Mopoute 3:_ LESSON ONE “It is an honor to die for one’s country. Not everybody has that chance.” - Jose Abad Santos At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Elaborate the concept of Nationalism in the context of 21°" century 2. Examine historical events through its significance: 3. Appreciate the bravery of Filipinos in experssing Philippine Nationalism INTRODUCTION. Jwo=mojomevents-happened-in=1872; first was the +872-Cavite-Mutiny and the ‘other was the martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes Jose BUIGOS GNA Jacinto: Tamora [GOMBURTA). However, not all of us knew that there were different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different sides of the story—since this even! led to another tragic yet meaningful parl of cour history—the execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos. Today, | want you all to appreciate the bravery of each people and apply critical thinking in examining the significance of these historical events. Enjoy! Nationalism is the love towards your own country and this is very much important to the progress of a counity. With our situation today, how can you show your love towards our country especially that a lot of Flipine front liners got infected with the disease? List at least 5 examples of Nationalism:What do you think are the negative implications of developing ones nationalism? CAVITE MUTINY ABSTRACTION The 12IVRIURS'GFEvery YeGrSINCET89Bis a very Important event for all the Filipinos. In this parficular day, the entire Filipino nation as well as Filipino communities all over the world gathers to celebrate the Philippines" Incependence-Day. 1898 came to be a very significant year for all of us— it is as equally important as }896—the-year when the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Filipinos’ desire to be free from the. But we should be reminded that another year is as historic as the two—1872. Teer UR Seth Jose Monterory-Vielalrarproltic Spanistrhistorian:documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael izquierdo’s official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy. which was then active in the call for secularization. The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general's report was more spiteful. Initially, both Montero and lzquierdo scored. out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as non- payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons of the “revolution” as how they called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them including the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native Clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious propagandas grasped by the Flipinos. He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora, The general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards such vous one ESas employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate propensily for stealing, The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy. They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre of the friars, According to the accounts of the two, on.20-January-1872, the cistrict of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast eelebrated the occasion with the Usual frewors displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook ne freworks asthe sign forthe™altack, and just ike what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamaarid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. When the news reached the iron-fistechGovalzquierdo, he readily orderedithe [Teinforcement of the Spanish forcesin Cavite to quell the revoll, The “revolution” was ‘easily crushed when the expected reinforcement trom Mania did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the |COMBURZA were tried by 0 cour-martial and were sentenced fo die by strangulation, arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island, Furthermore, On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instil fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic bu! served as one of Ihe moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism. ane an hi enema ere Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, Wretelthe Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was @ mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied wittythe abolition of theirprivileges: Indirectly, cover-up for the organization of a political club, (On 2OWRUGHYN872, about 200meh comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn't happen. The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered thereinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued. Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying if as a fullblown conspiracy involving not only the native amy but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in Magid announced ils intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management of educational institutions. This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire desire to maintain power in the Philiopines. Meanwhile, in the intention of installing retorms, the Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational dectee authored by Segismundo Morel promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a schoo! called Philippine Institute. The decree proposed fo improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching Positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization. The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the Past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Goverment as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid goverment came to believe that the scheme was Irue without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution” reported by Izquierdo and the friars. Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut's account complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort. The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three marlyr priests which he actually witnessed, APPLICATION Did you have fun learning today? What did you feel towards the brave Filipinos? What about the Spaniards? Write down the role, importance or the contributions of the people/even! listed below. 1. GomBurza (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)2 Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera 3. Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo 4, Sergeant lamadrid 5. Cavite MutinyMopoute 3:_ LESSON TWO “Only he is truly a patriot who, whatever his post, high, or low, tries to do the greatest possible good to his countrymen.” - Apolinario Mabini Al the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Recognize the historical events in achieving the Philippine Independence 2. Ciiticize the historical data and facts through critical thinking 3. Reconstruct history by developing ciilical thinking skill INTRODUCTION. Hil Are you interested in riddles and mysteries? Some historical events remained fo be questionable because of the limited facts and resources. Today, | want you to be a detective as we leam our lesson. You need your imagination and critical thinking as we unlock the puzzle for the day. Good luck! Let's read the statement below then answer this brief exercise before we start to dig deeper into our lesson. It was evening of June, Mr. James was found dead in his room. The room had no window and the door was locked. The only 4 people who had a key to the room were questioned Sophia the maid: "I came to wake up Mr. James. When I saw him dead, | screamed!” John the Butler: "When | heard the scream, Iran into the room, tuned the light and saw Mr. James with a knife in his neck.” Sarah the governess: "| rushed up alongside John, When he fumed on the light, the room, was all bloody.” Jack the cook: “Iwas preparing dinner and didn’t see anything.” Who did it? Who What When Where Why HowAnswer Key: Who ‘Sophia What ir Jamesis dead When Evening of June Whei Mir James’ room Why How Stabbed through a knife &s) a AA Ld Based trom the activity, how do you assess the authenticity and credibility of information? ‘CRY OF BALINTAWAK ABSTRACTION surprising that ‘his controversy up to this time remains unsolved. Itis believed that the so-called Cry took place in Balintawak; but others would say that it really happened in Pugad Lawin. Nevertheless, there are different versions to consider in tnowng te ole a oe, Mer tlie version ofthe fist Gry cand ODUIE3 [ey ofaaimawakThis controversial version of the HER PUA LGWIN” has been cuter BY no other than who happened to be the In his first version, he told that the prime staging point of the Cry was in Balintawak on Wednesday of August 26, 1896. He held this account when the happenings or events are still vivid in his memory. On the other hand, later in his life and with a fading memory. he wrote his Memoirs of the Revolution without consulting the written documents of the Philippine revolution and claimed that the “Cry" took place at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. Below Is his account on this topic: tne nt lace oege of Anes ono Emile ac, rocopi Rona. ‘LAAT ws TER ho ering ee on August 19 and, on August 20, 1876. The.fistiplace where some SOOMEMIBEHS of the was the house and yard of ABOleni6| Samson at \KGRGESAB. Aside from the person mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bemardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was at PUGS |LGWiN. in the house, store-house, and yard of , where over and carried out considerable debate and discussion on The discussion was on whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1986. Only ‘one man protested and fought against a war, and that was Teedere Plata |[Bonifacio’s|/ BIOIKEF IN IGW-T). Beside the persons nomed above, among those present al this meeting ‘were Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pachero, Tomas Remigio, Sinforoso San Pedro, and others. Aiter the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula cerlificates and shouted “Long live the Philippines! Long live the Phiippines!" who happened to be the Unlike the author of the first version mentioned Valenzuela), Asaresult, 15 compared with the other versions for authors of other accounts are actually part of the historic event. Below is his account: As early as ai the (WelchoraAquine-2.). ot Katipuneros met logether. About 500 of these arrived, ready and eager to join the WODULES | ry BalniawakThere were about [JO0OKGIIBUREKDs.... The “Supreme " decided to hold a meeting inside the big bam, Under his leadership, the mening began at 10.0'6leek in the moming, Itwas amidst loud cries of “Long live the Sons of the Count jabu! jayan)! ere Ce Rao This no other than thiel"LakembiniofthelKatipunan” and She has been a patlicipant of this event and became the ‘AUGUSHIB9, she when she was told that Spanish authorities wanted to arrest her. Eventually, she joined her husband in roe cion agian snher account, the Fist "Cry" happened The’ “AtCBEtagO. 50 hot Iptered mmosatevikimesio Cason However. rower ory watched the agents of the Spanish authorities, Andres Bonifacio and other Katipuneros left the town after some days. It was then that the uprising began, with the first cry for freedom on August 25, 1896. Meanwhile, | was with my parents. Through my friends, I learned that Spanish were coming to arrest me. Immediately, t, secretly going through the fi¢e fields161L@ Lota, with the intention of returning to Manila, | was treated like an apparition, for, sad to say, | every house where | tried to get a little rest, Iwas driven away as if people therein were frightened for their own lives. Later, | found out that the occupants of the houses which | had visited were seized and severely punished—and some even exiled, One of them was an uncle of mine whom | had visited on that night to kiss his hand, and he died in exile." He is an . According to him, Correspondingly, the date and site presented were accepted by the preliminary years of American government, Below is General Guillermo Magsangkay’s version of The "Cry of, Balintawak" “on August 26% (1896-7. « big meeting was held in Balinlawak. ct Ine house of , then the cabeza of that bamtio of Caloocan. Among those who Srenoeo. Premerbor were MO0UE> Teveteainawae STDelegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite and pee now Rizal.) were also present, adequate could not very well bo started without the arms and food for the soldiers. Valenzuela used Rizal's argument about the rich not siding with the katipunan organization. Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose in the discussion then, left the session hall and talked to the people, who waiting outside for the result of the meeting of the leaders. He told the people that the leaders were arguing starting the revolution eaty, and appealed fo hem in a fiery speech in which he sai _countiymen wno were sho in Bagumbayan, should we cache Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has been discovered and we are all marked men. If we don't start the uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?” REWIND ne Dette snouted os one Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revoll. He fold them tha (ie) the Seaway charged each citizen. “If it is true that you are ready to revolt," Bonifacio saved, “I want to see you destroy your cedulas, It will be the sign that all of us have declared our severance from the Spaniards.” With tears in their eyes, the people as one man, pulled ou! their cadulas and tore them to pieces. It was the beginning of the formal declaration of the separation from Spanish rule. With their cedulas destroyed, they could no longer go back lo their homes because the Spaniards would persecute them, if not for being katipuneros, for having no. cedulos. And people who had no cedulas during those days were severely punished, When the people’s pledge was obtained by Bonifacio, he returned to the session hall and informed the leaders of what took place outside. "The people want to revolt, and they have destroyed their cedulas, "Bonifacio said. " So now we have to start the uprising: otherwise the people by hundred will be shot.” There was no altemative, The board of directors, in the spite of the protesls of Plata, Pantas, and Valenzuela, voted for the revolution. And when this was decided, the people outside shouted: “Long Live the Philispine Republic!" | sfil remember as he appeared that day. Although a mere bOeegUETO, ‘At he meeting, that metring of August 26. TBE. During fis spare fime he wove dozens of ratio extta money WODULES | ry BalniawakAt about S/SIEISEk iA ThEGHEMESA, while the gathering at Balintawak was celebrating the decision of the Katipunan leaders to start the uprising, the guards who were up in trees to watch for any possible intruders or the approach of the enemy, gave the warning that the Spaniards were coming. were then fired by the civil guards, and that was the beginning of the five which later became such a huge conflagration, APPLICATION Complete the graph by answering the questions below? 1, What makes Pio Valenzuela and Santiago Alvarez’ version controversial? 2, What are the similarities and dissimilarities of each version? 3, Reconstruct history based fram your answer in your diagram. , Santiago Alvarez Pio Valenzuela es Gregoria De Jesus {Guillermo Masangkay=e Gaia Antonio Pigafetta. Fist voyage Around theWorld, (pp. 23-32) Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Flipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, (Zaide 1990, vol. 7, pp.274-280) Jose Montero Y Vidal, Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872(Zaide1990,vol.7,pp.269- 273) Rafael Izquirdo , Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny, (Zaide 1990,vol.7,p.281-286) Ricardo P. Garcia, The Great Debate: he Rizal Retraction (pp. 9-19:31-43) Jesus Ma. Cavanna, Rizal's unfading glory. (pp. 1-52) Ricardo R. Pascual, Rizal Beyond the Grave, (pp. 7-36) Pio Valenzuela, Cry of Pugadlawin, (Zaide 1990, vol. 8,pp.301-302) Santiago Alvarez, Cry of Bahay Toro (Zaide1990,vol8,pp.303-304) Gregorio de Jesus, Version of the First Cry, (Zaide1990,vol.8, pp. 305-306) Guillermo Masangkay, Cry of Balintawak (zaide 1990, vol. 8, pp. 307-309)Mopoute 4: LESSON ONE “Leadership by deceptions isn't leadership. It's fraud.” - Mahatma Gandhi Al the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Define the roles of the church in the Philippines in 18% century context 2. Discuss Filipino culture as a resul! of Spanish supremacy in the Philippines 3. Evaluate the country's progress by formulating an insight INTRODUCTION. Good day! We will eam Philippine History today and I want you to develop your critical thinking skills, creativity skills, and technology skills. Your task is to discuss the Filipino cullure by understanding the history of the Philippines, the influences of invaders especially the Spanish influences. We will discover how these cultures shaped our society today. Good luck! Let's see what you already know by matching column A fo column B before we start the topic. Column A Column B A. First published in Barcelona, Spain in 1. Papal Decree 1889, and reprinted in Manila 1898 2. La Soberania Monacal an B. Personal cedula, Urban Tax, Filipinas Industrial subsidy and additional 3. Direct Tax municipal tax, provincial tax, and 4, Signature of Curate personal loan 5. Indirect Tax C. Isnecessary to the census of residents in a municipally. D. Aimed to relieve the Flipine Catholics of this burden by reducing the number of feast days and ordering thal each diocese have only one patron saint to be named by the Holy See. E, Market, vehicles, horses, stamps and surcharges, slaughter of cattle, river tolls, and othersHow was il? Check the answer key below then count your score. Did you get all the correct answers? If yes, good job! It seems you had scanned through this lesson already. If not, don't be discouraged. This means you will learn something new loday! Answer Key: 1. Papal Decr D, Aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics of this burden by reducing the number of feast days and ordering that each diocese have only one patron saint fo be named by the Holy See. 2. La Soberania Monacal an Filipinas ‘A. First published in Barcelona, Spain in 1889, and reprinted in Manila 1898. 3. Direct Tax B. Personal cedula, Urban Tax, Industrial subsidy and additional municipal tax, provincial tax, and personal loan. 4. Signature of the curate C. Necessary to the census of residents in a municipality. 5. Indirect Tax E. Market, vehicles, horses, stamps and surcharges, slaughter of cattle, river tolls, and others. \sit really important to have a separation of church and state? TIODUIE | Monst upremacr nthe res ESMONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES ABSTRACTION Marcelo H. Del Pilar's La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas was first published in ‘Ba¥EEIona, Spain, in 1898. I's publication in Spain was hailed by Spanish liberals and former Spanish administrators in the Philippines, including former Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) and Benigno Quiroga, former director general of the civil admiristration in the Philippines, and such scholars as Miguel Morayla And Ferdinand Bluementitt. Jose Rizal, the most cultured of the reformist group called Del Pilar's work as one that had “no chaff; itis all grain", {lranslated by: Dr. Encamacion Alzona in 1957) cue casey The’ is so ingrained that without difficulty the defiance of the nation and the