -CALL BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
coated tip 4071BPC 085E 4x125
Ultra -comfortable handle Ideal for OC, service or hobby applications SN74F SERIES 0139121.1 0161 21.03 4081BPC 08615 4/1.25

ACT NO: 86221 ACT NO: 69324 SN74FOON 05F04 31.36 80231 0014 21.3 40938PC 08630 2103
SN74F02N 05F06 311.36 1010651 0163 21.14 40996PC 08640 2164
947481124 05F22 .05 WO6M 0164 21.3 45039PC 38650 21.03
"NEW LOOK" QUA ITY WELLER 2 PIECE SN74F113N 05E24 64 WOBM 0509 21.43 4508BPC 08655 1.65

Meal
FIELD TOOL CASE SOLDERING STATION SN74F114N
SN74F138N
OS126

0928
64
03 KBPC102
0511
0008
21.47
22.08
45108PC
18P
45
08660
08665
21.36
21.50
SN74F139N 030 03 KBL02 0002 22.83 45148PC 08675 158
9N74F244N 05170 75 KBL04 0055 47

6020
DIODES

940°
SN14F245N 05172 58 08166 0056 58
N91481Á 01160 2511.03
5N74LSOON 05770 4/ .58 KBPC602 0493 47
8400118 01411 25/.03
KBPC606 0082 36
MORE IN STOCK -CALL 44002 280.97
01472
KBPC25-06 0106 97

DuPont Cordura1 SN74S SERIES KBPCa04 0105 47

44033111 01413 2511.03

4400419 01414
construction 9N74S004 05502 21.03 KBFC806 0061 58
2011.03

Reinforced stress points Two piece design for flexibility 9N74SO4N 05596 21.03 KBPC3506 0011 208
4403579 01415 251.03

Multiple pockets for total Self -feeding water reservoir keeps sponge damp SN74S059 05994 311.36
4400719 01416 91.00
MORE IN STOCK -CALL
organization Excellent temperature regulation 94749088 05566 211.03
44148 01165 251103

Size 15.5 x 11.5 x 2.5. Pencil stand can be right or left side mounted SN74S104 05509 21.03
ZENER DIO ES 45102 01166 31100
Storage for up to 6 tips 99145204 05510 21.03 44732ATA 01092 5/1.03
45404T9 01150 41.03

ACT NO: 86102 ACT NO: 86444 974928 05512 21.03 44734419 01094 8'1.03
NSIETA 01119 311.IXi

6103 515817111 01244 2147

$474$381 0596 1.03 N47EAT9 01095

IC MASTER... the source QUALITY 4 DIGIT 917496N 05916 21.25 84736419

447394
01301 9103
5/1.ái
VOLTAGE REGS.

for all info on chips!

010%
MORE IN STOCK-CALL 76054110 09428 125
CAPACITANCE METER 44744414 01101 81.03 78064

28°
09431 311.58
TRWCS N5221B 01349 61.03
781390WC 09434 311.36
11C106D 29065 22.08 45231911 01359 81.03 7912540 09410 21.14

9900
71C11631 29100 1.47 45234619 01362 6103 791500 09425 2114
TIC126D 29087 2.01 46240819 01368 91.03
311)0 06996 236
TIC206D 290E 1.75 452428111 01370 61.03
06015 2/1.97
'
31711C
Reads from 0.0pF to 1F TIC216D 29090 208 953388 01138 21.03
317WC 06223 2/1.14

3 volumes Auto zero/Manual zero setting

Measures time constant
TIC226D

TIC246D
29095
29091
206
2.75
453438
453528
01141

012E
21.03
21.03
323KC OE16 3.47
098
Lists over 100,000 devices 33711C 06250

Alternate source listing with over with keypad input TIC263D 29099 2.E 3524PC 06093 1.97

98,000 substitutions ' Display hold function MORE IN STOCKOALL MORE IN STOCK -CALL MORE IN STOCK-CALL
An indispensable design aid Also identifies transistors,
zener diodes
2 Updates included to keep you current

ACT NO: 27051

` And more, too
ACT NO: 69500
PARTIAL LISTING ONLY
ACTIVE HAS THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT SEMI-
CONDUCTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
THE ACTIVE DIFFERENCE... QUALITY! AVAILABLE FOR OFFTHE-SHELF DELIVERY, IF
There are many mailorder companies to choóse from - all trying to be competitive with their pricing... THE TYPE YOU REQUIRE IS NOT LISTED,
but pricing only tells a very small part of the story. All components and accessories sold by ACTIVE are of PLEASE CALL FOR PRICING.
the highest industrial quality. No surplus.. no seconds... no pulls. ACTIVE is a proud affiliate of
FUTURE Electronics (the 8th largest electronic components distributor in North America). As such,
ACTIVE has over one hundred million dollars of prime, first grade inventory. Our stores (20 now and ORDERING FROM ACTIVE IS EASY...
more opening every month) have over 10,000 items IN STOCK... FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. By Phone
FUTURE Electronics is a franchised distributor of over 200 of the best known names in electronics. Our trained telephone order personnel are ready to take your order
And since we have been supplying industrial, institutional, O.E.M.'s and service personnel for over 20 years, from 8:00AM to 6:00PM (Eastern). Orders are processed within 24
we know how to do it right. hours. Please have your credit card (Visa, Mastercard or American
Remember, all ACTIVE parts are first grade, industrial quality, are supplied to us solely by FUTURE Express) handy when you call:
Electronics and as such are totally suitable for use in any project or repair. And, you can count on that 1 -800 -ACTIVE 4 (in Vt. CALL 1 -800 -ACTIVE 6)
Judge us by the companies we keep... By Mall
ALPHA SAMS CHEMTRONICS H.H. SMITH WELLER VACO BECKMAN TAB Simply list the items you would like to order total your order and -
XCELITE TPI DAETRON TSM EDUKIT MUELLER UNGAR SCORPIO add 4.00 (UPS Ground) or 7.00 (UPS Blue) shipping/handling
OK WISHER GC HITACHI AND MORE... (Massachusetts residents please add state sales tax) and send it, with
a cashier's check or money order to cover the total amount to:
Active Mallorder Center, 133 Flanders Road, Westborough, Mass.
01581
In our Stores
Westborough, MA Woburn, MA. Long Island, NY.
508-366-8899 617-932-4616 516-471-5400
Mt Laurel, NJ. Detroit, MI Chicago, IL
609-273-2700 313-689-8000 312-593-6655
Seattle, WA Santa Clara, CA
206-881-8191 408-727-4550
Montreal, Ottawa,
In Canada: Quebec,
Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver
Please call TOLL -FREE or use
the Reader Service Card for a FREE copy
of our NEW, 1989, 240 PAGE CATALOG
TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 1 -800 -ACTIVE 4 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE

110 CIRCLE 190 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

/1iIúIKr//7 -800-344-4539
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CIRCLE 82 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

111
 What's New at "The Source" of the
electro -mechanical components
AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS? for the hobbyist.
VVe warehouse 60,000 items at 51/4" FULL -HEIGHT 51/4" HALF -HEIGHT 51/4" FULL -HEIGHT 31/2" MICROFLOPPY
American Design Components - HARD HARD DISK DRIVE DISK
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ponents for sale at a fraction of their
DISK DISK (IBM
DRIVES DRIVES Compat.)
original cost!
You'll find every part you need
either brand new or removed from
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equipment (RFE) in excellent condition. 40Mb
But quantities are limited. Order from (AT/XT
this ad, or visit our retail showroom Compat.J 10Mb 1 Mb (unformatted), 135 TPI, 3 ms.
and find exactly what you need from Hi speed, 40 ms. access time. (IBM' Compati access time. Power require-
the thousands of items on display. Quantum #Q540
OPEN MON.-SAT., 9-5 Item #17766 New - $379.00
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Item #19704 New
48 TPI, 40 Track,
- $99.00 Double Side/Double Density
ments: +12, +5 volts. Removed

-
from operational computers -
THERE'S NO RISK!
10Mó (ST412 Compat.)
Major manufacturers - 20Mb (ST225 Compatible)
Mf r - Olivetti #E M5520/2
Tandon #TM100-2 or equiv.
Item #7928 $79.00 New
Mfr -
TESTED LIKE NEW!
NEC, model FD1035
Get them while they last! Tested -Like New! Item #17171 $79.00 ea.
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any purchase can be returned for
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ENHANCED LAYOUT (OPEN FRAME) SCREENS... DRIVE CHASSIS
COMMODORE 101 -KEY KEYBOARD Glare & reflection filters that
COMPUTERS... improve speed, accuracy &
operator
* * comfort...

* * With
60W
power
* supply
* * *
*
Membrane IBM PC
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Can accommodate:

PLUS 4 - -
(Cust. Returns Tested Good!)
*
*
12 Function Keys
Separate Numerical Cursor
LED indicators for Scroll,
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Item #19215
Item #19216
AT&T Monochrome __Item #19223
2 full -ht. drives
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our item 47928
#1904
#13250
Built-in software Incl.: a word processor, spread Caps & Number locks Input 115/230V, 50/60 Hz.
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model #900964-04 Compaq Portable Item #19226 Dim.: 11-W x 8"H x 12"D
plete w/power supply & instruction manual. Mfr.#29079

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Item #19680 New - $49.95
MAGNIFYING
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27 CFM
New - $19.95 New -$8.95 ea.; 2/$15.00
STEPPING MOTORS
Item #14541
Fig. 2
$59.50

returns. (Power supply not incl.) LAMP MINI for ROBOTICS... 11/2"sq. x 114" deep

$29.95
Item #18770
FANS Precision steppers
with increments
25 KHz
High Res...
-
12" EGA COLOR MONITOR from I to 7.5°.
Speeds up to
5,000 steps.

115VAC/60Hz., 12W., low noise - Fig.1

Perfect for level fans. Can be mtd. for blow- 2"L x 21/4" die. x 214"H
text, CAD, & Multi -position, 30", Zr
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other graphics. relay rack. Impedance protected. No. Angle Voh. oz/in. Type Mfr. & Part No. Fig. Price
8 -color display. swing arm, w/3 -way
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M061 -FF -62018 2 for 637.50

25KHz. Res.: 752 x 410. magnifying lens, w/ruler. Porce- Dim.: 31/e"sq. x 11/2"deep
lain lamp socket & on/off switch; Mfr - Rotron or equiv. 7630 1.8° 3.0 200 PM Superior 534.50 ea.
-
1
nput: 110/220V, 50/60Hz., 75W. Mtd. in metal M092-402 2 for 659.50
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$5.95 - 16410 1.8° 12.0 700 PM Applied Motion 2 59.95 ea.
4017-839 2 for á14.95

* above.)
as
Item #18059 $129.00
Also available in 14'- (Same specs
Hitachi #CD1415-DTL
Item #13136 New - $24.95

-
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
DISK DRIVES
POWER SUPPLIES
ONITORS
INTEGRATE D CIRCUITS
-M
BEE

--
Item #1873 'Grams per Cm.

- NEON TRANSFORMER
(Hi -Voltage)
Item #18599 $149.00
DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD PROTOTYPING COMMODORE C-64 HIGH POWER
DEVICE w/EPROM
INTERFACE
POWER
(Z8603) SUPPLY
SWITCHING
-
POWER SUPPLY
Complete microcomputer

* Software incl. 7300 VAC

* 0-256Kb memory in 64Kb increments @ 5 Ma.
* Fully socketed for easy upgrade (IBM May be used for powering neon
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* Memdisk: simulates high-speed disk in 2Kb ROM; 128 bytes RAM; 3200 lines;
up to 62Kb addressable extern. space DC Output: +5V @ 18A tion transformer, building Jacob's
RAM memory
* Allows you to print while still using ea.; 144 byte reg. file;. 124 G.P. reg.; -5V @ 2.5A ladder (spark gap). Hi -voltage
4 VC port reg.; 16 status & contr. reg; DC Output: 5VDC @ 7.5W +12V @ 2.5A output: 1/4 quick connect terminal
the computer Full duplex UART; 2 program. 8 -bit and 9VAC @ 6.7VA and case ground input. Fully en-
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Item #19977 New
* 64Kb RAM in sets of 9
- $29.95 counter/timers On -chip oscill. accepts
crystal or external clock drive; 1.5V
power supply. TTL compas
Input: 117VAC, 50/60Hz.
Input: 115/230VAC, 50/60Hz.

-
Dim: 13"L x 4I/2"W x 11/2"H
Commodore #310157-02 (black) Mfr Sole #39-139
closed metal case. Wt. 12 lbs.
Base mt: 41/2"H x 51/4"W x 61/a"
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THERMAL PRINTER AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS,

- 815 AIRVIEW AVE., P.O. BOX 220, FAIRVIEW, N.J. 07022 MINIMUM
ORDER
Dot Matrix -120 CPS YES! Please send me the following items Q My check or money order is enclosed. $15.
Item How Charge my credit card. RE -189
No. Many? Description Price Total Visa Master Card Amex 3
Card No.
Exp. Date
Signature
Telephone: Area Code Number

Total
Name
Print speed: 120 CPS. Shipping & handling: we ship UPS unless Address
otherwise specified. Add á3 plus 10% of total.
Paper width: 81/2". 80/132 columns/line. Canadian: $3 plus P.O. cost. Charge only. City
With RS -232 IBM serial interface. Oper- Sales Tax IN.J. residents only,
ates on 115/230V, 50/60Hz. please add 6% of total/ State Zip
Hewlett Packard #HP2671A ORDER TOTAL All inquiries and free catalog requests-call (201) 941-5000.
Item #19705 $79.00
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CIRCLE 106 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD
112
 !Mee Ihaek Parti PIaeE_%
Start Your Winter Project at The Shack®
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as it is being used in robotics, artificial intelligence and computers! Recog-
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(1) IC Inserter/Extractor Set. Install
and remove 6 -pin to 40 -pin DIPs with-
out damage. #276-1581 6 95
(2) IC Pin Aligner. Just a squeeze and
bent pins become factory -straight. For
6- to 40 -pin DIPs. #276-1594
(3) Conductive Foam Block. Pro-
2.99

tects ICs, components from static. For

bench or shipping. 5 x 5"
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bines detector, amp, de-
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5VDC. #276-137
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3.49....
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NEC V20 & V30 CHIPS MICROPROCESSOR .-e: PONEI1ITá
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180. 2804. MOB SERIES 6852 75 8243 175
UPD7O108-10 (10MHz) V20 Chip $12.95 6854 119 8250A 495
Z80 119
UPD7O116-8 (8MHz) V30 Chip $ 9.95 Z80-C7C 129
MC68000L8 995 82506 (For IBM) .... 5.95
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z60Á-CTC 165 8255A-5. 2
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Port No. 1-9 10* pert No. 1-9 10+ z80A-P50 189
8031 395 8259-5. 225 TRANSISTORS AND DIODES
7400
80C31 995 8272. 3.95 812222 13 13 1114004
29 .19 7485 69 .59 280A-S10/0 395 8035 149 8279-5. 2.95
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7402 29 .19 7486. 45 21122227. .29 204401 12 114148 07
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7404 29 .197489 195 1.85 MOB-CM 3.95 225 17:á
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7405
7406
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39
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29 7493
49
45
.39
35
Z808 -PIO 395 é85
8086 395
(25V)
4é
6748H 9M82) (215 ... 9.95
283904 12 111751 .15 71068( .49

7407 39 29 74121 39 29 6508/8880/6110O/ S9E

8086-2 6.95 8749. 995 SWITCHES
7408. 35 .25 74123 49 .39 6502 2 65 JMT123 1.19 1206-8 SPOT 16 -en DIP 1.25
65002(CMOS) 775 8087(5MHz) 9995 8751 (3.541914) .... 39.95 SPOT On -On
7410 .29 .19 74125 55 .45 8087-1(10MHz) .229.95 8751H (35-1299) .. 44.95 MPC121 SPOTon-084k11.19 MS102SPS[M5mwnary .39
7414 49 .39 74126 55 .45 8520 1 95
8087-2(8MHz) .. .159.95 8755 13.95
7416 35 .25 74143 495 4.85 6522 2.95
7417 35 .25 74150 125 6532 549
8088 4.9s D -SUB CONNECTORS
1 35 8088-2 6.95 ADC08Ó4LBCN2 79
7420 .29 .19 74154 1.35 125 6551 2.95 DB25P Mae. 25-pn .69 DB25S Fernale, 25-pin .75
8116 4.95 ADCO8O8CCN 5 95
7430 29 .19 74158 1 49 139 650602(7818) 15.95 8155. 2.49 ADC0809CCN
7432 39 .29 74173 79 .69 8800 196 8155-2 a49 A0C120500J-1....19.95
3 89 LEDS
7438. 39 29 74174 59 .49 6802 295 8156. 295 DAC0808LCN 175 0(5568 TRY. Red 13 07556V T114, 1511* .... . .17
7442 49 .39 74175. 59 .49 6810 125 8203 695 DAC1008LCN 595 0(5566 TIM, Green 17 X75567 711., Clear/Red. ... .17
7445 79 .69 74178 79 .69 6821 175 8212. 2.29 AV -3-1015D 495
7446 89 .79 74181 195 185 6840 3.49 8224. 225 AV -5-1013A 195 IC SOCKETS
7447 .89 .79 74189 195 1.85
7448 Low Profile Wire Wrap (Gold) Leae1 2
7472
7473
7474
1 95
39
.39
39
1.85
.29
.29
.29
74193
74198.
74221
74273
1.85
195
79
99
.69
1.75
.89
1.85
MICROPROCESSOR SALE!
Pan No. Prior
8/P
14LP
16LP
11
12
13
8WW
14WW
16WW
59
65
69
7475 49 39 74365. 59 .49
24LP..... . . 25 24WW 119
7476 45 .35 74367 59 .49 8052AHBASIC CPU w/BASIC Interpreter $24.95 28LP
40LP
27
29
28WW
40WW
139
189
MC68000P12 16 -Bit MPU (12MHz) $12.95
74LS00 26
11.1111.1.11111
.16 7419165 ... .75
MC68701 8 -Bit EPROM Microcomputer $14.95
. .65
741502. 28 .18 7415166......89 .79 MC68705P3S 8 -Bit EPROM Microcomputer S9.95 Pelt No. Rice Pert N0. Price
741504 28 .18 74LS173 .39 29
74LS05. 28 .18 7419174 39 29 MC68705U3S 8 -Bit EPROM Microcomputer $10.95 7414000 19 74/10175 59
741.506.
741807
59 .49 74LS175..... 39 29 80286-10 16 -Bit Hi Performance MPU S69.95 7414CO2 19 74HC221 89
59 .49 7419189 3.95 3.85 7414(04 19 74HC240 69
74LS08 28 .18 7413191 59 .49 80287-8 Math Co -processor (8MHz) $244.95 7414008 19 74140244 79
74LS10 26 .16 74LS193..... .69 .59 80287-10 Math Co -processor (10MHz) 7414010 25 74HC245 79
741514. 49 .39 7418221 69 .59 $309.95 74/4014 29 74HC253 49
74LS27 35 25 74L9240..... .59 .49 80387-16 Math Co-proc (16MHz) GRID ARRAY $474.95 7414030 25 7414(259 49
741530 28 .18 74LS243..... .69 .59 74E1032 .29 7414(273 59
741cae 28 .18 74LS244..... .69 .59 80387-20 Math Co-proc. (20MHz) GRIDARRA`r $749.95 7414074 29 7414(373 69
741542 49 39 741.5245..... .79 .69 7414075 35 74HC374 69
741.847 89 .79 7415259 .99 .89 I;aMMBBIIM CM« 7411076 35 74140595 129
741573 .39 29 74L3273 .... .89 .79 Pert No.
DYNAMIC RAMS
Price Pert No. Price
7414085 55 74H0688 149
74L874 35 25 74LS279 .49 39 7441086 35 74HC943 695
74LS75. 39 .29 74LS322 349 3.39 4116-15 16,384 x 1 (150ne) 1.39 LAG570 995 74140123 69 74H04040 89
741976. 39 29 741 6385 , , , .49 .39 4128-20 131,072 x 1 (20011$) 610958181) 3.25 74140125 49 74HC4049 39
741585. 59 .49 741-5366 .49 .39
WD1770 8.95 74140132 49 7414(4050
4164-100 65.536 x 1 (1001.) 3.49 S13052P 125
39
741-ß86 .29 .19 741_9367 49 .39 4164120 65,536 x 1 (120ne) 295 7414(138 45 74HC4060 99
741590 49 .39 74LS368..... .49 .39 65,536 x 1 (150r.) .59 13504A 1 19 74140139 45 74H04511 119
741592 49 39 7415373..... .79 .69 4164200 85,536 x 1 (200ne) 1 6507 296 7414(154 1 49 74HC4514 1 79
741.8123 49 .39 7413374 79 .69 7MS4416-12 16,384 x 4 7414(163 49 7414(4538 19
(12011) 7 75 6510 1295 1
7413 125- .49 39 741.3393..... 89 .79 41256-80 262,144 x 1 (80r1s) 13.49 74140174 59 741404543 1 19
7418138.... .49 39 7415590 595 5.85
6522 295
41256-100 262,144 x 1 (10011) 12.49 6525 495
7413139 49 39 7419624 195 1.85 41256120 282,144 x 1 (12048) 11.95
741..9154 1.19 1.09 741.9629 2.49 239 41256-150 262,144 x 1 (15048) 11.49 6526 1495 74440100 .17 74HCT139
7413157 45 .35 7419640 129 .99
.
39
'4146415 65,536 x 4 (150ne) (4464) 14.75 5.49 74440702 17 74HCT157 29
7413158..... .39 29 741 9845 109 .99 '511000810 1,048,576 x 1 (10On8) 1 Meg. 39.95 6545-1 3.95 74440104 19 74HC7174 35
7415163 49 .39 741.5670.... .99 .89 '514256P-10 262144 x 4 (100.8) 1 Meg 59.95 6560 10.95 7/HCT08. 17 74HCT175 39
741.5164 59 49 7415688.... 239 229 74110710 17 741101240 69
STATIC RAMS 6567 24.95
2016-12 2048x8 (120ne) 449 74110732 19 74HC1244 59
8569 15.95
2018-45 2048 x 8(45ns) 6.95 74HC171 29 74H07245 69
74500 25 748188' 149 6572 1095 74HCT88 .25 744'407373 49
2102 1024 x (350n8)
1 .89 6581 (12V) 12.95
74504 25 743189 149 2114N 1024x4 (450ns) 99
744401138 39 74HC1'374 49
74508 29 745196 149 2114N -2L 1024 x 4 (200ns) Low FUwer 1 49 6582(9V) 14.95
74510 25 745240 139 21014 1024 x 4 (200ns) (CMOS) 49 8502 7 95
74532 29 743244 119 5101 256 x 4 (450r19) (CMOS) 2.95 8564 4 95 080026CN 195 LM1458N 35
74574 29 745253 .59 ' 6116P-3 2048 x 8 (15048) (CMOS) 4.95 45
74585 89 745287' 149 8568. 995 11.074004 99 LM148814
74586
'6116LR3 2048 x 8 (15089) LP CMOS. 5.99 8701 995 110840N 89 DS 14C88N (CMOS) 1.19
29 745288' 149
.
. .

.6264LP-12 8192 x 8 (120ns) LP CMOS 1049 AF100-1CN 895 1M1489N 45

74S124 149 743373 149 . 6264R15 8192 x 8 (150n9) (CMOS) 995 8721 14.96 LM307N (CMOS) ... 19
745174 39 1
49 745374 149 '6264L815 8192 x 8 (1500) LP CMOS. 1025 8722 13.95 I.M309K 125 1.3.414 69
745175 49 749472' 295 6514 1024 x 4 (350n9) (CMOS) 3.75 251104-04. 12.95 LM311N MC1848P 295
39
'4325615L 32,768 x 8 (15On8) Low Power. . . . 1525 310654-05. 995 LM317T 85 LI4j 87214
.62256LP-12 32,768 x 8 (120r1) LP CMOS. . . 1695 LM318N
1 85
. .
318018-03 1295 99 LM1896N-1 1 49
74F00 25 74F139 59 EPROM 114319N 129 (x42003A. 75
74F04. 25 74F157 318019-03. 12.95 18323K 349
59 TMS2516 2048 x 8 (45á1) 25V 6.95 318020-04. 12.95
XR2208 395
74-08 25 74F193 295 11492532 4096 x 8 (450ns) 25V 5.95 LM324N 35 XP)2211 295
74F10 25 74F240 69 TMS2532A 4096 x 8 (4500) 21V 4 49 325302-01 14.95 111338K 4 49 XR2243 1 95
74F32 25 74F244 69 1MS2564 8192 x 8 (450na) 25V 695 325672-01 17.95 1143399 39 261.529 295
74F74 29 74F253 59 1MS2716 2048 x 8 (4500) 3 V1o11epe 695 '825100PLA" 1595 76
74F86 39 74F373 L2348N 169 261.332 99
79 1702A 256x8 Me) 495 901225-01 15.95 1.03507 26LS33 49
74F138. 59 74F374 79 2708 1024 x 8 (4500) 695 2 95 1

901228-01 15.95 LF351N 39

2716 2048 x 8 (450r1) 25V 3.75 LF353N 49 L.PJ26Ó7N
2716-1 2048 x 8 (3500) 25V 4.25 901227-03. 15.96 LM2917N (8 pin)
1
1 79
CD4001 27016 2048 x 8 (450ne) 25V (CMOS). . 4.25 901229A5. 15.95 M0341901..
19 CD4076 59 'No specs available
LF358N 79 3
C04008. 59 CD4081 22 2732 4096 x 8 (45011) 25V 395 LF357N 89
CD4011 19 C04082. 22 2732A-20 4096 x 8 (200na) 21V 425 "Note: 82S100PLA = 49
2732A-25 4096x8 (250r1) 21V 2.95 1.117 (C-64) MC3470P 119
CD4013 29 r`-na0a3 .35
27032
C,04016 29 CD4094. .89 4096 x 8 (4500) 25V (CMOS). 4.95 L.A436Ñ 7 49 MC3479P 3 95
C04017 49 0040103. 149 2764-20 8192 x 8 (2000) 21V 425 L173801-13
004018 .59 0040107 .49 2764-25 8192 x 8 (250n8) 21V 3.59 138& -3 89 467P 1 9B
CD4020 59 CD4510 .69 2764A-25 8192 x 8 (2500) 125V 3.69 74700 .29 747174 .49 LM387N 109 1113900N 49
276445
C04024
C04027
45
35
004511
004520
.69
75 27064-15
8192 x 8
8192 x 8
(45001) 21V
(15008) 125V (CMOS)
3.39
5.95
74702
74704
29
29
_...49
747175
74021. 1.79
LA/1399H3 B79
LF411CN
14
1 25
89
CD4030 35 CD4522 79 27128-20 16684 x 8 (2000) 21V 695 114974004
LM3905N
LM3914N 179
27128-25 16,384 x 8 (25041) 21V 5.95 74708 29 74040 ...1.19 1 49 111391611 49 1
CD4040 65 034538. .79 NE5401 ((ä/UN) 99 NE5532 69
CD4049 29 CD4541 .89 271288-25 16,384 x 8 (250r1) 125V 525 74710 .19 74044 ...1.79 NE555V 29 NE5534
270128-25 16,384 x 8 (2500) 21V (CMOS).. 5.95 69
CD4050 29 C04543 .79
.
74714 ..49 747373 -1.95 891555 59 7805K 18340K-51.... 1.39
CD4051 .59 27256-20 32,768 x 8 (20001) 125V 695 L1.1556N 45 781217 1.83401-12 1.39
C114553 395 2725625 32768 x 8 (250ns) 125V 549 74732 29 747374 ...1.95
CD4052 59 034555. 79 14E558N 79 78154( 1A43401-151.. 1.59 .

CD4053 .59 27C25625 32,768 013 (250ns) 125V (CMOS) 625 74774 ..49 747912 ...7.95 LM565N 89 78057 3407-5) .45
CD4063 149 004559 7.95 27512-20 65,536 x 8(20041s) 125V 1095 74085 .1.49 747915 ...1.39 L14567V 75 78121 (LM3401--12) .45 . . .

004066 29 C04566 195 27512-25 65,536x8 (25041)125V 995 74786 29 740920.. 4.95 NE592N 75 78157(L340-15) .45 ..117 .

CD4067 149 rº]4_SA3,

004584
.59
.49
MUM 74089 . .3.95 740921...4.95
11.1741CN 29
49
7905K (114320K.51....1.49
(LM320T-51 .49
2816A-25 2048 x 8 (2501) 5V Read/VNAe. .. 625 .
74790 . ..99 747922 ...395 A1C14350P 75472
CC040790 25 C04585. 69 2817A 2048 x 8 (350n8) 5V Resd/WtRe. .. 7.95 .
54013779 229 75477 129
CD4071 22 MC14411P 795 28655-30 8192 x 8 (3000) 5V FTead/Wr@e. 9.95 . . .
740154 2.95 747923 3.95
MC1398P 495 MC145106P 195
CD4072 .22 MC14490P 449 52B13 (21V) 2048 x 8 (350l) 5V Read Only. . . . 1.49 747173 59 74(925 5,49 18141414 99 801454061, 295
PARTIAL LISTINO OVER 4000 COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES IN STOCK! CALL FOR QUANTITY DISCOUNTS
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Jameco IBM AT Compatble 16MHz Compatible Kit With 256K RAM AMI 80386
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JE1001 4.77/8MHz Turbo Motherboard $89.95
JE3010 8/12/16MHz NEAT (AT) . . $499.95 -
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34.95
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Jameco IBM PC/XT/AT 41256.150 256K RAM (9 chips) 103.41 AMI BIOS ROMs One-year warranty
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14" Multiscan Cdor-.Cr compat., 800 x 600 Max. Res. (PC/XT/AT) 301.111
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4048 Fat 26ms (Drive only)
60MB Drive only (PC/XT/An
$499.95
$499.95
Size: 7t. x 3.5w x 1.51t JEVGA. $649.95 51277XT 60118 w/Cons olir (PC/XT) $549.95
M4650.... $99.95 ST277AT come w/Contro6er Card (AT) $639.95

JAMECO SOLDERLESS 40MB Tape Back-Up for IBM PcncT/AT

BREADBOARD SOCKETS Graphic DJ10 40MB Back-up and Tape ... $349.95
1840 40MB Tape Cartridge $24.95
Display
Cards Jameco 5.25" PC/XT
JE1050 & AT Compatible
JE1050 $59.95 Disk Drives
JE1052
Mono Graphics Card w/Printer Port (PC/XT/AT)
Color Graphics Card w/Printer Port (PC/XT/AT) $49.95 JE1022 (Pictured) .i.
JE1055 EGA Card with 256K Video RAM (PC/XT/AT) $159.95 JE1020 moue.* BzL (PC/XT/AT) ... $ 89.95
Multi I/0 JE1021 360K Beige Be. (Pc./XT/AT)... 89.95
JE1071 and Mono PCT $119.95 JE1022 1.2118 8*m l. (Pc.nrri n .. $109.95
Multifunction,)/0 and Expansion Cards 3.5" PC/XT/AT Compatible Disk Drives
and Real me Clock )Tel
Printer
JE23
Put Dim
JE24
Contact Binding
JE27 JE1060 IrtCard with Serial,
(PC/XT) $59.95 7201(8 (Mounting Rame Included)
MF353B (PC/XT/AT) $4499109.95
(Mounting
No. L' a WT Points Pao Price JE1061 RS232 Serial Half Card (PC/XT) $29.95 MF355B (P5" //A) x$449.95 $129.95
JE20 614 114 200 o $ 2.95 JE1062 RS232 Sedal Half Card (AT) $34.95
JE21 314x 2k 400 o $ 4.95 Datatronics
JE1065 I/O Card w/Serial, Game & Parallel Printer Port (AT) $59.95
JE22 674x13/4 630 o $ 5.95
2MB of expanded or extended memory
2400/1200/300 Modems
JE23 674 x 21k 830 o $ 7.95 NEW Pochet lórsion/
JE24 674 x 31k 1,360 2 $14.95 JE1081 (zero -K on -board) (AT) $119.95
Hayescommand compat-
JE25 6t4 x 414 1,660 3 $22.95 3MB of expanded or extended memory, parallel printer ible Bell 103/212A com-
port, serial
JE26 (róK patible Auto-dial/auto-
portJE1082
67b x 5tir 2,390 4 $27.95 e )d(Al)) $169.95
JE27 73/4 71 3,220 4 $37.95 answer FCC approved
Floppy and Hard Disk Controller Cards 1-year warranty Includes
DATA B OOKS JE1041 20/40MB Hard Disk Controller Card (PC/XT) $79.95 MaxiMlte Communication
Software (except 1200P)
400041 NSC Lina, Data Book -Vol. I (88) $14.95 JE1043 360K/72011(/1.2MB/1.44MB Floppy Disk Cont. (PC/XT/AT) $49.95 1200P 1200/300 Baud Pocket Modem $ 99.95
400042 NSC Ungar Data eookrvol. e Q88) S 9.95 1200H 1200/30011.4 Internal Modem $ 69.95
400043 NBC Urrar Dots Book-VoL et (eel S 9.95 JE1044 360K Floppy/Hard Disk Controller Card (PC/XT).... $129.95 2400S 2400/1200/300 Internal Modem $129.95
210830 keel Memory Nendbook (88) $17.95 Floppy/Hard Disk 1200C 1200/300 Baud External Modem $ 99.95
230843 kttel Micrayatern Nndbk. Set (66) $24.95 JE1045 Controller Card (AT) $149
$149.95
95 2400E 2400/1200/300 External Modem $169.95

US. Funds Only

Shipping: Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
$20 Minimum Order
neutered trademark or Intemaacnal Mete Madrin«
Data Sheets 504 each -
IBM is a
Prices Subject to Change
(May vary according to weight)
Send $2.00 Postage for a

arreco
Mall Order Electronics -Worldwide
California Residents: FREE 1989 CATALOG
Add 6%, 61/2% or 7%
Sales Tax FAX Numbers: 415-592-2503
ELECTRONICS or 415-595-2664
cc1988 Jameco Electronics 1/89
Telex: 176043
1355 Shorevnay Road, Belmont, California 94002
24 HOUR ORDER HOTLINE (415) 592.8097 The Following Phone Lines Are Available From 7AM-5PM P.S.T.:
Customer Service (415) 592-8121 Technical Assistance (415) 592-9990 Credit Department (415) 592-9983 All Other Inquiries (415) 592-7108

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iihil 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 1 YEAR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS TOLL -FREE TECHNICAL SUPPORT
COMPLETE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SUPERIOR SERVICE FRIENDLY. KNOWLEDGEABLE SALES STAFF

STATIC RAMS DYNAMIC RAMS EPROMS

1 r CO -PROCESSORS
PART SIZE SPEED PRICE PART SIZE SPEED PRICE PART SIZE SPEED Vpp PRICE 8087 5 MHz 9995
2112 256x4 450ns 2.99 4116.200 16384x1 20059 .89 2708 1024x8 45059 25V 4.95 8087-2 8 MHz 139.95
2114 1024x4 450ns .99 4116-150 16384x1 150ns .99 2716 2048:8 45059 25V 3.49 8087-1 10 MHz 194.95
2114L-2 1024x4 200ns 1.49 MK4332 32768x1 20059 6.95 2716-1 2048x8 350ns 25V 3.95 80287 6 MHz 159.95
TC5518 2048x8 25059 3.95 4164-150 65536x1 150ns 2.99 2732 4096x8 450ns 25V 3.95 80287-8 8 MHz 229.95
7442016200 2048x8 200ns 3.25 4164-120 65536x1 120ns 3.19 2732A 4096x8 250ns 21V 3.95 80287-10 10 MHz 289.95
7442016.150 2048x8 150ns 3.29 4164100 65536x1 100ns 3.95 27C64 8192x8 250ns 12.5V 4.95 80387-16 16 MHz 449.95
T442016-100 2048x8 100ns 4.29 TMS4164 65536x1 1SOns 2.89 2764 8192:8 45Ons 12.5V 3.49 80387-20 20 MHz 599.95
HM6116-4 2048x8 200ns 4.95 TMS4416 16384x4 15059 8.95 2784-250 8192x8 250ns 12.5V 3.69 80387-25 25 MHz 699.95
HM6116-3 2048x8 15059 5.95 41128-150 131072x1 15059 5.95 2764ß00 8192x8 200nº 12.5V 4.25
HM6116-2
HM61161P-4
HM61161P-3
2048x8
2048x8
2048x8
120ns
200ns
150ns
6.45
5.95
6.45
TM5446/-15
TMS4464-12
41256-150
65536x4
65536x4
262144x1
15Ons
12011
150x.
10.95
11.95
12.45
40468768
27128
27128A-200
8192x8
16384x8
16384x8
35059
25059
20059
21V
12.5V
12.5V
15.95
4.95
5.95
inter
HM61161P-2
HM6264LP-15
2048x8
8192x8
120ns
150ns
12059
6.95
9.95
41256-120
41256-100
262144x1
262144x1
120x.
1005.
12.95
13.45
27C256
27256
32768x8
32768x8
250ns
25059
12.5V
12.5V
12.5V
7.95
5.95
7.95
5
HM62641P-12 8192x8 10.95 41258-80 262144x1 80ns 13.95 27256200 32768x8 200ns
1.11.4432561P-15 32768x8 15099 12.95 HM51258-100 262144x1 100ns 13.95 27512 65536x8 250ns 12.5V 11.95 YEAR
H88432561P-12 32768x8 12011 14.95 1 MB-120 1048576x1 12Ons 34.95 27C512 65536x8 25059 12.5V 12.95 WARRANTY
HM432561P-10 32768x8 100x. 19.95 1 MB-100 1048576x1 100ns 37.95 27C101-20 131072%8 200ns 12.5V 34.95

CALL TO CONF9I CNIRENT PRICES I J CALL TO CONFIRM CUVENT PRICES I J CALL TO co./M1 CURRENT PMCE8 I J INCLUDES MANUAL S SOFTWARE GUIDE

CALL OUR WHOLESALE DEPT. HICR71 H 30 DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

