NDA Exam Notes PDF ) Visit Our Website for More Useful Free Study Materials. ) Official Website : https://ndabooks.in/Set ‘Theory. + Definitten af Seti A sot ts pett dhafinacl cottectiow a Bstinet objectr. 4: Set af atl — compdnx numbers, sel of cht Slaas wm space, sel of all SHates am Sndio. * Elements of tte Sot? HF 2 ts an ekement of sel A ,dhen xEA, @. A= {1,2, 34 1eAa 4 Repeesentatiow of Set: I. Tabutatter, Method 0% Roster: Element are emrelosek Mm braces afier separating them by Commas, 2, Set Builder Method? The stamrg properties Which tts clamentr ore “to saftshys sql AS §l2.3,4p ten an set builder method, A={x~eNi rea} N~ Set of notuval Rumbars, 4 Notations fer sets of number: 1 No Set of Qt neturet num bers | oT Set aE OW trlegars. 3. Tg 7 Set of arlagens excluctiyg — 2e%P. 4, BE Sea of omn amteges, 5. O > Set of odd Mtegers, L. 4° Soe ao Taftenal wumbers, Ge pres x Ey nhane pager, gro} -% Bo — Set af. non-zero eratTonal numbers, @ Ry Set of weat humbers « (gt ah wochonat + Wk ob Sgroctionat numbers), 3. @ + Sk af — complen num bras, C= forth: abeR & tedTf. 10. Na + Set of at notural numbers which ove less than oF equal to a when a ws positive onteger - Different types of Sets: 1. Null Set C Votck Set, 9) + Set having ne cement. 9 TB ov Subset of evary set & never writen within beaces, 2. pri eek, warn ope >. 2, Singleton or Unst Set + Set having ona. Vv ore. eennt. x fure-2=4} SO Wat Set, 3, Subset! A set's avery clmant ts asso % set's clement. = A tS catlect subset of 2%, Ach @& [xEeA D268], 4, Squat Sti [Ash * BSA] AaB, 8. Power Set? Yet ol aie the = Subsets of van see ts the power sek of A (PM). PO) = {xrz Ay 6. Super Ser? ACR > B2A , Be catked Super set of A,% Pooper Subsett f avery omart of A os an ekamen! of % A&A T has at leas are = Ae ment which TS nol on olamemt of A then A rs pooper subset a m ACH. 8. finde R Smbtnta Sets: A get am which the . number OL oe mands aa 4inHe % ftmide sek 9, otharntse infinite get + , 3. Cardinat number ah finite sets ACA), The number ol olésinet elemante am & hint. set, 10. Untversaot Set? All the gets Under conmi— clerateow ore Likaty to be Subsets a, a set ts Called the Untversot sek Ro danced by UL Wy. Uniow af Sets? Union of two sets A BD ww the set of att these — 2lemarrh whtely are ticther tn A or an B® er am beth, AUB= {x:xeAvreBh. n (Wo or) A, UA2 UAZUs. UAn = UA; tet 12. Yrlarsactt(ov ol Sats! Saasacttav af yo gots AOR BR os the get PL al ekements which ore comma aA RH, ANB = farneA a n eB} (A — oma).13. Desjorl — Sets of Aw B hava no commow Camentr , ANB => = -then thy arc cathe dk oUssyor wrt oo must. i, 14, Oeffowence ah Sede Sf A & RB we Awo won) sets then the Sel so att these ctements af A which de nol balory to B ow catllel Arffarence “f cts Ak DR, An ={Ri Zed AZXFBT on A-B Aw # B~A.| ANB, A-9,B-A Ae desjornd. ws. Symmetote oli, perence etwo sets! Qyromertere daleremce of get ARB os the set (A-B) U (B-A) oor (Aug) - (ANB) & ws denoted by A 4B. 1, Comb demunt — See! Let Uo be the Uninersat Set ord A be a eet such Then the = comptement rb A thot A CU denotet by A! or AS, nel crespa.ct to U ww Ac = U-A = {xrzeunagat- Subsets: Xf ao sof has wv elements then the number af subsets = pn. fF Totae no. of 4 Number of poner sete = 2".® Lows A Theoweme! 1.9dempolewt Laws: For any A , JAUAEA WANA SA. 2. Commuctactive Laws ? X)Aue= BUA it) AN® = BNA. 3, Associative, Lows ? ) Au(euc) = (Aua)Uc #) AN (wN¢) = (Anp)ae. 4. Wanttty Lows t Daugea i) ANG = 6 i) Av usu WanuszA. 5. Decivibutive Laws? i) AU Canc) = (AUR) N CA UC) tan (Buc) = (Ang) u (A Ne). £. PCA) N pc) = P CANB) PCA) U P(R) SP (AUB). q. Domorg an's Law ) (Aus). = Aten ge %) (Ana)S= acuBe ii) A- (Buc) = (A-@) N (A-S) ww) A- (Bnc)= (A-B) U (Ae), g.(A)S= A , US= 6 4 AMA = 4.