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PROJECT REPORT
ON

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Submitted to the
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.TECH

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 Submitted by:
Rajan Soni
10ESKCS086

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 PREFACE

The project report is submitted for the partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree from .

This project report has been prepared as per the requirement of the syllabus of
B.Tech course structure under which the students are required to undertake the
Training.

It was great experience for me because I was exposed to the software sector and
facing the Software Development strategies.

During this period, I had very touching experiences. When business is involved,
experiences counts a lot, as we know, experience are an instrument, which leads
towards success.

Now I take this opportunity to present the project report and sincerely hope that it
will be as much knowledge enhancing to the readers, as it was to use during the
Development work and the compilation of the report.

ABOUT THE COMPANY

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 Founded in 1976, HCL Infosystems Ltd has established itself as India´s premier
hardware, services and ICT systems integration company offering a wide spectrum
of products which include - Computing, Storage, Networking, Security, Telecom,
Imaging and Retail. Over the years, we have developed specialized expertise across
verticals including Telecom, BFSI, e-Governance and Power.

HCL bagged the prestigious Golden Peacock Eco Innovation Award 2013 for
eNBA project during the 15th World Congress on Environment Management and
Won eINDIA Public Sector Enterprises Award 2013 for the project
eProcurement by Indian Railways. HCL was honored for automating the tendering
process of Indian Railways which reduced the procurement cycle time of material.
In present times the more than 30,000 employees working and counting. A great
working environment provided by the company and surely it’s a delightful
opportunity to work there.

In present times the more than 30,000 employees working and counting. A great
working environment provided by the company and surely it’s a delightful
opportunity to work there!

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 ACKNOWLEDEMENT

The hard work apart, it’s not just a will being one to put forth the outcomes of it.
There are many hands in to put up when to get the things modeled and making them
in a view to count.

I thankfully give this word to HCL INFOSYSTEMS along with Mr. Ripu
Daman, associate vice president, HCL Infosystems, Jaipur, for giving me the field to
hands on in with programming and tasting the work this closely. Also
acknowledging to project mentor, Mr. Manoj Sharma who helped me in
accomplishing my task.

I would like to present my gratitude to - for assessing and splodging the skills to
come up with the work and providing the opportunity to work in this organization.

It goes incomplete without expressing appreciation to SKIT and all faculties for the
support.

Rajan Soni

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 Table Of Contents

S.NO Content Page no.

5. Introduction 6
5.1 Basic concepts and Terms related
5.2 GeoPositioning-basic concepts 7
5.3 GPS-Components and basic facts 8
5.4 GPS Position types 10
5.5 GPS Block diagrams 11

6. Introduction to the project 12

6.1 Purpose 12
6.2 Scope 12
6.3 Features 12
6.4 Overview 12

7. Basic tools and technologies used 13

8. System requirements 13

5. Feasibility Study 14
5.1 Economic feasibility 14
5.2 Technical feasibility 14
5.3 Behavioral feasibility 15

6. How is it different from existing systems 15

7. GPS applications 16

8. Snapshots 17
8.1 Satellite view basic 17
8.2 Satellite view under 5m approximation 18
8.3 Map view basic 19
8.4 Map view under 5m approximation 20

9. Conclusion 21
10. Bibliography & References 21

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 2. INTRODUCTION

GPS technology is a great boon to anyone who has the need to navigate either great
or small distances. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a burgeoning
technology, which provides unequalled accuracy and flexibility of positioning for
navigation, surveying and GIS data capture. This wonderful navigation technology
was actually first available for government use back in the late 1970s. The Global
Positioning System (GPS) is a radio based navigation system that gives three
dimensional coverage of the Earth, 24 hours a day in any weather conditions
throughout the world. The technology seems to be beneficiary to the GPS user
community in terms of obtaining accurate data up-to about 100 meters for
navigation, meter-level for mapping, and down to millimeter level for geodetic
positioning. The GPS technology has tremendous amount of applications in
Geographical Information System (GIS) data collection, surveying, and mapping.