institutions, In charge of almost all the parishes, theinganmehi RIGHT kes on the covble character of a political organ and popular patronage. This mission gives the curate great power in each localily; and this power, as i! does not lose its monastic character, is at the command of the regular prelates under whose guidance the parish priests think, preach, confess and act with marvelous uniformity. Pethops the guarantee of the moderating power of the parish priests may be self to society to balance and harmonize the interests of the people and the institutions; but the fact is that the convents are opposed fo this equiliorium and harmony. The hatred and aistrust between both elements constitute the life of the convents, To frighten the government with the rebelliousness of the country and frighten the country with the despotism of the government - that is the system that the friars have s0 skillfully evolved to be able to tule at the expense of everyone. They offer the government fo suppress the country’s rebelliousness and the government gives them all its autocratic support, going to the extreme if the friars so demand, while they portray the ruler as the personification of tyranny and despotism They offer the people to soften that tyranny and the people place its wealth in their hand so that they may defend them against official tyranny. The basis of monastic wealth isthe lack of union between the people and the government and itis necessary to foster t by fanning the resentment of the fist and the despotism of the second. To achieve this, they count on the diversity of languages among the rulers and the ruled: and to preserve that diversily, fo impede pooular education, and fo avoid at any cost that the people and the government come to understand each other, are the best way of keeping them in perpetual antagonism, In the Philippines, however, religious amortization is very conspicuous. Ignorance and fanaticism encouraged by Ihe monastic institutions and ignoring the claims of bloodrelations as if they were contrary to divine law have been responsible for centuries for the immense number of disinherited families. The best lands, the best estates, thus passed to the control of monastic communities. Today the convents are the millionaires of the country; their large funds cannot be alienated. Their lands are cultivated without the stimulus of the owners and with discouragement on the part of the fillers. They are leased and the rent increases from time to time and in proportion to the improvements introduced on the land.On more than one occasion the voice of poverty has exhaled touching complaints; but who listens to the voice of poverty? Monastic properties are subject to land fitles of ten percent and the increase in their income ought to favor the goverment treasury but does it perchance? We don’! know. The government finance office relies on the swom statement of the convents, and what official would dare verify that Olympics declaration, as in view of monastic predominance government employees are daily in danger of losing their positions? In the year 1887 the provincial government of Laguna tried to get information about the increase in the income of the lands in Calamba belonging to the Dominican friars. It found out that the annual income of five thousand pesos has been sextupled, amounting to more than thirty thousand pesos. The finance office leaned about il; and nothing more. The Filipinos pay direct taxes consisting of the personal cedula, urban tax) “industrial subsidy and additional municipal tax, provincial fax. and personal loan; and besides these, the| ‘Well then; besides the direct and indirect there figure in the financial plan of the Philippines, exisls another which, though if does né nevertheless is a burden on her interests. This is what we Would Call {he i i—astivs [Soc SScSsonavey ESHONSSERONChIMIOShINISWAEMIONET BUT it is evident that the wil of the pope is ineffective and impotent so far as the regular curates in the Philippine Archipelago are concemed Each parish church has a tutelary patron of the town besides the patron saint of one of more confratemilies and patron saints of secondary importance venerated in some churches according to the curates devotion. Their respective saint’s days are celebrated with pomp at the expense of the people. For each celebration are collected large sums of novena, masses, setmons, processions, music, bands, singers, sacristans,belkringing, bell-men, curtains, altars, siver candelabra, chandeliers, candles, and the like. During these celebrations, the townspeople have to keep open house, entertaining lavishly. In addition, there are fireworks of thousands of skyrockels that reduce to smoke the savings of the fervent devotee. Aside from these numerous and costly festivals, in every district where fifty families dwell, a chapelis erected at a cost of at least one thousand pesos; there are some. costing five, ten, and fifteen thousand pesos. The dues of the stole and the foot of the altar are a legitimate source of revenue of the priesthood. They are not just mere alms as they think, they are just remuneration; Jesus Christ and common sense declare that he who works deserves to eat But the exaggerating collection of some dues without the sanction of Jesus Christ hurt the interest of the Catholics and leads them to impious reflections and to inquire inthe light of economics about the productive value of t manifestations are purely those of the consumer. is social elements whose The Reverend Fathers are empowered to name the persons who ought fo be deported; and the government solemnly declares that the parish curate's opinion suffices so that the deportation may not be arbitrary. Itis no longer fanaticism that builds this opulence, no: it is fear of the group which has been raised fo the power which, with no one stroke of the pen or alow whisper, can kill he happiness of one who obstructs or does not cooperate in the development of its schemes of exploitation. Tai Cascl In the performance of their duties, the municipal officials depend on the parish priest. To report the conduct of a citizen the testimony of one hundred members of the Principalia is not enough. The essential requirement is the curates approval. The signature of the curate is necessary to the census of residents in a municipality, to the conscription of eligible young men, to formalize accounts and other official documents; to everything and for everything the curate's signature is an