ORDER TOLL FREE P. mil/MUCNT TOLL -FREE TECHNICAL SUPPORT

r MICROPROCESSORS
1 SCSI HOST ADAPTOR
A LOW POWER, SHORT SLOT CARD FOR PC COMPATIBLES
549.95
74L500 TTL LOGIC
THAT CAN CONTROL UP TO SEVEN SCSI DEVICES.THIS
7419112
5500 8000 8200 POPULAR STANDARD OFFERS SPEED, EXPANDABILJTY AND
THE ADVANTAGES OF USING A DEVICE INDEPENDENT BUS.
INCLUDES CABLES.
741500
74LS01
741902
.16
.18
.17
7415122
741_9123
.29
.45
.49
7415241
7419242
7415243
.69
.69
.69
6502 2.25 8031 3.95 8253-5 1.95 741.903 .18 7415124 2.75 7415244 .69
6502A 2.69 8035 1.49 8254 2.79
ACT -SCSI
6502B 4.25 8039 1.95 8255 1.49 J 74L9O4
74LS05
.16
.18
7419125
7415128
.39
.39
7415245
7419251
.79
.49
65CO2' 7.95 8052AH 8255.5 1.59 741908 .18 7419132 .39 7415253 .49
6520
6522
1.65
2.95
BASIC
8080
34.95
2.49
8256
8259
15.95
1.95 V-20 SERIES 741909
74LS10
.18
.16
7415133
7419136
.49
.39
7415257
741-S258
.39
.49
6522A 5.95 8085 1.95 8259-5 2.29 SPEED UP YOUR PC BY 10 TO 40%! 741911 74L5259
6526
8532
13.95
5.95
8085A-2
8086
3.75
6.49
8272
8274
4.39
4.95
// HIGH SPEED ADDRESS CALCULATION IN HARDWARE
PIN COMPATIBLE WITH 8088
741$12
741513
.22
.22
.26
741_9138
7415139
741-5145
.39
.39
.99
7415260
7419266
1.29
.49
.39
6545A 3.95 8089 5.99 8275 16.95 741914 .39 7415147 .99 7415273 .79
SUPERSET OF 8028 INSTRUCTION SET
6551 2.95 8088-1 12.95 8279 2.49 741-915 .26 7419148 .99 7415279 .39
LOW POWER CMOS
6551A 6.95 8088-2 7.95 8279-5 2.95 741920 7419151 .39 7415280 1.98
V20' 5 MHz 8.95 V20 8 MHz 10.95 .17
CMOS 8155 2.49 8282 3.95 V20 10 MHz 12.95 V30 8 MHz 13.95 741921 .22 7415153 .39 7419283 .59
8156 2.95 8283 3.95 741S154

r
741522 .22 1.49 7415290 .89
8155-2 3.95 8284 2.25 741927 .23 7415155 .59 7418293 .89
8741
8742
9.95
29.95
9296
8287
3.95
3.95
VOLTAGE
RE6IULATORS
1 16L8
PALS
2.95
74LS28
74LS30
.26
.17
741.5156
7419157
.49
.35
7415299
7415322
1.49
3.95
5800 8749
6755
º9.95
14.95
8288 4.95
7805T
7808T
.49
.49
7812K
7905K
1.39
1.69
1688
16R6
2.95
2.95
741532
741933
741$37
.18
.28
7419158
7415160
7419181
.29
.29
74L5323
7415365
2.49
.39
6800 1.95 78127 .49 7912K 1.49 OR4 295 .26 .39 7415367 .39
6802
6803
2.95
3.95
80286
80286.8
79.95
249.95 Z-80 781ST
7905T
.49
.59
78105
78L12
.49
.49 UARTS
741538
741542
.26
.39
7415162
7415163
7415164
.49
.39
7419368
7415373
39
.79
6809 2.95 280-CPU 1.25 7908T 59 79L05 .69 741947 .75 .49 7415374 .79
68909
6809E
5.99
2.95
8200 Z80ACPU
2808 -CPU
1.29
2.75
7912T
791ST
59
59
79L12
LM323K
1.49
3.49
AY5-1013
AY3-1015
TR1602
3.95
4.95
3.95
74L948
741$51
741973
.85
.17
.29
741_9165
7415166
7419169
.65
95
95
7415375
7415377
7419390
.95
.79
1.19
68909E 5.49 8205 3.29 Z80A-CTC 1.69 L7805K 1.59 LM338K 4.494
2651 4.95 741574 .24 741_9173 49 7415393 .79
6810
6820
6821
68B21
1.95
2.95
1.25
1.85
8212
8216
8224
8228
1.49
1.49
2.25
2.25
Z808-CTC
280/1 -DART
2808 -DART
Z80A-OMA
4.25
5.95
6.95
5.95
rADC0804
MISCELLAAIEDUS
2.99 9334 1.75
1M6402
I1.16403
INS8250
3.95
9.95
6.95
74L875
741.976
741393
.29
.29
.49
7415174
7415175
7415191
.39
.39
.49
7415541
74L5824
7419640
1.49
1.95
.98
ADC0809 3.85 2.85 NS16450 10.95 741585 .49 7415192 .69 7419845 .99
6840 3.95 8237 3.95 280A -PIO 1.89 9388
6845 2.75 8237-5 4.75 Z809 -P10 4.25 DAC0800 3.29 9602 .69 741596 .22 741.5193 .69 74LS670 .89
74LS90 .39 7419194 .69 3.20
68845
6847
4.95
4.75
8238
8243
4.48
1.95
Z80A-S10O 5.95
Z80B-SIO/O 12.95
DAC0808
DAC1022
1.95
5.95
ULN2003
MAX232
.79
7.95
INTERSIL 74L392 .49 741_5195 .69
74196132
7415688 2.40
ICL7107 10.95 74L593 .39 7415196 .59 7415783 22.95
6850 1.95 8250 6.95 Z80A-S10/1 5.95 MC1408L8 1.95 MC3470 1.95 ICL7660 1.99
68850 1.75 8251 1.29 Z80A-S10/2 5.95 8T28 129 MC3487 2.95 74LS95 .49 7415197 .59 25152521 2.80
ICL8038 3.85
6883
`68000
22.95
9.95
8251A
8253
1.69
1.59
Z80B-S10/2 12.95
28671 BASIC 9.95 j 8797
6,78304
.59
2.29
AY5-3600
PRO 11.95 /
ICM7207A
IC117208
5.95
15.95
7419107
741.9109
.34
.36
7415221
7415240
.59
.69
261531
261532
1.95
1.95

LINEAR COMPONENTS HIGH SPEED CMOS LOGIC 7400 SERIES LOGIC

TL071 .89 LM380 .99 XR2206 3.95 74HC00 .21 74HC244 .85 7414[T13ß .35 7400 74F240 1.29
TL072 1.09 LM383 1.95 XR2211 2.95 7414004 .25 74140245 .85 74HCT139 .55 7400 .19 74123 .49 74S00 .29
11074 1.95 LM386 .89 L1.12917 1.95 74HCO8 .25 74140273 .69 7414[7157 .59 74125 45 74502 .29
TL081 .59 LM393 .45 CA3048 .89 7431014 .35 74140367 .69 74HCT181 .79 7404 19 74150 1.35 74SO4 .29
TL082 .99 LM394H 5.95 CA3146 1.29 7411032 .35 74HC373 .69 741107240 .89 7406 29 74151 .55 74508 .35
TL064 1.49 LM399H 5.95 MC3373 1.29 74HC74 .35 74810390 .79 74HCT244 .89 7407 29 74153 .55 74510 .29
Ls8001 .34 TL494 4.20 MC3470 1.95 74HC138 .45 7481[374 .69 741407245 .99 7408 24 74154 1.49 74532 .35
LI1309K 1.25 TL497 3.25 MC3480 8.95 74110139 .45 7484,4040 .89 741107273 .99 7410 19 74157 .55 74574 .49
LM310 1.75 NES55 .29 MC3487 2.95 74HC154 1.09 7114[700 .25 74HCT373 .99 7411 25 74159 1.65 74886 .35
168011 .59 NE556 .49 LM3900 .49 74/10157 .55 74HCT04 .27 74HCT374 .99 7414 .49 74161 .69 745112 .50
LM311H .89 NE558 .79 LM3909 .98 74940161 .65 74110708 .25 74HCT393 .99 7416 .25 74164 85 748124 2.75
LM311K 3.49 NE564 1.95 LM3911 2.25 74110184 .65 74HCT32 .27 74HCT4040 .99 7417 .25 74166 1.00 745138 .79
LM312H 1.75 1111565 .95 LM3914 1.99 `7414[175 .59 74HCT74 .45 74HCT4060 1.49A 7420 .19 74175 .89 745153 .79
LM317T .59 11.1566 1.48 LM3915 1.89 7430 .19 74367 65 745157 .79
LM567 .79 M04024 7432 .29 745158 .95
LM318
LM319
1.49
1.25 NE570 2.95 MC4044
3.49
3.99 STANDARD CIOS LOGIC 7438 .29 74F-1741 745163 1.29
LM323K 3.49 NE590 2.50 RC4136 1.25 4001 .19 4028 .65 4069 19 7442 .49 74F00 .35 745175 .79
180324 .34 NE592 .98 RC4558 .69 4011 .19 4040 .69 4070 .29 7445 .89 74F02 .35 745195 1.49
LM331 3.95 LM723 .49 LM1360 1.49 4013 .35 4042 .59 4081 .22 7447 .89 74F04 .35 745240 1.49
LM334 1.19 LIf733 .98 75107 1.49 4015 .29 4044 .69 4093 .49 7473 .34 74F08 .35 745241 1.49
LM335 1.79 LM741 .29 75108 1.49 4016 .29 4046 .69 14411 9.95 7474 .33 74F10 .35 745244 1.49
LM336 1.75 LM717 .69 75110 1.95 4017 .49 4047 .69 14433 14.95 7475 .45 74F32 .35 743280 1.95
LM338K 4.49 MC1330 1.69 75150 1.95 4019 .69 4049 .29 14497 6.95 7478 .35 74F64 .55 745287 1.69
11.1339 .59 MC1350 1.19 75154 1.95 4020 .59 4050 .29 4503 49 7483 .50 74F74 .39 743288 1.69
1E347 2.19 1111458 .36 75188 1.25 4021 .69 4051 .69 4511 69 7485 .59 74F86 .55 745299 2.95
1E353 .59 LM1488 .49 75189 1.25 4023 .25 4052 .69 4518 85 7586 .35 74E138 .79 745373 1.69
1E356 .99 LM1489 .49 75451 .39 4024 .49 4053 .69 4528 .79 7489 2.15 74E139 .79 743374 1.69
LLF357 .99 LM1496 .85 75452 .39 4025 .25 4060 .69 4538 .95 7490 .39 74F253 .99 743471 4.95
L80358 .59 ULN2003 .79 75477 1.29J `4027 .39 40136 .29 4702 9.95, `7493 .35 74F157 .89 745571 296.4

JOR MICRODEVICES AND THE JETEI MICROOEVICES LOGO ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF JOR MICRODEVICES IBM AT PST ARE TRADEMARKS 0F INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES

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 CRYSTALS DISCRETE LSOLDER STATION WIREWRAP
32768 KHz .95
1.0 MHz 2.95
1N751
615402
.49
.25
2N4403
2116045
.25
1.75
UL APPROVED PROTOTYPE CARDS
1.6432 2.95 1114004 10/1.00 MPS -A13 .40 ADJUSTABLE HEAT SETTING
FR -4 EPDXY GLASS LAMINATE WITH GOLD PLATED EDGE-
2.0 1.95 644148 25/1.00 11P31 .49 TIP TEMPERATURE READOUT
1.95 S REPLACEMENT TIPS CARD FINGERS AND SILK SCREENED LEGENDS.
2.4576 KBP02 .55 41426 .69
3.579545 1.95 PN2222 .10 .69 AVAILABLE $2.95

*49'
41427
4.0 1.95 2N2222 .10 41428 .69 168-2C
5.0 1.95 2N2907 .25 41433 .89
5.0688 1.95 2113055 .79 41137 1.19
6.0 1.95 2143904 .10 MCI -2 .59
6.144 1.95 2N3906 .10 MCT4 1.29
8.0 1.95 2144401 .25 T1L-111 .99
10.0 1.95
10.738835 1.95 FOR PS/2
12.0 1.95
CAPACITORS JDR-PR32 32 BIT PROTOTYPE CARD 69.95
14.31818
16.0
1.95
1.95
TANTALUM ELECTROLYTIC
FULL 1 YEAR JDR-PR16 16 BIT WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT
JDR-PR16PK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR16 ABOVE
49.95
15.95
18.0
18.432
20.0
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.0µf
6.8
15V
15V
.12
.42
RADIAL
14f 50V .14
WARRANTY ON JDR-PR16V 16 BIT FOR VIDEO APPLICATIONS
OR
Fu0
39.95

22.1184
OSCILLATORS
1.95 10
22
15V
15V
.45
.99
4.7
10
50V .11
50V .11
EVERY PRODUCT! JDR-PRIG 16BIT WITH DECATODING LAYOUT
JDR-PRI OPK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PRIO ABOVE
FOR XT
34.95
12.95
1.011Hz 5.95 1.014 35V .45 47 35V .13
1.8432 2.2 35V .19 100 16V .15 IBM -PRI WITH +6V AND GROUND PLANE 27.95
5.95
2.0 5.95 4.7 35V .39 100 50V .23 LBM-PR2 AS ABOVE WITH VO DECODING LAYOUT29.95,
2.4576 5.95 10 35V .69 220 35V .20
25 5.95 470 25V .30
4.0 4.95 DISC 2200 16V .70 POWER SUPPLIES rGENDER CHANGERS1
5.0 4.95 4700 25V 1.45
5.0688 4.95
1061 50V .os APPLE TYPE SUPPLY 75 WATT SUPPLY
6.0 4.95
22 50V .05 AXIAL R APPLE CONNECTOR O UL APPROVED GENDER -FF FEMALE- FEMALE 7.95
8.144 4.95 33 50V .05 tuf 50V .14 R .5V@6A,.12V@3A, .5V @ 7A, .12V @ 3A. GENDER -9M MALE -MALE 7.95
8.0 4.95
47 50V .05 10 16V .14 -5V@1A,-12V (Lb 1A -5V @ 300MA, -12V @ 250MA GENDER -MF MALE -FEMALE 7.95
10.0 4.95
100 50V -05 10 50V .16 PS -A GENDER -NM NULL MODEM 8.95
220 50V .05
$49.95 PS -1558 $34.95 GENDER -03 JUMPER Box
12.0 4.95 22 16V .14 8.95
14.31818 1.95 .001µf 50V .05 47 50V .19 FLOPPY DRIVE SUPPLY MICRO SUPPLY GENDER -MT MINFrESTER 14.95
.005 50V .05 /00 35V .19
15.0 1.95
.01 50V .07 470
.5V @ 2.5A, .12V @ 2A, S UL APPROVED, 144 WATTS
16.0 4.95 50V .29 12V @.1A .5V @ 18A, .12V@ 4A,
.05 50V .07 1000 16V .29
18.432 4.95 .5V SA, IF .12 NOT -12V @ 500MA
.1 12V .10 2200 16V .70
20.0 4.95 USED
.1 50V .12 4700 16V 1.25 PS -1554 $29.95
24.0 4.95
II PS -AS-EC $24.95

r RFT RATE
GENERATORS .01xx
CAPACITORS
CERAMIC DISC 100/5.00
DISK CONTROLLERS "SHAPABLE"
HEADERS
RS-232
MC14411 9.95
.01xx
txx
MONOLITHIC
CERAMIC DISC
100/10.00
100/6.50
1771 4.95 2797 29.95
CAN BE SNAPPED APART BREAKOUT BOX
1791 9.95 8272 4.39 TO MAKE ANY SIZE HEADER,
BR1941 4.95 1.1xx MONOLITHIC 100/12.50 FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
1793 9.95 UP0765 4.39
4702 9.95 ALL WITH .1" CENTERS SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
1795 12.95 M88878 12.95
C01,115016 16.95
CloOtCIRCUITS 1797 12.95 EI138877 12.95 1x40 STRAIGHT LEAD .99 S OPEN/CLOSE INDIVIDUAL CIRCUITS
C09,18116 8.95 2791 19.95 1691 8.95
1,11.15307 4.95 MC146818 5.95 MM58174 9.95 1x40 RIGHT ANGLE LEAD .49 20 JUMPERS CROSS -CONNECT ANY
,MM58167 9.95 MSM5832 2.95 2793 19.95 2143 6.95 2x40 2 STRAIGHT LEADS 2.49 TWO CIRCUITS
\ J 2740 2 RIGHT ANGLE LEADS 2.99 S 10 LEDS SHOW CIRCUIT ACTIVITY
GENDER -BO $34.95
IOC CONNECTORS/RIBBON C4BLE
DESCRIPTION ORDER BY CONTACTS
to 2e 26 L
65 se
BM OFR HEADER IOHtoB 92 129 188 2-20 2 4A 1.44
RIGHT ARM E 6GI DFR HE111FR IONxxBR 96 116 178 231 272 139
1,6 296 IM 4.50 6.25 693

r
WIREWRAP HEADER IDHxxW
RIGHT ANGLE WIREWRAP HEADER IDHxxWR 2.05 3.29 4.22 4.45 4.80 7.30
RIBBON HEADER SOCKET IDS= Jü .89 .95 1» 1.Y 196
RIBBON HEADER IDMxx - 5.50 6.25 7.00 7.50 8.50 EPROM ERASERS
RIBBON EDGE CARD IDExx .85 125 1.35 1.76 2.05 2.45 30 DAY MONEY BACK
10' PLASTIC RIBBON CABLE RCxx 1.60 3.20 4.10 5.40 6.40 7.50 LRIBCOBONNO CORPORATION
GUARANTEE
FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS, SEE 0-SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS BELOW
J Model Mow 6o1 Ih86MBy Unit
PE -140 NO
CMpe OW/Cm') C681
9 9,000 880
YEAR WARRANTY
D -SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS PE -140T YES
PE -240T YES 12
9,000
9.600 p
1

ON ALL PRODUCTS
CONTACTS
DESCRIPTION ORDER BY
9 15 19 25 37 50
SOLDER CUP MALE DBxxP .45 .99 .89 .89 1.35 1.65 TOLL -FREE TECHNICAL
FEMALE OBxxS .49 .69 .75 .75 1.39 2.28
RIGHT ANGLE MALE DBxxPR .49 .69 - .79 2.27 - DATABASE í34-95 SUPPORT
PC SOLDER FEMALE DBxxSR .55 .75 - .86 2.49 -
WWE4YMAP MALE OBxxPWW 1.99 2.55 - 3.89 5.80 - R ERASES 2 EPROMS IN 10 MINUTES
FEMALE DBxxSW W 2.76 427 - 6.84 9.96 - VERY COMPACT, NO DRAWER
COMPLETE CUSTOMER
IEC RIBBON CABLE MALE IDBx&P 1.39 199 - 2.25 4.25 - METAL SHUTTER PREVENTS
FEMALE IDBxxS 1.45 2.06 - 2.36 4.49 - UV LIGHT FROM ESCAPING
SATISFACTION
YgODB METAL 981000xx 1.05 1.13 1.25 1.25 - -
PLASTIC H000xx .39 .39 - .39 .69 .75
UKUCI111x1F 649IFINIi 9568:
NSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED 'xx-OF THE 'ORDER BY' KNOWLEDGEABLE

L
PART NUMBER LISTED. EXAMPLE : A 15 PIN RIGHT ANGLE MALE PC SOLDER WOULD BE
0B15PR.
MOUNTING HARDWARE 590
J SALES STAFF

IC SOCKETS/DIP CONNECTORS SHORTING LITHIUM BATTERIES

CONTACTS
DESCRIPTION ORDER BY BLOCKS 6.8V FOR 286/386 COMPUTERS

SOLDERTAIL SOCKETS xxST

6
.11
14
.11
16 18
.12 .15
20 22
.18 .15
24
20
28 40
.22 .30
5/1L00 MOTHERBOARD CONNECTOR
ADHESIVE VELCRO STRIP FOR
WIREWRAP SOCKETS xx WW .59 .09 .69 .90 1.09 1.36 1.40 1.691.69 EASY MOUNTING
VP SOCKETS 21Fxx - 4.95 4.95 - 5.95 - 5.95 6.95 996 LITHIUM 6.8V $11.95
TOOLED SOCKETS AUGATxxST 92 .79 .69 1.09 126 1.39 1.49 1.69 2.49
TOOLED WW SOCKETS AUGATxxWW 1.30 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.90 3.15 3.70 6.40
COMPONENT CARRIERS ICCxx .M .59 .89 99 99 .99 99 1.091.40
DIP PLUGS (IOC IDPxx .95 .49 .59 1.29 1.40 - .85 1.401.69 LITHIUM -3V 3V COIN TYPE LITHIUM BATTERY 1.95
IA 3V-MHW BATTERY HOLDER $1.49

TERMS MINIMUM ORDER 510 00 FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING INCLUDE 52 50 FOR UPS
JDR MICRODEVICES. 110 KNOWLES DRIVE. LOS GATOS. CA 95030 GROUND AND $3 50 UPS AIR ORDERS OVER LB AND FOREIGN ORDERS MAY REOUIRE
ADDITIONAL SHIPPING CHARGES -PLEASE CONTACT THE SALES DEPARTMENT FOR THE
LOCAL (408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 378-8927 TELEX 171-110

c
AMOUNT CA RESIDENTS MUST INCLUDE APPLICABLE SALES TAX PRICES ARE SUBJECT
Moste=Co] TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR TYPOGRAPHICAL
EFRORS WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT QUANTITIES AND TO SUBSTITUTE
RETAIL STORE- 1256 SOUTH BASCOM AVE.. SAN JOSE. CA MANUFACTURER ALL MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE A FULL COPY OF OUR
MEMBER
HOURS- MON.-FRI. 9-7 SAT. 9-5 SUN. 12-4 408) 947-8881 TERMS IS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST ITEMS PICTURED MAX ONLY BE REPRESENTATIVE

ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000

COPYRIGHT 1988 JDR MICRODE VICES CONTINENTAL U.S. AND CANADA

CIRCLE 170 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 117

www.americanradiohistory.com
 MMC
MICROCOMPUTER
MARKETING COUNCIL

di2 JDR Microdevuces 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

COMPLETE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
1 YEAR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS - TOLL -FREE TECHNICAL SUPPORT
SUPERIOR SERVICE FRIENDLY. KNOWLEDGEABLE SALES STAFF
,R;

r
'

rHANDY SCANNER
2400 Bp *249 95 VGA
COMPATIBLE
PACKAGE
MODEMS INSTANT SCANNING
OF IMAGES UP TO
*64900
/
4" WIDE
100, 200, 300,400 DPI

/ BOTH DIRECTIONS
BAW AND 3 HALF -TONE

*12995 / MODES
32 LEVELS OF GRAY SCALE
/ 800 X 560
MAXIMUM
HERCULES, CGA AND EGA COMPATIBLE
RESOLUTION
INCLUDES HALO DPE AND IMAGE EDITOR SOFTWARE
640 X 480 IN
16 COLORS
320 X 200 IN
256 COLORS
IBM STYLE.
LOGITECH HIREZ ANALOG

MOUSE / MONITOR
FULLY VGA, EGA.
CGA. HERCULES

*16995 *9995
d MONOCHROME
COMPATIBLE

m7st..1b;,1us NEC MULTISYNC I/ *599.95

AUTO FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT
SAVE TIME AND TELEPHONE CHARGES WITH A HIGH HIGH RESOLUTION BUS MOUSE FOR BETTER RESPONSE RESOLUTION AS HIGH AS 800 X560
SPEED 2400 BAUD MODEM FROM JDR.
INTERNAL 2400 BAUD /
AND LESS HAND MOVEMENT. IDEAL FOR CAD WORK
320 DPI
MENUS /INCLUDES DRIVER. TEXT EDITOR 8 POP-UP
NO PAD. POWER SUPPLY OR PORT REQUIRED
CASPER EGA *399.95
AUTO DIAL ANSWER 640 X 200/350 RESOLUTION/ .31 MM DOT PITCH

//
SELF TEST ON POWER-UP
TOUCHTONE OR PULSE DIALING L06ITECH 3-BUTTON MOUSE 14' BLACK MATRIX SCREEN, 16 COLORS

HAVES & BELL SYSTEMS COMPATIBLE

FULL OR HALF DUPLEX
PC MAGAZINE EDITORS CHOICE/ ALL MODELS HAVE
SERIAL SUPPORT (COM1/COM2), 200 D.P.I. RESOLUTION,
CASPER MO *279.95
MIRROR II COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE INCLUDED LOTUS 1-2-3 SHELL SELF-INSTALLING SOFTWARE AND COLOR GREEN AMBER SWITCH/ 39MM DOT PITCH
PRO -241 $12935 'POINT EDITOR' 640 X 240 RESOLUTION/ 14" NON -GLARE SCREEN
PRO -121 1200 BAUD 1/2 CARD $69.95 LMOUSE $79.95
PRO -24M 2400 BAUD FOR PS/2 $249.95 LMOUSE-P SERIAL MOUSE W/LOGIPAINT $99.95 SAMSUN6 MONO *129.95
EXTERNAL 2400 BAUD LMOUSE-BP BUS MOUSE W/LOGIPAINT $99.95 / 12' NON -GLARE LOW DISTORTION AMBER SCREEN
720 X 350 RESOLUTION SWIVEL BASE
LMOUSE-BPL BUS MOUSE W/PUBLISHER PKG $139.95
I/ 2400/1200/300 HAYES COMPATIBLE

I
8 EASY -TO -READ STATUS LED'S L.MOUSE-BPC BUS MOUSE W/LOGIPAINT/CAD $149.95
CALL PROGRESS MONITORING & ADJUSTABLE VOLUME
2ND PHONE JACK FOR VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
MONITOR STANDS
REQUIRES SERIAL PORT á CABLE (OPTIONAL) MODEL MS-100 $12.95
PRO -24E TILTS AND SWIVELS
$169.95
MODEL MS -200
CALL OUR 24 -HOUR BBS $39.95
PRO 12E 1200 BAUD EXTERNAL

APPLE/MACINTOSH MODEMS
$99.95

[408) 374-2171 '/ TILTS AND SWIVELS it

BUILT-IN SURGE SUPRESSOR
INDEPENDENTLY CONTROLS UP TO 5 AC OUTLETS J
MACINTOSH 2400 BAUD EXTERNAL AS ABOVE WITH
CABLE AND PROCOM-M SOFTWARE. JOR'S ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD OFFERS
PRO-24EM $199.95 TECHNICAL SUPPORT, CONFERENCING AND MORE
PRO 243 APPLE It 2400 BAUD MODEM $179.95
PRO -12A APPLE 111201 BAUD MODEM $139.95, TOWER CASE
rPOCKET MODEM
*9995
rCITIZEN PRINTER *29995

*21995 SAVE DESKSPACE AND ADD

STYLE TO YOUR OFFICE WITH

/
THIS SLEEK UPRIGHT DESIGN
ACCOMODATES ALL

YOU'LL NEVERitt
BE FAR FROM YOUR A RELIABLE, FAST AND
/ SIZES OF MOTHERBOARDS
250 WATT POWER SUPPLY
INCLUDED
DATA WITH THIS 6 OUNCE INEXPENSIVE ALL PURPOSE MOUNTS FOR 3 FLOPPY
& 4 HARD DRIVES
/
HAND-HELD POCKET MODEM
1200/300 BAUD BATTERY & AC POWER
SERIAL INTERFACE (DB25) 4 STATUS INDICATORS
PRINTER THATS LOADED
WITH FEATURES TURBO d RESET SWITCH
SPEED DISPLAY, POWER
8 DISK LED'S
PRO -12P 9 PIN DOT MATRIX PRINT HEAD
MOUNTING HARDWARE,
180 CPS DRAFT MODE, 29 CPS NW MODE
CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE, SERIAL OPTIONAL FACEPLATES & SPEAKER
DUAL PITCH, DOUBLESTRIKE, ITALICS & SUPERSCRIPT INCLUDED
CASE -100
rKEYBOARDS EPSON FX & IBM GRAPHICS
COMPRESSED, EXPANDED & EMPHASIZED PRINT
DOT ADDRESSABLE GRAPHICS IN SIX DENSITIES
CASE-FLIP FOR 8068 MOTHERBOARDS $34.95
(MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY CASE -SLIDE FOR 8088 MOTHERBOARDS $39.95

/
ENHANCED STYLE LAYOUT ,RC
CITIZEN -1800
-180D REPLACEMENT RIBBON CARTRIDGE 6. CASE -70
CASE -JR
FOR 286 MOTHERBOARDS
MINI -286 W/POWER SUPPLY
$89.95
$149.95
/
r
AUTOSENSE FOR XT OR AT COMPATIBLES
LED INDICATORS AUTO REPEAT FEATURE
/ SEPARATE CURSOR PAD
BTC-5339 $79.95 MOLDED CABLES r POWER SUPPLIES
135 WATT 110/220V $59.95
//
84 KEY LAYOUT
SOFTWARE AUTOSENSE FOR XT OR AT COMPATIBLES
LED INDICATORS AUTO REPEAT
CBL-PRINTER
CBL-PRINTER-25
PC PRINTER CABLE
AS ABOVE - 25 FOOT
$9.95
$15.95
UL APPROVED
IBM XT COMPATIBLE
BIC -5060 $59.95 CBL-PRINTER-RA RIGHT ANGLE PRINTER $15.95 .5V .15A, .12V 4.2A,
CBL-DB25-MM DB25 MALE TO DB25 MALE $9.95 -5V .5A, -12V .5A
CBL-DB25-MF DB25 MALE TO D825 FEMALE $9.95 PS -135
MAXI -SWITCH KEYBOARDS CBL-9-SERIAL 9 PIN TO 25 PIN SERIAL $535 PS-150 150W 110220V $69.95
WITH TACTILE FEEDBACK
CBL-KBD-EXT KEYBOARD EXTENSION $7.95 200 WATT 110/220 $89.95
MAX -5339 ENHANCED STYLE LAYOUT $84.95

ele
U.L. APPROVED
MAX -5060 84 KEY LAYOUT
AUDIBLE "CLICK" KEYBOARD
$84.95 CBL-CNT-MM
CBL-HD-20
36 PIN CENTRONICS-MIM
20 PIN HARD DISK CABLE
$14.95
$3.95 // IBM AT COMPATIBLE
5V 22A. *12V 8A,
CBL-HD-34 34 PIN HARD DISK CABLE $4.95 -5V .5A, -12V .5A
a ENHANCED STYLE,
LED INDICATORS
L.K-103-A
/ 101 KEY KEYBOARD
AUTO REPEAT
$84.95A
' CBL-HD-34D
CBL-FDC-EXT
34 PIN DUAL HARD DISK
37 PIN EXTERNAL FLOPPY
$6.95
$995
PS -200
PS -250 250 WATT 110/220V $129.95
L-
!DR MICRODEVICES AND THE JOR MICRODEVICES LOGO ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF JOR MICRODEVICES I8M AT PS 2 ARE TRADEMARKS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES

118 CIRCLE 171 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com
r 1.44 MB 3'/2" r HARD DISKS
Se gate
Whatever your hard disk needs, we have reliable,
DRIVE high quality Seagate drives at the lowest prices
available. Buy them alone, or with an MCI disk

*14995 )s`
controller for even greater savings!

AVG. DRIVE WITH MR CONTROLLER

SIZE MODEL SPEED HEIGHT ALONE HOC RLL AFH AFH-RLL

ULTRA HIGH DENSITY
ALSO WORKS WITH 720K DISKS 20MB ST -225 65 ms Half $225 $269 - $339 -
FDD-1.44X BLACK FACEPLATE 30MB RLL ST -238 65 ms Half $249 - $299 - $389
FDD-1.44A BEIGE FACEPLATE 40 ms Half $379 $419 $489
40MB ST -251 -

1/2 HEIGHT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES 40MB ST -251.1 28 ms Half $469 $509 - $579 -
FDó50 5-1/4' TEAC DS/DD 360K $99.95 60MB RLL ST -277 40 ms Half $449 - $499 - $589
FD-55G 5-1/4" TEAC DS/HD 1.2M $129.95 30MB ST -4038 40 ms Full $559 $603 - $659
M2551A 5-1/4"FWITSU DS/DD 360K $89.95 ST -4096 28 ms Full $629 , $739 -
80MB -
M2553K
FDD-360
FD0-1.2
5-1/4" F W RSU OS/HD 12M
5-1/4" DS/DD 360K
5-1/4' DS/HD 1.2M
$119.95
$69.95
$109.95
L
FDD-3.5A 3-1/2' MITSUBISHI DS/DD(BEIGE) $129.95
FDD-3.5X 3-1/2' MITSUBISHI DS/DD(BLACK) $129.95
NEWII SIGMA VGA GARD
TAPE BACK-LIP DRIVES
AR5240X
AR5540A
ARCHIVE TAPE DRIVE -XTS 8 ATS
FASTER TAPE DRIVE -ATS ONLY
$369.95
$369.95
*279 Your products and prices have kept us coming
back now for two years...keep up the good work."
-PS., Sterling Heights, Mt
AR340 40 MB TAPE CARTRIDGES $24.95
"We'll continue to do business with you whenever
DISKETTES we can." -.lames Hilisgass, MInneepolts,11N
N -8102D BOX OF 10 5-1/4" 360K DS/DD $6.95
N-MD2H BOX OF 10 5-1/4" 1.2 MB DS41D $13.95 "...I will not hesitate to order anything from JIM
N-3.5DS BOX OF 10 3-1/2" 720K DS/DD $16.95 -because I know your policy is to stand behind
N-3.5HD BOX OF 10 3-1/2" 1.44 MB DS/HD $49.95 your products 100%."
N-MD2DBULK 360K DS/DD (MIN. 50 DISKS) EA. 49e 100% REGISTER COMPATIBLE VGA DISPLAY CARD
VGA, EGA, CGA, HGC 8 MDA COMPATIBLE -Robert Rindy, Grand Forks, NB
320 X 200 IN 256 COLORS
DRIVE ACCESSORIES

J
640 X 480, 800 X 600 IN 16 COLORS "I found JDR's tech support to be responsive,
FD-ARAIL MTG. RAILS FOR AT COMPATIBLE 95 80 X 25, 132 X 44 TEXT MODES
FD-55FP BEIGE FACEPLATE FOR TEAC DRIVES .95 SUPPORTS STANDARD DIGITAL & ANALOG MONITORS helpful and honest." -N.G., Msadvl6e, NY
11FD-5Y
HALF -HEIGHT MOUNTING
OUNTING HARDWARE
V -POWER ADAPTOR FOR DRIVES
95
.955
L UTILITY SOFTWARE INCLUDED
MCI -VGA L

INTERFACE CARDS
BY MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY
DISPLAY ADAPTORS
MONOCHROME GRAPHICS
TRUE HERCULES COMPATIBILITY SUPPORTS LOTUS 1-2-3
059.95
PARALLEL PRINTER PORT CONFIGURES AS LPTI OR
LPT2 USES VLSI CHIPS TO ENSURE RELIABILITY

DRIVE CONTROLLERS MULTIFUNCTION CARDS MCT-MCP

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER *29.95 !MULTI I/OFLOPPYCONTROLLER 079.95 ESA ADAPTOR 0149.95
SINGLE SLOT CONTROL OF 4 FLOPPIES A PERFECT COMPANION FOR OUR MOTHERBOARDS 100% IBM COMPATIBLE PASSES IBM EGA DIAGNOSTICS
INTERFACES UP TO 4 FDD'S TO AN IBM PC OR SUPPORTS UP TO TWO 360K FLOPPIES, 720K W/ DOS 3.2 IN 256K OF VIDEO RAM ALLOWS 640 X 350 IN 16 OF 64
COMPATIBLE SUPPORTS DS/DD AND DS/OD W/ DOS 3.2 SERIAL, PARALLEL, GAME PORT, CLOCK/CALENDAR COLORS COMPATIBLE WITH COLOR AND MONO-
MCT-FDC MCI -M10 CHROME ADAPTORS HERCULES COMPATIBLE
MAO -SERIAL -2ND SERIAL PORT $15.95 MCI -EGA
1.2 HO FLOPPY CONTROLLER 069.95
ADD VERSATILITY AND CAPACITY TO YOUR XT
SUPPORTS 2 DRIVES, CAN MIX 360K AND 1.2 MB
MULTI I/OCARO 059.95 COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTOR *49.95
USE WITH MCT-FH FOR MINIMUM OF SLOTS USED COMPATIBLE WITH IBM GRAPHICS STANDARDS
ALLOWS DATA TO FLOW FREELY FROM XT'S TO AT'S SERIAL PORT. CLOCK/ CALENDAR WITH BATTERY SUPPORTS RGB, COLOR, 8 COMPOSITE MONOCHROME
MCT-FDC-1.2 W PARALLEL PORT ADDRESSABLE AS LPT1 OR LPT2 640/320 X 200 RESOLUTION. LIGHT PEN INTERFACE
MCI -I0 MCT-CG
FLOPPY/HARD CONTROLLER 0139.95
XT SYSTEM SHORT OF SLOTS? THIS CARD FREES ONE UP 286/386MULIIRJNCTION *139.95 MONOSRAPHICS MULTI !/O 0119.75
INTERFACES UP TO 2 FDD'S 8 2 HOD'S, CABLING FOR 2 ADDS UP TO 3 MB OF RAM TO YOUR AT TOTAL SYSTEM CONTROL FROM A SINGLE SLOTI
FDD/1 HDD SUPPORTS BOTH DS/DD 8 DS/DD W/DOS 3.2 USER EXPANDABLE TO 1.5 MB OR 3 MB WITH OPTIONAL CTRL 2 FLOPPIES, SERIAL, PARALLEL, GAME PORT,
MCT-FH PIGGYBACK BOARD (0K INSTALLED) W INCLUDES SERIAL CLOCK CAL RUN COLOR GRAPHICS SOFTWARE ON A
AND PARALLEL PORT MONOCHROME MONITOR
286/386 FLOPPY IHAIkO 0/49.95 MCT-AMF
MCT-AMF-MC PIGGYBACK BOARD $29.95
MCI-MGMIO
FLOPPY/ HARD DISK CONTROL IN A TRUE AT DESIGN
AMF-SERIAL 2ND SERIAL PORT $24.95 286/386MONO6RAPHICS I/O 099.95
IMCT-AFH
SUPPORTS UP TO 2 360K /720K/ 1.2 MB FDD'S
SUPPORTS 2 HOD'S USING STANDARD TABLES
2861386 MULTI I/0 CARD 059.95 VIDEO DISPLAY AND VO FUNCTIONS IN ONE CARD
720 X 348 RESOLUTION, 80 8 132 COLUMN TEXT

HARD DISK CONTROLLER *79.95

USE WITH PACT AFH MINIMUM OF SLOTS USED
SERIAL, PARALLEL AND GAME PORTS
SERIAL SUPPORT CHIPS FOR HIGH SPEED OPS
/
USES 16450
PARALLEL SERIAL 8 GAME PORTS
MCI-MGAIO
.

HARD DISK CONTROL AT AN ECONOMICAL PRICE MCI -AID

SUPPORTS 16 DRIVE SIZES INCLUDING 10,20,30 8 40 MB AIO -SERIAL 2ND SERIAL PORT $24.95
W DIVIDE LARGE DRIVE INTO 2 LOGICAL DRIVES
1

MCT-HDC
MEMORY CARDS
ER
RLL CONTROLLER 576K RAM CAlRO 059.95
TRANSFER DATA 50% FASTER A CONTIGUOUS MEMORY SOLUTION IN A SHORT SLOT
W SUPPORTS UP TO 2 RLL HARD DRIVES W USER SELECTABLE CONFIGURATION UP TO 576K
DESIGNED FOR XT COMPATIBLES USES 64K 8 256K RAM CHIPS (01( INSTALLED)
MCT-RLL MCI -RAM
2861386 FLOPPY/HARD RLL 0199.95 EXPANDED MEMORY CARD 0129.95
IMPROVE SPEED AND STORAGE OF YOUR AT COMPATIBLE 2MB OF LOTUS INTEL MICROSOFT MEMORY FOR AN XT
SUPPORTS UP TO 2 RLL HARD DISCS AND 2 FLOPPIES CONFORMS TO LOTUS INTEL EMS USER EXPAND-
W SUPPORTS 360/720/ 1.2 MB FLOPPIES IN 5.25" 8. 3.5" ABLE TO 2MB CAN BE USED AS EXPANDED OR
MCT-AFH-RLL CONVENTIONAL MEMORY, RAMDISK AND SPOOLER
MCI -EMS
MCT-AEMS 286/386 VERSION $139.95

TERMS MINIMUM ORDER 570.00 FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING INCLUDE 52 50 FOR UPS
JDR MICRODEVICES. 110 KNOWLES DRIVE. LOS GATOS. CA 95030 GROUND AND $3.50 UPS AIR. ORDERS OVER LB AND FOREIGN ORDERS MAY REOUIRE
1

ADDITIONAL SHIPPING CHARGES -PLEASE CONTACT THE SALES DEPARTMENT FOR THE
LOCAL (408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 378-8927 TELEX 171-110 AMOUNT CA RESIDENTS MUST INCLUDE APPLICABLE SALES TAX PRICES ARE SUBJECT
s -.Ca TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR TYPOGRAPHICAL

