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Micropropagation

Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plant materials using plant tissue culture. It involves culturing an apical meristem on a growth medium to produce many new plants that are clones of the original. The process has four stages: initiation using explants, multiplication to increase plant numbers, rooting of shoots, and acclimatization of plantlets to soil. Micropropagation allows for mass production of disease-free plants and more robust growth compared to traditional propagation methods. However, it is also very expensive and produces monocultures with less disease resilience.

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182 views

Micropropagation

Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plant materials using plant tissue culture. It involves culturing an apical meristem on a growth medium to produce many new plants that are clones of the original. The process has four stages: initiation using explants, multiplication to increase plant numbers, rooting of shoots, and acclimatization of plantlets to soil. Micropropagation allows for mass production of disease-free plants and more robust growth compared to traditional propagation methods. However, it is also very expensive and produces monocultures with less disease resilience.

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PHG 181 B Pharm 2nd Semester Deepak Basyal

Micropropagation
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using
modern plant tissue culture methods.It is used commercially to asexually propagate plants. Using micropropagation, millions of new
plants can be derived from a single plant.This is done by culturing the plant's apical meristem, which typically is not virus-infected.
Once new plants are developed from the apical meristem, they can be maintained as virus-free plants.
Micropropagation differs from all other conventional propagation methods in that aseptic conditions are essential to achieve success.
The process of micropropagation can be divided into four stages:
1. Initiation stage: Once the plant material is chosen for culture, the collection of explant(a piece of plant tissue) begins and is
dependent on the type of tissue to be used; including stem tips, anthers, petals, pollen and others plant tissues. The explant is (a) cut
from the plant, (b) disinfested (removal of surface contaminants), and (c) placed on a medium. A medium typically contains mineral
salts, sucrose, and a solidifying agent such as agar. The objective of this stage is to achieve an aseptic culture. An aseptic culture is one
without contaminating bacteria or fungi.
2. Multiplication stage: Multiplication is the taking of tissue samples produced during the first stage and increasing their number.
Following the successful introduction and growth of plant tissue, the establishment stage is followed by multiplication. Through
repeated cycles of this process, a single explant sample may be increased from one to hundreds or thousands of plants. Depending on
the type of tissue grown, multiplication can involve different methods and media. A growing explant can be induced to produce
vegetative shoots by including a cytokinin in the medium. A cytokinin is a plant growth regulator that promotes shoot formation from
growing plant cells.
3. Rooting or preplant stage: Growing shoots can be induced to produce adventitious roots by including an auxin in the medium.
Auxins are plant growth regulators that promote root formation. For easily rooted plants, an auxin is usually not necessary and many
commercial labs will skip this step.
4. Acclimatization: A growing, rooted shoot(plantlets) can be removed from tissue culture and placed in soil. When this is done, the
humidity must be gradually reduced over time because tissue-cultured plants are extremely susceptible to wilting.

Micropropagation has become more feasible with the development of growth media that contain nutrients for the developing tissues.
These media have been developed in response to the needs of plant species to be multiplied. Some plants are easily grown on simple
media but others require more complicated media for successful growth; The plant tissue grows and differentiates into new tissues
depending on the medium

Micropropagation has a number of advantages over traditional plant propagation techniques:The main advantage of micropropagation
is the production of many plants that are clones of each other.Micropropagation can be used to produce disease-free plants.

 Micropropagation produces rooted plantlets ready for growth, saving time for the grower when seeds or cuttings are slow to
establish or grow.
 It is the only viable method of regenerating genetically modified cells or cells after protoplast fusion.
 It is useful in multiplying plants which produce seeds in uneconomical amounts, or when plants are sterile and do not
produce viable seeds or when seed can't be stored (vgr. recalcitrant seeds).
 Micropropagation often produces more robust plants, leading to accelerated growth compared to similar plants produced by
conventional methods - like seeds or cuttings.
 Some plants with very small seeds, including most orchids, are most reliably grown from seed in sterile culture.
 A greater number of plants can be produced per square meter and the propagules can be stored longer and in a smaller area.

Micropropagation is not always the perfect means of multiplying plants. Conditions that limits its use include:

 It is very expensive, and can have a labor cost of more than 70%
 A monoculture is produced after micropropagation, leading to a lack of overall disease resilience, as all progeny plants may
be vulnerable to the same infections.
 An infected plant sample can produce infected progeny. This is uncommon if the stock plants are carefully screened and
vetted to prevent culturing plants infected with virus or fungus.
 Not all plants can be successfully tissue cultured, often because the proper medium for growth is not known or the plants
produce secondary metabolic chemicals that stunt or kill the explant.
 Sometimes plants or cultivars do not come true to type after being tissue cultured. This is often dependent on the type of
explant material utilized during the initiation phase or the result of the age of the cell or propagule line.
 Some plants are very difficult to disinfest of fungal organisms.

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