essential requisite, On the other hand, there exists no ruling preseribing the conaitions under which the curate should grant or withhold his approval. The curate approves if or denies i, according to his will or the order of his prelates. Supreme orders are carried out if the crate so pleases. If the superior authority tries to demand an energetic enforcement of his orders, the curate informs the prelate of his convent and this one obtains aismissal of the public official. Kis powerful argument which produces a magical effect is that national integrity is in danger. The foundation of a building is to be laid and the curate does not lke it, then national integrity is in danger; public health demands that the corpses should not be brought into the churches; well nothing, national integrity is in danger. And the same Hany in everything, The guarantee of national integrity is not the church nor can it be in the friars; itis, in the same popular aspiration of fusing and identifying the interests of the Philippines with those of the country that gave her polilical life, that shaped and educated her to be worthy of modem civilization and sheltered her from the covetousness of foreign nations. To consolidate fratemity between Spain and Philippines is the best defense of national integrity; itis Spain's ideal; itis the dream of the Philippines. If the divisive plan of the friars offers advantages to monastic explaitation, it however jeopardizes the future of the Philippines as well as the highest interest of both countries. Even if we assume that the divisive plan of the friars succeeds and for the reason the antagonism between the rulers and the ruled intensifies, what means of pacification do the convents offer? They will not be the government forces, for in the case the power of monastic saddles would not be necessary. Neither con they command public opinion, This rejects them; the cry for the immediate expulsion of the friars is unanimous. And above allt if the friars command public opinion from whom will come the danger to national integrity? MODULE 4 | Monastic Supremacy in the PhilippinesAh, let the government consider that, let Spain consider that. As for us, we don't believe it prudent to leave national integrity in the hands of the friars. Neither it is good for the reigning monarch nor for any polilical interest does thal monasticism continue to be the arbiter of the fate of Spain in the Philippine Islands. Rec cncascs The laws that regulate the foundation and development of convents in the Philippines are undoubtedly based on the belief that monastic Ife is unproductive, Numerous are the regulations pertaining to the manner of supplying their need for wine, oll, and other things of the kind, But the abundance found in the convents makes laughable the pity of the government. The Philippine government lacks resources to undertake public works; on. the other hand, the monastic orders build grand and costly convents in Manila and in each parish of three thousand souls, they erect a spacious palace for the residence of the regular curate. The government establishes primary schools in each town. The government houses are made of ight materials, ike those destined for the tribunal which hardly approximate the stable of the friar curators, The government finds a thousand obstacles in collecting taxes from the lax: paying public; but the monastic orders empty without the difficully the purse of the same public in retum for heavenly promises. The government worries aboul meeting its peremptory financial needs, but the monastic treasuries are overflowing with money so that their only worry is how to send away from the country their copious savings that foster the banking interest of foreign trade. The government refrains from creating new sources of revenue in order not to burden filipino interests, but the friars invent every day new forms of devotion, some very cosily, and the public pay, not because of fanaticism, but rather, for fear of displeasing the friars whose poer they know has sent many innocent victims to exile. Because of this, there is a notable contrast between the poverty of the government and the opulence of the vow of poverty. Let us analyze this economic Phenomenon: The amortization of lands is fatal to agriculture everywhere. Experience and economics have shown the needs for laws of disentail. In the countries where such wise measures have been adopted, capital was immediately channeled to greater and better production. The sale of religious objects that rise in price by reason of priestly blessing constitutes a true and indisputable simony; and notwithstanding, one of the principal sources of income of the monastic order is the trade in religious objects. The ready-made belt without priestly blessing costs and is sold at four or five pesos a hundred, but the moment the priest blesses it and the belt passes on to the class of spilual things and becomes an object of papal and Episcopal indulgences, from that moment the price rises one hundred per cent at least. To the new member of contraterity, itis sold at sixty-two cents, four eights of a peso each belt, the price going down until twenty-five cents minimum when the buyer is an customer. MODULE 4 | Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines EaWhat is true of belts is also true of scapulars of the Recollect fathers, of the rosaries of Dominican fathers, of the cords of the Franciscan friars, and of various others too many to enumerate. APPLICATION What are the things that you learned today? Describe the Philippines during 18% century by wilting your learning and insights and discuss Filipino culture as a result of Spanish supremacy in the Philippines by completing the table below. Answer the following briefly to sum up everything today. ‘Questions: ‘Answer 7. What do you think are the characterislics of 18% century Filipino? 2. What does the document La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas try to convey? 3 What do you thinkis the relevance of celebrating fiestas today? 4. What is the importance of education based from this historical event? 