Rao Nemani IJCSET | July 2011 | Vol 1, Issue 6,267-273

The Journey from Computer Time-Sharing to Cloud

Computing: A Literature Review
Dr. Rao Nemani
Adjunct Instructor
The College of St. Scholastica
Duluth, Minnesota, USA

Abstract— Cloud computing has attracted the attention of many correspondingly called public clouds. On the other hand,
computing professionals in both the commercial and the private clouds which exist inside a business are created
educational sectors. Constant pressure to deliver on-demand specifically for private organizations. An example of this the
computing services in a 24/7 environment amidst increasing cloud created by Google for exclusive use by the government
financial pressure has placed cloud computing out of the realm
of just hype and into the business plan of major organizations.
called gov. cloud. The next emerging services in the cloud
As computing gets more sophisticated, it also gets more retro are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a
because we see more of the computing functions being pushed to Service (PaaS) [3, p. 2]. An example of a IaaS is Amazon
centralized, shared web servers, whether it's called hosted Web Services, which includes storage, computing, message
applications or application services or web computing or web queues, datasets, and content distribution. An example of
caches, it looks more like the time-sharing and centralized PaaS is Microsoft's Azure which uses Microsoft's .Net
computing of the 1970s. The aim of this paper is to conduct a framework and SQL data services.
comprehensive review of literature covering the topics of time- What the wheel and the press did for the American road
sharing and the cloud computing. system and mass distribution of newspapers, time-sharing did
for the computer. The rapidly evolving technology combining
Keywords— Cloud Computing, Time-Sharing, Computer Time computers, communications and terminals brought the
Sharing, Centralized Computing, Cloud Computer Sharing. computer to the home and business [4]. A time-sharing
system usually consists of a large and powerful computer
with up to several hundred independent and concurrently
I. INTRODUCTION usable consoles [5]. The user is provided with the illusion
Competition on global market forces, many enterprises that he can use the computer almost as if he were the sole
must make use of new applications, must reduce process user.
times and simultaneously time cut the costs of their IT
infrastructure. To achieve this, it is necessary to maintain a II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
high degree of flexibility with respect to the IT-infrastructure.
In response to this challenge, the idea of cloud computing has A large amount of research has been performed to develop
been gaining interest lately [1]. The process of purchasing, the computers and the programs required to do this highly
maintaining and administering computing assets requires a complex time-sharing job. Very little effort has been
large investment of financial and manpower resources for a expended, however, to explain to the layman the concept of
business, government, or university. One option that can the time-sharing computer systems and cloud computing. It is
lower costs and manpower requirements for these mandatory that the potentia1 user of a time-sharing system
organizations is the use of centralized computing assets and cloud computing be made aware of the concepts in a
provided as cloud computing. language a user can understand readily. One of the purposes
Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered of this paper to explain the time-sharing concept and cloud
as services over the internet and the hardware and systems computing in layman’s terms, so that he/she may better
software in the datacenters that provide those services [2, p.4]. understands this now area of computer development.
The difference with cloud computing compared to your Overall, while there is extensive past and current research
traditional type of computing is that your servers and interest in time-sharing and cloud computing, one area that
infrastructure is no longer hosted in house. Cloud computing needs more investigation is whether the journey from
allows corporations to focus on their business instead of computer time-sharing to cloud computing is an evolution or
internal support and upgrading infrastructure support high revolution. Time-sharing has become a generalized term to
demand services. In most cases the services provided by describe a class of computer systems in which power from a
cloud computing is access through an internet browser like centralized processor is made available at remote terminals to
Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer. Some popular cloud many users (see Figure 1, below). Each terminal device sends
computing service providers are salesforce.com, Google, and and receives information at a rate which occupies the central
Microsoft, their services range from email hosting to CRM computer for only a small percentage of related terminal time
and incident tracking. The services themselves have long [4]. This great difference in the speed of the terminal and the
been referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS) [2, p.4]. computer allows one computer to service many terminals
Most of these services are pay as you go subscription basis. concurrently yet gives the impression to each terminal user
These types of clouds, which the public can access, are that it is the sole user.

