Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ymssp

Bearing fault diagnosis method based on adaptive maximum

cyclostationarity blind deconvolution
Zhijian Wang a, b, Jie Zhou a, Wenhua Du a, *, Yaguo Lei b, Junyuan Wang a
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China
b
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Communicated by Pietro Borghesani Blind deconvolution has been proved to be an effective method for fault detection since it can
recover periodic impulses from mixed fault signals convoluted by noise and periodic impulses. As
Keywords: a new blind deconvolution technique, maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution (CYCBD)
Cyclic frequency estimation has great advantages over minimum entropy deconvolution (MED), maximum correlation kur­
Feature extraction
tosis deconvolution (MCKD), and optimal minimum entropy deconvolution (MOMEDA) in pro­
Fault diagnosis
cessing bearing fault signals. However, CYCBD has the following two defects: Cyclic frequency
Performance-efficiency ratio
Adaptive maximum cyclostationarity blind needs to be determined in advance; The filter length of CYCBD affects its ability to recover im­
deconvolution pulses. The ability of CYCBD to recover the impulse will increase with the increase of filter length,
but the signal will be distorted if the length is too large. Besides, the time cost will increase
significantly after the length is increased. In this paper, an optimization strategy of CYCBD pa­
rameters is proposed, and then an adaptive maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution
(ACYCBD) is proposed. Firstly, aiming at the determination of cyclic frequency, this paper pro­
poses a cyclic frequency set estimation method based on autocorrelation function of morpho­
logical envelope, and the validity of the method is verified by simulation and experiment.
Secondly, for the second problem, after considering the performance and time cost of CYCBD, the
performance efficiency ratio index is proposed. Then, the equal-step search strategy is used to
adaptively select the filter length. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation
and experiment.

1. Introduction

Rolling bearing is an indispensable part of the rotating machinery, which can guarantee the rotation accuracy of the rotating body
while bearing the weight and working load of the rotating body [1]. Therefore, rolling bearings can provide reliable and stable support
for rotating machinery, and its operation status has a great impact on the performance of rotating machinery [2]. If the bearing fails, it
may cause serious accidents and a lot of property losses. Therefore, the condition detection and fault diagnosis of rolling bearings are of
great significance [3]. However, due to the influence of noise, complex transmission path, signal attenuation, and other factors, the
fault information contained in the vibration signal is usually very weak, which makes the fault diagnosis extremely difficult [4–6].
Therefore, extracting weak fault information from vibration signals by using appropriate methods is the guarantee of accurate fault
diagnosis [7]. It has been a hotspot in the field of fault diagnosis to find an effective method for extracting weak fault features [8].

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dwh@nuc.edu.cn (W. Du).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108018
Received 15 May 2020; Received in revised form 22 February 2021; Accepted 2 May 2021
Available online 11 May 2021
0888-3270/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

In recent years, many scholars have explored this field and put forward many methods. These methods can be divided into many
categories, such as time–frequency decomposition techniques (including Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) [9,10], Ensemble
Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) [11,12], Local Mean Decomposition (LMD) [13], Variational mode decomposition (VMD)
[14–16], etc.), Stochastic Resonance [17], Fuzzy theory [18,19], Sparsity theory [20,21], Morphological filtering [22], Intelligent
learning [23,24]; Blind deconvolution [25] and so on. Among them, blind deconvolution has a unique advantage in bearing fault
diagnosis. This is because the transfer process of the rolling bearing fault source signal is a convolution mixing process of the source
signal and the noise, and the blind deconvolution theory can extract the fault pulse through the deconvolution process [26].
Wiggins [27] proposed Minimum Entropy Deconvolution (MED) and applied it to seismic signal processing. Taking the maximum
kurtosis as the termination condition, MED tries to find an optimal inverse filter to reduce the confusion of the original signal as much
as possible, so as to minimize the entropy value. It can highlight a few large pulses and eliminate background noise and environmental
interference. Therefore, MED has been introduced into the field of fault diagnosis by scholars [28-30]. The limitation of the MED
algorithm is the preference to deconvolve a single pulse, rather than the expected periodic pulse to repeat during the fault period.
Therefore, McDonald proposed the correlation kurtosis and developed the maximum correlation kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD) with
its maximum as the optimal filter iteration termination condition [31]. MCKD highlights the continuous impulse which is submerged
by noise and is suitable for extracting the continuous transient impulse of fault signal [32,33]. However, the correlation kurtosis is
limited by the bit shift number, which greatly limits the filtering effect of MCKD [34]. McDonald proposed the multipoint kurtosis and
developed Multi-point Optimal Minimum Entropy Deconvolution Adjusted (MOMEDA) with its maximum value as the iterative
condition for solving the optimal filter. However, when MOMEDA reduces noise, it also greatly reduces the pulse amplitude in the
vibration signal. Marco Buzzoni et al. [35] proposed a new deconvolution method called maximum cyclic stationary deconvolution
(CYCBD).
Compared with other deconvolution algorithms, CYCBD has certain advantages in processing bearing fault signals [36]. CYCBD
also shows good performance for non-periodic impulses. However, its effect is affected by the length of the filter because all decon­
volution methods use finite filters to recover the fault source. Tang [37] et al. took feature energy ratio as the objective function,
optimized the filter length of maximum correlation kurtosis deconvolution with cuckoo search algorithm. Zhou [38] used kurtosis as
the objective function, optimized the filter length of MOMEDA by using the locust optimization algorithm (GOA), and achieved the
purpose of bearing fault diagnosis through envelope spectrum analysis. Chen et al. [39] used envelope spectral entropy to describe
periodic pulses. Wang et al [40] optimized the filter length of MOMEDA by using envelope spectral entropy combined with kurtosis.
However, these indicators as optimization targets do not indicate deconvolution noise reduction performance. Stopaghi [41] proposed
a new index called dispersion entropy. Dispersion Entropy (DisEn) is an effective and fast method for quantifying nonlinear signal
uncertainty. Compared with permutation entropy, (PerEn) and approximate entropy (ApEn), it has better stability when dealing with
high signal-to-noise ratio [42]. This provides a basis for measuring the de-noising effect of deconvolution in the strong noise envi­
ronment. The stronger the noise, the greater the dispersion entropy. In this paper, the dispersion entropy is used to illustrate that the
filtering effect of CYCBD is proportional to the filter length in a certain range. The larger the length, the better the filtering effect.
However, an excessive increase in length can cause signal distortion. Besides, the increase in length will greatly increase the time cost,
but the large increase in these time costs is meaningless because the fault features extracted when the length is increased to a certain
extent are already very clear and take less time. Therefore, considering the performance and time cost of CYCBD, this paper proposes a
performance-efficiency ratio index and combines the equal-step search strategy to further propose a filter length adaptive strategy.
Another important point is that CYCBD is similar to MCKD and MOMEDA in that it needs to set its frequency set in advance. Therefore,
it is necessary to propose a method to estimate the cyclic frequency of the fault signal.
To overcome the shortcoming of CYCBD, this paper proposed an adaptive maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution
(ACYCBD). Firstly, aiming at the unknown cyclic frequency of signals, this paper presents a cyclic frequency estimation method based
on autocorrelation function of morphological envelope, and validates its effectiveness by processing simulation and experimental
signals. Then, for the optimization problem of CYCBD’s filter length, this paper proposes a new index called performance efficiency
ratio, and an adaptive strategy for filter length is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of ACYCBD are verified by
simulation and experiment.
The structure of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the theories of CYCBD are briefly introduced. In Section 3, first, the
shortcomings of CYCBD are analyzed. Then, an adaptive strategy for filter length is proposed. Finally, a cyclic frequency estimation
method based on autocorrelation function of morphological envelope is proposed. In section 4, the effectiveness of this method is
verified by simulation experiments. In section 5, the method is applied to the analysis of rolling bearing signals. The results show that
the method is superior to other deconvolution methods. The conclusion is given in section 6.