.J RETAIL STORE: 1256 SOUTH BASCOM AVE., SAN JOSE, CA ERRORS WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT QUANTITIES AND TO SUBSTITUTE
MANUFACTURER ALL MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE A FULL COPY OF OUR
HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9-7. SAT. 9-5. SUN. 12-4 (408) 947-8881 TERMS IS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST ITEMS PICTURED MAY ONLY BE REPRESENTATIVE

MM ORDER TOLL FREE COPYRIGHT 1988 JDR MICRODEVICES

500-538-5000 CONTINENTAL U.S. AND CANADA

CIRCLE 172 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 119

www.americanradiohistory.com
 BUILD YOUR OWN SYSTEM!
VER 20,000 JDR SYSTEMS HAVE ALREADY BEEN BUILT. EASY TO ASSEMBLE IN JUST 2 HOURS WITH
OA SCREWDRIVER. SAVE MONEY AND LEARN MORE ABOUT YOUR COMPUTER AT THE SAME TIME!
10 MHz TURBO 8088
VIDEO// INSTRUCTIONS *65100
*195 WITH KIT PURCHASE
I
N INCLUDES SERIAL PORT, 2 PARALLEL PORTS, CLOCK/
CALENDAR AND GAME ADAPTOR
A JOR EXCLUSIVE! 20 -MIN_ VHS OR RUNS COLOR
GRAPHICS ON A MONOCHROME MONITOR.
BETA TAPE SHOWS YOU STEP-0Y-STEP
HOW TO BUILD AN XT COMPATIBLE
SYSTEM. W/O KIT *79.95
POWER SUPPLY I I
MOTHERBOARD 1256K RAM MEMORY 1135 WATT
FLIP-TOP CASE 184 KEY KEYBOARD
360K FLOPPY DRIVE MONOGRAPHICS I/O CARD
MONOCHROME MONITOR

12 MHz MINI -286 16 MHz 1 Mb 385

tl,
*123275 *234865
I II I I
LEtLt f
t 12 MHZ MINI-286 MOTHERBOARD a 512K RAM
WiET=a
T t 6 1

I
MEMORY I MINI CASE WITH POWER SUPPLY
MYLEX 386 MOTHERBOARD
200 WATT POWER SUPPLY
1 MB RAM ON BOARD

CASE ENHANCED
84 KEY KEYBOARD
1.2 MB FLOPPY DRIVE
GRAPHICS ADAPTOR
I
MONOCHROME MONITOR
FLOPPY / HARD CONTROL
KEYBOARD 11.2 MB FLOPPY DRIVE
CONTROLLER MONOGRAPHICS CARD
MONOCHROME MONITOR
FLOPPY/HARD

MOTHERBOARDS
URBO4.77/BMHz *99,95 16 MHz MYLEX 386 *1599.001
XT COMPATIBLE I I
NORTON SI 1.7 14.77 OR 8 MHZ OPERATION WITH 8088-2 AND OPTION- /
AL 8087-2 CO- PROCESSOR
SUPPORTED
FRONT PANEL LED SPEED INDICATOR AND RESET SWITCH SET
CHOOSE NORMAL/TURBO MODE OR SOFTWARE SELECT PROCESSOR SPEED
I164KB
1MB RAM ON BOARD
SUPPORTS 80287 MATH CO -PROCESSOR I
8 SLOTS (TWO 8 -BIT, SIX 16 -BIT) USES AMI BIOS
SUPPORTS 80387 WITH ADAPTOR
CACHE FOR NEAR 0 WAIT STATE 120 MHZ VERSION AVAILABLE
MCT-TURBO MY-386MB
MCT-XMB STANDARD MOTHERBOARD $87.95 MY-386MB-4 FOUR MB MEMORY INSTALLED $2999.00
MY-386MB-MCB MATH CE-PROCESSOR ADAPTOR BOARD $149.00
10 MHz TURBO SINGLE CHIP 8088 *129.95
1 XT COMPATIBLE I
NORTON SI 2.1 USES LESS POWER. IMPROVES RELIABILITY
II KEY I

SELECTABLE SPEED, 4.77 MHZ OR 10 MHZ 12.3 TIMES FASTER THAN A STANDARD
SWITCH, KEYLOCK, AND SPEED / POWER INDICATORS SUPPORTED
RESET
16 MHz
MCT-TURBO.10
MYLEX
802856110 MHz
I *379.95 MINI 386
AT COMPATIBLE
II LANDMARK AT SPEED 10 MHZ I
NORTON SI 10.3
I
8 SLOTS (TWO

*1249mm
8 -BIT, SIX 16 -BIT) HARDWARE SELECTION OF 6 OR 10 MHZ FRONT PANEL LED INDICATOR

KEYLOCK SUPPORTED I
SOCKETS FOR 1MB OF RAM AND 80287. ONE WAIT STATE
RESET SWITCH
BATTERY BACKED CLOCK

MCI-286
I LANDMARK AT SPEED 23.2 MHZ
STATIC RAM CACHE 1 MB OR 2 M8 MEMORY ON STD. MEMORY BOARD I
NORTON SI 18.7 164KB HIGH SPEED DIRECT MAPPED
UP TO 8 MB
12 MHz MINI-285 *399.95
I I 16 WITH 32 BIT EGA SUPPORT I
OF 32-BIT MEMORY ON PIGGYBACK MEMORY BOARD, FOR TOTAL OF 10 MB

I
SOCKETED FOR 80387 MATH CO-PROCESSOR /
AMI BIOS
AT COMPATIBLE LANDMARK AT SPEED 13.2 MHZ
(0/1 WAIT STATE), 12 MHZ (1 WAIT STATE) I NORTON SI 11.6 MHZ, 10 MHz
ZYMOS ASICS FOR FEWER CHIPS, GREATER FOUR 16 -BIT AND ONE 32-BIT SLOTS
MY -386 JR (MEMORY CARD REQUIRED)
ONE 8 -BIT,
DALLAS CMOS /CLOCK DEVICE ON BOARD W/ BATT.

BATTERY I
RELIABILITY

MCT-M286-12
SUPPORTS 512K -1024K MEMORY
SIX 16 -BIT SLOTS, TWO 8 -BIT SLOTS I
RECHARGEABLE HIGH CAPACITY NI -CAD
MOUNTS IN STANDARD XT CASE MY-386JR20 20 MHZ VERSION
MY-386JR-M 1 TO 2 MB MEMORY CARD (REQUIRED) 01 INSTALLED
$1695.00
$159.00
LMCT-M286 6 /10 MHZ MINI 80286 BOARD $389.65 MY-386JR-M8 8 MB PIGGYBACK MEMORY BOARD 0K INSTALLED $159.00

NEW! MODULAR PROGRAMMERS

r THE IDEAL SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPERS. ALL EPROM MODULE
I
*119.95
MODULES USE A COMMON HOST ADAPTOR CARD PROGRAMS 24-32 PIN EPROMS, CMOS EPROMS AND
EEPROMS FROM 16K TO 1024K

HOSTADAPTOR CARD *29.95 MCT-MEP

I I
A UNIVERSAL INTERFACE FOR ALL THE PROGRAMMING
MCT-MEP-4 FOUR EPROM PROGRAMMER
MCT-MEP-8 EIGHT -EPROM PROGRAMMER
$169.95
$259.95
MODULES USER SELECTABLE PROGRAMMABLE ADDRES-

SOFTWARE PACKAGE I
SES PREVENT ADDRESSING CONFLICTS MENU -DRIVEN
INCLUDES MOLDED CABLE
/ PAL MODULE *249.95
PACT-MAC IMCT-MPL
PROGRAMS MMI, NS, TI 20 8 TI 24 PIN DEVICES

UNIVERSAL MODULE *499.99

1 8748 MODULE *179.95
8748 & 8751 SERIES DEVICES
8 STATIC RAMS
I
PROGRAMS EPROMS, EEPROMS, PALS. BI-POLAR PROMS
TESTS TTL, CMOS, DYNAMIC
/MCT-MMP
PROG. 8741, 8742. 8748. 8749 8 8750 EPROMS 8 PROMS.
MCT-MUP
DIGITAL IC MODULE *129.95 BI-POLAR MODULE *259.95
/ TESTS TTL, CMOS. DYN.
LMCT-MIC
& STATIC RAM AUTO SEARCH PROD. AMD, MMI, NS, TI 8 SIGNETICS BI-POLAR PROMS
MCT-MBP

YEYBER
MMC
JDR Microdevices
illJDR MICRODEVICES. 110 KNOWLES DRIVE. LOS GATOS. CA 95030 MasterCard
LOCAL (408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 378-8927 TELEX 171-110 (mmon
ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000
COPYRIGHT 1988 JDR MICRODEVICES
BBS (408) 374-2171 CONTINENTAL U.S. AND CANADA

120
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*QUALITY PARTS *DISCOUNT

PRICES
CORP.
sW T c HEs
1LL ELECTROIES
TRANSISTORS
CAT. TYPE CASE PRICE
10 AMP
SOLID STATE
RELAYS
MINIATURE TOGGLE
SWITCHES
WE STOCK OVER PN2222 NPN TO -92 5 for 75
all rated 5 Amps

4,000 ITEMS... 2N2904 PNP TO-5 3 for $1.00

S.P.D.T.(on-on)
2N2906 PNP T0-18 3 for $1.00
CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR PN2907 PNP TO -92 5 for .75 Solder lug terminals.
FREE 2N3055
PN3569
NPN
NPN
TO-3
TO-92
51.00 each
5 for .50
CATI MIS -4
$1.00 each
CATALOG OF PARTS! 2N3904
2N3906
NPN
PNP
TO -92
TO -92
5 for .75
5 for .75 ELECTROL# S2181 10 for $9.00
2N4400 NPN TO -92 5 for .75 CONTROL:
RESISTORS CAPACITORS DIODES CABLES 2N4402 PNP TO -92 5 for .75 Rated 5.5 to 10 Vdc S. P.D.T.(on-on)
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS CHOKE COILS CRYSTALS 2N5400 PNP TO -92 4 for $1.00 (will operate on 3-32 Vdc) Non threaded bushing.
CRIMP CONNECTORS LAMPS HEAT SINKS MO- 2N5880 PNP TO -3 $2.00 each LOAD: P.C. mount.
TORS SUB MINIATURE D CONNECTORS TRANSIS- 2N5882 NPN T0-3 $2.00 each CATI MTS-40PC
MJ2955 PNP TO -3 1.50 each 10 Amp @ 240 Vac
TORS I.C: S PROTO BOARDS POTENTIOMETERS 2 1/4" X 1 3/4" X 7/8"
750 each
MJE2955T PNP TO -220 .75 each
POWER SUPPLIES JACKS PLUGS SWITCHES 10 for $7.00
MJE3055T NPN 10-220 .75 each CATI SSRLY-10B
PERF BOARDS FANS FUSES SHRINK TUBING TIE TIP30 NPN TO -220 .75 each $9.50 each
WRAPS TOOLS KEYPADS VIDEO ACCESSORIES TIP31 NPN TO -220 .75 each QUANTITY DISCOUNT! D. P.D.T.(on-on)
RELAYS S.C.R'S TRANSFORMERS TELEPHONE TIP32 PNP TO -220 .75 each 10 for $85.00 Solder lug terminals.
ACCESSORIES RIBBON CABLE CIRCUIT TIP41 NPN TO -220 .75 each 25 for $175.00 CATI MTS-8
BREAKERS VOLTAGE REGULATORS TIP42 PNP TO -220 each
.75
50 for $300.00 $2.00 each
TIP/21 NPN TO -220 .75each
AND MANY OTHER ITEMS.... 100 for $500.00 10 for $19.00
TIP126 PNP TO -220 75each

PIEZO WARNING 24 VOLT D.C. SOLENOID MINI PUSH BUTTON

SOUND ACTIVATED BOARD S. P. S. T. momentary.
DEVICE Intermittent duty cycle. 240 ohm coil.
Push to make. 1/4"
Designed to react to high pitched sounds. Each Mounting flange is 1 1/8" wide.
board contains many useful parts Solenoid body 11/2" X 1/2" X 1/2". threaded bushing.

C
Murata Erie # Red button.
PKB8-4A0 including a condenser mike. CATI SOL -34 $1.00 each 10 for $8.50
Operates on 6 Vdc. 100 for $75.00 Large Quantity Available CAT# MPB-1
High pitched
Instructions included. 350 each 10 for $3.25
audible alarm.
Operates on CAT# SAB $2.50 each SOUND & VIDEO GRAB BAGS
3-20 Vdc @20 ma. 1"high MODULATOR $1.00 EACH ITT PUSH BUTTON
ITT MDPL series. 3/4" X 1/2"
X 7/8" dia. P.C. board mount. TI# UM1381-1.
CAT# PBZ-84 $t.75 each NEW! STROBE KIT Designed for use 50 ASSORTED gray rectangular key cap.
S.P.S.T. N.O. Push to close.
Variable rate strobe kit, flash- with T.I. comput- DISC CAPS.
XENON TUBE es between 60 to 120 times ers. Can be used Cut leads. Many RATED:
common values, 0.1amp
per minute. Will operate on with video came-
some are 500 volts. switching,
either 6 or 12 Vdc depending ras, games, or
CATI GRABDC 0.25 amp
upon how you wire the circuit. other audio/
1" long flashtube prepped carry current. P.C. mount
Comes complete with P.C. video sources. ASSORTED
with 3 1/2" red and black
Built in A/B
CATI PB -8 650 each
leads. Ideal for electronic board and instructions for 1/4 WATT 10 for $6.00 100 for $50.00
easy assembly. switch enables RESISTORS
flash or strobe projects.
CATI STROBE -1 $7.50 eaci user to switch Approximately 200 HALL EFFECT
CATI FLT-3 2 for $1.00
from T.V. antenna without dis- pieces of assorted SWITCH
connection. Operates on chan-
NICKEL-CAD WALL SOLDERLESS nel 3 or 4. Requires 12 Vdc.
values, some MICROSWITCH #4BE3
(RECHARGEABLE) cut leads. Slanted keyboard
BATTERIES TRANSFORMERS BREADBOARD Hook up diagram included.
CATI AVMOD $5.00 each
CATI GRES switch with hall
ASSORTED effect sensor. tÌJj
PARTS Snaps into 5/8"
SPECIAL ALL PLUG
FULL WAVE Strips of 100 assorted square chassis
hole. Hall effect {!

,
AAA SIZE parts. Each strip
Panasonic # P-18AAA DIRECTLY BRIDGE contains an assortemt sensor slides easily from
1.2 volt @ 180 mAh INTO switch and can be used in
CATI NCB-AAAX 120 VAC
RECTIFIERS of resistors, capacitors,
diodes, coils, other applications.
$1.50 each etc. 100 pieces. CATI HESW 4 for $1.00
10 for $13.50
OUTLET 10 AMP CAT# GRABTR 10 for $2.00
100 for $125.00 6 Vdc @ 200 ma. $2.25 200 P.I.V. 100 for $15.00
15 VALUES OF
LARGE QUANTITIES CATI DCTX-620 Large enough to 5/8" SQUARE I I ELECTROLYTICS 10 POSITION
6 Vdc @ 750 ma. $3.50 des'gn most CATI FWB-1020 Assortment contains MINI -ROTARY

el
AA SIZE $2.00 each
1.25 Volts 500 mAh
CATI DCTX-675
9 Vdc @ 250 ma. $2.50
CATI DCTX-925
12 Vac @ 930 ma. $3.50
CATI ACTX-1293
experimental circuits.
This breadboard
measures
6 3/4" X 2 1/2".
Contains main board
and two power
$1 00

25 AMP
RATING
1
each

1/8" SQUARE
10 for $9.00 15 values of 1 mfd and
up. Some cut leads.
CATI GRABCP

N -CHANNEL
SWITCH
Grayhill#
56P36-01-1-1ON -C
Miniature,
rotary switch.
Non-shorting.
CAT# NCB -AA 18 Vac @ 1 Amp. $3.50 buss strips. metal epoxy filled case MOSFET 1 deck, 10 postions.
AA SIZE $2.20 each CATI PB-101 .125" dia. shaft X
CATIACTX-1885 $9.00 each 200 P.I.V. $2.50 each IRF-511
WITH SOLDER TABS TO-220 case \\ .375' long.
CAT# NCB-SAA CAT# FWB252 .377" behind the
CATI IRF 511 se.$1.00

C SIZE $4.25 each WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER 400 P.I.V. $3.00 each
CAT# FWB-254
each t7 panel depth.
P.C. pins.
1.2 Volts 1200 mAh 10 for $9.00
CAT# NCB-C NEC#UPC1651G 600 P.I.V. $3.50 each LARGE QUANTITY CATI MRS -10
1200 Mhz @ 3 db. Gain: 19db @ f=500 hz 5 volt AVAILABLE... $2.50 each
D SIZE $4.50 each CAT# FWB-256
operation. Small package 4mm dia. x 2.5 mm thick.
1.2 Volts 1200 mAh CAT# UPC -1651 2 for $1.00
CAT# NCB -D 10 for $4.50 100 for $35.00 MAIL ORDERS TO: TOLL FREE
ALL ELECTRONICS 800-826-5432
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (L.E.D.) P.O. BOX 567 INFO: (818)904-0524
STANDARD JUMBO LED FLASHING LED LED HOLDER VAN NUYS, CA 91408 FAX: (818)781-2653
DIFFUSED
T 1-3/4 size
with built in --119
flashing circuit .
- Two piece holder.
CATI HLED
8 TWX-51 01 01 01 63
MINIMUM ORDER $10.00
QUANTITIES LIMITED
RED 10 for $1.50 operates on 5 volts... 10 for 6511 (ALL ELECTRONIC) CALIF. ADD SALES TAX 7Ç
CATI LED -1 100 for $13.00 RED $1.00 each USA: $3.00 SHIPPING
1000 for $110.00 CATI LED -4 10 for $9.50 CLIPLITE LED OUTSIDE THE U.S.A. FOREIGN ORDERS
DISCO ER
GREEN $1.00 each HOLDER 3 SEND $1.50 POSTAGE INCLUDE SUFFICIENT
GREEN 10 for $2.00
CATI LED -2 100 for $17.00
CATI LED -4G 10 for $9.50 Makes a L.E.D. look
like a fancy Indicator.
av. FOR A CATALOG!! SHIPPING.
NO C.O.D.
YELLOW
CATI LED -3
1000 for $150.00

10 for $2.00
100 for $17.00
BI-POLAR LED
Lights RED one
direction, GREEN the
--® Fits T 1-3/4 size LED.
CLEAR
RED
CATI HLDCL-C
CATI HLDCL-R STORES:
LOS ANGELES
905 S. VERMONT AVE.
VAN NUYS
6228 SEPULVEDA BLVD.
other. Two leads. GREEN CATI HLDCL-G LOS ANGELES, CA 90006 VAN NUYS, CA 91411
1000 for $150.00 YELLOW CATI HLDCL-Y (213)380-8000 (818)997-1806
CATI LED -6 2 for $1.70 121
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183 Optoelectronics IS
FM TRANSMITTERS. 81 A.I.S. Satellite 86
Pacific Cable 105
187 ACS Supply 86
KITS CONTAIN PC BOARDS 56 Parts Express 108
108 AMC Sales 69

- AMCOM 81
188
People's College of Indep. Study

Print Products International

28

32
190 Active Electronics 110
78 Radio Shack 113

'FMX-1 LONG RANGE (3 MI) ULTRA SENSITIVE 107 All Electronics 121
185, 186 Sencore 22. CV3
FM VOICE XMTR with fine tune, range control
Amazing Concepts 122, 107
plus $24.50 83 Synergetics 35
106 American Design Components 112
189 Tentel 37
84 Appliance Service 86
123 Test Probes S I

194 Atlantic Cable Distribution 106

66 W.S. Jenks 83

'TELX-1 TELEPHONE FM XMTR (3 MI) auto- 184 Banner Technical Books 17

181 WPT Publications 103
matically operates when phone is used. Crystal
clear clarity with fine tune and range control. 85 Blue Star Industries 86
Non detectable $24.50
109 C & S Sales 25

192 CEI 122

60 CIE 11, 23

Cary Distribution 33 Gernsback Publications, Inc.

'ATR-1 AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDING 500-B Bi -County Blvd.
DEVICE tapes telephone conversation all 54 Chemtronics 24 Farmingdale, NY 1 1735
automatically $19.50 1.516.293.3000
Command Production s 69
Fax 1.516-293-31 15
ALL THREE OF ABOVE FOR $49.50
79 Communications Electronics President: Larry Steckler
CALL OR SEND VISA, MASTER CHARGE, 13
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MONEY ORDER, ETC. TO AMAZING CONCEPTS,
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For Advertising ONLY
58 Cook's Institute 54 1-516-293-3000
182 Crystek 17
Fax 1-516-293-3115
Larry Steckler
CONSOLIDATED
rELl 127 Deco Industries 86 publisher

ELECTRONICS 82 Digi-Key III

Arline Fishman
advertising director
Shelli Weinman
Digital Research Computers 106
advertising associate
Electronics Book Club 38 Lisa Strassman
credit manager
121 Fluke Manufacturing CV2 Christina Estrada
advertising assistant
Fordham Radio CV4

Grantham College of Engineering .... 14 SALES OFFICES

86 Heathkit 5 EAST/SOUTHEAST
Stanley Levitan
191 Hewlett Packard 3
Eastern Sales Manager
65 J&W 42 Radio -Electronics
259.23 57th Avenue
59 JDR Instruments 7 Little Neck, NY 11362
1.718.428-6037,1-516-293-3000
113, 170 JDR Microdevices 116, 117

171, 172 JDR Microdevices 118, 119 MIDWEST/Texas/Arkansas/

Okla.
173 JDR Microdevices 120 Ralph Bergen
Midwest Sales Manager
C rli A R iNUUS1A1A1 fLECrAONICS QlTAt00 1715 FAfTuJN 114 Jameco 114 Radio -Electronics
115 Jensen Tools 86
540 Frontage Road-Suite 339
Northfield, IL 60093

rTHE ULTIMATE 195

Joseph Electronics

Kepro Circuit Systems

27

33
1.312.446-1444
Fax 1-312-446-8451

ELECTRONICS CATALOG. 193 Linc Technology 86

PACIFIC COAST/ Mountain
Order your 260 page catalogue packed with over 10.000 States
money saving electronic parts and equipment. Send $3.00 87 MCM Electronics 109 Marvin Green
check or money order, or call 1-800.543.3568 today and Pacific Sales Manager
use your Mastercard or Visa. 53 MD Electronics 108
Consolidated Electronics, Incorporated Radio -Electronics
705 Watervliet Ave.. Dayton. Ohio 45420-2599 5430 Van Nuys Blvd. Suite 316
93 Mark V. Electronics 107
Van Nuys, CA 91401
NAME McGraw Hill Book Club 56 1-818-986-2001
Fax 1-818-986-2009
ADDRESS
61 Microprocessors Unitd. 102
CITY
NRI 18
STATE ZIP
J
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 u ne ' "oo up ou :n on ien y o -

Analyze Any Waveform To 100 MHz, 10 Times Faster,

10 Times More Accurately, Absolutely Error Free,
Guaranteed Or Your Money Back .. .

/MORAL
READOUT
VOLTS/DIVISION CHANNEL A
VERTICAL INPU
POSITION
INPUT COUPLING

DC lart, AC

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VOLTSIDIVISION CHANNEL B

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VERTICAL INPUT
DCV POSITION Ic
INPUT COUPLING

DC AC

200 AO
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INTENSITY FOCUS
CHAN A CHAN AAR VECTOR

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FINDER
WOOoa00T
GROUND

MICROPROCEISOR CONTROLLED
MODEL SC61 WAVEFORM ANALYZER EOMNO,UODAELI TO 100 MNI

With The SC61 Waveform Analyzer

$3,295.00 PATENTED

Promises of increased productivity from other oscilloscopes Digital Delta Tests Analyze Any Part Of The Signal.
fade fast when compared to the speed and accuracy of the SC61.
Eliminate the confusing menus, cursors and complexity of Delta Peak -To -Peak Volts - Peak -To -Peak Volts Of Any
regular oscilloscopes at the push of a button. Here's what the Part Of The Signal.
SC61 does for you:
Delta Time For Any Time Reading - Including Delay
Analyze Waveforms Easily Between Traces
Accurate Waveform Display - 60 MHz Bandwidth (use- 1/Delta Time - Frequency Of Part Of The Signal -
able To 100 MHz) To Test The Latest Digital Circuits. Finds Sources Of Interference Or Ringing.

Rock -Solid Sync - ECL Logic Circuits And Differential Frequency Ratio Test - Tests Multiplier And Divider
Amplifiers Give Fiddle Free Operation. Circuits

Four Times The Measuring Range - Measure From Easy To Use - Human Engineered Controls And Virtually
5 mV To 2000 Volts (3000 Volts Protection) For Ex- No Graticule Counting Or Calculations
panded Signal Handling.
The SC61 is designed to give you the measurements you need -
AutotrackingTM Digital Readings Analyze The Whole fast. We make one claim :

Signal
"Try the SC6I on your bench for 30 days. If it doesn't cut
Autoranging DC Volts Through Single Probe, Even your present scope time in half, send it back for a com-
With AC Coupled. plete refund, no questions asked."

Automatic Peak-To -Peak Volts - Even If Variable Con- Try the SC61 for 30 days, and discover true troubleshooting
trol Is "Out Of Cal". speed.

Automatic Frequency Measurements Without Sensi-

tivity Adjustment Or Range Switching. Call 1-800-843-3338
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B&K 40 MHZ
OSCILLOSCOPE
20 librated
SAVE $250 eepsa 6" CRT
sweeps 48448)" ALL PURPOSE
with internal graticule and scale
illumination Video sync separator COBRA® RADAR 92 -PC. TOOL CASE
Single sweep XY operation
Z axis output V mode displays DETECTOR Trapshooter° SAVE $40 erything youth
2 unrelated frequency signals Mounts on dash,
IN Two 10: 1 direct probes
Reg. $848.00
SAVE $60 vi - even wind
need for home, shop, auto Includes
52-pc. socket set with ratchets and
shield Graduated signal strength extenders 2 tool pallets with roomy

Our $ co meter 2 power cords for

permanent or detachable
rear storage compartments
Rugged, handsome carry case
Price big installation City/highway switch
X and K band indicators 3 anti-
Reg. $169.95
Model 1541A
falsing circuits
Reg. $199.95
gé2995
Model FTK-28
vñces13995
Model RD -3168
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