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Fig. 2 Cloud Computing: High Level Architecture, Source : Holden, Kang,

Bills and Mukhtar [19]
Fig. 1 Time-sharing, Source : Hakola, 1969 [4]
In other words, cloud computing refers to both applications
In general, a community is provided with a much larger delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and
system than any single member could afford. For on-line or systems software in the datacenter that provides those
real time systems, the hardware and software overhead services. The datacenter hardware and software is what is
associated with this additional ability can be associated with a designated as the cloud. When a cloud is made available in a
larger number of users [6]. pay-as-you-go manner to the general public, it is called
Before cloud computers became available, there were Public Cloud; the service being sold is utility computing.
various precursor technologies, including thin clients, grid Private computing is referred to internal datacenters of a
computing, and utility computing, used for remote access to business or other organization, not made available to the
computing resources [7]. While seminal cloud computing general public. Thus cloud Computing is the sum of software
research was published by Chellappa in 1997 [as cited in 8], [2] as a service and utility computing.
the adoption of cloud computing has been a fairly recent III. DISCUSSION
phenomenon [7]. This term began surfacing commonly in the
literature around 2006 and refers to computing over the Our household cable television or satellite broadcasting
internet [9]. By 2008, cloud computing was receiving systems are offering a monthly service providing the
extensive research interest and had surpassed grid computing capability for customers to select a movie, download and pay
media interest [10-11]. Many of the initial cloud providers for it as a line item on their monthly bill. The cable or
were Web-based companies and start-up companies [12]. As satellite provider is the host with equipment and content
cloud computing demand expanded, the types of cloud residing on their site or within their network. A customer
providers extended to include public and community clouds does not need the equipment (the server/DVD, etc.) or the
[13]. Although the term cloud computing is relatively new, content (the movie), rather it is a monthly fee, pay-as-you-go
this technology had its basis in many other earlier computing model.
methods such as computer time-sharing. While organizations debate the value of teams, businesses
While the exact definition of cloud computing is still under use technology as a matter of survival. Motivated by
some debate [14-15], this technology which was declared as a competition and high cost, business leaders have created a
“classic disruptive technology” [16], is currently available new culture based on shared risk and reward. Decision-
through many vendors including Amazon, Google, IBM, and making is no longer the sole responsibility of the few at the
Microsoft. A disruptive technology is defined as a new and top but is shared within and between most segments of an
often an initially less capable technological solution that enterprise. Decision makers now need to capitalize on this
displaces an existing technology because of its lower in cost potential by becoming more focused on steering innovation
[17]. Cloud computing fits this definition in that it is poised through strategies that assist in development both of the
to replace the traditional model of purchased-software on technologies and of the individuals who are to use them. It’s
locally maintained hardware platforms [18]. no secret that virtualization, a technology long associated
Working with graduate students, Holden, Kang, Bills and with mainframe computers, has been transforming data
Mukhtar [19] began to shape an environment with a high- centers due to its ability to consolidate hardware resources
level cloud computing architecture as shown in Figure 2. This and reduce energy costs. But in addition to its impact on data
included setting up a database server environment and using centers, virtualization is emerging as a viable technology for
that environment to implement the six lab exercises required smart phones and virtual private networks, as well as being
for the course. Once the environment setup is completed the used to re-conceive agile and cloud computing [20]. This
user (graduate student) is ready to use the cloud services. approach is almost similar to the cable television and time-
sharing pay-as-you-go model.

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A. What is it? economy of scale, and dynamic configuration of services on