2. Theoretical review

Maximum cyclostationarity deconvolution (CYCBD) introduces a new deconvolution standard based on second-order cyclo­
stationarity (CS2) and uses an iterative eigenvalue decomposition algorithm to solve the optimal filter. For the detailed theory of
CYCBD, please refer to reference [36].
Generally, the purpose of BD is to recover the source signal s0 from the noise observation signal X, viz:
s = X ∗ h = (s0 ∗ g)*h ≈ s0 (1)
The matrix form is as follows:

2
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
s[N − 1] x[N − 1] ⋯ x[0] h[0]
⎣ ⋮ ⎦=⎣ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎦ ⎣ ⋮ ⎦ (2)
s[L − 1] x[L − 1] ⋯ x[L − N − 2] h[N − 1]

where g is the unknown impulse response function (IRF), h is the inverse filter, s is the estimated input and * refers to the convolution
operation.
In reference [36], cyclic frequency of a discrete-time signal is defined as:
k
α= (3)
Ts

where k is the sample index and Ts is the period (in the sample), which can be related to the failure rate.
The second-order cyclostationarity (ICS2) is defined as follows:
∑ ⃒⃒ k ⃒⃒2
cs
ICS2 = k>0 ⃒ ⃒2 (4)
⃒c0 ⃒
s

with

EH |s|2
cks = (5)
L− N+1

sH s
c0s = (6)
L− N+1
where,
[ ]T
|s|2 = |s[N − 1] |2 , ..., |s[L − 1] |2 (7)

E = [e1 ⋯ek ⋯eK ] (8)

⎡ ⎤
⎢ − j2πTk ⎥
⎢e s (N − 1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
ek = ⎢ ⋮ ⎥ (9)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − j2πTk ⎥
⎣e s (L − 1) ⎦

According to Equations (5) and (6), Equation (4) can be expressed as:

|s|2H EEH |s|2

ICS2 = (10)
|sH s|2
In this case, the signal containing the periodic component |s|2 is called P[|s|2], which contains all the interested periodic fre­
quencies k, and can be written as:

[ ] 1 ∑ ( ) EEH |s|2
P |s|2 = ek eHk |s|2 = (11)
L− N +1 k L− N+1

Bringing Equation 1and Equation (11) into Equation (10) gives the following formula:

hH X H WXh
ICS2 = (12)
hH X H Xh
where, h is the inverse filter, the weighting matrix Wcan be expressed as:
( ) ⎡ ⎤
⋱ [ 2 ] 0 (L − N + 1)
P|s|2
W = diag H (L − N + 1) = ⎣ P |s| ⎦ ∑
L− 1
(13)
s s l=N− 1 s
2
0 ⋱

According to Eq. (12) and Eq. (13), the shock source with the largest ICS2 behavior can be extracted.

3. Adaptive maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution based on performance efficiency ratio index

Compared with other deconvolution algorithms, CYCBD has certain advantages in processing bearing fault signals. CYCBD over­
comes the disadvantage that MED can recover a single dominant pulse and MCKD can only extract a limited number of pulses. CYCBD
can extract continuous periodic pulses very well. Compared with MOMEDA, CYCBD can extract periodic shocks and enhance shocks at

3
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

the same time and has good noise reduction performance. CYCBD also shows good performance for non-periodic pulses. However,
CYCBD also recovers the fault source by solving a finite length filter for deconvolution. Therefore, the length of the filter has a great
influence on the result. Besides, because the cyclic frequency affects the cyclostationarity, the cyclic frequency also has a certain
impact on the performance of CYCBD. To overcome the problems of CYCBD, Adaptive Maximum Cyclostationarity Blind Deconvo­
lution (ACYCBD) is proposed. The flow chart of ACYCBD proposed in this paper is shown in Fig. 1.
As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed method mainly includes the following four steps. The key steps 2 and 3 will be described in detail
in Section 3.2. The parameters of CYCBD will be analyzed in detail in Section 3.1.
1) The vibration signal of bearing is collected by acceleration sensor.
2) The cyclic frequency is estimated by the autocorrelation function of morphological envelope proposed in this paper.
3) The length of the filter is adaptively determined by the performance efficiency ratio index proposed in this paper.
4) According to the parameters obtained in the previous step, CYCBD is used to filter the signal, and the Teager energy operator is
used to demodulate it. Then, the frequency obtained is compared with the fault characteristic frequency to complete the fault diagnosis
of the bearing.

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the proposed method.

4
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

3.1. Analysis of the CYCBD’s parameters

To illustrate the effect of filter length on CYCBD, we constructed the following simulation signals for verification according to
reference [43].
∑
x(t) = Ai s(t − iT − τi ) + n(t) (14)
i

where, Ai is a Gaussian random variable, T is the impulse interval between two adjacent shocks and its value is 1/30, corresponding to
the frequency 30 Hz, s(t) it generally decays rapidly with the effect of system damping B and its value is 50, fn is the natural frequency
of the system, and its value is 300 Hz, τi is a small random fluctuation around the average period, and n(t) represents white noise. The
sampling frequency is 1800 Hz.
Fig. 2 shows the simulation signal. Fig. 2(a) is the impact impulse and Fig. 2(b) is the composite signal with noise. It can be observed
that the impulse is completely submerged by noise.
Because the cyclic frequency affects the cyclostationarity, the cyclic frequency has a certain impact on the performance of CYCBD.
According to the simulation signal, the cyclic frequency set is 30 Hz its multiple. To analyze the influence of CYCBD’s cyclic frequency
on its performance, different cyclic frequency sets (20 Hz, 30 Hz, 35 Hz, 40 Hz) were constructed, and the simulation signal was
processed by CYCBD. Among them, the filter length is 500. The results are shown in Fig. 3.
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that CYCBD provides a perfect solution when the cyclic frequency set is composed of 30 Hz and its
multiple frequencies. When the cyclic frequency set is composed of 20 Hz and its multiple frequencies, CYCBD will provide a wrong
solution. The wrong periodic pulse appears in the time domain, and the wrong frequency appears in the envelope spectrum. The results
of other cyclic frequency sets are similar. It can be determined that the wrong cyclic frequency set makes CYCBD show the wrong
results, so it is necessary to estimate the unknown cyclic frequency in advance.
In order to analyze the influence of filter length on CYCBD performance, change different filter lengths to process simulation
signals, and the results are shown in Fig. 4. The cyclic frequency set is set to [30,60,90…300].
According to Fig. 4, we can obtain the conclusion that within a certain range (100–900 in Fig. 4), as the filter length increases, the
filtering effect increases accordingly. But when the filter length is too large (L = 1000 in Fig. 4), the signal will be distorted.
To further evaluate the noise reduction effect of CYCBD, the dispersion entropy (De) [41] index is introduced. The concept of
entropy represents the degree of irregularity or uncertainty of time series. The larger the entropy is, the more obvious the irregularity
is. The smaller the entropy is, the less the irregularity or uncertainty is. In recent years, this kind of index is also applied to a mechanical
vibration signal [7]. This provides a basis for evaluating the proportion of noise in the signal. The fault shows the periodic component
in the vibration signal, and the regular strong entropy is small. The noise has strong randomness and large entropy. Therefore, the more
noise the signal contains, the greater the irregularity and the greater the entropy.
The dispersion entropy of the filtered signal obtained by calculating different filter lengths is shown in Table 1. It can be seen that
the larger the filter length is, the smaller the dispersion entropy value is, which means the better the filtering effect of CYCBD.
However, when L increases, the time cost of CYCBD will increase. Table 2 shows the time required for CYCBD when L is different.
When L is small, although the effect of noise reduction is poor, the time needed is very little. When L increases, although the noise
reduction effect of CYCBD will be greatly improved, the time will also be greatly increased. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that when L =
500, the fault characteristics are already obvious, while when L is increased continuously, the time required will be multiplied, which
is obviously not worth it. Therefore, we need to find a way to balance efficiency and effect.

3.2. Adaptive maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution based on performance efficiency ratio index

To improve the effect of filter length and cyclic frequency on CYCBD’s performance and efficiency, an adaptive maximum
cyclostationarity blind deconvolution (ACYCBD) based on the performance efficiency ratio index is proposed. In this section, the
adaptive determination method of the filter length of the proposed cyclic frequency is described in detail.

Fig. 2. Simulated signal.

5
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 3. Results of CYCBD processing simulation signals with a different cyclic frequency set: (a) constructed by 20 Hz and its multiples, (b) con­
structed by 30 Hz and its multiples, (c) constructed by 35 Hz and its multiples and (d) constructed by 40 Hz and its multiples.

1) Cyclic frequency estimation

Firstly, the cyclic frequency should also be estimated. In this paper, a cyclic frequency estimation method based on autocorrelation
function of morphological envelope is proposed. Cyclic frequency is related to fault frequency. Envelope analysis of signal by Hilbert
transform can transfer frequency analysis from the range of very high resonance frequency to the range of very low fault frequency,
which greatly simplifies the signal. According to the definition of autocorrelation, the best candidate points of the signal period can be
found from the maximum of autocorrelation function of envelope signal. To better estimate the cyclic frequency of the fault signal in
the strong noise environment, the autocorrelation function of the morphological envelope is proposed to estimate the cyclic frequency.
In morphological operations, the open and close average operators can extract positive and negative pulses, but the pulse amplitude
will be halved. The top hat transformation of the averaging operator (morphology AVG-Hat operator) can suppress the interference
information while extracting the positive and negative impact characteristics [45]. The basic concept of morphological signal pro­
cessing is to modify the shape of a signal, by transforming its intersection with another object called the structural element (SE). In this
paper, a flat structural element (SE) is selected. With flat SEs, the height is 0 and the only parameter to be selected is the length L.
According to reference [46], the length of SE is selected as 0.6 times of the signal impulse period. [46]. The detailed information about
SE can be found in the reference [46]. The specific equation of AVG-Hat is shown as follows:
AVGH(n) = 2f (n) − ((f ⋅ g)(n) + (f ◦ g)(n) ) (15)

where, “f ◦ g” indicates an open operation of f(n) by g(m) , “f ⋅ g” indicates a closed operation.

After the signal is subjected to morphological processing, the signal envelope spectrum sequence is solved. For convenience, the
morphological envelope can be assumed to bex(t), and the autocorrelation function rx (τ) of lag τis defined as:
∫
rx (τ) ≡ x(t)x(t + τ)dt (16)

In fact, rx (0) is the global maximum when τ = 0, but rx (0) cannot be used as the period of the signal. When the autocorrelation
function has other local maxima besides the zero point, the time series can be considered to be periodic, and this maximum value
corresponds to the optimal period of the signal.

6
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Fig. 4. Results of CYCBD with different filter lengths L: (a) L = 100, (b) L = 200, (c) L = 300, (d) L = 400, (e) L = 500, (f) L = 600, (g) L = 700, (h) L
= 800, (i) L = 900 and (j) L = 1000.

In order to verify the reliability of the proposed method, the pulse signal (Eq. (14)) is analyzed. Fig. 5 is the time-domain diagram of
the impulse signal after adding noise. The parameters of the signal are described above. Fig. 6 shows the autocorrelation function of the
morphological envelope function.
It can be seen that the autocorrelation function has a maximum value when the frequency is 0 Hz and 30 Hz. (Maximum points also
appear at multiples of 30 Hz. The local graph shows the waveform of the interval [0,50], which shows the maximum value at 30 Hz. In
fact, this is reasonable. According to the definition of autocorrelation, we can know that the maximum value should appear at the cycle
frequency and its multiple.) However, 0 cannot be used as the period, so 30 Hz is the estimated cyclic frequency of the original signal. It
can be obtained that the proposed method for estimating the period using the autocorrelation function of the morphological envelope
is feasible, and the method can well estimate the fault period with an unknown period.
After the estimated cyclic frequency is obtained, according to the reference [36], the cyclic frequency set can be constructed as [30,
60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300].
2) Filter length determination
In section 3.1, the effect of filter length on the pulse extraction effect of CYCBD is analyzed. This section will introduce the proposed
filter length adaptive strategy based on the performance efficiency ratio.
Because CYCBD can greatly enhance the amplitude of the pulse while recovering the fault signal source, the common noise
evaluation indexes such as signal-to-noise ratio cannot effectively evaluate the noise reduction effect of CYCBD. Although the
dispersion entropy can measure the noise intensity in the signal, it can’t measure the periodic component in the noise-reduced signal,
so it can’t get a proper filter length through the dispersion entropy. Harmonic to noise ratio (HNR) [44] is an index proposed to
evaluate the quality of speech signal. Combining this with the envelope analysis technique to form the envelope harmonic noise ratio

7
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

Fig. 4. (continued).

Table 1
Dispersion entropy obtained when L is different.
L 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

De 0.894 0.798 0.758 0.722 0.689 0.644 0.608 0.4093 0.037 0.936

Table 2
Time required for CYCBD when L is different.
L 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

T/s 0.731 2.412 4.617 6.463 10.496 20.87 38.45 56.36 116.6 386.4

can be used to evaluate the quality of the vibration signal, which can measure the noise intensity and periodic pulses in the signal.
The envelope harmonic noise ratio is calculated as follows:
1 Perform Hilbert transform on the observation signal x(t) to get envelope signalEnvx (t):
∫
1 ∞ x(τ)
̂x (t) = H{x(t)} = dτ (17)
π − ∞t− τ
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(18)
′
Envx (t) = x2 (t) + ̂ x 2 (t)

8
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

Fig. 5. The original signal.

Fig. 6. Autocorrelation function of morphological envelope.

Remove the zero-frequency component:

(19)
′ ′
Envx (t) = Envx (t) − mean(Envx (t))

where, ̂x (t) is obtained by phase shifting 90 of the original signal, Envx (t) is the direct envelope signal, and Envx (t)is the envelope
◦ ′

signal after removing the DC component from Envx (t).

′

2 Transform the result into frequency domain and calculate the correlation function about time delayτ.
∫
rEnvx (τ) = Envx (t)Envx (t + τ)dt (20)

3. Through the definition of autocorrelation, the maximum value of the relative height of harmonic signal can be found, which is
recorded as rEnvx (τmax ). The envelope harmonic noise ratio can be calculated from the following formula:
rEnvx (τmax )
EHNR = (21)
rEnvx (0) − rEnvx (τmax )
The EHNR values corresponding to results of CYCBD at different L are calculated, and the results are shown in Table 3. According to
table 3, Fig. 7 can be obtained.
As shown in Fig. 7, with the increase of L, the value of EHNR will continue to increase. Combined with Fig. 4, it can be seen that the
value of EHNR can evaluate the result of CYCBD. However, with the increase of L, the increasing trend of EHNR will slow down. This is
consistent with the trend of the waveform of the envelope spectrum in Fig. 4. However, when L increases to 1000, the minimum value
of EHNR is obtained due to signal distortion.
According to EHNR, this paper proposed an index that considers the noise reduction effect and efficiency of CYCBD, named per­
formance efficiency ratio (PER).
DEHNR = EHNRi − EHNRi+1 (23)

Table 3
EHNR values corresponding to CYCBD results of different L.
L 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

EHNR 1.52 2.028 3.113 4.368 4.551 4.594 4.628 4.630 4.671 0.083

9
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

Fig. 7. Change of EHNR values corresponding to CYCBD results of different L.

DEHNR
PER = (i = 1, 2...) (24)
log2 ((ti − ti+1 ))

where DEHNR is the change value of the EHNR with the increase of L, ti is the running time of CYCBD before l increase, and ti+1 is the
running time of CYCBD after the increase of L.
As shown in Fig. 7 and Table 3, when L is small, the EHNR value is small but the growth rate is faster, and the time increase is
slower. When L is large, the EHNR value is larger, but the growth rate is slower, and the time increase speed is fast. Therefore, ac­
cording to the definition of the index, the curve of PER should be increased first and then decreased, As shown in Fig. 8. When L is
greater than 400, the value of PER begins to decrease. According to Fig. 4, when L = 400, the fault characteristics are already obvious.
There is no need to increase L at the expense of a large increase in time cost. Therefore, the proposed index is reasonable.
When PER starts to decrease, it indicates that the growth rate of time is too fast, but the growth rate of EHNR slows down, which
means that the time cost increases a lot, but the noise reduction effect of CYCBD does not increase significantly. Obviously, we should
stop the increase in L. According to the proposed index, the adaptive principle of CYCBD filter length is as follows:
1. Set the initial L1 and L0 values and step k, where L1 = L0 + K. Since the filter length is proportional to the effect of CYCBD, a larger
initial value and step size are selected here, which are L0 = 100 and K = 100, respectively.
2. Reduce the noise of the signal through CYCBD, and calculate the EHNR value of the signal after noise reduction when L = L1 and
L = L0.
3. Calculate the value of PER1.
4. PER2 obtained by iterative calculation of L2 = L1 + k.
5. Compare the size of PER1 and PER2. If PER2 is larger than PER1, continue to iterate until PERi＜PERi-1(i is the number of iter­
ations), otherwise, end the iteration, and get the best L.
6. Output the result.

4. Simulation analysis

In order to illustrate the effectiveness of ACYCBD, a bearing fault model in a high noise environment is constructed for analysis.
Then, by comparing the CYCBD results of different filter lengths, the effectiveness of the parameter optimization strategy proposed in
this paper is illustrated. Finally, the proposed adaptive CYCBD is compared with other blind convolution methods, including MED,
MCKD, and MOMEDA. The simulation model is shown in equation (14). For a better explanation, the parameter T in the model is
changed to 0.02, and the simulated fault frequency is also changed to 50 Hz.

Fig. 8. Change trend of per value when L increases.