The U.S. Air Force launched the first GPS satellite in early 1978. There are now at
least 24 satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of about 11,000 nautical miles. The
high altitude insures that the satellite orbits are stable, precise and predictable, and
that the satellites' motion through space is not affected by atmospheric drag. These
24 satellites make up a full GPS constellation. The satellites orbit the Earth every 12
hours at approximately 12,000 miles above the Earth. There are four satellites in
each of 6 orbital planes. Each plane is inclined 55 degrees relative to the equator,
which means that satellites cross the equator tilted at a 55 degree angle. The system
is designed to maintain full operational capability even if two of the 24 satellites fail.

1.2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES

 The space segment:

The GPS satellites control themselves, the control system, operated by the U.S.
military, and the user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and
their GPS equipment. The GPS system is passive, meaning that the satellites
continuously transmit information towards the Earth. If someone has a GPS receiver
they can receive the signal at no cost. The information is transmitted on two
frequencies: L1 (1575.42 MHz), and L2 (1227.60 MHz). These frequencies are
called carrier waves because they are used primarily to carry information to GPS
receivers. The more information a receiver measures the more expensive the unit,
and the more functions it will perform with greater accuracy. When one receiver is

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 tracking satellites and obtaining position data, the information received has traveled
over 12,000 miles and has been distorted by numerous atmospheric factors. This
results in accuracy of about 25 meters. Moreover, the department of Defense (the
agency running the GPS) degrades receiver accuracy by telling the satellites to
transmit slightly inaccurate information. This intentional distortion of the signal is
called Selective Availability (SA). With SA turned on and one receiver is used, the
greatest accuracy a user can expect is 100 meters. To improve the accuracy of GPS,
differential, or Relative Positioning can be employed. If two or more receivers are
used to track the same satellites, and one is in a known position, many of the errors
of SA can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. Differential data can be
accomplished using common code or carrier data (L1 or L2). The most accurate
systems use differential data from a GPS base station that continually tracks twelve
satellites and transmits the differential data to remote units using a radio link. With
these systems centimeter accuracy and real-time navigation is possible.
All of these features make it a very desirable and useful technology for a mired of
activities including Search and Rescue, Aviation and Nautical navigation, hiking,
hunting, camping, fishing, and many more. All of these various GPS users have
unique needs, which require different levels of understanding and skill in using this
technology.
The Russian government has developed a system, similar to GPS, called
GLONASS. The first GLONASS satellite launch was in October 1982. The full
constellation consists of 24 satellites in 3 orbit planes, which have a 64.8 degree
inclination to the earth's equator. The GLONASS system now consists of 12 healthy
satellites. GLONASS uses the same code for each satellite and many frequencies,
whereas GPS which uses two frequencies and a different code for each satellite.
Galileo is Europe's contribution to the next generation Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS). Unlike GPS, which is funded by the public sector and operated by
the U.S. Air Force, Galileo will be a civil-controlled system that draws on both
public and private sectors for funding. The service will be free at the point of use, but
a range of chargeable services with additional features will also be offered. These
additional features would include improved reception, accuracy and availability.
Design of the Galileo system is being finalised and the delivery of initial services is
targeted for 2008.

1.2 GEOPOSITIONING - BASIC CONCEPTS:

By positioning we understand the determination of stationary or moving objects.

These can be determined as follows:

2. In relation to a well-defined coordinate system, usually by three coordinate

values and four measurements.

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 2. In relation to other point, taking one point as the origin of a local coordinate
system. The first mode of positioning is known as point positioning, the
second as relative positioning. If the object to be positioned is stationary, we
term it as static positioning. When the object is moving, we call it kinematic
positioning. Usually, the static positioning is used is surveying and the
kinematic position in navigation.

1.3 GPS - COMPONENTS AND BASIC FACTS

The GPS uses satellites and computers to compute positions anywhere on earth.
The GPS is based on satellite ranging. That means the position on the earth is
determined by measuring the distance from a group of satellites in space. The basic
principles behind GPS are really simple, even though the system employs some of
the most high-tech equipment ever developed. In order to understand GPS basics, the
system can be categorized into-

FIVE logical Steps:

✓ Triangulation from the satellite is the basis of the system.

✓ To triangulate, the GPS measures the distance using the travel time of the
radio message.

✓ To measure travel time, the GPS need a very accurate accurate.

✓ Once the distance to a satellite is known, then we need to know where the
satellite is in space.