In the early days of computing, organizations could not demand, often by virtualization [23]. Delic and Walker [24]
execute an IBM 370 software program on a Digital portray cloud computing to be the third wave of internet
Equipment micro VAX computer. Every software code had advancement, following the internet as the first wave and the
to be written for a specific operating system, which often web as the second wave. From a different perspective, Hayes
requires usage of hardware. A little later this was changed by [25] compares cloud computing to computing fifty years ago
time-sharing and even today’s business world all that has when service bureaus and time-sharing systems gave users
changed, thanks to the evolution of technology to cloud access to mainframe computers. These computing advances
computing. were fostered by earlier precursor technologies.
Some of the precursor technologies to cloud computing
Time-Sharing: Time-sharing. There are almost as many
include Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), distributed
definitions for this data processing technique as there are
computing, virtualization, and grid computing [9, 11, 26].
computer systems. However, three capability characteristics
Cloud computing is an approach that provides computing
identify and explain computer time-sharing: the processing
resources to a large number of users or organizations while
system has the capacity to handle several programs
concentrating the overhead for providing, maintaining, and
concurrently (multi-programming), permits on-line
administering the computer systems on a central provider.
interaction between user and computer and provides real-time
Additionally, it is being investigated as a way to minimize
response [21]. The system components (see Figure 3) include
costs, maximize reliability, and meet organizations’ needs for
the operating system software, the hardware, and the user.
computing resources, while maintaining security for the
systems and the data stored on them [7].
B. Who is doing it?
If you don’t think many organizations, including
government and academic institutions, are using cloud
computing, you may be right. But if you think that’s the way
it will remain forever, you are wrong. In this section, we will
briefly discuss who is doing time-sharing and cloud
computing.
1) Time-Sharing: As early as 1970, IBM championed a
concept called "time-sharing." Users shared common IT
resources and applications on a mainframe computer
simultaneously with other users for variable fees that were
dependent upon usage and consumed resources. Time-sharing
systems resembling public utilities are already in operation
Fig. 3 Logical organization of time-sharing computer components, Source : and many more are planned. These systems are often referred
Bell, 1968
to as information utilities. This type of service is quite similar
Executing a series of non-interactive programs at a pre- to public utilities in that service may be rendered to many
defined time is called batch processing. These batch jobs can users for a service charge based on actual usage. Services
be stored and then executed during the evening or whenever being sold include the collection, storage, processing and
the computer is idle. Time-sharing by linking the computer display of information [27].The earlier time-sharing systems
directly to the user, creates an environment and capability were limited primarily to scientific and engineering
markedly different from "batch-processing" systems. Figure 4, applications. These systems had limited data storage facilities
below, illustrates the elements or steps which separate the but had powerful mathematical processing capabilities by
customer or user from the computer in both environments. using relatively small amount of data [28]. Raymond [29]
The important difference between the two is "time" - the noted in his study the use of computer time-sharing in
delay in batch systems versus the timeliness of real-time business planning and budgeting functions too. A corporate
systems. survey conducted by Allen [30] revealed rapidly growing
popularity of computer time-sharing for business
management decisions. Allen [30] concluded in his research
article in saying that today's executives are not only utilizing
time-sharing to facilitate their problem study and analysis,
but many managers are taking full advantage of these new
computer systems to expand the services their companies
Fig. 4 Batch & Time-sharing,Source : Hakola, 1969 [4] have to offer. Fine and McIsac [31] conducted a time-sharing
Cloud Computing: A cloud computing entity contains parallel system simulation and provided vehicle for the evaluation,
and distributed resources from a group of connected and prediction and applicability to various work-load
virtual computers that are exhibited as one combined system environments successfully.
[22-23]. These systems are made available based on service- Cloud Computing: There are several companies that are now
level agreements between the provider and the user [22]. The offering cloud computing services. From large companies
key features of a cloud computing entity are massive like Google and Amazon, to smaller companies like Go Grid
scalability to meet user needs, the existence as an abstract and OpSource. Depending on which provider you go with
entity to deliver multiple service levels to outside users,

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there are several different packages and options available to Ease of Use, 3) Man / Machine interaction, 4) Fast
custom fit a cloud computing service to your needs. As turnaround, 5) Choice of languages, 6) Application
shown in Figure 5, a growing demand for cloud computing programs, 7) Networks and data bases, and 8) Dedicated
organizations is to move the capabilities onsite, thus allowing services [34].
the user to have more control and virtually eliminating the The chief advantages offered by the time-sharing system
previous issue of infrastructure. What would the difference are its greater processing capacity and the greater timeliness
then be between cloud computing and an in-house server of its information yield. These capabilities gave management
network? The cloud computing companies could install more reliable data for decision, from the standpoint of both
server base in your location and rent out whatever you are not quality and quantity. Intuition, while still a necessary attribute
using. Therefore, you get a higher level of service, maintain for a good manager, is no longer a major element in decision
control of your server, limit infrastructure issues and know making because of this capability [21]. Because time-sharing
where your data is. Of course, the requirements would then can make computer time available on a company wise basis,
be that you maintain a bigger contract and surely pay a all managers must learn to relate company operations under
significant premium to the cloud manager, or meet minimum their direction to the computer system's capabilities. For
monthly service fee requirements. example, manufacturing organizations can use the time-
sharing capability for closer monitoring and control of
production. Where sales orders are filled from stock, the
computer can be used to interrelate order writing with
inventory control and shipping procedures [21].
The time-sharing service itself requires no long-term
commitment on the part of the user. In most cases a 30-day
cancellation notice is all that is needed if the user elects to
terminate the service. Time-sharing firms usually break
service charges down into three types of charges so that users
can accurately evaluate their usage. The user is charged for 1)
the amount of time that the terminal is turned on, 2) use of the
computer itself, which takes into account the usage of the
various units of the computer system, and 3) the amount of
computer memory used by the customer in storing programs
[35].
Gold [36] conducted an experimental comparison of
problem-solving using timesharing and batch-processing
Fig. 5 Cloud Services Supplied Attributes Time-sharing, Source : IDC, 2008
[32]
computer systems. Gold [36] found that statistically and
logically significant results indicate equal cost for usage of
Cloud computing systems require a large information the two computer systems; however, a much higher level of
technology investment, both financial and manpower. performance is attained by time-sharing users. There are
Although the investment is large, multiple benefits are indications that significantly lower costs would have resulted
offered and these features are attractive to organizations with if the time-sharing users had stopped work when they reached
limited resources and the need to use their resources wisely. a performance level equal to that of the batch users. Gold [36]
concluded by saying that the users' speed of problem-solving
C. Why is it significant?
and their attitudes made time-sharing the more favourable
The availability of time-sharing and distributed computing system.
resources is not very crucial to success. But the cloud In summary, selecting and using time-sharing services
computing present organizations with a fundamentally demands a well-managed development effort and close
different model, which will provide a centralization of attention to the factors that affect efficiency and costs. With
computing and information management functions, providing an orderly, controlled, and responsibility-oriented approach
economy of scale, efficient resource usage, and the [37], a company can realize its full potential benefit from use
availability of the resources to a large user base [2, 22]. of a timesharing system.
Sometimes, this is a success factor.
2) Cloud Computing: Cloud computing addresses the
1) Time Sharing: Time-sharing systems have evolved computing as a service model. One attractive cost issue is the
mainly because of the high costs of powerful central ability to pay for services as-you-go avoiding large up-front
processors and the high imbalance between the speed of expenses for computer system purchases [7]. Additionally,
input/output devices and the speed of central processors. An another attractive aspect of cloud computing is the savings on
additional advantage of time-sharing is that the user has at space, utilities, and maintenance staff which can be realized
his disposal the processing power of a large scale computer by outsourcing computing applications to a cloud computer
without competing with others for time on the computer [33]. provider. This practice can also be attractive to organizations
Commercial time-sharing services offer numerous potential interested in green issues, enabling efficient use of power and
benefits to their users. Some of these benefits, indeed, are so other utilities by shared use of computing resources.
compelling that many companies with large computer
According to Healey [38], about ten per cent of recent IT
systems of their own are also heavy users of commercial purchased to support green initiatives went to support
time-sharing networks. Here are some of the principle
services contracts, such as cloud computing. Also providing
reasons for using time-sharing services: 1) Flexibility, 2)
very large scale commodity computing resources at low cost

