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Practical 2

The document discusses the transmission systems used in four-wheeled tractors. It identifies the key components of tractor transmissions including the clutch, transmission, power take-off drive, differential, brakes, axle, and engine. The functions of the transmission system are to disconnect the engine from wheels, transmit torque smoothly, reduce engine speed, change the axis of rotation, and provide auxiliary power. The differential is described as an important component that further reduces engine rotations and allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns.

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Jenistan
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77 views4 pages

Practical 2

The document discusses the transmission systems used in four-wheeled tractors. It identifies the key components of tractor transmissions including the clutch, transmission, power take-off drive, differential, brakes, axle, and engine. The functions of the transmission system are to disconnect the engine from wheels, transmit torque smoothly, reduce engine speed, change the axis of rotation, and provide auxiliary power. The differential is described as an important component that further reduces engine rotations and allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns.

Uploaded by

Jenistan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF JAFFNA

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY


Semester VII
Heavy Vehicle Technology– ETA407TE2

Experiment 02: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN FOUR WHEELED TRACTORS

AIM/ OBJECTIVES:

• To identify fundamental components of transmission systems in four wheeled


tractors.
• To determine functions and purpose of transmission systems in four wheeled
tractors.
INTRODUCTION:
The transmission system is basically the drive line of any automobile or a tractor in our
case. This system consists of components that are used to transmit the torque developed
by the prime-mover or the engine to the driving wheels and to vary the torque and direction
of rotation of the ground wheels.

Figure 1:Components of drivetrain in tractor

The main drive line units are shown in schematically in above figure.

THEORY:
A power transmission system usually consists of the following parts:

1. Clutch – The device that connects or disconnects two torque transmitting devices.

2. Transmission – A device for transmitting power at a multiplicity of speed and torque.

3. P.T.O. Drive – The parts that transmit torque from the engine to the PTO spline on
the rear of the tractor.

4. Differential – The device, usually in the axle housing, that allows the two wheels on
an axle to rotate at different speeds.
5. Brake – The device, usually in the axle housing, that stops the motion of the tractor.

6. Axle – The shaft and connecting parts that transmits torque from the differential or
final gear reduction, to the wheels.

7. Engine – Crankshaft – flywheel – clutch – transmission box – differential – final


drives – axle – drive wheels.

A power transmission system for a tractor have number of functions:

• To disconnect the engine from the road wheels when desired.

• To transmit the torque in a smooth manner without shocks and jerks.

• To reduce the engine speed as desired based on tire size and forward speed
required.

• To change the axis of rotation of power to align it as per the orientation of the drive
wheels.

• To change engine torque and speed into the torque and speed required by the
wheel for different task required of a tractor.

• To provide for auxiliary power outlet in the form of Power Take Off for powering the
implements and also for stationary machinery.

The driving axle is one of the cross members which supports the load of the tractor, and
has the driving wheels at its ends. The driving axle consists of a housing, a differential, two
axle shafts (half axles), and final drives (if required).

The differential is an important component of the driving axle. The main functions
performed by the differential system are:

I. Further reduces the rotations coming from the gear box before the same are
passed on to the rear axles.

II. Changes the direction of axis of rotation of the power by 90o i.e. from being
longitudinal to transverse direction.

III. To distribute power equally to both the rear driving axles when the tractor is moving
in straight ahead direction.

IV. To distribute the power as per requirement to the driving axles during turning i.e.
more rotations are required by the outer wheel as compared to the inner wheel –
during turns.
The main components of the differential are:

1. Input pinion gear

2. Crown wheel gear

3. Differential cage

4. Differential Spider gear

5. Differential axle gear

Figure 2:Differential

Crown
Action Results Sun Gears Star Gear
wheel

One wheel jacked and Only jacked side


Engine rotates Rotates All rotate
rotated; Gear engaged rotates

Two wheels jacked Other wheel will rotate Does not


Both rotate All rotate
and one rotated in opposite direction rotate

Tractor moving in Rotates Do not rotate


Both wheels rotate with Both rotate with the
straight ahead with the independently but
same speed cage
position cage with the cage

Turning side
Turning side rotates
Tractor turning left or rotates slower,
with slow speed. Other Rotates All rotate
right other side rotates
wheel rotates faster
faster
Diff locked (side dog Rotates Both gears rotate Do not rotate
Both wheels rotate with
coupling engaged with the with same speed independently but
same speed
with crown-wheel cage (with the cage) with the cage

APPARATUS:

1. Tractor

DISCUSSION:
1) What is the main advantage of 4-wheel drive vehicle?
2) How is the length of Propeller shaft varied automatically?
3) Define the whirling of the shafts?
4) Explain the functioning of differential.
5) Discuss the differences between all-wheel drive and 4WD with aid of sketches.
6) What is torque steer, how to avoid it?
REFERENCES:

List out the books, papers, webpages etc. (in Harvard referencing format).

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