10
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

The simulated signal waveform is shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the amplitude of the noise is greater than the amplitude of the
pulse, the pulse is submerged by the noise, and no periodic pulses are observed in the composite signal x. The teager energy operator
demodulation result of the signal is shown in Fig. 10. Teager energy operator demodulation method is proposed after Hilbert
Demodulation. Teager energy operator demodulation method has the advantages of simple calculation and high time resolution.
Therefore, Teager energy operator demodulation method is selected to extract fault characteristic frequency. It can be seen that
although the fault frequency occurs, the frequency of the fault is not obvious due to the interference of a large amount of noise, and its
frequency multiplication is hardly observed. Therefore, the fault information can not be obtained after the signal is demodulated
directly by the Teager energy operator.

4.1. Results of ACYCBD

To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the simulated signal is processed using ACYCBD. First, the signal is processed
with morphological envelope to obtain the morphological envelope spectrum sequence, and then the autocorrelation analysis of
morphological envelope function is carried out to obtain the autocorrelation function, as shown in Fig. 11. It can be observed from
Fig. 11 that the autocorrelation function has a maximum value at 50 Hz. Therefore, it is easy to know that even in a strong noise
environment, the cyclic frequency can be estimated by using the autocorrelation function of the morphological envelope. So set the
cyclic frequency interval to [50, 100, 150, … ,500].
After the cyclic frequency set is obtained, the reasonable filter length is determined by the adaptive principle of filter length based
on the performance efficiency ratio index proposed in this paper. The filter length is 400, and the result of ACYCBD is output. The trend
of PER is shown in Fig. 12.
When L = 400, the time required is 19.753 s. The result of CYCBD is shown in Fig. 13 (a), and the result of demodulation by the
Teager energy operator is shown in Fig. 13 (b). From the frequency waveform of energy demodulation, it can be seen that the fault
frequency is very clear, there is an obvious peak value at 50 Hz, and the frequency multiplication is clear. After 600 Hz, the frequency
multiplication is cut off, corresponding to 12 times of the fault frequency. The dispersion entropy of the envelope spectrum is 4.316.
In order to verify the rationality of the ACYCBD proposed in this paper, different filter lengths are selected to process the simulation
signals when the cyclic frequency set is constant, and the results are shown in Fig. 14. Table 4 shows the time taken for different L.
When the filter length L = 200, since the filter length is too small, the CYCBD filtering effect is not obvious. In the envelope
spectrum, the spectral lines are chaotic, and only one obvious spectral line exists, so the fault characteristics cannot be determined.
When L = 500, the noise reduction effect of CYCBD also increases. The mid-interval curve of the demodulation spectrum is obvious,
and the noise amplitude is significantly reduced compared to L = 400. However, the number of spectral lines in the demodulation is
still consistent with L = 400, and there is no significant increase. Moreover, the time required for L = 500 is more than doubled when L
= 400. Therefore, it can be proved that the filter length adaptive principle proposed in this paper can effectively balance the conflict
between noise reduction effect and time, and select a reasonable filter length. It can be seen that the ACYCBD method proposed in this
paper is effective, and it is feasible to guide the selection of filter length by the change of performance efficiency ratio index.
To further illustrate the significance of this method. The larger L = 1200 is selected for analysis, and the CYCBD results are shown in
Fig. 14 (c). It can be observed that the signal has been distorted, but the running time of CYCBD needs 535.6 s. This is something we
can’t accept. However, the Proposed algorithm can avoid this problem.

4.2. Results of MED, MCKD, and MOMEDA

To illustrate the advantages of ACYCBD, the simulation signals are processed with MED, MCKD, and MOMEDA respectively, and
compared with the results of ACYCBD.
According to reference [47], the vibration signal t is denoised by MED, and the result is shown in Fig. 15. Fig. 15(a) shows the time

Fig. 9. Simulated signal: (a) fault signal, (b) noise, (c) composite signal.

11
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

Fig. 10. Demodulation results of simulation signals by Teager energy operator.

Fig. 11. Autocorrelation function of morphological envelope.

Fig. 12. The change chart of per index.

(a) ( b)

Fig.13. The result of ACYCBD: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

domain waveform obtained by MED. It can be observed that there is no periodic shock in the time domain, and only one impulse is
highlighted. The time domain waveforms are cluttered and there is still a lot of noise. Fig. 15 (b) shows the energy operator
demodulation spectrum. It can be found that there is no obvious effective spectral line, the fault frequency 50 Hz can not be identified,
and the demodulation spectrum is full of useless noise spectral lines. Therefore, the fault frequency can not be accurately extracted.
Obviously, in a noisy environment, it is difficult to effectively denoise the signal and highlight the periodic impulse through the MED.

12
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 14. The comparison of CYCBD results with different filter lengths: (a) L = 200, (b) L = 500 and (c) L = 1200.

Table 4
Time required for different L.
L 200 400 500 1200

T 6.618 19.75 38.775 535.6

(a) (b)

Fig. 15. Results of MED: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

Obviously, ACYCBD is significantly better than adaptive MED.

According to the reference [33], the vibration signal is denoised by MCKD, and the result is shown in Fig. 16. Fig. 16 (a) shows the
time domain waveform obtained by MCKD, and it can be observed that only a limited number of pulses are highlighted in the time
domain. This is due to the principle of MCKD, which can only extract finite impulses. Although the pulse has a certain periodicity, it is
not easy to observe its periodicity because the number of pulses is small and the positive and negative are asymmetric. Moreover, the
noise amplitude is also relatively large. Fig. 16 (b) is the demodulation spectrum of the energy operator. It can be observed that the
demodulation spectrum has a distinct peak at a frequency of 50 Hz, a peak at a frequency of 98.89 Hz, which is close to twice the
frequency domain of the fault, and a peak at a frequency of 151.1 Hz, which is close to three times the frequency of the fault. It can be
known that MCKD can extract the fault frequency even in a strong noise environment. For better comparison, the dispersion entropy is
calculated and the result is 0.6836, which is larger than the dispersion entropy obtained by the demodulation spectrum of ACYCBD.
Obviously, the demodulation spectrum contains much more noise than that of ACYCBD. Besides, the spectrum lines in the demodu­
lation spectrum are relatively disordered, there are many invalid interference spectrum lines, and the extracted fault frequency
multiples have obvious errors. According to the above discussion, we can draw the following conclusion: the ACYCBD is better than the
MCKD.

