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IEC 60076-25
Edition 1.0 2023-02

Partie 25: Résistances de mise à la terre du neutre

INTERNATIONALE
INTERNATIONAL

Part 25: Neutral grounding resistors

Transformateurs de puissance –
STANDARD

Power transformers –
NORME
®
IEC 60076-25:2023-02(en-fr)
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IEC 60076-25
®
Edition 1.0 2023-02

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE

Power transformers –
Part 25: Neutral grounding resistors

Transformateurs de puissance –
Partie 25: Résistances de mise à la terre du neutre

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION

COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE

ICS 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-6431-7

Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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–2– IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 6
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 7
4 Service conditions ........................................................................................................... 9
5 Ratings ............................................................................................................................ 9
5.1 Rated ambient temperature ..................................................................................... 9
5.2 Rated resistance (R) ............................................................................................... 9
5.3 Maximum resistance variation ................................................................................. 9
5.4 Rated time .............................................................................................................. 9
5.5 Rated voltage (U r ) .................................................................................................. 9
5.6 Rated insulation level ............................................................................................ 10
5.7 Rated short time current ....................................................................................... 10
5.8 Rated continuous current ...................................................................................... 10
5.9 Rated frequency ................................................................................................... 10
6 Rating plates (Nameplates) ........................................................................................... 11
6.1 General ................................................................................................................. 11
6.2 Minimum information to be provided ...................................................................... 11
7 Design and construction ................................................................................................ 11
7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 Resistive elements ................................................................................................ 11
7.3 Resistive banks..................................................................................................... 12
7.4 Electrical connections ........................................................................................... 12
7.5 IN and OUT terminals ........................................................................................... 12
7.5.1 General ......................................................................................................... 12
7.5.2 IN terminal ..................................................................................................... 12
7.5.3 OUT terminal ................................................................................................. 12
7.6 Insulators .............................................................................................................. 13
7.6.1 General ......................................................................................................... 13
7.6.2 Insulators between resistive elements ........................................................... 13
7.6.3 Insulators between resistor banks and enclosure ........................................... 13
7.6.4 Creepage distance ......................................................................................... 13
7.7 Enclosure ............................................................................................................. 13
7.7.1 Protection against contact with live parts, ingress of solid foreign bodies
and water ...................................................................................................... 13
7.7.2 Design ........................................................................................................... 13
7.7.3 Protection against corrosion .......................................................................... 14
8 Tests ............................................................................................................................. 14
8.1 General ................................................................................................................. 14
8.2 Test classifications ............................................................................................... 14
8.2.1 Routine tests ................................................................................................. 14
8.2.2 Type tests ...................................................................................................... 14
8.2.3 Special tests .................................................................................................. 15
8.3 Test documentation .............................................................................................. 15
8.4 Routine tests......................................................................................................... 15
8.4.1 Visual inspection and dimensional verification ............................................... 15
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8.4.2 Rated resistance measurement...................................................................... 15

8.4.3 Power frequency withstand voltage test ......................................................... 15
8.4.4 Insulation resistance ...................................................................................... 16
8.5 Temperature rise tests .......................................................................................... 17
8.5.1 General ......................................................................................................... 17
8.5.2 Continuous current duty ................................................................................. 17
8.5.3 Rated time duty ............................................................................................. 17
8.5.4 Tolerances .................................................................................................... 18
8.5.5 Acceptance criteria ........................................................................................ 18
8.6 Special tests ......................................................................................................... 18
8.6.1 Inductance measurement ............................................................................... 18
8.6.2 Lightning impulse test .................................................................................... 18
8.6.3 Mechanical design verification ....................................................................... 18
8.6.4 Protection degree of enclosure ...................................................................... 19
Annex A (informative) Resistance variation .......................................................................... 20
A.1 General ................................................................................................................. 20
A.2 Material properties ................................................................................................ 20
A.3 Effect of NGR resistance variation ........................................................................ 20
A.4 Rate of variation ................................................................................................... 21
A.5 Consecutive faults ................................................................................................ 22
A.6 Protection coordination ......................................................................................... 22
A.7 System capacitive charging current ....................................................................... 22
A.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 22
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 23

Figure A.1 – Ground fault protection settings example .......................................................... 21

Table 1 – Rated insulation levels .......................................................................................... 10

Table 2 – Maximum temperature rises above ambient for resistive elements......................... 12
Table 3 – Tests classifications .............................................................................................. 14
Table A.1 – Resistance and current change with temperature rise ........................................ 21
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–4– IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

POWER TRANSFORMERS –

Part 25: Neutral grounding resistors

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

IEC 60076-25 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 14: Power transformers. It is an
International Standard.

