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Reference Models

The document discusses two reference models for network communication: 1. The OSI reference model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function in transmitting data from one system to another. 2. The TCP/IP reference model, which is based on the OSI model but has fewer layers, with a focus on protocols like TCP and UDP in the transport layer.

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Hope Mikhelson
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27 views24 pages

Reference Models

The document discusses two reference models for network communication: 1. The OSI reference model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function in transmitting data from one system to another. 2. The TCP/IP reference model, which is based on the OSI model but has fewer layers, with a focus on protocols like TCP and UDP in the transport layer.

Uploaded by

Hope Mikhelson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REFERENCE MODELS

THE OSI REFERENCE MODELS

THE TCP/IP REFERNCE MODELS


Tasks involved in sending a letter
THE OSI MODEL

 Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization


(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in
the late 1970s. It was revised in 1995.
 It is a seven layer Architecture
 Transmit data from one system to another
THE OSI MODEL
THE OSI MODEL
 Physical Layer : Physical medium to transfer BITS
 Data link Layer : Error free FRAMES will be transmitted
 Network Layer : Packets will be (Routing)moved from source to destination
 Transport Layer : Using Protocols reliable message will be transmitted
 Session Layer : Establishing , Terminating of sessions will be created
 Presentation Layer : Data compression , Encoding or Encryption
 Application layer : Services will be provided directly to user.
Hint:
Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator
Frames
Packets
Protocals
TCP and UDP
Data compression , Encoding or Encryption
Physical layer

 Lower layer OR hardware layer


 Physical connection between two devices
Establishment , Maintenance , Deactivation
 Information is in the form of Bits
Functions :
Bit synchronization : Synchronization will be assumed between bits
Bit Rate control : Number of bits transferred per second
Physical Topology : Responsible to know arrangement of devices in a network
Transmission Mode : In which mode data can be transmitted.
Physical layer
Data link layer

 Data is represented in from of FRAMES


 Responsible to transmit error free date
 Responsible to reliable and efficient communication.
 Responsible to define a data format in a network
Functions:
Framing : Header and Trailer in a frame
Physical addressing : Destination hardware address will be included as header
Error Control : Error control Mechanism will be implemented, corrected bit (CRC) will be added in
trailer.
If any error are data corrupted the receiver an acknowledgement to retransmit the
corrupted data.
Flow Control : Maintain a constant bit rate, data will not corrupted.
Access control : DLL protocols is responsible to identify device which have to get control at given time.
Data link layer
Network layer

 Date represented as a packets


 Conversion of physical address to logical address
 Routing the packets to source to destination
 Logical addressing
 Inter networking – Logical connection between different networks
 Fragmentation
Services :
• Guarentity Delivery
• In order packets
• Guarentity maximum jitter
• Security service – session keys
Network layer
Transport layer

 Date is represented in SEGMENTS


 Provides logical communication between the applications on different hosts
 Responsible for end to end message delivery
 Provides the acknowledgement for successful transmission of data
 TCP and UDP
Services
End to end delivery , Reliable delivery – Error control ,
Sequence control – loss of data , reassembling
Loss control , duplication control
Flow Control
Addressing - ports
Transport layer
Transport layer

 Connection oriented
connection establishment
Data transfer
connection termination
Acknowledgment
 Connection less
Session layer

 Session Establishment, Maintenance and termination


 Synchronization – Creating a checkpoint
 Dialog control – two systems to start communication
Presentation layer

 Translation
 Encryption / decryption
 Compression
Application layer
Summary of layers

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