PHYSICS

FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E

Chapter 22 Lecture

RANDALL D. KNIGHT
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 22 Electric Charges and Forces

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn that electric phenomena are based
on charges, forces, and fields.
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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Preview

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 Chapter 22 Content, Examples, and
QuickCheck Questions

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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 1

 Take a plastic rod that

has been undisturbed
for a long period of time
and hang it by a thread.
 Pick up another
undisturbed plastic rod
and bring it close to the
hanging rod.
 Nothing happens to
either rod.
 No forces are observed.
 We will say that the original objects are neutral.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 2

 Rub both plastic rods

with wool.
 Now the hanging rod tries
to move away from the
handheld rod when you
bring the two close
together.
 Two glass rods rubbed with
silk also repel each other.
 There is a long-range repulsive force, requiring no
contact, between two identical objects that have been
charged in the same way.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 3

 Bring a glass rod that

has been rubbed with
silk close to a hanging
plastic rod that has been
rubbed with wool.
 These two rods attract
each other.

 These particular two types of rods are different materials,

charged in a somewhat different way, and they attract
each other rather than repel.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 4

 Rub rods with wool or

silk and observe the
forces between them.
 These forces are greater
for rods that have been
rubbed more vigorously.
 The strength of the
forces decreases as the
separation between the
rods increases.
 The force between two charged objects depends on
the distance between them.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 5

 Hold a charged (i.e., rubbed)

plastic rod over small pieces
of paper on the table.
 The pieces of paper leap up
and stick to the rod.
 A charged glass rod does the same.
 However, a neutral rod has no effect on the pieces
of paper.

 There is an attractive force

between a charged object and a
neutral (uncharged) object.

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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 6

 Rub a plastic rod with

wool and a glass rod
with silk.
 Hang both by threads,
some distance apart.
 Both rods are attracted
to a neutral object that
is held close.

 There is an attractive force between a charged object

and a neutral (uncharged) object.

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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 7

 Rub a hanging plastic rod

with wool and then hold
the wool close to the rod.
 The rod is weakly
attracted to the wool.
 The plastic rod is repelled
by a piece of silk that has
been used to rub glass.

 The silk starts out with equal amounts of “glass charge”

and “plastic charge” and the rubbing somehow
transfers “glass charge” from the silk to the rod.

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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 8

 Other objects, after being

rubbed, attract one of the
hanging charged rods (plastic
or glass) and repel the other.
 These objects always pick up
small pieces of paper.
 There appear to be no objects
that, after being rubbed, pick
up pieces of paper and attract
both the charged plastic and
glass rods.
 There are only two types of charge: “like plastic” and “like
glass”; there is no third kind of charge.
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 Charge Model, Part I

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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 9

 Charge a plastic rod by

rubbing it with wool.
 Touch a neutral metal
sphere with the rubbed
area of the rod.

 The metal sphere then picks up small pieces of paper

and repels a charged, hanging plastic rod.
 The metal sphere appears to have acquired “plastic
charge”.
 Charge can be transferred from one object to
another, but only when the objects touch.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 10

 Charge a plastic rod, then

run your finger along it.
 After you’ve done so, the
rod no longer picks up
small pieces of paper or
repels a charged, hanging
plastic rod.

 Similarly, the metal sphere of Experiment 9 no longer

repels the plastic rod after you touch it with your finger.

 Removing charge from an object, which you can do

by touching it, is called discharging.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 11

 Place two metal

spheres close
together with a
plastic rod
connecting them.

 Charge a second plastic rod, by rubbing, and touch it to

one of the metal spheres.
 Afterward, the metal sphere that was touched picks up
small pieces of paper and repels a charged, hanging
plastic rod.
 The other metal sphere does neither.
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 Discovering Electricity: Experiment 12

 Repeat Experiment
11 with a metal rod
connecting the two
metal spheres.

 Touch one metal sphere with a charged plastic rod.

 Afterward, both metal spheres pick up small pieces
of paper and repel a charged, hanging plastic rod.
 Metal is a conductor: Charge moves easily through it.
 Glass and plastic are insulators: Charges remain
immobile.

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 Charge Model, Part II

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 Example 22.1 Transferring Charge

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 Example 22.1 Transferring Charge

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 Charge

 The modern names for the two types of charge, coined

by Benjamin Franklin, are positive charge and negative
charge.
 Franklin established the convention that a glass rod
that has been rubbed with silk is positively charged.
 Any other object that repels a charged glass rod is also
positively charged, and any charged object that attracts
a charged glass rod is negatively charged.
 Thus a plastic rod rubbed with wool is negative.
 This convention was established long before the
discovery of electrons and protons.

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 Atoms and Electricity

 An atom consists
of a very small and
dense nucleus,
surrounded by
much less massive
orbiting electrons.
 The nucleus contains
both protons and
neutrons.

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 Atoms and Electricity

 The atom is held together by the attractive electric force

between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons.
 Electrons and protons have charges of opposite sign but
exactly equal magnitude.
 This atomic-level unit of charge, called the fundamental
unit of charge, is represented by the symbol e.

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 Charge Quantization

 A macroscopic object has net charge:

where Np and Ne are the number of protons and electrons

contained in the object.
 Most macroscopic objects have an equal number of
protons and electrons and therefore have q = 0.
 A charged object has an unequal number of protons and
electrons.
 Notice that an object’s charge is always an integer
multiple of e.
 This is called charge quantization.
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 Atoms and Electricity

 The process of removing an electron from the electron

cloud of an atom, or adding an electron to it, is called
ionization.

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 Atoms and Electricity

 Molecular ions can be

created when one of the
bonds in a large molecule
is broken.
 This is the way in which
a plastic rod is charged
by rubbing with wool or
a comb is charged by
passing through your hair.

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 Insulators

 The electrons in an
insulator are all tightly
bound to the positive
nuclei and not free to
move around.
 Charging an insulator by
friction leaves patches of
molecular ions on the
surface, but these
patches are immobile.

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 Conductors

 In metals, the outer atomic

electrons are only weakly
bound to the nuclei.
 These outer electrons
become detached from
their parent nuclei and
are free to wander about
through the entire solid.
 The solid as a whole remains
electrically neutral, but the electrons are now
like a negatively charged liquid permeating an
array of positively charged ion cores.
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 Charging

 The figure shows how a

conductor is charged by
contact with a charged
plastic rod.
 Electrons in a conductor
are free to move.
 Once charge is transferred
to the metal, repulsive forces
between the electrons cause
them to move apart from
each other.

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 Discharging

 The figure shows how

touching a charged
metal discharges it.
 Any excess charge
that was initially
confined to the metal
can now spread over
the larger metal +
human conductor.

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 Charge Polarization

 The figure shows how a

charged rod held close
to an electroscope
causes the leaves to
repel each other.
 How do charged
objects of either sign
exert an attractive force
on a neutral object?

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 Charge Polarization

 Although the metal

as a whole is still
electrically neutral,
we say that the object
has been polarized.
 Charge polarization
is a slight separation
of the positive and
negative charges in
a neutral object.

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 Charge Polarization

 Charge polarization
produces an excess
positive charge on the
leaves of the
electroscope, so they
repel each other.
 Because the electroscope
has no net charge, the
electron sea quickly
readjusts once the rod
is removed.

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 Polarization Force
 The figure shows a
positively charged rod
near a neutral piece of
metal.
 Because the electric force
decreases with distance,
the attractive force on the
electrons at the top
surface is slightly greater
than the repulsive force on
the ions at the bottom.
 The net force toward the
charged rod is called a
polarization force.
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 The Electric Dipole

 The figure below shows how a neutral atom is

polarized by an external charge, forming an electric
dipole.

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 The Electric Dipole

 When an insulator is
brought near an external
charge, all the individual
atoms inside the insulator
become polarized.
 The polarization force
acting on each atom
produces a net
polarization force toward
the external charge.

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 Charging by Induction: Step 1

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 Charging by Induction: Step 2

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 Charging by Induction: Step 3

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 Coulomb’s Law

 When two positively

charged particles
are a distance, r, apart,
they each experience a
repulsive force.

 In SI units K = 8.99×109 N m2/C2

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 Coulomb’s Law

 When two negatively

charged particles
are a distance, r, apart,
they each experience a
repulsive force.

 In SI units K = 8.99×109 N m2/C2

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 Coulomb’s Law

 When two oppositely

charged particles are
a distance, r, apart,
they each experience
an attractive force.

 In SI units K = 8.99 × 109 N m2/C2

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Coulomb’s Law

 In SI units K = 8.99 × 109 N m2/C2

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 The Permittivity Constant

 We can make many future equations easier to use if

we rewrite Coulomb’s law in a somewhat more
complicated way.
 Let’s define a new constant, called the permittivity
constant ϵ0:

 Rewriting Coulomb’s law in terms of ϵ0 gives us

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 Problem-Solving Strategy: Electrostatic Forces
and Coulomb’s Law

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 Problem-Solving Strategy: Electrostatic Forces
and Coulomb’s Law

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 Example 22.3 Lifting a Glass Bead

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 Example 22.3 Lifting a Glass Bead

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 Example 22.3 Lifting a Glass Bead

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 Example 22.3 Lifting a Glass Bead

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 The Field Model

 The photos show the

patterns that iron filings
make when sprinkled
around a magnet.
 These patterns suggest
that space itself around
the magnet is filled with
magnetic influence.
 This is called the magnetic field.
 The concept of such a “field” was first
introduced by Michael Faraday in 1821.

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 The Field Model

 A field is a function that

assigns a vector to
every point in space.
 The alteration of space
around a mass is called
the gravitational field.
 Similarly, the space
around a charge is
altered to create the
electric field.

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 The Electric Field

 If a probe charge q
experiences an electric
force at a point in
space, we say that there
is an electric field at
that point causing the
force.

 The units of the electric field are N/C. The magnitude E

of the electric field is called the electric field strength.

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 Electric Field

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 Example 22.6 Electric Forces in a Cell

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 Example 22.6 Electric Forces in a Cell

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 The Electric Field of a Point Charge

 Figure (a) shows charge q,

and a point in space where
we would like to know the
electric field.
 We need a second charge,
q', to serve as a probe for
the electric field.
 The electric field, shown in
figure (b), is given by

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 The Electric Field of a Point Charge

 If we calculate the field

at a sufficient number of
points in space, we can
draw a field diagram.
 Notice that the field
vectors all point straight
away from charge q.
 Also notice how quickly
the arrows decrease in
length due to the
inverse-square
dependence on r.
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 Unit Vector Notation
 The figure shows unit
vectors pointing toward
points 1, 2, and 3.
 Unit vector specifies
the direction “straight
outward from this point.”
 That’s what we need to
describe the electric field
vector at points 1, 2 and 3
due to a positive charge at
the origin.
 The electric field points
in the direction of the unit
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vector .
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 The Electric Field of a Point Charge

 Using unit vector

notation, the electric field
at a distance r from a
point charge q is

 A negative sign in front of

a vector simply reverses
its direction.
 The figure shows the electric
field of a negative point charge.

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 Example 22.8 The Electric Field of a Proton

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 Example 22.8 The Electric Field of a Proton

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 Example 22.8 The Electric Field of a Proton

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 Chapter 22 Summary Slides

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 General Principles

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 Important Concepts

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 Important Concepts

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 Important Concepts

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 Important Concepts

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