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locations has been the key enabler for cloud computing. secure and that the cloud should not be your only form of
Armbrust et al., [2] claims that this can produce cost backup. Like any other internet resource, the cloud can also
reductions of a factor of five to seven times in areas such as be unavailable from time to time which could be costly if it’s
electricity, network expenses, operations, and software and down when you absolutely have to have a service.
hardware expenses due to the economy of scale. Since the Another con is the question of ownership over the data
cloud computing providers combine both cost savings and after it has been uploaded to the cloud? The question of
higher system utilization compared to individual whether the host company owns the data once it has been
organizations, this allows individual customers to save money placed on their site has been raised. So it’s a must for
while the cloud computing provider realizes a reasonable customers to read the Terms of Service (TOS) for a particular
return on investment. Another additional factor is the company before uploading data to a cloud provider.
convenience of performing large computations quickly upon
1) Time Sharing: Although the subject of time-sharing
demand can save an organization both time and money
has been popular for a number of years, it is well known that
because a capability to deploy large number of processors on
the road to effective time-sharing has been and still is arduous.
a cloud rapidly. McDougall [39] predicted the energy costs
Systems have been late, inefficient, and expensive. As a
are to be about sixty per cent lower when performing
result there have been both opportunity and motivation to
computations on a cloud system. Even though this is a
investigate the subject of time-sharing [40]. Before
smaller savings than predicted by Armbrust et al., [2], but it is
widespread time-sharing systems and system networks can be
possible that the higher utilization on cloud computers
formed, standardization of data and file format descriptions
compared to individual systems could lead to the anticipated
will have to occur. Present intersystem communication
five to seven times reduction in electrical costs. Either way,
experiments should provide a framework for the
significant utility savings are present with a cloud computing
standardization of information interchange formats, and
model.
detailed data representation [6].
Cloud computing also brings additional opportunities such
as large computing power of these cloud systems can Some observers insist that time-sharing is primarily for
enabling organizations to solve computational problems that small companies that cannot afford their own computers. Yet
were previously unsolvable with their in-house computing the biggest users of computers also appear to be the biggest
resources [7, 24]. Some of the driving forces behind cloud users of time-sharing [30]. Despite the tremendous increase
computing are economics, simpler and cheaper use of in the use of time-sharing for business applications since the
applications, no upfront costs incurred for servers and other introduction of the first commercial time-sharing service
storage devices, no need to maintain a staff to maintain day bureau in 1965, there remains an unanswered question “What
to day operations for running datacentres, application could size company can best utilize time-sharing?”
be accessed from anywhere in the world. 2) Cloud Computing: While there are many benefits to
In cloud computing, the service providers are responsible this new service, there are also potential draw backs. One of
for operation and maintenance costs and thus very attractive the most concerning and drawbacks is the minor outages and
to some business to prefer this type of model. Some of the losses occur quite frequently with cloud computing. This
benefits for cloud computing include not having to pay for issue gained a lot of attention recently when T-Mobile
software and hardware upgrades because that cost is usually instantly lost thousands of their customers cell phone data
rolled into the cost of the subscription fees, not having to pay due to do to a Microsoft server malfunction. This malfunction
for the cost of maintaining the software and hardware, the resulted in permanent loss of a lot of customer data and
application would have greater availability because it uses the caused several angry customers to speak out against cloud
Internet, not needing a dedicated team to support the computing. In a study, Thurman [41] identified various
application because the application is built by the host. security concerns within cloud computing, namely: control
Services are usually very configurable and should fit most and associated data integrity, commingling of data, and
businesses. Overall the use of cloud computing can reduce virtualization; with data integrity concerns at remote
the cost of operations by using these services provided by locations. This is complimented by another study by [42],
cloud computing. Regardless of the definition used, cloud who found trustworthy systems that are designed for human
computing services typically manifest themselves in one of usability, encouraging well-trained people to take
two ways. The first is that of the utility-style infrastructure responsibility, rather than to blindly trust technology, are
provider, such as the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. The needed.
second manifestation of cloud computing is that of the
software as a service (SaaS) provider, like Zoho’s There are limits on which applications can be safely
productivity and collaboration applications. The introduction transferred to a cloud provider. For example, very sensitive
of both cloud computing services has dramatically changed data, such as the secret recipe of a popular wine or classified
the landscape of information technology and how businesses government data would need a higher level of data protection
interact with it. than less sensitive data, such as photographs from a company
outing. As a result, an organization must carefully weigh the
D. What are the downsides? pros and cons of transferring various applications and data to
There are a few downsides of cloud computing. While a cloud provider. Encrypting data is another method of
placing the burden of backups and security on someone else’s adding extra protection. Another barrier to converting to
IT staff is cost effective but it raises the question of whether cloud computing involves legal restraints. For example, there
you should trust them with your sensitive data. Data that is are legal restrictions prohibiting moving some information,
sensitive in terms of value or confidentiality should be placed such as German health care information, out of the European
on the cloud with the knowledge that it might not be 100% Union [43]. Since cloud computing providers can be

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multinational, it is imperative that such providers are aware time consuming than working with a remote terminal in a
of and abide by national regulations where they do business. time-sharing system. Small computers usually have relatively
The use of cloud computing also carries with it security small memories. The lack of a spacious memory will limit
risks, including perils related to compliance, availability, and the size and complexity of jobs that may be run. The small
data integrity. Yet many companies don't think through those computer is considerably less flexible than the time-shared
risks upfront. For example, having proper failover technology computer and has limited processing capabilities.
in place is a component of securing the cloud that is often As per DataPro [34]basis of trends and projects, it seems
overlooked. In some cases, the risk is too great to rely on the likely that the time-sharing industry of the future will shape
cloud. Today, you never know where your data is stored in up in the following way: 1) there will be several large
the cloud. But this indeterminate location is beginning to nationwide suppliers of time-sharing services, 2) the s all
change. For example, Google lets customers specify where time-sharing companies that service will generally do so by
their Google Apps data is stored, thanks to its acquisition of offering highly specialized services to specific types of
Postini, an e-mail security company. business firms in a restricted geographical area so as to
The Swiss Bank for example, wanted its customer data reduce the costs of the required communications equipment,
files stored in Switzerland, which Google can now participate 3) many current users of commercial time-sharing services
in [44]. Gartner has identified what it believes are today’s top will install their own in-house computer systems, and 4)
five [45] most critical inhibitors such as 1) Risk-testing, 2) finally, time-sharing users will have an ever-growing variety
Data location, 3) Data and Code portability, 4) Data Loss, of “packaged: application programs to choose from.
and 5) Data Security. For example, it is just not easy to Campbell-Kelly and Garcia-Swartz [48] found time-sharing
envision Coke and Pepsi running data analysis and report industry constituted a major sector of the computer services
generation on the same servers side by side. The emergence industry until the early 1980s, when time-sharing was made
of cloud computing has set off a debate over data ownership. obsolescent by the personal computer.
Once data is uploaded to the cloud, who owns it? Does that
data belong to the person who created it, or did that person 2) Cloud Computing: The difficult part of cloud
give up ownership by uploading it? computing to predict what exactly that space is, where it is,
The devil is in the details, so we need to explore security how it is used and who else is using that same space. Carr
risks from all angles. Data security needs to be measured and [49] suggested that cloud computing will become a utility, in
then add operational and legal issues to the mix. We need to that computing will be supplied by an array of computer
find out what happens when a cloud user wants to switch utilities much like electricity today and that users will pay
services or if a cloud company goes out of business. What fees based on usage. Does this mean that standards will be
happens to a user’s data if they can’t pay the bill that month? in place to protect users from outside threats? What about the
Is it destroyed? While many argue that with Amazon, Dell, multiple users, could one of them be a hacker out to get our
HP, or Google hosting the cloud servers, clients have nothing data or software? Many of the same questions are asked of
to fear. “Hey, up until a few months ago, we thought Lehman internal servers, internal computing and internal data security.
Brothers was secure too,” is not it? The risk of moving
sensitive data and applications to an emerging infrastructure IV. CONCLUSION
might exceed your tolerance [46]. As with any new As the technology matures, and if more market incentives
technology, it creates new risks and new opportunities. In appear, additional firms are expected to embrace cloud
some cases moving to the cloud provides an opportunity to computing. Cloud computing also shows promise for online
re-architect older applications and infrastructure to meet or gaming, a growing market with a large user base [7, 50].
exceed modern security requirements.. Utilizing IT within an organization is a undeniable and is now
emerging as a priority in strategic management facing all
E. Where is it going? levels of management. Cloud computing has become an
Adoption of a new technology occurs in stages. As is the essential element of strategy, whether a business is trying to
case with cloud computing, there is a staggered time frame move, process, access or manipulate information. It will
for adoption, with some early adopters embracing the become essential to every business in order to succeed in this
technology before the mainstream users begin using it. The IT revolution.
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed by It is impossible to treat a subject as broad and dynamic as
Davis in 1986 to model patterns of user adoption of cloud computing in one paper with any degree of precision. If
information systems [as cited in 47]. The TAM is used to this paper develops even a small increase in our
evaluate the perceived usefulness, the perceived ease of use, understanding of cloud computing as a technical innovation,
and the attitude toward using a technology. Ross [7] research it will have achieved its purpose. Regardless of the approach,
concluded the decision on whether or not to adopt cloud companies are able to alleviate the burden of support as well
computing technology appears to depend on whether the as dramatically reduce their start-up costs by making these
technology is cost effective and satisfies organizational needs. significant application conversions. Furthermore, it provides
needed information to anyone involved with the organization
1) Time Sharing: Time-sharing has been used in a via a browser. Although by not using a terminal per se, this
variety of applications, ranging from education to law sure looks like the time-sharing model of the 1960s and
enforcement. It is possible that the market for time-sharing 1970s, but with Amazon's EC2, Google's AppEngine and
systems may be effected by recent developments of small, recently Microsoft's Azur, cloud computing looks like an
faster and inexpensive computers. The user of the sma1l evolution.
computer must in essence be a programmer, coder, and a Ultimately, IT organization need to work with business
computer operator. This is usually more complex and more units to formulate a strategy for questions, such as deciding

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