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UWC Logical Fallacies

This document defines and provides examples of 21 common logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. Some of the fallacies discussed include ad hominem (attacking the person rather than the claim), bandwagon appeal (urging people to follow the crowd), circular reasoning, equivocation (half-truths), hasty generalization, red herring (distraction), slippery slope, and straw man (misrepresenting an argument). The document aims to help people identify and avoid using flawed logic in their own arguments and discussions.

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Ziyad Abdallah
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108 views2 pages

UWC Logical Fallacies

This document defines and provides examples of 21 common logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. Some of the fallacies discussed include ad hominem (attacking the person rather than the claim), bandwagon appeal (urging people to follow the crowd), circular reasoning, equivocation (half-truths), hasty generalization, red herring (distraction), slippery slope, and straw man (misrepresenting an argument). The document aims to help people identify and avoid using flawed logic in their own arguments and discussions.

Uploaded by

Ziyad Abdallah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Baugh Building Room 279 ● 210-924-4338 ext. 270 ● writing.center@bua.

edu
University Writing Center

Logical Fallacies
What is a logical fallacy?
A logical fallacy is an error of reasoning which undermines the logic of your argument.
21 Logical Fallacies

Ad Hominem Attacks the character of a person rather than the claim made.

Ex: “The candidate is an ex-felon, and therefore he is not to be trusted.”


Ad Populum Appeals to popular group loyalties not directly related to the issue at hand.

Ex: “Those who oppose owning guns have no loyalty to the U.S.”
Appeals to False Draws on the authority of widely respected people, institutions, and texts.
Authority
Ex: Using a professional sports figure to advertise a weight loss product.
Bandwagon Urges people to follow the same path everyone else is taking.
Appeals
Ex: “Everyone texts while driving, so it must be okay.”
Circular Reasoning Assumes as true the claim disputed. It is a form of circular argument
“Begging the divorced from reality. It asserts that because something is correct then
Question” something closely related is also correct.

Ex: “We do it that way because that’s the way we have always done it.”
Dogmatism Implies that there is no opposing argument.

Ex: “Texas is the best state to live in.”


Either-Or Choices Reduces the options for action to only two choices.

Ex: “Either we engage the Taliban in Afghanistan, or we will have to fight


them here in America.”
Equivocation Gives a lie an honest appearance; it is a half-truth.

Ex: “People who ride the bus don’t pay taxes.” (Only part true – they don’t
pay gas taxes because they don’t drive cars, but they do pay other taxes.
Faulty Analogy Is an inaccurate comparison between objects or concepts.

Ex: Comparing a devastating earthquake to an economic crisis. Both are


damaging, but the comparison breaks down because one is natural and the
other is man-made.
Faulty Causality Is an argument that assumes that because one event or action follows
another, the first necessarily caused the second.
Ex: “A murder at a rock concert was caused by violent song lyrics.” (The
real cause may have been a heated argument unrelated to the concert.)
Guilt by Association Dismisses or condemns people because of the relationships they have.
Updated 02/2018
Ex: Just because Tiffany is untrustworthy does not mean that everyone who
befriends her is also untrustworthy.
Hasty Is an argument that draws inference from insufficient evidence.
Generalization
Ex: “George’s pit bull is dangerous like all pit bulls.”
Moral Equivalence Argues that serious wrongdoings do not differ in kind from minor offenses.

Ex: “People who are caught with even small amounts of marijuana should
be sentenced to jail as felons.”
Non Sequitur Is an argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect
logically; one point does not follow from another.

Ex: “Joan broke her arm in gymnastic practice after school. All after
school activities should be banned.”
Red Herring Uses irrelevance to distract attention from the real issue.

Ex: “There’s a lack of textbooks, but our football team needs our support to
win the championship.”
Scare Tactics Uses fear to incite panic and/or prejudice.

Ex: “If we don’t close the border with Mexico, illegal immigrants will
come across the border and bring in drugs and crime.”
Sentimental Appeals Excessively uses tender emotions to distract readers from facts.

Ex: The Nigerian scams that ask for money to help free up a rich uncle’s
bank account in Switzerland or else their family will starve.
Slippery Slope Exaggerates the consequences of an action, usually to frighten readers.

Ex: “Smoking marijuana will lead to other drugs and crime and ultimately
to felony convictions.”
Stacking the Deck Is an argument that focuses only on supporting evidence and ignores
“Special Pleading” counterevidence that casts reasonable doubt upon it.

Ex: A used-car salesman who points out only the positives in a car and does
not mention or acknowledge any of its flaws.
Sweeping Applies a claim to all cases when it actually applies to only a few or maybe
Generalization to none; stereotypes.

Ex: “All stock market traders are greedy thieves.”


The Straw Man Refutes a person’s actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or
misrepresented version of that position.

Ex: “Mom said I didn’t clean the floors right. She doesn’t love me.” Just
because your mom thinks you did a poor job does not mean that she does
not love you.
Referenced: Palo Alto College Writing Center
Howard, Rebecca Moore. Writing Matters. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.
Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Focus on Writing. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008. Print.

Updated 02/2018

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