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MTS 234 Lecture Note MODULE 2

MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2

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118 views8 pages

MTS 234 Lecture Note MODULE 2

MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2MTS 234 lecture note MODULE 2

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MTS 234 LECTURE NOTE: MODULE 2

Lecturer: Mr. Samuel D. J.


TOPIC: Techniques for Solving First Order Linear and
Nonlinear ODEs

Techniques for Solving ODEs


Solutions techniques are classified under the following categories

 Exact analytic methods


 Approximate methods
 Numerical methods
 Existence and Uniqueness

First Order Ordinary Differential Equations


A first order ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation of the form 𝑦 ′ =
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfied by a function 𝑦(𝑥) of 𝑥. A corresponding first order initial value
problem is a problem of the form
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0
Where 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ∈ ℝ.

Solution to a first order ordinary differential equation is a function that satisfied the
equation and the derivatives exist.
5
.
2
.
In a culture, bacteria increases at the rate proportional to the number of bacteria
present. If there are 400 bacteria initially and are doubled in 3 hours, find the number
of bacteria present 7 hours later.
Solution
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑥 be the number of bacteria, and the rate is . Since the number of bacteria is proportional
𝑑𝑡
to the rate, so

𝑑𝑥
∝ 𝑥. (1)
𝑑𝑡

If 𝑘(𝑘 > 0) is the proportionality constant, then

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥. (2)
𝑑𝑡

Separating the variables, we have

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡. (3)
𝑥
Since there are 400 bacteria initially and they are doubled in 3 hours, we integrate the
left side of equation (3) from 400 to 800 and integrate its right side from 0 to 3 to find
the value of k as follows:

800 3
𝑑𝑥
=𝑘 𝑑𝑡.
400 𝑥 0

800 3
⟹ Inx 400 =𝑘t 0

In800 − In400 = 𝑘 (3 − 0)
800
3𝑘 = In = In2
400
1
⟹𝑘= In2.
3
Putting the value of k in (3), we have
𝑑𝑥 1
= In2𝑑𝑡. (4)
𝑥 3

Next, to find the number of bacteria present 7 hours later, we integrate the left side of
(4) from 400 to x and its right side from 0 to 7 as follows:
𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥 1
= In2 𝑑𝑡.
400 𝑥 3 0

𝑥
1 7
Inx 400 = In2 t 0
3
1
⟹ Inx − In400 = In2(7 − 0)
3
1
⟹ Inx = In400 + In2(7 − 0)
3
7
⟹ Inx = In400 + In2
3
7
⟹ Inx = In400 + In23
7
⟹ Inx = In(400)23
⟹ x = (400)(5.04) = 2016.

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