13
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(a) (b)

Fig. 16. Results of MCKD: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

According to the cyclic frequency estimated by the autocorrelation function method of the morphological envelope proposed in this
paper, the noise reduction interval of MOMEDA is set to [30, 50]. The results obtained by MOMEDA are shown in Fig. 17. Fig. 17 (a) is a
time domain waveform obtained by adaptive MOMEDA. As shown, there are significant periodic pulses in the time domain waveform,
but the amplitude is small and the average amplitude is less than 0.4. It shows that the amplitude of the pulse is also reduced while
reducing the noise, which is not conducive to the diagnosis of the fault. Fig. 17 (b) shows the demodulation spectrum of the energy
operator. It can be observed that the demodulation spectrum has a peak at a frequency of 58.33 Hz, close to the fault frequency, a peak
at 118.3 Hz, which is close to twice the fault frequency, and a peak at 176.7 Hz, which is close to three times the fault frequency. It can
be known that MOMEDA can still effectively extract the fault frequency in a strong noise environment, but the extracted frequency is
deviated by the influence of noise. For better comparison, the dispersion entropy is calculated and the result is 0.6326, which is
obviously larger than the dispersion entropy obtained by the demodulation spectrum of ACYCBD. According to the above discussion,
we can draw the following conclusion: the ACYCBD is better than the MOMEDA.

5. Experimental verification

To verify the feasibility and superiority of ACYCBD in engineering application, the experiment is carried out on the gearbox fault
test bench in this paper. The test bench is shown in Fig. 18, which includes a three-phase asynchronous motor, connector, gear
accelerator, torque and speed sensor, planetary reducer, three-way acceleration sensor, and magnetic powder loader. The model of the
three-phase asynchronous motor is Y132S-4, the rated speed is 1440 r/min, and the rated power is 55 kW. The model of the torque
speed sensor is JZ2000, the rated torque is 2000 N⋅m, and the working speed is 0–4000 r/min. The magnetic powder loader is used to
adjust the load. The model of the three-way accelerometer is YD77SA with sensitivity of 0.01 V/ms-2. The sensor placement is shown
in Fig. 20. The bearing with inner ring cracks was used to replace the original bearing. The bearing type is NJ210, as shown in Fig. 19.
1. Magnetic powder loader. 2. Gear accelerator. 3. Torque and speed sensor. 4. Planetary reducer. 5. Three-way acceleration sensor
1#. 6. Three-way acceleration sensor 2#. 7. Three-way asynchronous motor.
The sampling frequency is 10,000 Hz and the rotation speed is 500 r/min. After calculation, the inner ring fault frequency is 78 Hz.
The acquired vibration signal is shown in Fig. 20, Fig. 20(a) is a time domain diagram, and Fig. 20(b) is a demodulation spectrum
obtained by the Teager energy operator.
As shown in Fig. 20, since the noise is too large, the fault characteristics are not obvious, and no periodic pulses are observed in the
time domain diagram. Although there is fault frequency in the demodulation spectrum of the Teager energy operator, its amplitude is
small and the multiple fault frequency is drowned by noise. Moreover, there are many interference frequency components, which
cannot determine the fault.
Vibration signals obtained from experiments are processed by ACYCBD proposed in this paper. Firstly, the cyclic frequency is
estimated by the morphological envelope autocorrelation function proposed in this paper, and the results are shown in Fig. 21. It can
be observed that the autocorrelation function of morphological envelope sequence is not smooth due to the influence of noise and other
rotating components. However, a maximum occurs at a frequency of 78 Hz, which corresponds to the frequency of fault. Therefore, it
can be proved that the proposed cyclic frequency estimation method through autocorrelation function of morphological envelope is
feasible in engineering application. According to Fig. 21, a cyclic frequency set is constructed with 78 Hz as the starting point and

(a) (b)

Fig. 17. Results of MOMEDA: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

14
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

1. Magnetic powder loader. 2. Gear accelerator. 3. Torque and speed sensor. 4. Planetary reducer. 5. Three-way

acceleration sensor 1#. 6. Three-way acceleration sensor 2#. 7. Three-way asynchronous motor.
Fig.18. The gearbox fault test bench.

Fig. 19. The crack fault of bearing inner ring.

Fig. 20. Experimental Vibration Signal: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

interval.
After determining the cyclic frequency, the filter length needs to be determined. The filter length is determined to be L = 800 by the
length adaptive strategy based on the performance efficiency index proposed in this paper. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 22.
Fig. 22(a) shows the time domain waveform obtained by ACYCBD, and Fig. 22(b) shows the demodulation spectrum obtained by the
Teager energy operator. It can be seen from the time domain that there are obvious periodic pulses, and the noise component is
significantly reduced compared with the original vibration signal. As shown in Fig. 22(b), nine obvious spectral lines can be easily
observed, which correspond to 1–9 times of the fault frequency respectively. It is obvious that the proposed ACYCBD can accurately
extract the fault frequency of the bearing.
To illustrate the superiority of ACYCBD, the signals were processed with MCKD and MOMEDA, respectively, and the obtained
results were compared with ACYCBD.
According to the cyclic frequency estimated by the autocorrelation function method of the morphological envelope proposed in this

15
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

Fig. 21. Autocorrelation function of morphological envelope (Left) and change trend of per value when L increases (right).

(a) (b)

Fig. 22. Results of ACYCBD: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

paper, the noise reduction interval of MOMEDA is set to [118,138]. The MOMEDA is then used to process the vibration signals
collected in the experiment, and the results are shown in Fig. 23. Fig. 23(a) shows the time domain waveform obtained by MOMEDA. It
can be observed that there are significant periodic pulses in the time domain waveform, and the noise is greatly reduced compared to
the original signal. However, while reducing noise, the amplitude of the periodic pulse is also greatly reduced, and the average
amplitude of the pulse is around 0.3, which is not conducive to the diagnosis of the fault. Fig. 23(b) shows the obtained energy operator
demodulation spectrum. It can be noted that there are obvious peaks at 77.5 Hz, 157.5 Hz, 235 Hz and 392.5 Hz in the demodulation
spectrum, which are close to 1–5 times of the fault frequency, respectively. Therefore, MOMEDA can successfully extract the fault
frequency in the experiment. However, compared with ACYCBD, there are fewer spectrum lines representing the failure frequency in
the demodulated spectrum of MOMEDA. Moreover, the amplitude of the spectral line is obviously smaller than that in ACYCBD. It is
easy to obtain that the effect of ACYCBD is better than that of MOMEA.
According to the cyclic frequency estimated by the autocorrelation function method of the morphological envelope proposed in this
paper, the cycle of MCKD set to 128.2. Then MCKD is used to process the collected vibration signals, and the results are shown in
Fig. 24. Fig. 24(a) shows the time domain waveform obtained by MCKD. It can be observed that MCKD can only extract a limited
number of impulses, and only 7 pulses are highlighted in the time domain diagram of MCKD. The interval of the pulse corresponds to
the fault period, but since the number of pulses is small and the positive and negative are asymmetrical, it is difficult to observe the
periodicity of the impulse. Fig. 24 (b) is the demodulation spectrum of the energy operator. As shown in the figure, the demodulation
spectrum shows obvious peaks when the frequency is 78 Hz, 156 Hz, 232 Hz, 312 Hz and 390 Hz, which are close to 1–5 times of the
fault frequency, respectively. Compared with ACYCBD, there are fewer spectrum lines representing the failure frequency in the
demodulated spectrum of MCKD. Moreover, the amplitude of the spectral line is obviously smaller than that in ACYCBD. It can be
concluded that the effect of ACYCBD is better than that of MCKD.

(a) (b)

Fig. 23. Results of MOMEDA: (a) Time domain waveform and (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

16
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

(a) (b)

Fig. 24. Results of MCKD: (a) Time domain waveformand (b) Teager Energy operator demodulation.

6. Conclusion

The maximum cyclostationarity blind deconvolution has certain advantages compared with other blind deconvolution methods,
but the inappropriate filter length and cyclic frequency set will have a great impact on its effectiveness. For the determination of cyclic
frequency in CYCBD, an autocorrelation function of morphological envelope is proposed to estimate the cyclic frequency. Simulation
and experimental results show that this method can still successfully estimate the cyclic frequency under strong noise conditions. To
analyze the influence of filter length on CYCBD, dispersion entropy is introduced to evaluate the filtering effect of CYCBD. The
conclusion is as follows: in a certain range, the filtering performance of CYCBD is directly proportional to the filter length. The larger
the length, the better the filtering effect. However, the excessive increase in length will lead to signal distortion. Besides, the increase in
length will greatly increase the time cost. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a performance efficiency ratio index, which
considers the performance and efficiency of CYCBD at the same time. Furthermore, an adaptive filter length method is proposed based
on the equal step search strategy. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive filter length strategy can effectively determine
the appropriate filter length.
In this paper, a parameter adaptive CYCBD method is proposed and successfully applied to bearing fault diagnosis. The simulation
and experimental results show that the method can effectively select the appropriate parameters to make CYCBD achieve good per­
formance in the strong noise environment.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zhijian Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software. Jie Zhou: Writing - original draft. Wenhua Du: Data curation, Formal
analysis. Yaguo Lei: Investigation, Conceptualization. Junyuan Wang: Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51905496), the Shanxi Provincial Natural
Science Foundation of China (201801D121186 and 201801D221237), in part by the Science Foundation of the North University of
China (XJJ201802), and in part by the Shanxi Province Applied basic research project of China (201701D121061).

References

[1] Y. Lei, Z. Liu, D. Wang, X. Yang, H. Liu, J. Lin, A probability distribution model of tooth pits for evaluating time-varying mesh stiffness of pitting gears, Mech.
Syst. Sig. Process. 106 (2018) 355–366.
[2] J. Zheng, H. Pan, J. Cheng, Rolling bearing fault detection and diagnosis based on composite multiscale fuzzy entropy and ensemble support vector machines,
Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 85 (2017) 746–759.
[3] J. Liu, Z. Xu, L.i. Zhou, W. Yu, Y. Shao, A statistical feature investigation of the spalling propagation assessment for a ball bearing, Mech. Mach. Theory 131
(2019) 336–350.
[4] B. Yang, Y. Lei, F. Jia, S. Xing, An intelligent fault diagnosis approach based on transfer learning from laboratory bearings to locomotive bearings, Mech. Syst.
Sig. Process. 122 (2019) 692–706.
[5] W. Guo, X. Jiang, N. Li, J. Shi, Z. Zhu, A coarse TF ridge-guided multi-band feature extraction method for bearing fault diagnosis under varying speed conditions,
IEEE Access 7 (2019) 18293–18310.
[6] Y. Zhou, W. Xue, Review of tool condition monitoring methods in milling processes, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 96 (5-8) (2018) 2509–2523.
[7] Y. Li, X. Wang, Z. Liu, X. Liang, S. Si, The entropy algorithm and its variants in the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery: a review, IEEE Access 6 (2018)
66723–66741.
[8] Z. Qiao, Y. Lei, N. Li, Applications of stochastic resonance to machinery fault detection: a review and tutorial, Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 122 (2019) 502–536.
[9] W. Huang, G. Gao, N. Li, X. Jiang, Z. Zhu, Time-frequency squeezing and generalized demodulation combined for variable speed bearing fault diagnosis, IEEE
Trans. Instrum. Meas. 68 (8) (2019) 2819–2829.
[10] C. Shen, J. Yang, J. Tang, Note: Parallel processing algorithm of temperature and noise error for micro-electro-mechanical system gyroscope based on
variational mode decomposition and augmented nonlinear differentiator, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89 (7) (2018), 076107.