5. How was 18 century Philippines similar to us today? Cite a relevant societal event.Mopoute 4: LESSON TWO “Here is my principle: Taxes shall be levied according to ability to pay. That is the only American principle." - Franklin D. Roosevelt Al the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. Understand the meaning and the different types of tax 2. Examine the role of tax in the Filipinos during Spanish period 3. Assess the importance of taxation in the development of a country INTRODUCTION. Good day! What will you do if you are asked fo pay a tax which is more than your income? Today, we will leam about the Filipinos’ oppression during Spanish period through taxation, Your task is to creatively reconstruct the past by observing how Filipinos live during this period. Have fun! Answer the following until you form a pattem, BINGO! ia business fox imposed and collected from the seller on every sale of properties or is the tox withheld From individuals receiving purely compensation income. isthe taxon production, sale or ‘consumption of a commodity in a country. BONUS {charge usualy ‘of money imposed by authority on persons or property for public purposes, palaxonal yearly profits arising from property, profession, trades or offices or as 0 tax on a person's income, emoluments, i Taxon the ‘ight of the deceased person to transmit estate fo lawful heirs ond beneficiaries al the time of death ang on certain Bonus Travelled to other pa business fax imposed those who sell or lease goods, properties or services in the course of trade or business whose gross loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, Fights, or property incident Buy goods from the market donaiion or gift, and is imposed on the gratuitous transfer of property between 2 or more persons who are: Ting at the time of transfer. profils and the like fronsters which are country onnual sales or receipts made by laws as do not exceed P550 000 equivalent to and are not VAT- testamentary disposition, registered, ga taxon is 0 fox imposed documents, instruments, BONUS satoxona | “onthe gains presumed tohave been realized by the seller from the sole, exchange or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philispines.Do you think taxation under Spanish period is reasonable? TAXATION DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD ABSTRACTION Taxes Imposed by the Spanish Government in the Philippines [Taxation during the Spanish period was compulsory. AllSpanish coloniesin America and the Philippines were ISGUISGOTIGVIGXESTSENWONEGSOR: (1) _fecognition of Spain's sovereignty over the colonies, 27-4 |”) to detray the expenses of) were embodied in the compilation of legislation related to the New World called the 'Recopilacion de leves de los reynos de las Indias, I ws 9 four volume collection of laws’ [relating to the Indies, which was published in Maat in 18611 > Tributol was «general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight [Reales hase wno were fequited fo pay the tnbuto were the (18 =50 years old moles} 2. Sanctorum was|aitaxiin the amount of SREGles! These were required tor the cost) ‘pf Christianization, including the construction of churches and the purchase of materials! (forreligious celebrations. wos a taxin the amount of half Real for the military campaign of the In ater years, however, the ARTGUATEOISSTSa TOT: -donativo was almost exclusively used for the Spanish for it Zamboanga, TsOOUIE@ | Tsao burg The onan Pos4{Caja.de comunidad was a tax collected in the amount of | Real for the incurred 5 SERGSERSRSISESESISESO ESM «1: «: form of forced labor during the Spanish period in the Philippines. All able-bodied males, 16 to 60 years old were required: oworkin the construction of brides. churches. and galleon shins. ‘hey|were called) (BSISG] Eoricr, the SOSTOSWErErSCUKECIOWOKTOMORGYS however, tne| (GOYSWOSISWETSCIONSIAGYSINNSE as c result of the tax reform issued through a Royal Decree, Some of the polistas were brought lo fight against the Muslims and olhers were brought in the Spanish expecitions. The only way that polista can be freed from forced labor was when he paid fallo, or fine, But only very few could afford to pay the fine, The gobernadorcilo, cabeza de barangay, and other members of the princjpalia were exempt from forced labor and falla. Ponetencn mtn td Cagayan and Dingras Revolts (1589). In 1589, the Cagayan and Dingras Revolls against the tribute occurred on Luzon in the present-day provinces of Cagayan and llocos Norle. The revolt of the llocanos, Ibanags, and other Filipinos was triggered by the alleged abuses of the tax collectors, including the collection of high taxes. Six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives. Govenor-General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacity the rebels. The rebels were pardoned in the end. The Philippine tax system was also reformed because of the revolt These were the fist native revalls agains! the hated tribute and the corupt collectors. Although they were easily suppressed by government troops, more revolts of a similar nature were fo come one after another in subsequent years. Agustin Sumuroy's Revolt (1649-1650). On June 1 1649, Agustin Sumuroy, who was @ Waray from Palapag in today's Northern Samar, together with his followers rose in arms against the Spaniards over the polo y servicio or forced labor system being started in Samar. The revolt was triggered when the town mayors sent the Warays to the shipyards in Cavite for forced labor, contrary to the directive of the government of Manila that all natives subject to the pole would not be sent to aistant places from their hometowns to do forced labor. The rebels were responsible for the death murder of the parish priest of Palapag. The revolt spread 10 Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Bicol, Camarines, Albay, Zamboanga in Mindano, and Surigao. The rebels succeeded in establishing a rebel government in the mountains of Samar. However, the capture and execution of Agustin Sumuroy on June 1650 led to the eventual defeat of the rebels. David Dula, Sumuroy’s co-conspirator, continued the quest, but was wounded in one of the fierce battles he fought with the Spaniards years later. He was captured and later executed in Palapag, Norther Samar. His men, the seven key lieutenants, were also executed. Francisco Maniago's Revolt (1460-1661). In 1660, Francisco Maniago, a Kapampangan, led an uprising in Pampanga. The Kapampangan were agains! the tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. For eight months, they were made to workunder untair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them, Because of this, they sel their campsite on fire and the fight ensued. This was the start of a blooaier revolt in Pangasinan. Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661). Malong (who was the Maestro de Campo of Binalatongan, now San Carlos City, Pangasinan), in the 1660s was coaxed by Maniago to revolt against the abuses of the Spaniards because they were experiencing the same abuses. Malong, hoped to be king in the province of Pangasinan, as he assisted many Spaniards in governing different towns in the said province, but abandoned it when the war broke out in Pampanga, He heeded the call of Maniago and led the people of Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spaniards. When he succeeded, he proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan. LaLa) One of the good reforms which Spain introduced in the 19" century was the Tax Reform of 1884, as provided by the Royal Decree of March 6, 1884, this tax reform, contained two important provisions: (1) abolition of the hated tribute and its replacement of cedula tax, and (2) reduction of the 40-day annual forced labor (polo) to 15 days, The Cedulas Personales. Cedulas were fist issued based on the Royal Decree on March 6, 1884. All men and women residents of the islands - Spaniards, foreigners, and natives - who were over 18 years old were required lo obtain a cedvla. The only exceptions were the Chinese, who paid another poll tax, the remontads d infieles, that were not subject to the local administration, and the natives and colonists of the archipelago of Jolo and of the islands of 8alabac and Palawan. Allin all, there were 16 different classes of cedulas. Originally, there were nine classes taxed, the rates of taxes ranged from 1.50 pesos to 25 pesos, and a tenth, gratis, for priest, soldiers and privileged classes. MODULE @ | Yast burg Th pen ProAPPLICATION How was it? What did you realize today? Are you ready to answer the questions below? Choose at least 5 post.it-notes then answer the questions briefly fo end the lesson today. 5 Questions ~ 5 Sentences — 5 Points What is a cedula? Why did Spaniards How did the Spanish government issued it to the Filipinos? controlled and maintained their power towards the Filipinos? What is the importance of fax in the development of a country? What is the role of government in the Implementation of tax? What are the problems in the taxation of Spanish government in the What is/are the significance of the Philippines? revolts done by the Filipinos?Mooute 4: LESSON THREE “Land monopoly is not the only monopoly which exists, but itis by far the greatesr of monopolies; itis a perpetual monopoly, and itis the matter of all other foms of monopoly.” - Winston Churchill At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1, Enumerate the laws conceming to agrarian reforms and the importance of such programs 2. Compare the Pre-colonial Petiod, Colonial Period, and Po! terms of Agricultural program and land ownership Assess the importance of Agrarian Reforms by citing significant societal events “colonial period in INTRODUCTION. How is your learning excerience? We have a new task and for today, | want you to be a lawyer but we will focus on land territory. You need critical thinking, communication and information literacy skils to do this challenge. We will leam the land system of the Philippines from Pre-colonial period up to this present time. Your task is to study the strengths and weaknesses of each law so we can carefully plan and give solution to our existing problems loday. Good luck! Complete the table below using the existing knowledge you have. SYSTEM PERIOD IMPORTANCE Encomienda| Free Agricultural System) NARRA Homestead System {The Public Land of 1903) NARIC of 1936 MODULE 4 | Agrarian Reform from the Spanish Colonial Philippines [&/qCheck your answers below and count your scores right after. ‘SYSTEM PERIOD IMPORTANCE There was a peace and © Encomienda Colonial period (Spanish) | order away from extemal ‘attacks but the ‘encomenderos abused their power in collecting the indios’ taxes. Everyone can supply thew © Opento All Pre Colonial Period needs because everyone system can access the fruits of the sol Landless farmers and rebel © NARRA Post Colonial (Ramon returnees were given home Magsaysay) lots and farmlands. © Homestead Colonial Period The people had more System (The Public (American) chances of acquiting lands Land of 1903) for agricultural purposes, The pice office and com © NARIC of 1936 Colonial Petiod (Manvel L. _| tha! helped the poor Quezon) tenants as welll as consumers was established. Based from the activity, what do you think are the weaknesses of the existing Agrarian system? MODULE 4 | Agrarian Reform from the Spanish Colonial Philippines EaAGRARIAN REFORM FROM THE SPANISH COLONIAL PHILIPPINES ‘ABSTRACTION Land Reform has gained great significance all over the world as it aims to achieve social justice and full development of human dignity. Throughout time, the issue of land reform has been persistent, demanding measures to stop social unrest. Worst scenatios were observed duting the colonial era when the Spanish colonizers introduced, new land-holding systems to caciques. The introduction of Torrens system created serious problems that have far-reaching effects on the early systems of landholding, The nature inhabitants lost their ancestral domains to the colonialist. The poor economic and social conditions of the peasants in the Philippines need immediate agrarian reform measures by the Philippine government. Pre-Spanish Period Filipinos already lived in villages and barangays even before the Spaniards came to the Philippines. The settlements were ruled by chieftains or datus who comprised the: nobility. There were also the maharikas (freemen), the aliping mamamahay (serfs), and aliping sagviguili (slaves). Despite the existence of a social structure, everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Rice was the medium of exchange as money was yet unknown, Spanish Period (1521-1896) The Spaniards introduced the concept of encomienda to the Philippines. Encomienda was a system of giving lands (Royal Land Grants) to the Spanish conquerors that were loyal to the Spanish Monarch. As a matter of policy, encomenderos must defend his encomienda from exleinal allack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomenderos were given the right to collect taxes {tribute} from the indios (natives). Because of this, encomenderos started fo abuse their Power by renting their lands to a few powerful landlords, and the natives who once freely cultivated the land became share tenants. Agrarian Uprising (1745-46) Taxation was not only the reasons for the revolts of the Filipinos during the Spanish