The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:

Draft Report on voting

14/1097/FDIS 14/1101/RVD

Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.

The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
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IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023 –5–

A list of all parts in the IEC 60076 series, published under the general title Power transformers,
can be found on the IEC website.

The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be

• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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–6– IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

POWER TRANSFORMERS –

Part 25: Neutral grounding resistors

1 Scope

This part of IEC 60076 applies to dry type natural air-cooled resistors, for neutral grounding of
transformers and generators, in order to limit the earth fault current in power systems by means
of metallic resistive elements.

For the purposes of this document, the resistor can be:

• used alone or in combination with other electrotechnical products not covered by this
document, such as (but not limited to): a step-down single-phase transformer, an open
triangle or zig-zag transformer (where the neutral point is not available) and a Petersen coil
reactor (in order to increase active power contribution to the fault or reduce time constant
for proper protection operation or both);
• designed, manufactured and verified on a one-off basis or fully standardized and
manufactured in quantity.

Both terms "neutral grounding resistor" (NGR) and "neutral earthing resistor" (NER) can be
used. However, for the purposes of this document and in order to avoid any confusion with
"neutral earthing reactor" (NER), the term "neutral grounding resistor" (NGR) is used.

This document specifies:

• the characteristics of the NGR;

• the service conditions requirements for NGRs;
• the tests and test methods for confirming that these conditions have been met;
• the requirements relating to marking for NGRs.

Annex A provides guidance on how to consider the effect of resistance variation with
temperature.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.

IEC 60060-1:2010, High voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements

IEC 60071-2, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guidelines

IEC 60076-3:2013, Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external
clearances in air
IEC 60076-3:2013/AMD1:2018

IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

IEC 60529/AMD1:1999
IEC 60529/AMD2:2013
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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

IEC and ISO maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:

• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

3.1
NGR
neutral grounding resistor
neutral grounding device where the principal element is resistance

3.2
resistive element
unitary current carrying conductor, usually in the form of grids, plates, strips, ribbons or wires
and which can have intermediate tapings

3.3
resistive bank
sub-assembly consisting of one or multiple resistive elements supported by the same structure

Note 1 to entry: One or multiple resistive banks form a complete NGR.

3.4
IN terminal
higher voltage terminal of the NGR, connected to the grounded equipment's neutral terminal

3.5
OUT terminal
lower voltage terminal of the NGR, connected to earth

3.6
rated short time current
I str
value of the initial RMS current upon the application of the rated voltage

3.7
continuous current
Ir
steady state RMS value of current

3.8
extended time
period of time that is greater than the time required for the temperature rise to become constant
but limited to 90 days of operation per year

3.9
highest voltage for equipment
Um
highest RMS phase to neutral voltage for which the NGR is designed in respect of its insulation
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–8– IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

3.10
power frequency withstand voltage
Ud
RMS value of sinusoidal power frequency voltage that the insulation of the NGR can withstand
during tests made under specified conditions and for a specified duration

3.11
impulse withstand voltage
Up
highest peak value of impulse voltage of specified form and polarity which does not cause
breakdown of insulation under specified conditions

3.12
protective earthing terminal
terminal connecting the NGR's enclosure to earth for protective purposes

3.13
working voltage
Uw
highest RMS value of the AC or DC voltage across any particular insulation which can occur
when the equipment is supplied at rated voltage

3.14
temperature coefficient of resistance
parameter describing the change in resistance relative to a given change in temperature

Note 1 to entry: The temperature coefficient of resistance is expressed by:

R2 − R1
α= (1)
R1( θ2 − θ1 )

where
R 1 and R 2 are resistances, in Ω, at temperatures θ 1 and θ 2 , in °C, respectively, and

α is the temperature coefficient of resistance, expressed in K −1 , for the temperature variation between θ 2
and θ 1 .

3.15
uniform insulation
insulation of an NGR where all the active material have the same insulation level towards the
enclosure

3.16
non-uniform insulation
insulation level throughout the NGR construction that is graded based on the rated voltage at
each part of the construction i.e. connections, banks and elements and where the OUT terminal
is intended for direct connection to earth

3.17
duty cycle
specified sequence of ratings, each of them having a different combination of rated time and
rated current or voltage
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4 Service conditions

Unless otherwise specified, NGRs conforming to this document are intended for use under the
normal service conditions described in IEC 60076-1.

For installations at an altitude higher than 1 000 m, the required insulation level shall be
corrected using the correction factor provided in IEC 60071-2.

5 Ratings

5.1 Rated ambient temperature

Unless otherwise specified, the rated ambient temperature shall be 20 °C.

5.2 Rated resistance (R)

The rated resistance is the specified resistance between the IN terminal and OUT terminal at
the rated ambient temperature.

Unless otherwise stated, the tolerance of the rated resistance value is ±10 %.

5.3 Maximum resistance variation

The purchaser shall also specify the maximum allowable variation of resistance at the maximum
temperature rise in per cent of rated resistance.

NOTE Certain applications such as high impedance grounding or sensitive networks can require a maximum
variation as low as 10 % whereas others can accept a variation as high as 100 %. See Annex A for guidance.

5.4 Rated time

The rated time is the time the NGR shall withstand the rated voltage and the specified
combination of rated short time current and rated continuous current.

The rated time shall be specified by the purchaser.

Typical rated times are 3 s, 5 s,10 s, 30 s and 60 s, extended time or continuous.

If a duty cycle is to be considered it shall be detailed in the technical specification.

5.5 Rated voltage (U r )

When the NGR is connected directly between the neutral point and the earth the rated voltage
across the NGR is the phase to neutral voltage and is equal to the nominal system voltage for
which the equipment is designed, divided by the square root of three.

U
Ur = (2)
3

In some specific cases, the rated voltage can be different, for example, for resistors installed
on the low voltage side of a step-down transformer or for resistors installed in series or parallel
to a neutral earthing reactor.

In the case of combined equipment, for example neutral grounding resistors and zig zag
transformers, IEC 62271-1 applies.
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– 10 – IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

NOTE Standard values of system voltages (U) are given in IEC 60071-1 for system voltages above 1 000 V and in
IEC 60664-1 for system voltages below 1 000 V.

5.6 Rated insulation level

The rated voltage U r as defined in 5.5 shall be the basis to determine the rated insulation level
and clearance distances in air in Table 1 chosen as the next standard value of U m equal to or
higher than U r .

Table 1 – Rated insulation levels

Highest voltage for Rated short-duration Rated lightning impulse Minimum air clearance
equipment power-frequency withstand voltage
withstand voltage
Um Ud Up mm

kV (RMS value) kV (RMS value) kV (peak value) (IEC 60076-3:2013,

Table 4), except for
U m = 1kV

1,0 2,2 12 14
3,6 10 40 60
7,2 20 60 90
12 28 75 120
17,5 38 95 160
24 50 125 220
36 70 170 320
52 95 250 480
72,5 140 325 630
100 185 450 900
123 230 550 1 100
145 275 650 1 300
170 325 750 1 500
245 460 1 050 2 100

Other rated insulation levels according to national standards may be used if specified by the
purchaser.

5.7 Rated short time current

The rated short time current shall be specified by the purchaser.

5.8 Rated continuous current

The rated continuous current shall be specified by the purchaser.

NOTE The rated continuous current, usually due to imbalances, is an additional rating to a resistor that has a rated
time duty that is not continuous.

5.9 Rated frequency

The rated frequency shall be the system's frequency.

NOTE The standard values of the rated frequency are 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
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6 Rating plates (Nameplates)

6.1 General

The NGR shall be provided with a rating plate, fitted in a visible position. It shall be fabricated
with weatherproof materials and be able to withstand the NGR's enclosure temperature. The
entries on the plate shall be indelibly marked (for example by etching, engraving or stamping).

6.2 Minimum information to be provided

a) manufacturer's name;
b) manufacturing location;
c) year of manufacture;
d) type designation or identification number or any other means of identification, making it
possible to obtain relevant information from the manufacturer;
e) number of this standard;
f) rated resistance (R) at ambient temperature;
g) maximum temperature rise;
h) maximum change in resistance (%);
i) ambient temperature;
j) rated voltage (U r );
k) highest voltage for equipment (U m );
l) rated power frequency voltage (U d );
m) rated impulse withstand voltage (U p );
n) rated short time current (I str );
o) rated continuous current (I r );
p) rated frequency (f r );
q) rated time (T);
r) total mass;
s) degree of protection.

7 Design and construction

7.1 General

The design and construction of the NGR shall consider the dielectric, thermal and mechanical
effects of its operation and the environmental conditions.

7.2 Resistive elements

The design and materials of resistive elements shall withstand the NGR's operating temperature
range, successive heating-cooling cycles and environmental stresses. The maximum
temperature rises are given in Table 2.
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– 12 – IEC 60076-25:2023 © IEC 2023

Table 2 – Maximum temperature rises above ambient for resistive elements

Rated time Maximum temperature rise

K
Equal or less than 60 s 760
Extended time 610
and less than 10 min
Continuous 385

The temperature rise is the difference between the temperature of the resistive elements at the
end of the rated time and the ambient temperature.

NOTE The temperature rise limits given in Table 2 are absolute maximum values, the maximum applicable
temperature rise can be lower depending on the resistive element design.

7.3 Resistive banks

Resistive banks shall have a design capable of withstanding the mechanical and thermal
stresses likely to be encountered during operation.

Appropriate measures shall be taken as to preserve the electrical insulation between elements
and between live parts and support structures and enclosures.

Insulation coordination shall be maintained under the effect of thermal expansion.

7.4 Electrical connections

The connections between resistive elements within the resistive banks shall be appropriate to
ensure adequate current carrying capacity at all operating temperatures.

The connections between resistive elements of different banks and between elements and the
IN and OUT terminals shall have designs capable of withstanding the thermal and mechanical
stresses likely to be encountered within the enclosure.

7.5 IN and OUT terminals

7.5.1 General

The IN and OUT terminals shall be clearly marked and identified.

Insulation materials of wall bushings shall withstand the mechanical and thermal stresses likely
to be encountered during operation.

7.5.2 IN terminal

The IN terminal shall be rated to the NGR's rated insulation level.

7.5.3 OUT terminal

The OUT terminal shall be insulated from the enclosure and from protective earthing terminal.

Unless otherwise specified the NGR shall have an OUT terminal insulated from the enclosure
by a minimum U m rating of 1 kV (according to Table 1).
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7.6 Insulators

7.6.1 General

Insulators shall be able to withstand the mechanical and thermal stresses likely to be
encountered during operation.

7.6.2 Insulators between resistive elements

Insulators between adjacent resistive elements and between resistive elements and any other
part that are in direct contact with the element's surface shall be fabricated with materials
capable of withstanding the NGR's operating temperature range and successive heating-cooling
cycles.

7.6.3 Insulators between resistor banks and enclosure

Insulators between resistor banks and enclosure shall be coordinated with the NGR's rated
insulation level.

7.6.4 Creepage distance

If a specific creepage distance is specified, the creepage distance calculation shall be based
on the working voltage U w .

NOTE 1 It is common practice to consider the internal insulation of an NGR whose enclosure has a degree of
protection of IP23 or higher as indoor insulation.

NOTE 2 Considering that the insulators are not subject to the same environment load as the outdoor ones, it is
common practice to have a lower creepage distance in indoor insulation.

7.7 Enclosure

7.7.1 Protection against contact with live parts, ingress of solid foreign bodies and
water

The degree of protection provided by the NGR's enclosure against contact with live parts,
ingress of solid foreign bodies and water is indicated by the IP code according to IEC 60529
and verified according to 8.6.4.

The NGR's enclosure shall be suitably ventilated to dissipate the heat generated during
operation.

NOTE The degree of protection IP 23 is considered as an optimum compromise between protection and ventilation
for outdoor installation for most environments.

7.7.2 Design

7.7.2.1 Warning labels

Appropriate warning labels shall be installed, for example "HOT SURFACE" and "HIGH
VOLTAGE" where they are visible and legible when the NGR is installed and operating. They
shall be fabricated with weatherproof materials and be able to withstand the NGR's enclosure
temperature.

7.7.2.2 Handling and lifting

The NGR's enclosure shall be provided with means to facilitate handling and lifting without
compromising its designed voltage withstand capabilities or its degree of protection.

If the NGR's mass is above 25 kg, provision shall be made for mechanical lifting.
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7.7.2.3 Protective earthing terminal

An NGR with an earthed metallic enclosure shall have at least one protective earthing terminal,
with all non-current-carrying parts that are intended to operate at earth potential bonded to the
earthing terminal and shall be clearly marked by the means of a protective earthing sign.

7.7.3 Protection against corrosion

Suitable protection measures against corrosion shall be used considering the high temperature
likely to be encountered during an earth fault event.

If the customer has specific requirements for corrosion protection, they shall be added in the
technical specification.

NOTE Typical corrosion protection measures for the enclosure are galvanization or the use of naturally corrosion
resistant materials, such as stainless steel or aluminium for their good thermal withstand.

8 Tests

8.1 General

The tests listed in Table 3 are applicable to NGRs.

Table 3 – Tests classifications

Test Routine Type Special

Visual inspection and dimensional verification X
Rated resistance measurement X
Power frequency withstand voltage test X
Insulation resistance measurement X
Temperature rise test X
Inductance measurement X
Lightning impulse test X
Mechanical design verification X
Degrees of protection test X

If accepted by the purchaser, the manufacturer can provide the result of the type or special test
of a similar unit or both, together with a declaration stating the similarity between units and the
justification of the applicability.

8.2 Test classifications

8.2.1 Routine tests

Routine verification is intended to detect faults in materials and workmanship and to ascertain
the proper function of the manufactured NGR. The routine test shall be performed on every
NGR. When required and with agreement of the purchaser some routine tests may be performed
at different stages of assembly. The manufacturer shall provide test evidence for all stages.

8.2.2 Type tests

Type testing is intended to verify that the design of the resistor complies with the requirements
of the purchaser and this document. It is carried out on a single unit of a specific rating and
design.
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8.2.3 Special tests

Special tests are performed only when explicitly requested by the purchaser. They are carried
out on a single unit, usually the same on which the type tests are carried out, except if otherwise
agreed with the manufacturer.

8.3 Test documentation

All test reports shall contain at a minimum the following information:

• manufacturer;
• unique identification (i.e. serial number);
• general arrangement drawing number reference and revision on date of tests;
• date of tests;
• rated parameters to be tested (i.e. resistance, power frequency voltage, etc.);
• applicable IEC test standard and related test parameters;
• acceptance criteria;
• measured value;
• ambient conditions;
• list of measurement instruments used with manufacturer name, type and serial number;
• temperature coefficient of resistance used for resistance measurement correction.

8.4 Routine tests

8.4.1 Visual inspection and dimensional verification

The construction of the resistor shall be inspected such that it complies with the approved
technical documentation and the relevant points in this document. The following should be
checked at a minimum:

• appropriate air gap clearances;

• labels, terminal markings and rating plates;
• the dimensions of enclosure and interface points match general arrangement drawing.

8.4.2 Rated resistance measurement

The overall resistance shall be measured to verify if it complies with the rated resistance (R)
design value within its tolerance. The resistance shall be measured with direct current.

The measured value shall be corrected to the ambient temperature using the resistive element's
temperature coefficient of resistance.

8.4.3 Power frequency withstand voltage test

8.4.3.1 General

A power frequency withstand voltage test shall be performed across each of the insulation
layers mentioned in 8.4.3.2, 8.4.3.3 and 8.4.3.4.

The power frequency withstand voltage test shall be performed as described in

IEC 60060-1:2010, 6.3.1.

8.4.3.2 Power frequency withstand voltage test within internal assembly

The test shall be performed between each live part of the bank and the bank supporting metallic
structure.
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The test voltage will be determined by the following relation:

Power frequency test voltage U d

U d = 2, 25 × U w + 2kV (3)

where
U w is the working voltage across the insulation layer.

In case a functional insulation stage is short-circuited by equipotential bonding connections (in

order to optimize electric potential differences), these connections shall be removed when
testing that particular insulation stage.

8.4.3.3 Power frequency withstand voltage test between resistor banks

With the resistor banks disconnected from each other, the test shall be performed between
support frames of two adjacent banks.

The test voltage shall be determined using Formula (3).

The procedure shall be repeated until all adjacent banks are tested.

8.4.3.4 Power frequency withstand voltage test on complete assembly

8.4.3.4.1 General

Depending on the insulation design across the resistor this test can be carried out in the most
appropriate method of the following ones.

8.4.3.4.2 Uniform insulation

The test shall be performed between the active elements and the enclosure.

The test voltage shall be U d .

Potential bonding links between the active elements and the enclosure shall be removed for the
duration of these tests.

8.4.3.4.3 Non-uniform insulation

Links between resistor banks connected in series may be removed for the duration of these
tests. The OUT terminal shall be disconnected.

The tests shall be performed between active elements of each bank and the enclosure.

The test voltage U d shall be calculated according to Formula (3).

8.4.4 Insulation resistance

Insulation resistance shall be measured between the active part and the enclosure at a minimum
of 1 000 V DC. This shall be done after the power frequency withstand voltage test described
in 8.4.3.
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The minimum acceptable value in factory conditions is 100 MΩ for resistors with U m above
1 000 V and 10 MΩ for resistors with U m up to 1 000 V.

Potential bonding links between the active elements and the enclosure, if any, shall be removed
for the duration of these tests.

NOTE Insulation resistance measurement performed on site can vary due to environmental conditions.

8.5 Temperature rise tests

8.5.1 General

The temperature rise test (or heat run test) shall be performed in order to verify that the resistor
elements temperature does not exceed the acceptable temperature in any point.

If the resistor is made of several identical units, each one in a separate enclosure with no
thermal interferences among each other, it is permitted to perform the test on one unit only.

The temperature shall be measured using the direct measurement method of resistive elements,
i.e., temperature sensors applied directly to the resistive elements.

It is acceptable to create holes in the enclosure in order to extract the thermocouples, provided
that the installation of the temperature sensors does not affect the ventilation of the NGR.

Measurement point(s) shall be agreed between purchaser and manufacturer with the aim to
include the closest point to the hot spot.

At least two measurement points shall be provided, one being placed at the top bank close to
the centre.

NOTE 1 Thermocouples welded directly on the active element without additional mass is considered an appropriate
measurement method.

NOTE 2 The certification body or test laboratory can give its advice on the position of the sensors.

8.5.2 Continuous current duty

Where applicable, the rated continuous current shall circulate in the resistor until the resistor
elements temperature stabilizes. It is considered to have stabilized when three consecutive
temperature readings at 10 min intervals do not vary by more than 3 K.

8.5.3 Rated time duty

The rated voltage shall be applied over the rated time.

If the rated time is specified as continuous, the voltage shall be applied until the resistive
element's temperature stabilizes. It is considered to have stabilized when three consecutive
temperature readings at 10 min intervals do not vary by more than 1 %.

If the test is performed on one enclosure out of multiple ones, the voltage to be applied during
the test shall be the rated voltage divided by the number of enclosures connected in series.

If the rated voltage exceeds the laboratory limitations, the resistor connections can be arranged
in order to have the pro rata of the rated voltage applied on each bank provided that the energy
injected in the resistor is the same.
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For non-continuous rated time, if the initial power to be supplied to the resistor exceeds 50 MW,
it is permitted to perform the test on a scaled down prototype having the following aspects
identical to the original resistor: resistive banks, enclosure volume to resistive banks number
ratio, protection degree and ventilation openings cross-section to resistive banks number ratio.
The prototype shall be agreed between the purchaser and manufacturer.

The temperature shall be monitored even after the removal of the applied voltage, until it starts
decreasing. This is to ensure that the maximum temperature is recorded.

8.5.4 Tolerances

The tolerance on the voltage is ±5 %. The tolerance is not applicable to the switching time that
has a duration of a few milliseconds.

The tolerance on the current is ±5 %.

The tolerance shall be applied to the quantity kept at a constant value; the other quantity being
determined by Ohm's law.

The tolerance on the testing time is −0 %, +5 %.

8.5.5 Acceptance criteria

The temperature rise test is considered successful if:

• the maximum temperature measured of the elements did not exceed the sum of the ambient
temperature during the test and the maximum temperature rise defined in Table 2,
• the resistor passes the routine testing procedures in 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3.2, 8.4.3.4, 8.4.4 and,
• the resistance variation does not exceed the maximum acceptable value according to 5.2,
and
• there is no visual breakage or deterioration.

If a rated continuous current and a limited rated time (e.g. 10 s) are specified together, the
temperature rise of the two loads shall be considered and the sum of the temperature rise of
both loads taken separately shall not exceed the limited rated time duty maximum temperature
rise as defined in Table 2. It is also allowed to preheat the resistor to the temperature recorded
after the continuous current duty and then perform the limited rated time test.

If more complex duty cycles are specified, the purchaser and manufacturer shall agree on the
test sequence and acceptance criteria.

8.6 Special tests

8.6.1 Inductance measurement

If required by the purchaser, the inductance shall be measured at 1 kHz.

8.6.2 Lightning impulse test

The test is applicable only to NGRs having a uniform insulation. The test shall be performed
between the IN terminal and enclosure following IEC 60060-1.

8.6.3 Mechanical design verification

If required by the purchaser, the mechanical withstand of the NGR to environmental conditions
may be verified. The verification method shall be agreed between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
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8.6.4 Protection degree of enclosure

If required by the purchaser, the complete, or partial, protection degree test may be performed
following IEC 60529.

With reference to IEC 60529:1989, 13.4 and IEC 60529:1989/AMD1:1999, 13.4, the enclosure
shall be considered as category 2 if ventilation openings are present.

With regards to IEC 60529:1989, 13.5.2, the acceptance condition shall be agreed in advance
between the manufacturer and the purchaser considering the pollution environment to which
the NGR will be subjected.
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Annex A
(informative)

Resistance variation

A.1 General

This Annex A provides guidance on factors that can impact the variation of the resistance of an
NGR during an earth fault. It also provides advice on how to accommodate the variation of
resistance in the system protection scheme.

A.2 Material properties

A wide range of materials can be used in the manufacture of NGR elements. The majority of
materials used are metallic and have a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity. The
temperature coefficient of resistivity is the property that causes the resistance to increase with
temperature.

The temperature coefficient of resistivity is not the only material property that can require to be
considered when designing a resistor. Depending on the location of the NGR it can be
necessary to also consider the corrosion resistance of the material. Examples of environments
that can require additional corrosion protection measures to be taken include coastal areas
impacted by windblown salt sea spray, offshore facilities, and areas exposed to high
concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ).

A.3 Effect of NGR resistance variation

The NGR resistance changes to some extent with temperature. The change may be calculated
from the average temperature coefficient of resistivity of the alloy used.

From the temperature coefficient of resistance defined in 3.14:

R2 − R1
α=
R1 ( θ2 − θ1 )

then the final resistance value can be calculated as:

R2 =R1 1+ α ( θ2 − θ1 ) 

The temperature coefficient of resistance is a property of the alloy used to manufacture the
resistor elements. This data is readily available from steel mills or manufacturers. Some typical
alloys that can be used in neutral grounding resistors and their corresponding temperature
coefficient of resistivity is shown in Table A.1.

For a temperature rise of 760 K and 400 K the final resistance values and their corresponding
currents can be calculated as reported in Table A.1 for an NGR rated U r = 8 000 V, R 1 = 20 Ω
and t = 10 s.
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Table A.1 – Resistance and current change with temperature rise

Temperature rise 760 K Temperature rise 400 K

Initial fault
Alloy current, I 0 and α with 760 K rise α with 400 K rise
final fault current final fault current
R 1 at t = 0 s from 20 °C and R 2 at t = 10 s from 20 °C and R 2 at t = 10 s
ambient ambient
Alloy 1 400 A; 20 Ω 0,001 4 194 A; 41,3 Ω 0,001 5 250 A; 32 Ω
Alloy 2 400 A; 20 Ω 0,000 9 238 A; 33,7 Ω 0,001 0 286 A; 28 Ω
Alloy 3 400 A; 20 Ω 0,000 3 326 A; 24,6 Ω 0,000 4 345 A; 23,2 Ω

Alloys 1, 2, 3 and their associated α values are selected arbitrarily as examples to demonstrate
the effect of temperature and resistance rise only.

Ground fault clearance requires that the ground-fault current is large enough to positively
actuate the applied ground-fault relay. One method of detecting the presence of a ground fault
uses an overcurrent relay. This method is presented in Figure A.1, when a ground fault occurs,
the neutral potential is raised to approximately line-to-neutral voltage, resulting in current flow
through the resistor. A typical turns ratio for the current transformer is indicated. Upon indication
that a ground fault has occurred, action would be initiated to disconnect the transformer from
the secondary circuit.

Figure A.1 – Ground fault protection settings example

As shown in Figure A.1, the CT ratio is generally selected to be one half the short time current
rating of the resistor.

For protection through an NGR, the user shall observe:

• CT rating and location;

• resistor alloy material and design details such as maximum temperature rise and associated
maximum resistance rise;
• relay settings.

A.4 Rate of variation

Although the variation in resistance of a short time rated NGR (e.g. 10 s rated) is not linear over
the rated time, for the purpose of relay coordination it can be approximated as linear.
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The rate of increase in temperature of a continuous rated time NGR can vary depending on
several factors, particularly the amount of ventilation and the resistive element technology of
the selected design. It is the combination of the rate of increase in temperature and the
temperature coefficient of resistivity that dictates the overall variation in resistance. If the rate
of increase of resistance of an NGR is required as part of the system protection scheme design,
it is recommended to request this information from the manufacturer.

A.5 Consecutive faults

Modern electrical protection is generally capable of detecting an earth fault and isolating the
supply within a time period much less than the time rating of an NGR. Despite this, it can be
necessary to consider the impact that consecutive earth faults can have on the temperature
rise of the NGR and therefore the increase in resistance.

The rate of cooling during short time periods between faults will vary depending on the thermal
time constant of the selected design. In these situations, the total temperature rise can be
estimated based on the total earth fault time period whether it is due to a single earth fault, or
several separate faults over a short space of time. This can require to be considered when
assessing the increase in resistance of a short time rated NGR. The impact on NGRs whose
rated time is 30 s or higher is likely to be less significant because their increase in temperature,
and therefore resistance is slower.

NOTE For example, a 10 s rated NGR typically allows for consecutive earth faults of smaller duration.

A.6 Protection coordination

The design of the earth fault protection system should consider the expected increase in
resistance of the NGR during an earth fault. The protection system should reliably detect an
earth fault when the NGR resistance is at the maximum expected level.

A.7 System capacitive charging current

For high impedance earthing, the zero-sequence earth fault current should not be less than the
system capacitive charging current in order to maintain appropriate insulation coordination and
limit transient over voltages. The impact of any increase in resistance of the NGR on the earth
fault current should be considered.

A.8 Conclusion

It is the purchaser's responsibility to decide if and which limit of variation shall be specified,
taking into consideration their individual network requirements and all of the technical
requirements detailed in this document. The examples below provide some guidance, however
are not intended to cover all scenarios. The purchaser may also specify a maximum resistance
variation outside the suggested ranges if it is considered appropriate to do so.

• Networks where the fault current is limited within a range of 5 A to 20 A for personnel
protection purposes. In this example the purchaser may elect to specify a maximum variation
in the range of 10 % to 20 %.
• Networks subject to numerous consecutive faults where sensitivity, stability and reliability
of the protection coordination is of significant importance. In this example the purchaser
may elect to specify a maximum variation of 50 %.
• Networks that are not impacted by numerous consecutive faults, where the stability and
reliability are dealt with in another manner. In this example the purchaser may elect to state
that there is no specific requirement regarding the variation of resistance and that a
maximum variation of up to 100 % is acceptable.
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Bibliography

IEC 60068-3-3, Environmental testing – Part 3-3: Supporting documentation and guidance –
Seismic test methods for equipment

IEC 60071-1, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules

IEC 60076-1, Power transformers – Part 1: General

IEC 60664-1, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage supply systems – Part 1:
Principles, requirements and tests

IEC 62271-1, High voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: Common specifications for
alternating current switchgear and controlgear

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