* Results ow Opera-ltow a, Sos 1 Af AUB, BLAUR, ANB CA, ANDER, '7, (AuB)N (AUB) = A 18. AUB= (A-B) UCR-A)U (ANB) A-® = AnBt A-3) UB = AUB! ( 4 19. A-(A-B)= ANB 2 3 4. (A-B)aB = ¢ 10, A-B= B-A 8 A=B S. A SBE REA’ 'y Aye Ana @ AEB. 6. A-B= R‘-A’ \ ¥ Corctinat, Wimber of Gme” Sates 1 n@@) = nC) - na), 2. RCAUB) = HCA) + nce) —n CAND 3. Hm (ANB) = n(Ay- NH (AN) . nCAUB) = ACA) 4 hCB) [A and @ dégjfotm] on (ANB) = hCAUB)’ = NCY)- NM (AUB) -n(a’up’) = n (ANB)’= n(u)-n (ANB) n(A-f) nA) - 1 cane) . g. m (AN) = h CAUB) ~ n(ANB) -n (A'NB) 9. n(AUBUC) = NCA) +P CB) + nGc) - Mm (ANB) -n (Pac)-n (cna) +n (AN 8N¢) Yano s ' 10.9F Ar, Ar, s An ore has jotort oats, re (ALU AL Uo UA) = nai) + nGdarnt 9 (An), 4% Nonn Diagrams (Pater - Venn Deagrams) # ‘Diagrams daown +y represent getr ame Corte Venn Diagrams . Universal sof TS wepreserial by parts whthin metangle A subset * © represented by anterior af a ctrcte.% Venn Ding rome of Sets : » Subset. 2, Union of Sots: AEB AUG ,ANG=¢ AU 2) be) 3. Prlersccctoen of 4. Commblemasct Set : Sets 2) 2) a) g An ANB, Ano=> AS=U-A 5. Defferance at ors * »ArB =A,ANBED A- eo é. Syrmmectyic Defference, |e} [eo Aan AaB, ANB= 4 PDederet Pat S$ A be a mt A abe, tren the orcemact pats of olemnis A@avMA dented by Gb) Where o& dF called fre first co orckinato «gb the Seems, (6,) 4 Cb.) au dbpanant: (0,6) = Ca) > a=c bod4 Cortesiaw Povelrct af Twn Sete! The darlestan sprocluct ot Awe gs A dy ® we the Sek of alt theca = ordarvect pairs whose fest coordinate —pelogs to A RR seemcl co-ordinate velovgs to B. Mer set te canotied by AXB AxB= § (Abb:acdA * bent. eAXB A BRA “yp A has Pp olemarctr 2 B hor q Sematy shen AXB has PY Peamands , 2 Sanportamt -theosems 9 — Cavlastaw product? Sf ABC ane “thas sete, 1oAx (Buc) = (Ax6)U CAC) 2. AX (enc) - (Ax) N CAXC) 3. Ax (R-C) = (Ax) - (AXC) 4. (AxB)N (3x7) = (An 8) ~ (BAT) BY & 2B, (Axc)S (®xc). c.f AS, (Ax8) 0(a *A) =A”. 7. 3f A SB & CEO Athen AxC £ BxD, 4 Relattons? A votattow (or brnasy ra.tast9on) R, fmm a non ampty gat A to” another non-empty set B®, we a — aubset of AXB, RCAXRB. Re ¥ Caw) raear be BP.bo on = @lememt =a}, Ro dien we 4 te) wrtle =aRb. 7 Any subs] tf, AXA Ws “i A hat mm etemects AR B has n 2tamstott plementt QQ +ptal number Atm ow 27", a vetatoow A, then AxG has mn deh orent relat on, from 2H Rr Ax ® then dom. R= Ay, Rong Rx 8. + Yovesse Relotton + Sf Row a wlaton from set A +o sot 1% then the | Omvarse meletow Mh R, +e ba cdnoted by Ro, a ahotion fam % to A. Rt =f (be) (ae) er}: dom (Ro). ~ Fars (R) Re wonge (RY) ~ dom QR). (ay"=R + Sdenttty Relatten | The Wentity aelation on a got A ys The Sek 5, ordered sposas belonging. to AxA Ss denoted by Ta, 2 Ig = { (aay: aca}. 4 Universal Ralottowi oe R re te sot af AXA, dhan the elation Ro tn fhe sot A & called the unirsot elation. & Vord Relatow: > % a relotiov oy A eaued veld weleftow Ff § AXA* Vorneus Types oh Ralattons 2 1 Reptenve t Sf aRo wv AeA ae Ga) ©R V aeA. 2, Syammetyee | SF aRb > bRaA V aber ie. (a,v) ERD Coe) CR abeA. 8. Anh— sym metic tf ORL R bRa Da=b Vabed 4, Tronsthve f of oRb &® Re baRe NM 0b,0 6A. | te. (a,b) eR * (oc) ER 2 @,¢) eR abcea 5. Eysuvalence Relation? Rolawion Ro m a st A % sath -to be am aquivetance wretatfow om A when R © ref tenave Dey Q constve , 94 9 cenote® bs, ~~. 6. Ordered Rototton: A welottow R we catiect Orderatt fo Ro ws transitive but not an aaysivelenco areloFisn . aRb,bRe 3 oRe WV a,b,c ea, 7. Portal Dnder Relaton: A welotton R is called portiat order Telatisw te Ro es tag Aextve y twonsttve 2 an symmette. + Comparten rf. tre rellattons: YA BRC am tres, sets such R NN they R CAKB and S$ SBXC than () @) 6 lo opt - (ser) Rios? . 4 SoR aRb, bRe ~d aSReA Theorems ov Prnary Retartont Sp Roos a aeletiow OM A sed A then IR ts woflewive. => Ro ops teh Aexive 2 Roos sy mrmartete > RI os syromatric, BR sromtine DR) drone, * Congruence-! Let m be @ — positive antyer , qhen the two enteges a & b aro suit to oe cong Tuart modulo m vf a-b B Avisi bike by am. hee Q-b = md». a = b (mod m),