✓ As the GPS signal travels through the ionosphere and the earth's atmosphere,
the signal is delayed .

To compute a positions in three dimensions. We need to have four satellite

measurements. The GPS uses a trigonometric approach to calculate the positions,
The GPS satellites are so high up that their orbits are very predictable and each of the
satellites is equipped with a very accurate atomic clock.

The Space Segment:

The Space Segment consists of the Constellation of NAVASTAR earth orbiting
satellites. The current Defense Department plan calls for a full constellation of 24
Block II satellites (21 operational and 3 in-orbit spares). Each satellite contains four

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 precise atomic clocks (Rubidium and Cesium standards) and has a microprocessor on
board for limited self-monitoring and data processing.

▪ Satellite orbits.
There are four satellites in each of 6 orbital planes. Each plane is
inclined 55 degrees relative to the equator, which means that satellites cross
the equator tilted at a 55 degree angle. The system is designed to maintain
full operational capability even if two of the 24 satellites fail. They orbit at
altitudes of about 12000, miles each, with orbital periods of 12 sidereal hours
(i.e., determined by or from the stars), or approximately one half of the
earth's periods, approximately 12 hours of 3-D position fixes. The satellites
are equipped with thrusters, which can be used to maintain or modify their
orbits. The next block of  satellites is called Block IIR, and they will provide
improved reliability and have a capacity of ranging between satellites, which
will increase the orbital accuracy.
 
▪ Satellite Signals:
GPS satellites continuously broadcast satellite position and timing data via
radio signals on two frequencies: L1 (1575.42 MHz), and L2 (1227.60 MHz).
These frequencies are called carrier waves because they are used primarily to
carry information to GPS receivers. The radio signals travel at the speed of
light (186,000 miles per second) and take approximately 6/100ths of a
second to reach the earth. The satellite signals require a direct line to GPS
receivers and cannot penetrate water, soil, walls or other obstacles. For
example, heavy forest canopy causes interference, making it difficult, if not
impossible, to compute positions. In canyons (and "urban canyons" in cities)
GPS signals are blocked by mountain ranges or buildings. If you place your
hand over a GPS receiver antenna, it will stop computing positions. Two
kinds of code are broadcast on the L1 frequency (C/A code and Pcode). C/A
(Coarse Acquisition) code is available to civilian GPS users and provides
Standard Positioning Service (SPS). Using the Standard Positioning Service
one can achieve 15 meter horizontal accuracy 95% of the time. This means
that 95% of the time, the coordinates you read from your GPS receiver
display will be within 15 meters of your true position on the earth. P
(Precise) code is broadcast on both the L1 and L2 frequencies. P code, used
for the Precise Positioning Service (PPS) is available only to the military.
Using P code on both frequencies, a military receiver can achieve better
accuracy than civilian receivers. Additional techniques can increase the
accuracy of both C/A code and P code GPS receivers.

▪ The User Segment:

The user segment is a total user and supplier community, both civilian and
military. The User Segment consists of all earth-based GPS receivers.

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 Receivers vary greatly in size and complexity, though the basic design is
rather simple. The typical receiver is composed of an antenna and
preamplifier, radio signal microprocessor, control and display device, data
recording unit, and power supply. The GPS receiver decodes the timing
signals from the 'visible' satellites (four or more) and, having calculated their
distances, computes its own latitude, longitude, elevation, and time. This is a
continuous process and generally the position is updated on a second-by-
second basis, output to the receiver display device and, if the receiver display
device and, if the receiver provides data capture capabilities, stored by the
receiver-logging unit.

1.4 GPS POSITIONING TYPES:

▪ Absolute Positioning:
The mode of positioning relies upon a single receiver station. It is also
referred to as 'stand-alone' GPS, because, unlike differential positioning,
ranging is carried out strictly between the satellite and the receiver station,
not on a ground-based reference station that assists with the computation of
error corrections. As a result, the positions derived in absolute mode are
subject to the unmitigated errors inherent in satellite positioning. Overall
accuracy of absolute positioning is considered to be no greater than 50
meters at best by Ackroyd and Lorimer and to be + 100 meter accuracy by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

▪ Differential Positioning:
Relative or Differential GPS carries the triangulation principles one step
further, with a second receiver at a known reference point. To further
facilitate determination of a point's position, relative to the known earth
surface point, this configuration demands collection of an error- correcting
message from the reference receiver. Differential-mode positioning relies
upon an established control point. The reference station is placed on the
control point, a triangulated position, the control point coordinate. This
allows for a correction factor to be calculated and applied to other moving
GPS units used in the same area and in the same time series. Inaccuracies in
the control point's coordinate are directly additive to errors inherent in the
satellite positioning process. Error corrections derived by the reference
station vary rapidly, as the factors propagating position errors are not static
over time. This error correction allows for a considerable amount of  error of
error to be negated, potentially as much as 90 percent.

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 1.5 GPS SETUP BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

2.1 PURPOSE:

The GPS is developed to enhance positioning procedure. This invention would be a

good approach now onwards for those, which uses positioning modules. This module
API used at very small amount of consumption of memory and requirements. It
works online and with minimum transaction of packets, using basic request and
response mode, and all the fruitful requisites for the positioning viz. coordinates
(latitude, longitude) and position on Google map is displayed within no time.

2.2 SCOPE:

This is basically a breakthrough to achieve the integrity on various platforms. The

most of the diverse platforms supports HTML like PHP can be integrated with part
of HTML, HTML and JavaScript can be used together, JSP can work along with the
it and so on, hence using it on other platforms with integrations can be further used.
Hence it has a great scope doesn’t restricts itself with few of the platforms; it can be
integrated with many others.

2.3 FEAURES:

The proposed system will aim to automate and eliminate all the drawbacks that the
existing system possesses:
 The proposed system will save significant amount of time and effort invested by
the other GPS hardware for positioning.
 It consumes low memory
 It can work on cross platforms.
 Gives both coordinates as well as pictorial depiction in such a small execution
instance.

2.4 OVERVIEW:

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 This application deals with the same aspects as described above. The application
uses Google API for map depiction. Moreover the application composed of two basic
modules as follows:

(i) Geolocation API: The Geolocation API is the application-programming interface

for the detection of the location of the device on which the code executes. Now the
question arises, what it takes as an argument?

The answer is the IP-Address is the main key plays for the detection of the location.
Geolocation API is something that is installed on the browser and allows for the
permission to access the location through the execution. The request sent is on the
basis of the Representational State Transfer (REST) services of the network which is
based on the carries provided by the browser (for e.g. HTTP). Further these services
enables the authentication so as to provide further a secure access to the location.

(ii) Google API: Google is the giant master when it comes to open source
technology. It's the same aspect that's been used in this application. It's uses the data
packet that's been enclosed and sent via carrier and later on the parameters sent are
used to implicate the location on the Google map. The location shown is done with
the marker. The exactness of the locations approximately accurate in 20m which was
the centre idea of this project.

3. BASIC TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED:

 Tools And Technologies Used:

 FRONTEND-HTML and JavaScript

 BACKEND- IP-Address, HTTP request

 SOFTWARE USED-TextEdit, and W3Schools HTML editor.

 BROWSER-SAFARI

 O.S-Any Operating System (used Macintosh)

4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

 Hardware Requirement:

 Intel Pentium-IV processor

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  256 MB RAM or higher
 40 GB HDD or higher

 Software Requirements:

 Microsoft Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.5 or later.

 Browser: IE, Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera any of them.

5. FEASIBILITY STUDY:

iv. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:

Economical feasibility determines whether there are sufficient benefits in
creating to make the cost acceptable, or is the cost of the system too high. As
this signifies cost benefit analysis and savings. On the behalf of the cost-
benefit analysis, the proposed system is feasible and is economical regarding
its pre-assumed cost for making a system. During the economical feasibility
test we maintained the balance between the Operational and Economical
feasibilities, as the two were the conflicting. For example the solution that
provides the best operational impact for the end-users may also be the most
expensive and, therefore, the least economically feasible. We classified the
costs of GPS according to the phase in which they occur. As we know that the
system development costs are usually one-time costs that will not recur after
the project has been completed. For calculating the Development costs we
evaluated certain cost categories
 Personnel cost
 Storage cost
 Execution cost

v. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY:

Technical feasibility determines whether the work for the project can be done
with the existing equipment, software technology and available personnel.
Technical feasibility is concerned with specifying equipment and software that
will satisfy the user requirement. This project is feasible on technical remarks
also, as the proposed system is more beneficiary in terms of having a sound
proof system with new technical components installed on the system. The

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 proposed system can run on any machines supporting Windows And Internet
services and works on the best software and hardware that had been used
while designing the system.

vi. BEHAVIOURAL FEASIBILITY:

People are inherently resistant to change and computer has been known to
facilitate changes. An estimate should be made of how strong the user is likely
to move towards the development of computerized system. These are various
levels of users in order to ensure proper authentication and authorization and
security of sensitive data of the organization.

6. HOW IS IT DIRRERENT FROM EXISTING SYSTEMS:

The application made has all properties same as all other GPS does but it takes an
edge over the other when it comes to the complexity aspects go any program. This
particular application possesses a very highly compact and short which in-turn
proves to be advantageous over other by taking lesser time comparatively for
accessing the location and gathering data for the preprocessing before actually
displaying the data. This code is used as the combination of two module together
with decrease the access time and increase the efficiency. Hence there's produced a
greater level of optimal usage of code skills and the provided API.

Also when it comes to usage of memory when provided to a certain device to be

located, it takes a very small significant amount of space for the storage of the
application.

It is most convenient to use when it come to detect the location of those devices
which are very small in size ad can't afford to have larger memory, hardly 16MB,
inclusive of all consumptions managed into it, at that time one has to be very curious
for managing the bits of memory. So it's compact size enables it to be able to execute
on a very small chip having limited memory.

For example, a SIM card used for a phone contains it's own memory for certain
computation and store a limited amount of contacts and text content. It has limited
amount of memory using the excessive amount of memory is absurd idea and giving

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 external memory will effect it's internal architecture, most commonly size (generally
speaking), so to avoid that discrepancy in structure, this gives an edge over the other
codes for the access of location.

Now the other aspect of the advantage is that, whenever the code is executed, it may
be possible for the user not getting the location, but it'll surely gives the co-ordinates
for the GPS i.e, latitude and longitude. Hence both ways it is beneficial.

7. GPS applications:

Like the Internet, GPS is an essential element of the global information

infrastructure. The free, open, and dependable nature of GPS has led to the
development of hundreds of applications affecting every aspect of modern life. GPS
technology is now in everything from cell phones and wristwatches to bulldozers,
shipping containers, and ATM's.

GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include

farming, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery, and logistical supply
chain management. Major communications networks, banking systems, financial
markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time synchronization.
Some wireless services cannot operate without it.

GPS saves lives by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue
efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief. GPS is
vital to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that will enhance
flight safety while increasing airspace capacity. GPS also advances scientific aims
such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection.

Finally, GPS remains critical to national security and its applications are
integrated into virtually every facet of military operations. Nearly all-new military
assets -- from vehicles to munitions -- come equipped with GPS.

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 8. SNAP-SHOTS

8.1 The satellite view basic:

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 8.2 The satellite view under 10m approximation:

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 8.3 Map view basic:

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 8.4 Terrain view at 5m approximation

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 9. CONCLUSION

This was the first considerably tricky and important project undertaken by me
during my B.Tech course. It was an experience that changed the way I perceived
project development. The coding could not be started before the whole system was
completely finalized. Even then there were so many changes required and the coding
needed to be changed. I attribute this to inadequate information gathering from the
user. Though there were many meetings with the user and most of the requirements
were gathered, a few misinterpretations of the requirements still crept in.

The project is a classic example for the adage that learning of concepts needs to be
supplemented with application of that knowledge. On the whole it was a wonderful
experience developing this project and I would have considered my education
incomplete without undertaking such a project, which allowed me to apply all that I
have learnt.

So, that's was how it all works, and used.

GPS, find yourself!

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

 IEEE Java EE web analysis papers

 AWS- amazon web services
 SAP labs India
 Computer Science and Information System groups, BITS pilani.
 Prof. Armando Fox, University of California, Berkely
 Ioannis G. Baltopoulos, Department of
 Computer Science, Imperial College, London
 Alonso, G., Casati, F., Kuno, H., & Machiraju, V. (2004). Web
Services:Concepts, Architectures and Applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
 HTTP. (1999). Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1 from
 http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616.html

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