Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Appendix - VI SYLLABUS for JEE (Main)-2023 Syllabus for Paper-1 (B.E./B.Tech.}- Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry MATHEMATICS UNIT ETS, RELATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS: Sets and their representation: Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions. UNI 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex umbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex number, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of @ complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots, UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS: Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matriges, determinants, and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants, Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equati in two or three variables using determinants and matrices. UNI |: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS: ‘The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section, Meaning of P (n,x) and C (n,1), simple applications. UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications. UNIT 6: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients, and simple applications. UNIT 7: SEQUENCE AND SERIES: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression. UNIT LIMIT, CONTINUITY, AND DIFFERENTIABILITInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity, and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean value Theorems, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic- Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal. UNIT 9: INTEGRAL CALCULAS: Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution, by parts, and by partial functions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type fees ax ax (wes Jax Fae? aetcoxs | S Jaxtemme * J axtebese Integral as limit ofa sum. The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form. UNIT 10: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the formation of differential equations, solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type 2+ py = q@) UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus, and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis. Straight line Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through the point of, intersection of two lines. Circle, conic sectionsInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to @ circle, equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx 4c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangeney. UNIT 12: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines. UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product, UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY UNIT 15 UNI Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data, Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bemoulli trials, and binomial distribution. TRIGONOMETRY ‘Trigonometrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions, and their properties, heights, and distance. 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse, and contrapositive.Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 PHYSICS UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT Physics, technology, and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimei Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications. ons of UNI : KINEMATICS The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion. UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION Force and inertia, Newton's First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton's Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its, applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications. UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER Work done by a content force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. ‘The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative forces; Blastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions. UNITS: ROTATIONAL MOTION Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basie concepts of rotational motion; a moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion. UNI GRAVITATION ‘The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion, Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo stationary satellites. UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDSInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus, ‘modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity. Stokes law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and rai Newton’s law of cooling UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and inreversible processes. Camot engine and its efficiency. UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro's number, UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase* oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period: Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, furidamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler Effect in sound UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Elect field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges: Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor. UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITYInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 NIT UNIT 14: UNI UNIT 16: OPTI Electric current. Drift velocity. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Resistances of different ‘materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity. Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; ‘Temperature dependence of resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications. 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving, charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field: ‘The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis. Electromagnets and permanent magnets, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS, Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer, 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves. Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Deviation and Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula, Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Microscope and Astronomical ‘elescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magni ing powers. Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light, Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane-polatized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid, UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment, 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of mucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars isotones. Radioactivity alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with ‘mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion. 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as.a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics ofa transistor: transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR AND. NOT. NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch. 20: COMMUNICATION S' EMS Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Amplitude and Frequeney Modulation, Bandwidth of signals. the bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only). 21: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: 1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel 2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire. 3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time. 4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments. s. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of'a metallic wire. 6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents, 1. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity ofa given spherical body, &. Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature ofa hot body and time. 9. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube, 10. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ji) liquid by method of mixtures. 11, The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge. 12, The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law. 15, Potentiome i. Comparison of emf of two primary cells Determination of internal resistance of a cell 4. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.15, The focal length of, © Convex mirror Gi) Concave mirror, and Convex lens, using the parallax method. 16 The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism. 17. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. 18, Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. 19. Characteristic curves ofa Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage. 20. Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain. 21, Identification of Diode. LED, Transistor. IC. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. 22, Using a multimeter to: (Identify the base of a transistor (i Distinguish between NPN and PNP type transistor (si) See the unidirectional current in case of a diode and an LED. (») Check the correctness or otherwise ofa given electronic component (diode, transistor, or Ic). Se I<Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision, and accuracy, significant figures. .I.Units, dimensional analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry. UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle’s law. Graham's law of, diffusion. Avogadro's law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of ‘temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postillates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, and van der Waals equation. Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension, and effect of temperature oon them (qualitative treatment only), Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fec, bee and hep lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Plectrical and magnetic properties. UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE ‘Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect: Spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model ofa hydrogen atom = its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of ¥ and ‘¥? with r for Is and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals ~ Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, fa calculation of lattice enthalpy. ctors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications. UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; AS of the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity. AG? (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant. UNIT 6: SOLUTION! Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non- ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van't Hoff factor and its significance. UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium. ‘Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Ke) and their significance, the significance of AG and AG? in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle, Tonic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-baseInformation Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions. UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nemst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells. UNIT : CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integtal forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation). UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis, and its mechanism, Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, classification of colloids - Iyophilic. lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect. Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation, and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity. UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals- concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al. Cu, Zn, and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 UNIT 13: HYDROGEN Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides Hydrogen as a fuel. ionic, covalent, and interstitial; UNIT 14: 8 BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS) Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds = sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, Timestone. Plaster of Paris and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca. UNIT 15: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums. Group -14 ‘The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones. Group -15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophie forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (PC, PCls); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus. Group -16 Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur. Group-17 Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the a halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoaci Group-18Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon. UNIT 16: d - and & BLOCK ELEMENTS ‘Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K:CroOr, and KMn04 Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction, Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states. UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS Introduction to coordination compounds. Wemer’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems). UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY UNI Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water, and soil, Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospherie pollutants = Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global ‘warming: Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention. Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects. Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention. Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects, and prevention, Strategies to control environmental pollution. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARAC’ ERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications.Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens. Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, UNIT 20:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ‘Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjtigation. Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement. UNITS 21: HYDROCARBONS Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions, Alkanes ~ Conformations: Sawhorse’ and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene. UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT. UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.Information Bulletin: Joint Entrance Examination (Main) - 2023 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of. dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NHs, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzato reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it, UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry. UNIT 25: POLYMERS General introduction and. classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, = Addition and condensation, copolymerization. ‘Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses ~ polythene, nylon, polyester, and bakelite UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose), PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of c-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS — Classification and functions, NUCLEIC ACIDS ~ Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY EVERYDAY LIFE‘Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Antihistamines -their meaning and common examples. Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents « common examples. Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following funetional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds. ‘+ The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum, Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. ‘© The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises — Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnOs, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO ‘* Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: ‘Cations — Pb?" Cu?» Al**, Fe®*, Zn®*, Ni?*, Ca®*, Ba", Mg”*, NH Anions- C03~, S*,S03-, N°*, NO*, Cr, Br, I ( Insoluble salts excluded), Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSOx 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 4, Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature,