Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery

BAB 5: SEBATIAN KARBON (CARBON COMPOUND)

5.1 PENGENALAN (INTRODUCTION)

1. Jenis sebatian karbon (types of carbon compound):
SEB. KARBON ORGANIK SEB. KARBON BUKAN ORGANIK
(ORGANIC CARBON COM.) (INORGANIC CARBON COM.)

Berasal drpd benda hidup Drpd benda bukan hidup – tanah,

(come from living things) udara
(from non-livings – soil, air)

Hidrokarbon, alkohol, lemak Batu kapur, karbon dioksida

(hydrocarbon, alcohol, fat) (Limestone, carbon dioxide)

2. Sebatian karbon adalah terlibat dlm kitar karbon (carbon compounds are
involve in carbon cycle)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
a. Analisis proses (analysis of process):

Proses yg menambahkan CO2 di Proses yg mengurangkan CO2 di

atmosfera atmosfera
(processes that increase CO2 in (processes that reduce CO2 in
atmosphere) atmosphere)

respirasi (respiration) Fotosintesis (photosynthesis)

pereputan (decomposition)
pembakaran (combustion)

Ini TIDAK BAGUS utk persekitaran jika Hutan membantu mengurangkan

proses terlalu tinggi kesan pemanasan global
(This is NOT GOOD for the (Forest can reduce the effect of
environment if too high) global warming)

- boleh menyebabkan pemanasan

global (can cause global warming)

5.2 HIDROKARBON (HYDROCARBON)

1. Bagaimana hidrokarbon terbentuk? (How hydrocarbon is formed?)
Hidupan laut mati & Suhu tinggi, tekanan, & Hidrokarbon terbentuk
terbenam dalam batu penguraian bakteria
lumpur selama berjuta-juta
tahun

(Sea life forms die & (High temperature, (Hydrocarbon is

buried under rock & pressure, & bacterial formed)
sand) decomposition for
millions of years)

2. Kita boleh peroleh pelbagai pecahan hidrokarbon melalui proses

penyulingan berperingkat (we can get different fractions of hydrocarbon from
fractional distillation):

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3. Pecahan diperoleh mengikut takat didih berbeza (fractions are obtained

according to different boiling points):

Takat didih Hasil Warna Kelikatan Keboleh

penyulingan bakaran
(boiling (distillation (colour) (viscousity) (flammability)
point) product)

30 – 80 Petrol Sgt jernih Sgt cair Sgt tinggi

(very clear) (very dilute) (very high)

80 – 150 Nafta Jernih Cair Tinggi

(naphta) (Clear) (dilute) (high)

150 – 230 Kerosin Gelap Likat Rendah

(kerosine) (dark) (viscous) (low)

230 – 250 Diesel Sgt gelap Sgt likat Sgt rendah

(very dark) (very viscous) (very low)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
4. Sebatian hidrokarbon tepu & tidak tepu (Saturated & unsaturated
hydrocarbon):

HIDROKARBON TEPU HIDROKARBON TIDAK TEPU

(SATURATED HYDROCARBON) (UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON)
- ALKANA (ALKANE) – ALKENA (ALKENE)

Ada ikatan tunggal dlm rantai Ada ikatan ganda dua dlm rantai
karbon karbon
(has single bond in carbon chain) (has double bond)

Contoh (example):

Sbg sumber tenaga boleh

diperbaharui (drpd sisa
makanan)
As resource of renewable
Metana (methane)
energy (from food waste)

Etana (ethane) Etena (ethene)

Propana (propane) Propena (propene)

Butana (butane) Butena (butene)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
5.3 ALKOHOL (ALCOHOL)
1. Proses penghasilan alkohol (alcohol production)
- drpd proses penapaian & kemudian penyulingan
(through fermentation & then distillation process):

a. Penapaian (fermentation)