period, but the agrarian unrest as well. The Agrarian Revoll happened between 1745 and 1746 in Batangas, Laguna and Cavite, and Bulacan, The revol! happened in the towns of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas. The grabbing of lands by the Catholic religious orders angered the native land owners and demanded that their lands be returned based on ancestral domain. However, the Spanish priests refused which resulted lo riots and massive looting of convents and the burning down of churches and ranches. Iroops were sent from Manila fo Batangas fo quell the disturbance. The encounter was bloody and those who surendered were pardoned. MODULE 4 | Agrarian Reform from the Spanish Colonial PhilippinesThe uprising resonated in other towns of the neighboring provinces, notably Binan, Imus, Slang, Kawi! Bacoor, San Mateo, Taguig, Paranaque, and Hagonoy. The agrarian conflicts reached the ear of King Philip VI who appointed Oidor (a judge of the Royal Audiencias and Chancillrias) Pedro Calderon Enriquez to investigate the charges brought against the religious orders and to ascertain the validity of their titles to the lands in question. The friars were ordered to submit their titles to a secular judge, but refused to comply, claiming ecclesiastical exemption. In the face of their opposition the governor general dispossessed the friars of the lands which were said to have been illegally occupied by the fifars and which they were continuing to hold without legitimate title, restoring the lands to the Crown. The case was appealed by the friars to the Royal Audencia of Manila and that iriounal upheld the first decision; then the case was further appeaied to the Council of the Indies in Spain and again the decision was confirmed. Bu! the whole matter did not stop here; subsequenlly, the friars won their case and retained the disputed lands, and their ownership of the lands remained intact even after the end of the Spanish regime. The First Philippine Republic When Gen, Emilio Aguinaldo came to power in 1899, the Malolos Constitution which they crafted intended to confiscate the so-called Friar lands and other large. estates, However, the First Philippine republic was short-lived so that the plan to confiscate the lands was never executed, ‘American Period (1898-1935) There were some noteworthy regulations enacted during the American period These were the Philippine Bill of 1902, which set the celings on the hectarage of private individuals to 16 hectares, and 1,024 hectares for corporations, The Lond Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496), which provided for a comprehensive registration of land fitles under the Torrens system. The Public Land Act of 1903 , which introduced the homestead system in the Philippines. The Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113), which regulated relationships belween landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lanas, However, The Land Registration Act of 1902 did not completely solve the problem. of land registration under the Torrens system because the land owners might not have. been aware of the law or that they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title Commonwealth Period (1935-1942) During this period, President Manuel L. Quezon advocaled the Social Justice Program to block the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon. Significant legislations enacted during Commonwealth period were the following! The 1935 Constitution, which was promulgated for the promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic securily of all people, should be the concern of the State. The Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045) enacted on Nov. 13, 1936, provided for certain controls in tne landlord- tenant relationships.The National Rice and Com Corporation (NARIC) of 1936 established the price of rice and comn that helped the poor tenants as well as consumers. The Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937, specified the reasons for dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of Tenancy Division of the Deparment of Justice. The Rural Program Administration, created on March 2, 1939, provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants, The Commonwealth Act No. 441, enacted on June 3, 1939, created the National Seiflement Administration with a capital stock of P20 000 000. Japanese Occupation During the Second World War (that started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941), the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (HUKBALAHAP) controlled the areas of Central Luzon. The HUKBALAHAP was composed of peasants and workers who took up arms against the Japanese forces. Peasants who supported them eamed fixed rentals, while landowners who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants, But Ihis was short-lived because it ended with the end of WWl The problem of land tenure in the Philippines remained even after the Philippine Independence in 1946. To address the problem, the Philippine Congress revised the tenancy. low, President Manuel L. Roxas (1946-1948) During the Roxas’ administration, the following laws were enacted: Republic act No. 34, which established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulated the share-tenancy contracts. Republic Act No. 55, which provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants. President Elpidio Quirino (1949-1953) President Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) issued executive order No, 355 on October 23, 1950, replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation {LASEDECO} that took over Ihe responsibillies of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Com Production Administration. President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws: (a) Republic Act No, 1160 of 1954, which abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA} to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It wos particularly aimed at rebel retumees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao. (b} Republic Act No. 1199 [Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) which governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations. (¢) Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955), which created the Land Tenure ‘Administration (LTA) that was responsible for the acquisifion and distribution of large: tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. (a) Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative