The Group Creation screen is displayed as shown:

Name of Group
Enter the name of the Group to be created. For example Administrative Expenses in the name field.
Alias
Enter an alias name to allow access to the group using the Alias in addition to its name or leave it blank.
For example, for Administrative expenses, you can enter Office Expense or even an alphanumeric code,
say E001, as an alias

Under
Specify under which existing (Parent) group the sub-classification is required.
Note: If it is a new primary group, select Primary (requirement of a new primary group is very rare, but the
option exists). Creation of new Primary Group is not allowed if Allow Advanced entries in Masters is set
to No in F12: Configure. You can also create a new Parent Group by using Alt+C.

Tally.ERP 9 has the flexibility of creating the related Masters from specified screens
 Button Shortcut Keys Behaviour
L: Ledgers Ctrl+L Navigate to Ledger Creation screen
V: Vch Types Ctrl+V Navigate to Voucher Creation Screen

Creating Multiple Group:

Tally.ERP 9 allow you to create Multiple Groups simultaneously, you can create them by pressing Enter
on Create under Multiple Groups.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info. > Groups > Create (under Multiple Groups):

You can create any number of Groups under an already created/selected Group. In this mode of group
creation, the sub-groups will automatically inherit the characteristics of their parent groups.

You can also create any number of Groups under different Groups by selecting All Items in Under Group
field.
Under Group:

Select the parent group under which you want the new groups to be created from the List of Groups. The
group selected is displayed in the Under Group field.

Name of Group:

Enter the name of the Group.

Under:
If you select any group other than All Items in the Under Group field, then this column is filled in
automatically with the selected Group name and the cursor skips this column. This speeds up data entry.
If you select All Items in the Under Group field, the cursor does not skip this field and allows you to enter
the parent group of each of them.

Note: To change individual group behavior created using multiple groups, use single group alter option.

Altering or Modifying Group:

You can alter the Groups in Single mode or Multiple mode by selecting Alter from the menu to change any
information. You can change the Name of any reserved group, but its characteristics will remain the same.

Single mode:
Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info. > Group > Alter (under Single Group)

Select the Group that you wish to alter from the List of Groups. Make the necessary changes and click Yes
to save the changes.

Altering a Single Group

Multiple Mode:
Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info. > Group > Alter (under Multi Groups)

Altering Multiple Group

Select the Group for which you want to alter from the List of Groups. In Multi Group Alteration screen,
make the necessary changes and click Yes to save changes.

Permanently Deleting a Group:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > Groups > Single/Alter

The Delete function is performed through the single alteration mode. You cannot delete groups from the
Multiple Alteration mode.

Select the Group to be deleted.

Press Alt+D to delete.

Displaying a Group:

You can display the Groups in Single mode or Multiple mode, since it is only display Tally.ERP 9 does not
allow you to alter any information in display mode.

Single Mode:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info. > Group > Display (under Single Group)

Select the name of the Group from the List of Groups. You cannot make any changes in the Display mode

Displaying a Single Group

Multiple Mode:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > Group > Display (under Multiple Group)

Displaying Multiple Groups

Select the Group from the List of Groups to display all the Groups under the selected Group or select All
Items to display all Groups. The Multi Group Display screen lists Groups and the corresponding details of
the Groups.

The Ledger:
Creating a Single Ledger.
By default, Tally.ERP 9 contains two Ledger accounts namely, Cash (Under Cash-in- Hand) and
Profit and Loss Account (direct Primary Account). You need to create all other accounts heads.
There are no restrictions in Ledger creation except that you cannot create another Profit & Loss
A/c. Any number of Cash Accounts may be created in any other name for ex: Petty Cash.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > Ledgers > Create

The creation of a Ledger depends on the features you have selected under F11: Features of your
company and F12: Configure. You can create a single ledger account with the default options
enabled.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > Ledgers > Single Ledger > Create
Name

Enter the Name of the account. You can provide the full name of the account. Tally.ERP 9 fits it
all in. Press Enter to move to the next field. Tally.ERP 9 does not allow the entry of duplicate
names. The uniqueness check is made here itself.

Note that the punctuation and other non-relevant information are ignored by Tally.ERP 9 in its
recognition of a name. Thus, CST, C.S.T. and C. S. T. are all considered as same.

Tally.ERP 9 converts the first letter of all relevant words to upper case, which helps you; speed up
data entry.

Alias

Enter an alias name if required. You can access the Ledgers using the original name or the alias
name.
Under

All accounts must be classified under their appropriate Groups. Select the Group under which the
Ledger is created from the List of Groups. (To create a new Group from this field press [ALT +
C]). A wrong classification would affect the treatment of the Ledger account in final statements
and during voucher entry.

You can, alter a Ledger account to change its group classification at any time. Refer Importance
of Grouping and Accounting Classifications: for more details in Grouping
Opening Balance

If yours is an existing company whose books you are entering into Tally.ERP 9, Opening Balance
would be applicable in circumstances where the Ledger is an asset or a liability and if it has a
balance in the account as on the date of beginning of books in Tally.ERP 9.
Tally.ERP 9 recognizes normal accounting principles of debit balances for Assets and credit
balances for Liabilities. It accepts the reverse for obverse balances. Revenue accounts normally do
not have balances. Tally.ERP 9, however, permits you to give balances even for such accounts -
You may be transferring your books on to Tally.ERP 9 in the middle of the year and may not have
closed them in your earlier system. Hence, you may specify whether the balance is Debit or Credit.
Simply D or C would suffice.

Creating a Multiple Ledger:

You can create multiple Ledgers at a time in this mode. This will save the time of the user.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > ledgers > Multiple ledgers > Create

Under Group

Select the name of the group under which you want to create the Ledgers from the List of Groups.

Below this field, the other fields are arranged in a table. The cursor rests at the field Name of
Ledger.

The other fields in the column are:

Sl.No
This is auto generated.

Name of Ledger
Enter the name of the Ledger.

Under
If you select All Items in Under Group field, you have the option to select the group in this column.
You can even create a new group from this field by pressing Alt+C. If you have selected any other
Group in Under Group, the selected group in Under Group gets displayed here automatically and
the cursor skips this column.

Opening Balance
This is the balance remaining when you first enter your books on Tally.ERP 9 9, i.e., the date of
beginning of books. If you have opted to maintain balances bill-by-bill, you must give the bill
details.
 Dr/Cr
Specify whether the Opening Balance is Debit or Credit. Tally.ERP 9 follows the normal
accounting principles of accounting.

Displaying or Alter a Single Ledger Account.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info. > Ledgers > Display or Alter

Modification of Account Ledgers is possible under Single Ledgers as well as Multiple Ledgers
option. However under Multiple Ledgers, all the fields are not available for alteration

9.5.4 Deleting a Single Ledger Account:

You can delete the ledger if no vouchers have been created under this ledger.
Go to Gateway of Tally > Accounts Info > Ledgers > Alter > Press Alt+D

If you want to delete a Ledger for which Vouchers have been created, then you have to first delete
all the Vouchers from that Ledger and then delete the Ledger Account.
Setting of Inventory Masters:
Inventory Information
The Inventory Info menu, lists the inventory masters like Stock Group, Stock Items, Units of
Measure of the company, using which you can create, alter and display the inventory master
details.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info

Note: The Inventory Info menu is displayed in the Gateway of Tally, if you select Type of company
as Maintain Accounts with Inventory in the Company Creation screen.

Configuration of Inventory

By using F12:Configure, you can enable the required settings of Inventory Masters.
By default, the settings pertaining to Inventory Masters are set to No. If you set them to Yes, the
features will be enabled. Typically, they are additional fields that appear during Masters creation
which enable you to obtain more information and detailed analyses for more details.

Functions in Inventory Info. Menu

Inventory information contains the inventory masters. Each master has Create, Display and Alter
functions.

These three functions are grouped under:

1. Single
2. Multiple

In Single, you can execute the function on one master. In Multiple, you can execute the function
on multiple masters.

Functions
Create
The Create option is used to create new masters. Any modification to the masters can be done only
through the Alter mode.

Display

The Display option is used to view the Master information. Master information cannot be
modified in Display mode.

Alter
The Alter option allows you to view and make the necessary changes to the master information.
This does not allow creation of masters. In Alteration mode, you can delete the master. [Press
ALT+D for deletion]

Stock Groups:

Creating a Single Stock Group:

Stock Groups in Inventory are similar to Groups in Accounting Masters. They are helpful in the
classification of Stock Items.

You can group Stock Items under different Stock Groups to reflect their classification based on
some common features such as brand name, product type, quality, etc.

Grouping enables you to locate Stock Items easily and report their details in statements.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups

Stock Items are classified into stock groups to reflect their classification based on some
community.

To create a Stock Group,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Create (under Single Stock Group)

A brief description on each of the fields in the Stock Group Creation screen follows:

Name
Enter the name of the Stock Group to be created. For example, Grade One.

Alias
Enter additional name apart from primary name [if required]. You can create any number of
additional names.

Under
Specify whether it is a primary group or a sub-group of another group, by selecting from the list.
Press Alt+C to create a parent group, if you do not have it in the list.

Can quantities of items be ADDED?

This field pertains to information on measuring the units of the Stock Items that you would
categorise under the Stock Group.

The Stock Items categorised under the group should have similar units for them to be added up.
You cannot add quantities in Kgs to quantities in Pcs.

Modifying a Single Stock Group:

This option allows you to view the existing Stock Group in edit mode, here you are allowed to
change the various information.

To alter a Stock Group,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Alter (under Single Stock Group)

Select the Stock Group from the List of Groups. The Stock Group Alteration screen is displayed
as shown.

Make the necessary changes and click Yes to accept or press Ctrl+A to Save.

Deletion is possible only in the mode,. For deleting the Stock Group, Press ALT+D.

Displaying a Stock Group.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Display (under Single Stock Group)

Select the Stock Group whose particulars you want to display from the List of Groups. The Stock
Group Display screen is displayed as shown.
Deleting a Single Stock Group.

Deletion is possible only in the alter mode,. For deleting the Stock Group, Press ALT+D.

Note: You cannot delete a stock group, if it is used by any sub groups or stock items. In order to
delete the Stock Group, first delete the relevant sub groups and Stock items.

Creating a Multiple Stock Group.

Tally.ERP 9 allows you to create Stock Groups using single or multiple options.
To create Multiple Stock Groups,
Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Groups > Create (under Multiple Stock Groups)

Select the parent group under which you want the new groups to be created from the List of Groups
A brief description on each field in the Multi Stock Group Creation screen is given below:

Name of Stock Group

Enter the name of the Stock Group.

Under

If you select any group other than All Items in the Under Group field, then this column is filled in
automatically with the selected Group name and the cursor skips this column. This speeds up data
entry.
If you select All Items in the Under Group field, the cursor does not skip this field and allows you
to enter the parent group for each one of them.

Items are Addable? (Y/N)

You can select whether units of the Stock Items under Stock Group are to be added or not.

Units of Measure:
Stock Items are purchased or sold on the basis of quantity. The quantity is measured by Units.
Hence, it is necessary to create Units of Measure. You can have simple units such as numbers,
meters, kilograms, and pieces or compound units like box of 10 pieces [1box =10 pieces]

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Units of Measure

Creation of Stock Units:

Stock Items are mainly purchased and sold on the basis of quantity. The quantity in turn is
measured by units. In such cases, it is necessary to create the Unit of Measure. The Units of
Measure can either be simple or compound. Examples of simple units are: nos., metres, kilograms,
pieces etc.
To create Simple Units of Measure,
Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Units of Measure > Create
The Unit Creation screen is displayed as shown.

A brief explanation of each field in the Unit Creation screen is given below:
Type
This field will show the Type of Units.
▪ Simple
▪ Compound.

Simple units are nos, pcs, etc. Compound unit is a combination of two simple units.
By default Tally.ERP 9 will show the Simple unit for creating the unit of measure.

You can select the Compound Units by clicking on that field or by using SHIFT+TAB [cursor will
go to the previous field].

Example:

Kilogram unit. 1.255 Kgs, here 1 is for Kg and fraction 255 is for gram. For this unit, number of
decimal places required is 3.

Alternation / Deletion of Stock Units:

To alter Units of Measure

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Units of Measure > Alter

Select the Unit of Measure you want to alter from the Units list. The Unit Alteration screen is
displayed as shown.
Make the necessary changes and accept Yes to save or Press CTRL+A.

You can delete a Unit of Measure from this screen by pressing Alt + D. However, you cannot
delete a Unit of Measure that is part of a compound measure. You must delete the compound
measure first.

Creation of Compound Units.

A Compound Unit is a relation between two Simple Units. Hence, before you create a Compound
Unit, ensure that you have already created two Simple Units.

Example:

To Create Compound unit Doz (Dozen) of 12 Nos (Numbers), you have to create two simple
units, Doz (Dozen) and Nos (Numbers) and set the conversion factor as 12.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Units of Measure > Create

The Unit Creation screen is displayed as shown. Now Click on Type field or Press SHIFT + TAB
or Press Backspace Key.

Select Compound from the Types of Units and press Enter. The Conversion field will be displayed
for creating Compound unit.
Field Information:
First unit: Select the First unit from the Units List. In the above example, Dozen will be the First
Unit.

Conversion: Specify the conversion Factor. In the above example, Conversion factor will be 12.

Second Unit: Specify the Second Unit from the Units List. In the above example, Number will be
the Second Unit. This unit is also called Tail Unit.

Use CTRL + A or Accept the Screen for Saving of Compound Unit Creation.

10.2.4 Alternation/Deletion of Compound Units:

To alter and Deletion is possible only in the alter mode,. For deleting the Stock Group, Press
ALT+D.

Stock Categories:

Stock Category offers a parallel classification of stock items. Like stock Groups, classification is
done based on similarity in behaviour.

The advantage of Categorizing items is that you can classify the stock items (based on
functionality) together across different stock groups which enables you to obtain reports on
alternatives or substitutes for a stock item.

For enabling Stock Category option in the Inventory Info menu, press F11 > Inventory Features >
Set Yes for Maintain Stock Categories.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Category

Creating a Single Stock Category:
This option allows parallel classification of stock items. Like Stock Groups, Stock Categories are
also classified based on some similar behavior.
This enables you to obtain reports for alternatives or substitutes of a stock item.
To create a Stock Categories,
Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Create (under Single Stock
Category)
The Stock Category Creation screen is displayed as shown.

A brief description of each field in the Stock Category Creation screen is given below:
Name
Enter the name of the Stock Category.

Under
Specify whether it is a primary category or a sub-category of another category. Select Primary
from the list, if you do not have a parent group. Use ALT + C to create a parent if you do not have
the required category in the list.

Modifying a Single Stock Category:

This option allows you to view the existing Stock Category in edit mode, here you are allowed to
change the various information.

To alter a Stock Category,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Alter (under Single Stock
Category)

Select the Stock Category from the List of Categories.

The Stock Category Alteration screen is displayed as shown.

Make the necessary changes and click Yes to accept or press CTRL+A to Save.

Deletion is possible only in the alteration mode,. For deleting the Stock Category, Press ALT+D.
Displaying a Stock Category

You can display the existing Stock Category in Single mode and multiple mode, since it is only
display Tally.ERP 9 does not allow you to alter any information in display mode.

Displaying a Single Stock Category

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Display (under Single Stock
Category)
Select the Category for which you want to view the display details from the List of Categories.
The Stock Category Display screen shows the details entered in Stock Category Master.
Deleting a Single Stock Category

Deletion is possible only in the alteration mode,. For deleting the Stock Category, Press ALT+D.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Alter (under Single Stock
Category)

Creating a Multiple Stock Category

Tally.ERP 9 allows you to create Stock Categories using single or multiple options.

To create Multiple Stock Categories,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Create (under Multiple Stock
Category)

The Multiple Stock Category Creation screen is displayed as shown.

A brief description of each field in the Multi Stock Category Creation screen is given below:

Under Category
This field will display the List of Categories. You can select a category for which a multiple sub-
category can be created.
If you select All Items in List of categories, selection of parent category Under column is possible
during creation of sub-category.
If you select specific category in List of Categories, that category will get populated automatically
whenever creation of sub-category and cursor skips Under column.

Name of the category

Specify the name of the Stock Category.

Under
If you have select All Items in Under Category, you must specify a parent category in this column.

Displaying of Multiple Stock categories:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Display (under Multiple Stock
Categories)

Select the Stock Category from the List of Categories.

If you select All Items from the List of Groups, all the categories and sub categories are displayed.

If you select Monitor from the List of Categories, all the sub categories related to Monitor will be
displayed.

Altering Multiple Stock Categories:

To alter Multiple Stock Categories,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Categories > Alter (under Multiple Stock
Categories)
Select the Stock Category from the List of Stock Categories. The Multi Stock Group Alteration
screen is displayed as shown.
Make the necessary changes and click Yes to accept or Press CTRL+A to save.

Note: You cannot delete a Stock Category in multiple mode.

Godowns /Locations

Locations/Godowns are places where Stock Items are stored. You can monitor the location-wise
movement of stock by creating multiple Godowns.

Example:

Suppose you have three Godowns, where you store the Goods. In Chennai, you have two Godowns
and in Bangalore, one Godown.

You can create Godowns as shown below:

Godown Under
Godown A Chennai
Godown B Chennai
Godown C Bangalore

First you have to Create Chennai and Bangalore locations and then you have to create Godowns
under the respective location.

Tally.ERP 9 has a default Godown named Main Location. You can alter Tally's default godown
and create a new one. Tally.ERP 9 permits the creation of any number of godowns, under groups
and subgroups to match the structure you need.

You can create Locations/ Godowns only if Maintain Multiple Godowns is enabled in F11:
Features > F2: Inventory Features.
Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Godowns

10.4.1 Creating of Godowns:

To create a Location/Godown,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Locations/Godowns > Create (under Single Godown)

The Location/Godown Creation screen is displayed as shown:

A brief explanation of each field in the Location/Godown Creation screen is given below:
Name
Specify the name of the Location/Godown.

Alias
Enter an alias name for the Location/Godown name, if required.

Under
Specify the Location/Godown under which the Location/Godown is to be categorised. Use Alt +
C to create the parent Location/Godown if it is not in the list. Select Primary, if it is not a sub
Location/Godown of any Location/Godown.

Use for
This section is provided in Tally.ERP 9 Release 3.0 where users can create the godowns to store:
The stock of the company lying with third party like Consignment Agent, Bonded Ware house,
Job worker, etc.

Or

Third Party stock lying with the company in case company has received the stock for Job Work or
acting as consignment agent or for any other reason.

• Our Stock with Third Party: Set this option to Yes if the godown is used to account the
company's goods lying with the third party.
• Third Party Stock with us : Set this option to Yes if the godown created is used to account
the goods received from third party and the stock of third party should not affect the
company stock value.

Displaying of Godowns:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Locations/Godowns > Display (under Single
Location/Godown)
 Alteration of Godowns:

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Locations/Godowns > Alter (under Single
Location/Godown)

Deleting of Godowns:

You can delete a Godown/ location via Single Godown/Location Alter by pressing [Alt]+[D].
However, you cannot delete a Godown/location with sub-locations. The lower levels must be
deleted first.

Stock Items:

Stock Item refers to goods that you manufacture or trade. It is the primary inventory entity and is
the lowest level of information on your inventory. You have to create a Stock Item in Tally.ERP
9 for each inventory item that you want to account for.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info. > Stock Items

Creation of Single Stock Item.

To create a Stock Item, Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Stock Item > Single Create
(under Single Stock Item)Stock Item creation is displayed as shown:
 A brief description of each field in the Stock Item Creation screen follows:
Name
Specify the name of the Stock Item.

Alias
Specify the Alias name of Stock Item (if required).

Under
This field will show the List of Groups. Here you can select the Stock Group to which the Stock
Item belongs. By default, Primary Stock Group appears in this field.
Note: You can create a new stock Group by pressing ALT+C at this field.

Units
This field will show the Unit List. Here you can select the Unit of measurement applicable for the
stock item. By default, Not Applicable appears in this field.
Note: You can create a new Unit by pressing ALT+C at this field.

Rate of duty

Specify the Rate of Duty applicable for the stock item. This field is used for the calculation of
excise duty or if duty is based on item rate. During Invoicing, whenever you select a Stock Item,
the Rate of duty entered here is displayed in the Invoice creation screen.

Note: In F11 Inventory features, if Allow Invoicing is set to No then Rate of Duty field will not
be visible.

Opening Balance

Specify the details of Opening Stock, if any, for the Stock Item as on the date of Beginning of
Books.
1. In the Quantity Field, specify the stock item Quantity, say 5 Nos.
2. In the Rate Field, specify the stock item Rate, say Rs. 8000 per piece.
3. In the Value Field, Tally.ERP 9 automatically calculates the value by multiplying the
Quantity and Rate. You can also edit the value, Tally.ERP 9 automatically refreshes the
Rate field accordingly.
Note: If Unit field is Not Applicable then the cursor will move from Quantity and Rate Field.
Note: Category and Godown buttons are visible only if you opted for the same in F11: Features.

Deleting of Single Stock Item:

This option allows you to view the existing single Stock Item master in edit mode, here you are
allowed to change the various information.

In the Alteration mode, you can change the item master settings.
 If a transaction is entered for that item, it is not possible to alter the units and delete the stock item.

To Alter a Single Stock Item,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Stock Items > Alter (under Single Stock Item)

Select the Stock Item you want to alter from the List of Items. The Stock Item Alteration screen is
displayed as shown.

10.5.3 Displaying of Single Stock Item:

You can display the existing Single Stock Item master, since it is only display you are not allowed
to alter any information in display mode.

To display a Single Stock Item,

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Stock Items > Display (under Single Stock Item)
Select the Stock Item you want to display from the List of Items. The Stock Item Display screen
is displayed as shown

Creation of Multiple Stock Item:

Now next step is here we are creating multiple stock item:

Click Create under multiple stock item

Modification of Multiple Stock Item: Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Stock
Items > Alter (under Multiple Stock Item)
Select a Stock Group or All Items from List of Groups to alter the Stock Item under the selected
group or All Items.

The Multi Stock Item Alteration screen is displayed as shown.

Note: In the Multi Stock Item Alteration screen, you can create an Item by specifying item name
after the last item, but you cannot delete an item.

Displaying of Multiple Stock Item.

Go to Gateway of Tally > Inventory Info > Stock Items > Display (under Multiple Stock Item)
Select a Stock Group or All Items from List of Groups to display the Stock Item under the selected
group or All Items.

The Multi Stock Item display screen is displayed as shown.

Deletion of Multiple Stock Item.

Deletion is possible only in the mode,. For deleting the Stock Group, Press ALT+D.

Note: You cannot delete a stock group, if it is used by any sub groups or stock items. In order to
delete the Stock Group, first delete the relevant sub groups and Stock items.

****************
 QUESTIONS

1. which are the two predefined ledger in Tally ERP9?

2. Define Godowns
3. Define stock items
4. Define equity
5. Define voucher
6. What Is the difference between purchase order and sales order?
7. What is debit and credit?
8. What are the functions of accounting?
9. What are the special features of tally?
10. Explain different types of unit measures.
11. Define ledger. Name any few ledger accounts which be created under the group of indirect
expenses and bank account.
12. Briefly explain accounting principles.
13. Explain subgroups 1. Cash in hand 2.duties and taxes 3.loans and advances 4.
Provisions 5.reserves and surplus 6. Bank OD a/c 7.unsecured loan.
14. Define single ledger and multiple ledger and write the steps to create, delete and modify.