9.1.

3 Packet Tracer - Identify MAC and IP Addresses

Part 1: Gather PDU Information for Local Network Communication
At Device Dest. MAC Src MAC Src IPv4 Dest IPv4
172.16.31.5 00D0:BA8E:741A 00D0:D311:C788 172.16.31.5 10.10.10.2
Switch1 000C.85CC.1DA7 00D0.D311.C788 N/A N/A
Hub N/A N/A N/A N/A
172.16.31.2 00D0.D311.C788 000C:85CC:1DA7 172.16.31.2 172.16.31.5

Ping 172.16.31.2 from 172.16.31.3.

At Device Dest. MAC Src MAC Src IPv4 Dest IPv4
172.16.31.3 000C.85CC.1DA7 0060.7036.2849 172.16.31.3 172.16.31.2
Hub N/A N/A N/A N/A
172.16.31.2 0060.7038.2849 000C.85CC.1DA7 172.16.31.2 172.16.31.3

Ping 172.16.31.4 from 172.16.31.5.

At Device Dest. MAC Src MAC Src IPv4 Dest IPv4
172.16.31.5 000C.CF0B.BC80 00D0.D311.C788 172.16.31.5 172.16.31.4
Switch1 000C.CF0B.BC80 00D0.D311.C788 N//A N/A
172.16.31.4 00D0.D311.C788 000C.CF0B.BC80 172.16.31.4 172.16.31.5

Part 2: Gather PDU Information for Remote Network Communication

What device has the destination MAC that is shown?
-The router.

At Device Dest. MAC Src MAC Src IPv4 Dest IPv4

172.16.31.5 00D0:BA8E:741A 00D0:D311:C788 172.16.31.5 10.10.10.2

Switch1 00D0:BA8E:741A 00D0:D311:C788 N/A N/A
Router 0060:2F84:4AB6 00D0:588C:2401 172.16.31.5 10.10.10.2
Switch0 0060:2F84:4AB6 00D0:588C:2401 N/A N/A
Access Point N/A N/A N/A N/A
10.10.10.2 00D0:588C:2401 0060:2F84:4AB6 10.10.10.2 172.16.31.5
Reflection Questions
Answer the following questions regarding the captured data:
1. Were there different types of wires used to connect devices?
-Yes, copper and fiber
2. Did the wires change the handling of the PDU in any way?
-No
3. Did the Hub lose any of the information given to it?
-No
4. What does the Hub do with MAC addresses and IP addresses?
-Nothing
5. Did the wireless Access Point do anything with the information given to it?
- Yes. It repackaged it as wireless 802.11
6. Was any MAC or IP address lost during the wireless transfer?
-No
7. What was the highest OSI layer that the Hub and Access Point used?
-Layer 1
8. Did the Hub or Access Point ever replicate a PDU that was rejected with a red “X”?
-Yes
9. When examining the PDU Details tab, which MAC address appeared first, the source
or the destination?
-Destination
10. Why would the MAC addresses appear in this order?
-A switch can begin forwarding a frame to a known MAC address more quickly if
the destination is listed first
11. Was there a pattern to the MAC addressing in the simulation?
-No
12. Did the switches ever replicate a PDU that was rejected with a red “X”?
-No
13. Every time that the PDU was sent between the 10 network and the 172 network,
there was a point where the MAC addresses suddenly changed. Where did that occur?
- It occurred at the Router
14. Which device uses MAC addresses starting with 00D0?
-The Router
15. To what devices did the other MAC addresses belong?
-To the sender and receiver
16. Did the sending and receiving IPv4 addresses switch in any of the PDUs?
-No
17. If you follow the reply to a ping, sometimes called a pong, do the sending and
receiving IPv4 addresses switch?
-Yes
18. What is the pattern to the IPv4 addressing in this simulation?
- Each port of a router requires a set of non-overlapping addresses
19. Why do different IP networks need to be assigned to different ports of a router?
 -The function of a router is to inter-connect different IP networks.
20. If this simulation was configured with IPv6 instead of IPv4, what would be different?
-The IPv4 addresses would be replaced with IPv6 addresses, but everything else
would be the same.

9.2.9 Packet Tracer - Examine the ARP Table

Part 1: Examine an ARP Request
Is this address listed in the table above?
- No
How many copies of the PDU did Switch1 make?
- 3
What is the IP address of the device that accepted the PDU?
- 172.16.31.3
What happened to the source and destination MAC addresses?
- Source became destination, FFFF.FFFF.FFFF turned into MAC address of
172.16.31.3
How many copies of the PDU did the switch make during the ARP reply?
- 1
Do the MAC addresses of the source and destination align with their IP addresses?
- Yes
To what IP address does the MAC address entry correspond?
- 172.16.31.3
In general, when does an end device issue an ARP request?
- When it does not know the receiver’s MAC address.

Part 2: Examine a Switch MAC Address Table

How many replies were sent and received?
- 4 sent, 4 received.
Do the entries correspond to those in the table above?
- Yes
Why are two MAC addresses associated with one port?
- Because both devices connect to one port through the Access Point.

Part 3: Examine the ARP Process in Remote Communications

What is the IP address of the new ARP table entry?
- 172.16.31.1
How many PDUs appear?
- 2
What is the target destination IP destination address of the ARP request?
 - 172.16.31.1
The destination IP address is not 10.10.10.1. Why?
- The gateway address of the router interface is stored in the IPv4 configuration
of the hosts. If the receiving host is not on the same network, the source uses
the ARP process to determine a MAC address for the router interface serving
as the gateway.
How many MAC addresses are in the table? Why?
- Zero, This command means something completely different than the switch
command show mac address-table.
Is there an entry for 172.16.31.2?
- Yes
What happens to the first ping in a situation where the router responds to the ARP
request?
- It times out.

9.3.4 Packet Tracer – IPv6 Neighbor Discovery

Part 1: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Local Network

Why are ND PDUs present?

- In order to send ICMPv6 ping packets to PCA2, PCA1 needs to know the
MAC address of the destination. IPv6 ND requests this information on the
network.
Because the message starts with this event there is only an Outbound PDU. Under the
OSI Model tab, what is the Message Type listed for ICMPv6?
- ICMPv6 Echo Message Type: 128
What changed in the Layer 3 addressing?
- The destination address is now an IPv6 multicast address of FF02::1:FF00:B
What Layer 2 addresses are shown?
- The source address is PCA1 MAC – 0001.427E.E8ED and the destination
MAC address is 3333.FF00.000B
Is there any difference between the In Layers and Out Layers for Layer 2?
- No. The switch does not alter Layer 2 information, it only forwards the frame.
What addresses are displayed for the following?
Ethernet II DEST ADDR:
0001.427E.E8ED

Ethernet II SRC ADDR:

0040.0B02:.243E

IPv6 SRC IP:

2001:db8:acad:1::b
 IPv6 DST IP:
2001:db8:acad:1::a

Select the first NDP event at RTA. Why are there no Out Layers?
- The IPv6 address does not match the router’s address so it drops the packet.
Does PCA1 now have all of the necessary information to communicate with PCA2?
- Yes, it now knows both the destination IPv6 address as well as the
destination MAC address of PCA2.
What is the ICMPv6 Echo Message Type?
- The ICMPv6 Echo Message Type is 129, an echo reply.
Why weren’t there any NDP events?
- PCA1 already knows the MAC address of PCA2 so it doesn’t need to use
Neighbor Discovery.

Part 2: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Remote Network

What address is being used for the Src IP in the inbound PDU?
- The Link Local address for PCA1 – fe80::201:42ff:fe7e:e8ed
What MAC address is being used for the destination MAC?
- 0001.961d.6301, the MAC address of G0/0/0 of RTA
What is missing in the outbound Layer 2 information?
- The destination MAC address must be determined for the IPv6 destination
address.
Were there any NDP events?
- No.
Why is PCB1 using the router interface MAC address to make its ICMP PDUs?
- Because the destination device is on another network, PCB1 addresses the
PDU to the default gateway interface MAC. RTA will determine how to
address the PDU at Layer 2 to send it towards its destination.
How many addresses are listed?
- 4 – IPv6 global unicast and link local addresses and MAC addresses for
PCA1 and PCB1
What devices are these addresses associated with?
- PCA1 and PCB1
Are there any entries for PCA2 listed (why or why not)?
- PCA2 has not communicated across the network yet.
Are there entries for PCA2?
- Yes, the IPv6 address and MAC address for PCA2.
Reflection Questions
1. When does a device require the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery process?
- When the destination MAC address is not known. This process is similar to
ARP with IPv4.

2. does a router help to minimize the amount of IPv6 Neighbor Discovery traffic on
a network?
- The router keeps neighbor tables so that it doesn’t need to initiate ND for
every destination host.

3. How does IPv6 minimize the impact of the ND process on network hosts?
- It uses a multicast address so that only a handful of addresses would be
listening to the Neighbor Discovery messages. IPv6 creates a specially
crafted multicast destination MAC address which includes a portion of the
node address.

4. How does the Neighbor Discovery process differ when a destination host is on
the same LAN and when it is on a remote LAN?
- When a destination host is on the same LAN segment only the device that
matches the IPv6 address responds and other devices drop the packet. When
the device is remote the gateway device (usually a router) provides the MAC
address of the interface on the local interface for the destination MAC and
then searches for the MAC address on the remote network. The router will
then place the responding IPv6/MAC address pair in the IPv6 Neighbor table.
(similar to an ARP table in IPv4)

10.1.4 Packet Tracer – Configure Initial Router Settings

Part 1: Verify the Default Router Configuration
What is the router’s hostname?
- Router
How many Fast Ethernet interfaces does the Router have?
- 4
How many Gigabit Ethernet interfaces does the Router have?
- 2
How many Serial interfaces does the router have?
- 2
What is the range of values shown for the vty lines?
- 0–4

Why does the router respond with the startup-config is not present message?
- It displays this message because the configuration file was not saved to
NVRAM. Currently it is only located in RAM.

Part 2: Configure and Verify the Initial Router Configuration

What command do you use?
- show running-config

Why should every router have a message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner?

-Every router should have a banner to warn unauthorized users that access is
prohibited. MOTD Banners can also be used to send messages to network personnel
(such as impending system shutdowns or who to contact for access).

If you are not prompted for a password before reaching the user EXEC prompt, what
console line command did you forget to configure?
- R1(config-line)#login
Why would the enable secret password allow access to the privileged EXEC mode and
the enable password no longer be valid?
- The enable secret password overrides the enable password. If both are
configured on the router, you must enter the enable secret password to enter
privileged EXEC mode.
If you configure any more passwords on the router, are they displayed in the
configuration file as plain text or in encrypted form? Explain.
- The service password-encryption command encrypts all current and future
passwords.

Part 3: Save the Running Configuration File

What command did you enter to save the configuration to NVRAM?
- copy running-config startup-config
What is the shortest, unambiguous version of this command?
- cop r st
Which command displays the contents of the NVRAM?
- show startup-configuration or show start
How many files are currently stored in flash?
- 3
Which of these files would you guess is the IOS image?
- c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin
Why do you think this file is the IOS image?
- Answers may vary, but two clues are the file length compared to the others
and the .bin at the end of the file name.
10.3.4 Packet Tracer – Connect a Router to a LAN

Part 1: Display Router Information

Which command displays the statistics for all interfaces configured on a router?
- show interfaces
Which command displays the information about the Serial 0/0/0 interface only?
- show interface serial 0/0/0
What is the IP address configured on R1?
- 209.165.200.225/30
What is the bandwidth on the Serial 0/0/0 interface?
- 1544 kbits
What is the IP address on R1?
- There is no IP address configured on the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface.
What is the MAC address of the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface?
- 000d.bd6c.7d01
What is the bandwidth (BW) of the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface?
- 1000000 kbits
Which command displays a brief summary of the current interfaces, interface status,
and the IP addresses assigned to them?
- show ip interface brief
How many serial interfaces are there on R1 and R2?
- Each router has 2 serial interfaces.
How many Ethernet interfaces are there on R1 and R2?
- R1 has 6 Ethernet interfaces and R2 has 2 Ethernet interfaces.
Are all the Ethernet interfaces on R1 the same? If no, explain the difference(s).
- No, they are not. There are two Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and 4 Fast
Ethernet interfaces. Gigabit Ethernet interfaces support speeds of up to
1,000,000,000 bits per second and Fast Ethernet interfaces support speeds
of up to 1,000,000 bits per second.
What command displays the contents of the routing table?
- show ip route
How many connected routes are there (uses the C code)?
- 1
Which route is listed?
- 209.165.200.224/30
How does a router handle a packet destined for a network that is not listed in the routing
table?
- A router will only send packets to a network listed in the routing table. If a
network is not listed, the packet will be dropped.
Part 2: Configure Router Interfaces
Save the configuration files on both routers to NVRAM. What command did you use?
- copy run start
How many interfaces on R1 and R2 are configured with IP addresses and in the “up”
and “up” state?
- 3 on each router
What part of the interface configuration is NOT displayed in the command output?
- The subnet mask
What commands can you use to verify this part of the configuration?
- show run, show interfaces, show ip protocols
How many connected routes (uses the C code) do you see on each router?
- 3
How many OSPF routes (uses the O code) do you see on each router?
- Both R1 and R2 show 2 OSPF routes.
If the router knows all the routes in the network, then the number of connected routes
and dynamically learned routes (OSPF) should equal the total number of LANs and
WANs. How many LANs and WANs are in the topology?
- 5
Does this number match the number of C and O routes shown in the routing table?
- Yes

10.3.5 Packet Tracer – Troubleshoot Default Gateway Issues

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway

G0/0 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 N/A

R1 G0/1 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0 N/A

S1 VLAN 1 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1

S2 VLAN 1 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.1

PC1 NIC 192.168.10.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1

PC2 NIC 192.168.10.11 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.1

PC3 NIC 192.168.11.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.1

PC4 NIC 192.168.11.11 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.1

Issues
a. PC1 cannot ping PC2 because PC1 has an IP address that does not belong to
the network PC1 is attached to.

b. Devices cannot ping S2 and S2 cannot ping any device because S2 is missing
an IP address.

c. Remote devices cannot ping PC4 because PC4 has the wrong default gateway
configured.

d. Remote devices cannot ping S1 because S1 is missing a default gateway

configuration.

10.4.3 Packet Tracer – Basic Device Configuration

Device Interface IP Address Default Gateway

G0/0 172.14.5.0/24

G0/0 2001:DBB:CAFE:1::/64

G0/0 FE80::1 N/A

G0/1 172.14.10.0/24

G0/1 2001:DBB:CAFE:2::/64

College G0/1 FE80::1 N/A

Class-A VLAN 1 172.14.5.0

Class-B VLAN 1 172.14.10.254/24 172.14.10.0

Student-1 NIC 172.14.5.50 172.14.5.0

Student-1 NIC 2001:DBB:CAFE:1::2/64 FE80::1

Student-2 NIC 172.14.5.60 172.14.5.0

Student-2 NIC 2001:DBB:CAFE:1::3/64 FE80::1

Student-3 NIC 172.14.10.50 172.14.10.0

Student-3 NIC 2001:DBB:CAFE:2::2/64 FE80::1

 Device Interface IP Address Default Gateway

Student-4 NIC 172.14.5.60 172.14.10.0

Student-4 NIC 2001:DBB:CAFE:2::3/64 FE80::1

11.5.5 Packet Tracer – Subnet an IPv4 Network

Part 1: Subnet the Assigned Network

Default
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway

CustomerRouter G0/0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.192 N/A

CustomerRouter G0/1 192.168.0.65 255.255.255.192 N/A

CustomerRouter S0/1/0 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.252 N/A
LAN-A Switch VLAN1 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.1
LAN-B Switch VLAN1 192.168.0.66 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.65
PC-A NIC 192.168.0.62 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.1
PC-B NIC 192.168.0.126 255.255.255.192 192.168.0.65
ISPRouter G0/0 209.165.200.225 255.255.255.224 N/A

ISPRouter S0/1/0 209.165.201.1 255.255.255.252 N/A

ISPSwitch VLAN1 209.165.200.226 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225
ISP Workstation NIC 209.165.200.235 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225
ISP Server NIC 209.165.200.240 255.255.255.224 209.165.200.225

How many host addresses are needed in the largest required subnet?
- 50
What is the minimum number of subnets required?
- The requirements stated above specify two company networks plus two
additional networks for future expansion. So, the answer is a minimum of four
networks.

The network that you are tasked to subnet is 192.168.0.0/24. What is the /24 subnet
mask in binary?
 - 1111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

In the network mask, what do the ones represent?

- The ones represent the network portion.
In the network mask, what do the zeros represent?
- The zeroes represent the host portion.

(/25) 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
- Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.128
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Two subnets (2^1) and 128 hosts (2^7) – 2 = 126 hosts per subnet
(/26) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
- Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.192
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Four subnets (2^2) and 64 hosts (2^6) – 2 = 62 hosts per subnet
(/27) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
- Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.224
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Eight subnets (2^3) and 32 hosts (2^5) – 2 = 30 hosts per subnet
(/28) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
- Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.240
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Sixteen subnets (2^4) and 16 hosts (2^4) – 2 = 14 hosts per subnet
(/29) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
- decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.248
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Thirty two subnets (2^5) and 8 hosts (2^3) – 2 = 6 hosts per subnet
(/30) 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
- Dotted decimal subnet mask equivalent: 255.255.255.252
Number of subnets? Number of hosts?
- Sixty four subnets (2^6) and 4 hosts (2^2) – 2 = 2 hosts per subnet

Considering your answers above, which subnet masks meet the required number of
minimum host addresses?
- /25, /26
Considering your answers above, which subnet masks meets the minimum number of
subnets required?
- /26, /27, /28, /29, /30 will give the required number of subnets.
Considering your answers above, which subnet mask meets both the required minimum
number of hosts and the minimum number of subnets required?
- /26 will give you the four subnets that are required, and 62 hosts per subnet,
which is greater than the 50 hosts required for the first subnet.
 Subnet Address Prefix Subnet Mask

192.168.0.0 /26 255.255.255.192

192.168.0.64 /26 255.255.255.192
192.168.0.128 /26 255.255.255.192
192.168.0.192 /26 255.255.255.192

Part 2: Configure the Devices

Device Configurations

CustomerRouter

enable
configure terminal
hostname CustomerRouter
enable secret Class123
line con 0
password Cisco123
login
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
ip address 192.168.0.65 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
interface Serial0/1/0
ip address 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
end
LAN-A
enable
configure terminal
interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.1
end

LAN-B
enable
configure terminal
interface Vlan1
ip address 192.168.0.66 255.255.255.192
no shutdown
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.65
end

PC-A
IP address: 192.168.0.63 /26
Default gateway: 192.168.0.1

PC-B
IP address: 192.168.0.126 /26
Default gateway: 192.168.0.65

13.2.7 Packet Tracer – Use Ping and Traceroute to Test Network

Connectivity

Device Interface IP Address / Prefix Default Gateway

PC1 NIC 10.10.1.98 255.255.255.224 10.10.1.97

PC2 NIC 2001:DB8:1:1::2/64 FE80::1

PC3 NIC 10.10.1.18 255.255.255.240 10.10.1.17

PC4 NIC 2001:DB8:1:4::2/64 FE80::2

Part 1: Test and Restore IPv4 Connectivity
What is the last successful IPv4 address that was reached?
- 10.10.1.97
What is the last successful IPv4 address that was reached?
- 10.10.1.17
What is the other?
- 10.10.1.6
What are they?
- 10.10.1.6/32, 10.10.1.4/30
Repeat steps 2e through 2g with R3 and record your answers.
- 10.10.1.10, 10.10.1.8/30, 10.10.1.10/32
Enter the show ip interface brief command and record your addresses.
- 10.10.1.2, 10.10.1.9
Compare your answers in Step 2 to the documentation you have available for the
network. What is the error?
- R2’s Serial 0/0/0 interface is configured with the wrong IP address
What solution would you propose to correct the problem?
- Configure the correct IP address on R2’s Serial 0/0/0 interface (10.10.1.5)
Is the problem resolved?
- Yes

Part 2: Test and Restore IPv6 Connectivity

What is the last successful IPv6 address that was reached?
- 2001:db8:1:3::2
What is the last successful IPv6 address that was reached?
- No IPv6 address was reached.
Is there a discrepancy?
- Yes
Compare your answers in Step 2 to the documentation you have available for the
network. What is the error?
- PC4 is using the wrong default gateway configuration
What solution would you propose to correct the problem?
- Configure PC4 with the correct default gateway address: FE80::3.
Is the problem resolved? Yes