CHAPTER 7

CYBERETHICS
Computer ethics involve the code of conduct to use Information technology in a
responsible way.
NETIQUETTES
Netiquettes is made of two word Net(Internet) , Etiquettes(Good Manners) . It is
special set of rules that govern the behavior of a user communicating online. Guidelines
to be followed while communicating online are :(Learn any 3 – 4 )
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over their own creations , both artistic
and personal . These rights usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her
creation for a certain period of time. Legal action can be taken if someone copies the work
without the permission of the creator / organization.
These laws ensure that the creator’s work is safe and protected from unauthorized copying or piracy .

Types of Intellectual Property Rights

1) Patents - A patent is used to prevent an invention from being created, sold, or used by
another party without permission.
2) Trademark - A trademark is a distinctive sign which allows consumers to easily identify the
particular goods or services that a company provides.
3) Trade Secrets - Trade secrets are the secrets of a business. They are proprietary systems,
formulas, strategies, or other information. This is a critical form of protection that can help
businesses to gain a competitive advantage.
4) Copyrights – These are the rights granted to the creator of the original work . The creator has
the right to create or sell the product .It includes copyright to art, music, plays, novels etc.
PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is a fraudulent act of stealing someone else’s work or idea and presenting as your own.
The expression of original ideas is considered as Intellectual Property and is protected by the
Copyright Laws.

Types of Plagiarism

1) Direct Plagiarism 2 )Self Plagiarism

This type of Plagiarism occurs when user This type of plagiarism occurs when the user
directly copies someone else’s work without uses his/her previously submitted work as new
changing anything and giving the credit the work without citing that it was used earlier.
original source.

3)Mosaic Plagiarism 4)Accidental plagiarism

This type of plagiarism occurs when the user This type of plagiarism occurs when user does
partially paraphrase the work of others by not understand how to quote and cite the
using the synonyms , thus resulting in the research work.
mix of original and copied parts.

Steps to Prevent Plagiarism

The best and simplest way to prevent plagiarism is CITATION , that is
acknowledging the original source from where the material has been used .
1) Quoting → It is the way in which source is quoted exactly in its original way but within
“block quotes”
2) Write from scratch/Present your own idea → Explore what you want to say about
from several sources , pen down the points , understand the concept and write one’s own
version of the topic.
3) Cite the source /Referencing→ Acknowledging the original source from where the
material has been used.
4) Paraphrasing → Express someone’s idea in words by changing the sentence
language, using synonyms etc.
DIGITAL PROPERTY
Digital property refers to any digital information related to you or created by you.
The digital property includes :

• Personal Information → Any personal information stored on electronic devices .Eg:-

Photos,videos,e-mail etc.
• Internet accounts → It includes e-mail accounts , social networking accounts, shopping
accounts .
• Any copyrighted digital material , registered Trademark , patents like web pages , website ,
photos , music , films etc.

DIGITAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Digital property Rights are the intellectual property rights given to person over the digital
property created by them like photos , e – mail accounts , music , films etc.

The Digital Property Rights law states that the unauthorised copying ,storing or
distribution of another individual’s property is a criminal offence . The access and control of
digital information is in the hands of owner.

THREATS TO DIGITAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

1) CYBER THREAT 2) TRADEMARK INFRINGMENT 3) COPYRIGHT
INFRINGMENT
Attack by hackers which can When some other company uses It includes illegal distribution
lead to theft of data. the trademark of a company to and sale of copyrighted work.
enhance its image.

WAYS TO PROTECT DIGITAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

1) Technical Protection 2) Legal Protection 3) Trade Secret Sharing
Service (TPS)
It includes data protection by It means the owner should include The company should create
encryption , secure password. terms of agreement clearly. awareness among the
employees to prohibit them
from sharing digital
information.

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION(FOI),
Freedom of Information is a freedom of a person or people to publish and consume
information.It is realted to Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Expression . It means to
express ideas and information through any media.
DIGITAL DIVIDE
Digital Divide is an uneven
• High cost
distribution in the access and • Language Barriers
use of the Internet / • Technology Barriers
Information and • Internet Connectivity Barrier
Communication Technology • Initial setup of the country
(ICT) based on social or
greographical conditions. This
gap is increasing every day
both internationally and
nationally.

E – COMMERCE
E - Commerce (Electronic Commerce) refers to the buying and selling of good and
services online .
Types of E – Commerce
1. B 2 C (Business to Consumer)
2. B 2 B (Business to Business)
3. C 2 B (Consumer to Business)
4. C 2 C (Consumer to Consumer)
5. B 2 G (Business to Government)

E – COMMERCE : FRAUDS
Fraud means intentional false representation of a fact in order to obtain profit .
This profit can be : Money , Goods , Sensitive Information.Example : Charity fund ,
Online ticket fraud , Online gaming fraud etc.
Reasons for E – Commerce Fraud
1) The law is unable to keep with the online crimes as it is difficult to tack the
identity and prove the crime.
2) It is easy for hackers to steal information .
3) Since the transaction is not face to face it is hard to verify the identity .
Types of E – Commerce Fraud
Do any 2 – 3 from your book page 203
Ways to Prevent E – Commerce Fraud
Do any 2 - 3 from book page 203
E – COMMERCE : PRIVACY
Privacy is the right to control the personal information.
But e – commerce ususally collect personal data for JUST READ THEM
transactions and this may cause potential amount of
risk.
So , the Privacy in E - Commerce means the protection of
privacy of the person(s) involved in trading .
An E – Commerce privacy policy is everyday practice of
collecting , managing ang using data of the website
visitors.

E – COMMERCE : SECURE DATA TRANSMISSION

Secure Data Transmission referes to transfer of data over a secure channel which is
free from cyber theft and hacking.
Techniques for secure data transmission:
Do any 3 from your book page 205 & 206 . Prefarably points : Authentication , HTTPs
Protocol , Cryptography/Encryption.
SOFTWARE LICENCE
Software licence , is a legal document that provides details regarding the use and the
distribution of software. This license may prohibit or provide the users with the right to make
copies of the software. They are classified as :

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• CLOSED SOURCESOTWARE (CSS)/PROPRIETARY SOURCE → It paid software
for which the software publisher retains the Intelectual Property rights .
The software is controlled and modified by the original creator .It cannot be
freely used , modified ,distributed and is restricted by conditions.
• FREE SOFTWARE/FREEWARE → It is a software that is available for free but it
is still considered as closed source /proprietary because their source code is
not available to the end user for any modifications.
• OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE(OSS)→ It is the free software in which software
publisher releases the source code under a license.It grants permission to end
user to redistribute and make modifications in the software.
• FREE and OPEN SOURCE(FOSS) → The software that is both free and open
source . The license allows it to be freely used , copied , studied , modified and
share the source code to improve the software.
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE MOVEMENT
Open Source Software Movement is a movement in which the source code of the
software is also released to the programmer(or third party) for voluntary modification
and its distribution.