Glukosa Etanol + Karbon dioksida

(Glucose) (Ethanol) (Carbon dioxide)

b. Penyulingan (distillation)
- utk memperoleh alkohol tulen (to obtain pure alcohol):

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
2. Sifat fizik alkohol (physical properties):
a. tidak berwarna (colourless)

b. cecair pada suhu bilik (liquid at room temperature)

c. bau tersendiri (unique smell)

d. takat didih meningkat jika semakin banyak atom karbon

(higher boiling point with more carbon atom)

e. kurang larut air jika semakin banyak atom karbon

(less soluble in water with more carbon atom)

3. Sifat kimia alkohol (chemical properties):

a. Mudah terbakar (Flammable)

- nyalaan biru tiada asap (smokeless blue flame)

- pembakaran membebaskan CO2 – mengeruhkan air kapur

(combustion releases CO2 – turn limewater cloudy)

- pembakaran membebaskan wap air – kalsium klorida kontang menjadi

merah jambu
(combustion releases water vapour – change anhydrous calcium chloride to
pink)

b. Menghasilkan ester melalui pengesteran (produce ester through

esterification)

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- Asid sulfurik pekat memantaskan tindak balas (concentrated sulphuric acid
speeds up reaction)
- Hasil pengesteran (product of esterification):

- Ester – berbau harum, kurang tumpat drpd air, & tidak larut air
(Ester – fragrant, lower density than water, & not soluble in water)

4. Kegunaan alkohol dalam kehidupan seharian (Uses of alcohol in daily life)

a. Bahan api (fuel)
- mudah terbakar & pembakaran bersih – bagus utk persekitaran
(flammable & clean combustion – good for environment)

b. Perubatan (medicine)
- sbg antiseptik utk bunuh mikroorganisma (as antiseptic to kill microbes)
- sbg pelarut dlm pembuatan ubat (as solvent in medicine producrion)

c. Kosmetik (Cosmetic)
- sbg pelarut minyak wangi, losen, & gincu
(as solvent of perfume, lotion, & lipstick)

d. Industri (industry)
- menghasilkan bahan makanan & cecair pencuci
(produce food & detergent)

5. Kesan pengambilan alkohol secara berlebihan (effect of high alcohol intake)

- kerosakan organ – ginjal & hati (organ damage – kidney & liver)
- penyakit jantung (heart diseases)
- koordinasi terganggu – tidak boleh memandu (coordination affected – cannot
drive)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
5.4 LEMAK (FAT)

- 2 jenis lemak – tepu & tak tepu (2 type of fat – saturated & unsaturated fat):

LEMAK TEPU UNSATURATED FAT

(SATURATED FAT) (LEMAK TAK TEPU)
Persamaan/ similarites:
- mengandungi unsur CHO (contain element CHO)
- tak larut air (not water-soluble)
- sumber asid lemak dlm badan (source of fatty acid in body)

Sumber/ Source:
Haiwan/ animal Tumbuhan/ plant
Keadaan dlm suhu bilik/ Condition in
room temperature:
Pepejal/ Solid Cecair/ liquid
Takat lebur/ Melting point:
Tinggi/ High Rendah/ low

Bil. atom hidrogen/ number of

hydrogen atom:
Maksimum/ Maximum Belum maksimum/ not yet maximum
Boleh tambah hidrogen?/ Can add H?
Tidak boleh/ Cannot Boleh/ Can

Aras kolesterol/ Cholesterol level?

TINGGI/ HIGH  3 risiko Rendah/ low

– bagus utk kesihatan/
– risiko batu karang hempedu good for health
(gallstones)

- risiko jaundis (jaundice)

- risiko aterosklerosis (salur darah

tersumbat)  penyakit jantung
(heart attack)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
5.5 MINYAK SAWIT (PALM OIL)

1. Struktur buah & kandungan minyak (fruit structure & oil content):

2. Urutan pengekstrakan minyak (Sequence of oil extraction):

1. Pensterilan (Sterilisation)
- guna stim utk bunuh mikroorganisma & melembutkan buah
(use steam to kill microbes & tenderise fruit)

2. Penanggalan (Separation)
- buah dileraikan drpd tandan (fruit is separated from the bunch)

3. Pencernaan (Digestion)
- buah dicerna utk asingkan sabut & tempurung
(digest to separate mesocarp & endocarp)

4. Perah & turas (extract & filter)

- sabut  minyak sawit (PO) (mesocarp  palm oil (PO))
- tempurung  minyak isirung sawit (PKO) (kernel  palm kernel oil (PKO))

5. Penulenan (Purification)
- PO disalurkan melalui carbon utk melunturkan warnanya
(PO is channelled through carbon to remove its colour)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
3. Komponen minyak sawit (Components of palm oil):

MINYAK SAWIT (PALM OIL)

Gliserol (glycerol) Asid lemak (fatty acid):
- asid lemak tepu (saturated fatty acid)
- asid lemak tak tepu (unsaturated fatty acid)

4. Sifat kimia minyak sawit (Chemical properties of palm oil):

a. Melakukan pengoksidaan (conduct oxidation):

Minyak sawit + Oksigen  Radikal bebas

Palm oil + Oxygen  Free radicles
b. Melakukan hidrolisis (conduct hydrolysis):

Minyak sawit + Air  Gliserol + Asid lemak

Palm oil + Water  Glycerol + Fatty acid
c. Melakukan pengesteran (conduct esterification):

Minyak sawit + Alkohol  Ester (Biodiesel)

Palm oil + Alcohol  Ester (Biodiesel)

5. Nutrisi dalam minyak sawit (Nutrition in palm oil)

- lemak (fat) = kandungan lemak tepu & tak tepu yg seimbang (balanced
content of saturated & unsaturated fat)
- Vitamin EA
- antioksidan – spt karotena & vitamin E (antioxidant – carotene & vitamin E)

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6. Kegunaan minyak sawit (Uses of palm oil):

- makanan: m. masak, marjerin, coklat (food: cooking oil, margerine, choc.)

- ubatan, kosmetik, sabun, biodiesel (medicine, cosmetic, soap, biodiesel)

7. Sabun:

a. Penghasilan sabun (Soap production):

Garam
Minyak sawit + Alkali pekat Sabun + Gliserol
Salt
Palm oil + Conc. Alkali Soap + Glycerol

b. Komponen sabun (Soap component):

c. Tindakan pencucian sabun / Cleaning action of soap:

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery

1. Kepala sabun larut dalam air

(Head of soap dissolves in water)

2. Ekor sabun larut dlm kotoran berminyak

(Tail of soap dissolves in greasy stain)

3. Aktiviti pencucian menanggalkan kotoran drpd kain

(Cleaning activities remove stain from the cloth)

8. Pengurusan lestari dalam industri sawit (Good management in palm

industries)

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Science KSSM Notes Form 5 by Cikgu Heery
a. Penggunaan tanah (Land use)
- penanaman semula pokok sawit baru utk optimumkan penggunaan tanah
(replanting of new palm trees to optimise the use of land)

b. Air sisa POME (Palm oil mill effluent)

- diguna semula utk buat baja & tenaga biogas
(reuse POME to make fertilisers & biogas fuel)

c. Kualiti udara (Air quality)

- pokok kelapa membantu mengurangkan kesan pemanasan global
(palm oil tress help in reducing the effect of global warming)

d. Sisa kelapa sawit (Palm wastes)

- guna semula sisa utk pelbagai tujuan (reuse wastes for many applications):

Pelepah  baja Batang  bahan kayu Tandan kosong  baja

Branches  fertilisers Trunks  woods Empty husk  fert.

Tempurung panas air

Sabut  permaidani POME  baja & biogas
Shell  fuel to boil
Husk  carpet POME  fert. & biogas
water

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