17
Z. Wang et al. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 162 (2022) 108018

[11] H. Cao, Y. Zhang, Z. Han, X. Shao, J. Gao, K. Huang, Y. Shi, J. Tang, C. Shen, J. Liu, Pole-zero-temperature compensation circuit design and experiment for dual-
mass MEMS gyroscope bandwidth expansion, IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 24 (2) (2019) 677–688.
[12] J. Zheng, H. Pan, S. Yang, Generalized composite multiscale permutation entropy and Laplacian score based rolling bearing fault diagnosis, Mech. Syst. Sig.
Process. 99 (2018) 229–243.
[13] Z. Wang, J. Wang, W. Cai, J. Zhou, W. Du, J. Wang, G. He, and H. He, Application of an Improved Ensemble Local Mean Decomposition Method for Gearbox
Composite Fault diagnosis, Complexity, Article Number: 1564243.
[14] X. Jiang, J. Wang, J. Shi, A coarse-to-fine decomposing strategy of VMD for extraction of weak repetitive transients in fault diagnosis of rotating machines,
Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 116 (2019) 668–692.
[15] Y. Miao, M. Zhao, J. Lin, Identification of mechanical compound-fault based on the improved parameter-adaptive variational mode decomposition, ISA Trans.
84 (2019) 82–95.
[16] X. Jiang, C. Shen, J. Shi, Z. Zhu, Initial center frequency-guided VMD for fault diagnosis of rotating machines, J. Sound Vib. 435 (2018) 36–55.
[17] Y. Lei, Z. Qiao, X. Xu, An underdamped stochastic resonance method with stable-state matching for incipient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings, Mech.
Syst. Sig. Process. 94 (2017) 148–164.
[18] L. Song, H. Wang, P. Chen, Step-by-step Fuzzy diagnosis method for equipment based on symptom extraction and trivalent logic fuzzy diagnosis theory, IEEE
Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 26 (6) (2018) 3467–3478.
[19] S. Zhang, Z. Sun, M. Wang, J. Long, Y. Bai, C. Li, Deep Fuzzy echo state networks for machinery fault diagnosis, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. (2019), https://doi.org/
10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2914617.
[20] C. Shen, Y. Qi, J. Wang, An automatic and robust features learning method for rotating machinery fault diagnosis based on contractive autoencoder, Eng. Appl.
Artif. Intell. 76 (2018) 170–184.
[21] Y. Hao, L. Song, L. Cui, H. Wang, A three-dimensional geometric features-based SCA algorithm for compound faults diagnosis, Measurement 134 (2019)
480–491.
[22] Y. Li, G. Li, Y. Yang, X. Liang, M. Xu, A fault diagnosis scheme for planetary gearboxes using adaptive multi-scale morphology filter and modified hierarchical
permutation entropy, Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 105 (2018) 319–337.
[23] B. Yang, Y. Lei, F. Jia, S. Xing, B, An intelligent fault diagnosis approach based on transfer learning from laboratory bearings to locomotive bearings, Mech. Syst.
Sig. Process. 122 (2019) 692–706.
[24] H. Wang, S. Li, L. Song, L. Cui, A novel convolutional neural network based fault recognition method via image fusion of multi-vibration-signals, Comput. Ind.
105 (2019) 182–190.
[25] Z. Wang, J. Zhou, J. Wang, W. Du, J. Wang, X. Han, G. He, A novel fault diagnosis method of gearbox based on maximum kurtosis spectral entropy
deconvolution, IEEE Access 7 (2019) 29520–29532.
[26] Y. Miao, M. Zhao, J. Lin, Application of an improved maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution method for fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings, Mech.
Syst. Sig. Process. 92 (2017) 173–195.
[27] R.A. Wiggins, Minimum entropy deconvolution, Geoexploration 16 (1-2) (1978) 21–35.
[28] Y. Cheng, N. Zhou, W. Zhang, Z. Wang, Application of an improved minimum entropy deconvolution method for railway rolling element bearing fault diagnosis,
J. Sound Vib. 425 (2018) 53–69.
[29] D. He, X. Wang, S. Li, Identification of multiple faults in rotating machinery based on minimum entropy deconvolution combined with spectral kurtosis, Mech.
Syst. Sig. Process. 81 (2016) 235–249.
[30] H. Endo, R.B. Randall, Enhancement of autoregressive model based gear tooth fault detection technique by the use of minimum entropy deconvolution filter,
Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 21 (2) (2007) 906–919.
[31] G. Mcdonald, Q. Zhao, M. Zuo, Maximum correlated Kurtosis deconvolution and application on gear tooth chip fault detection, Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 33
(2012) 237–255.
[32] A. Ratni, C. Rahmoune, D. Benazzouz, A new method to enhance of fault detection and diagnosis in gearbox systems, J. Vibroengineering 19 (1) (2017)
176–188.
[33] L. Hong, X. Liu, H. Zuo, Compound fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution and customized
multiwavelet transform, Meas. Sci. Technol. 29 (11) (2018) 115007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aadefe.
[34] Z.-L. Lv, B.-P. Tang, Y. Zhou, A novel fault diagnosis method for rotating machinery based on eemd and mckd, Int. J. Simulation Modell. 14 (3) (2015) 438–449.
[35] G.L. McDonald, Q. Zhao, Multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution and convolution fix: application to vibration fault detection, Mech. Syst. Sig.
Process. 82 (2017) 461–477.
[36] M. Buzzoni, J. Antoni, G. D’Elia, Blind deconvolution based on cyclostationarity maximization and its application to fault identification, J. Sound Vib. 432
(2018) 569–601.
[37] G. Tang, X. Wang, Y. He, Diagnosis of compound faults of rolling bearings through adaptive maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution, J. Mech. Sci. Technol.
30 (1) (2016) 43–54.
[38] C. Zhou, J. Ma, J. Wu, Z. Feng, A parameter adaptive MOMEDA method based on grasshopper optimization algorithm to extract fault features, Mathem.
Problems Eng. 2019 (2019) 1–22.
[39] J. Chen, Y. Zi, Z. He, J. Yuan, Compound faults detection of rotating machinery using improved adaptive redundant lifting multiwavelet, Mech. Syst. Sig.
Process. 38 (1) (2013) 36–54.
[40] Z. Wang, W. Du, J. Wang, Research and application of improved adaptive MOMEDA fault diagnosis method, Measurement 140 (2019) 63–75.
[41] M. Rostaghi, H. Azami, Dispersion entropy: a measure for time-series analysis, IEEE Signal Process. 23 (2016) 610–614.
[42] R. Mostafa, A. Reza, A. Hamed, Application of dispersion entropy to status characterization of rotary machines, J. Sound Vib. 438 (2019) 291–308.
[43] B. Jiang, J. Xiang, Y. Wang, Rolling bearing fault diagnosis approach using probabilistic principal component analysis denoising and cyclic bispectrum, J. Sound
Vib. 22 (10) (2016) 2420–2433.
[44] X. Xu, M. Zhao, J. Lin, Envelope harmonic-to-noise ratio for periodic impulses detection and its application to bearing diagnosis, Measurement 91 (2016)
385–397.
[45] F. Deng, S. Yang, G. Tang, R. Hao, M. Zhang, Self adaptive multi-scale morphology AVG-Hat filter and its application to fault feature extraction for wheel
bearing, Meas. Sci. Technol. 28 (4) (2017) 045011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa5c2a.
[46] A. Hu, L. Xiang, Selection principle of mathematical morphological operators in vibration signal processing, J. Vib. Control 22 (14) (2016) 3157–3168.
[47] J. Li, M. Li, J. Zhang, Rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on time-delayed feedback monostable stochastic resonance and adaptive minimum entropy
deconvolution, J. Sound Vibr. 401 (2017) 139–151.

18