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Motion

Motion refers to the change in position of an object with respect to time. When an
object changes its position with respect to a reference point, it is said to be in

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motion.
Motion can be described in terms of its speed, direction, and acceleration.

Position, Distance and Displacement:

Position: An object’s position is always expressed in relation to some reference

point, known as the origin. We take into account two physical quantities to express
the change in position.
Distance: This is the actual path that an object travels while in motion. Its

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dimensions are [L] and its S.I. unit is ′m′.
Displacement: This term describes the variation between the final and initial
positions of an object during motion.

Differences Between Distance and Displacement:

*aasan bhasha me kahu tho coaching se chutne ke baad tum

sidhe ghar gaye tho displacment hua
or agar tum coaching se chutne ke baad pehle chai ki tapari pe
gaye and then ghar gaye tho distance
 Distance Displacement

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It describes the actual path taken It denotes the difference between
by an object while in motion. the starting and ending positions.

It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity

When an object is moving, the An object’s displacement during

distance it covers is always positive motion can be positive, negative or
and never negative or zero. even zero.

The distance travelled is always The amount of displacement is

more than, or equal to the size of negligible or equal to the distance

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the displacement covered during motion.

The distance depends on the path The magnitude of displacement is

taken by the object. independent of the path travelled

by an object during motion.

Difference Between Speed and Velocity :

Speed Velocity

It is defined as the total distance It describes the division of the time YouTube/@padhleakshay
travelled divided by the amount of intervals during which a change in
time that the motion has occurred. location or displacement takes place.

It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity

Throughout motion, it is always During motion, it may be positive,

positive. negative or zero.
 It is more than or equal to the It is equal to or less than the
magnitude of the velocity

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speed.

Note
The amount of displacement is equal to the length of the entire path when an
object is moving in a straight line and in the same direction.

In this instance, the average speed and average velocity are of equal magnitude.
This isn’t always the case, though.

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

Scalar Quantities
Scalar quantities are used to describe physical quantities that only have
magnitude and no direction.
Scalars include things like mass, length, time, distance, speed, work and
temperature, to name a few.

Vector Quantities
The term “vector quantity” refers to a physical quantity that has both YouTube/@padhleakshay
magnitude and direction.

It includes displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum and

torque. Scalar Vector
 Average Velocity and Average Speed:

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Average Velocity
Average velocity is the total displacement of an object over a certain
period of time, divided by the time interval. In other words, it is the
change in position of an object divided by the time taken for that
change to occur.

Average Velocity =
(Final Position - Initial Position) / Time taken

Average Speed

Average speed is the distance traveled by an object over a

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certain period of time, divided by the time interval. It is the
total distance traveled by an object divided by the time
taken for that journey.
Average Speed = Total Distance Traveled / Time Taken

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 Instantaneous Velocity and Instantaneous Speed

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Instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at a specific instant

in time.
It is the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time at
that specific moment.
Instantaneous Velocity = lim (Δt → 0) Δx / Δt
Its dimensions are [M0 LT-1] and its S.I. unit is m/s.

Instantaneous Speed

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Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a specific instant in
time. It is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the object
Instantaneous Speed = |Instantaneous Velocity|
Its dimensions are [M0L T-1] and its S.I. unit is m/s.

Acceleration *vroom...vrooom

Acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity with respect to time. It

is the rate at which an object's velocity is changing in magnitude or direction,

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or both.

For example, if a car is initially traveling at a velocity of 30 km/h to the east

and after 5 seconds it is traveling at a velocity of 60 km/h to the east, its
acceleration can be calculated as:
Acceleration = (60 km/h - 30 km/h) / 5 s = 6 km/h/s to the east
This means that the car's velocity is increasing at a rate of 6 kilometers per
hour every second to the east.
Average Acceleration

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The average acceleration during a period of time is defined as the
change in velocity divided by the time interval.
The average change in velocity per unit of time is hence known as
average acceleration.
a=(v2-v1)/(t2-t1), where v2 and v1 are the velocities at time t2 and t1,
respectively.
Its dimensions are [M 0L T -2] and its S.I. unit is m/s2.

Instantaneous Acceleration

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration of an object at a specific

instant in time. It is the rate of change of an object's velocity with
respect to time at that specific moment.

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Mathematically, instantaneous acceleration is defined as:

a=limΔt→0(v/t)=dv/dt

Its dimensions are [M 0L T -2] and its S.I. unit is m/s2.

Note
Instantaneous acceleration is a vector quantity, meaning it has both
magnitude and direction. Its direction is the same as the direction of the
change in velocity. If the velocity is increasing, the acceleration is in the
same direction as the velocity, and if the velocity is decreasing, the
acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity. YouTube/@padhleakshay
 Review

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Graphs

Uniform motion

When a body travels the same distances over the same periods of time, it is
said to be in uniform motion.
In this case, the speed remains constant throughout the movement
In addition, during motion, there is no acceleration
Displacment - time graph
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Nautre of slope : positive

 Velocity - time graph acceleration time graph

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nature of slope : zero nature of slope of a – t

Non-Uniform motion

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Non-uniform motion refers to motion where an object's velocity (speed and
direction) changes with respect to time.
Magnitude of Velocity increases or decreases with time
it moves with a constant speed in a straight line without changing its direction.

Displacment time graph velocity time graph acceleration – time

graph

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ye sare Graphs bhi taiyaar kar

lena exam ke liye
 Important Questions

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Ques:A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting it with a bat for a very
short time interval. Show the variation of its acceleration with time (Take acceleration
in the backward direction as positive).

Impulsive Force is generated by the bat: If we ignore the effect of gravity just by
analyzing the motion of ball in horizontal direction only, then ball moving uniformly
will return back with the same speed when a bat hits it.
Acceleration of the ball is zero just before it strikes the bat. When the ball strikes the
bat, it gets accelerated due to the applied impulsive force by the bat.

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Ques:A bird is tossing (flying to and fro) between two cars moving towards each other
on a straight road. One car has a speed of 18 km/h while the other has the speed of 27
km/h. The bird starts moving from first car towards the other and is moving with the

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speed of 36 km/h and when the two cars were separated by 36 km. What is the total
distance covered by the bird?

Concept of relative velocity (for 1-D): If two objects are moving along the same straight
line and we are observing the motion from the frame of one object. Then for the
relative velocity, it will be subtracted for velocities in same direction and added for
velocities in opposite directions. (Remember: add or subtract them with proper sign
conventions).
 we can find out the relative speed of the car by adding the speed of the two cars:

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=27+18
=45km/hrs

time taken to meet=distance between cars/relative speed of cars

=36/45
=4/5

hence, the distance that the bird will cover in 4/5 hrs

Ques:A man runs across the roof-top of a tall building and jumps horizontally with the
hope of landing on the roof of the next building which is of a lower height than the first.
If its speed is 9m/s , the (horizontal) distance between the two building is 10m and the
height difference is 9m , will be able to land on the next building? (take g = 10m/s2)

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Main concept: During fall freely 9m the horizontal distance covered by man should
be at least 10m .
For vertical motion :

u3 =0 , a=10m/s2

S=9m for time=t,

2 second equation of
s=u 3 t+1/2​at
2 motion use kiya gaya
9=0× t +1/2​×10×t hai
√
t= 9/5
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=3/√5sec

Horizontal distance covered by person is :

u x ×t=12.07m
As 12.07m covered during the free falling of 9 m. So he reaches on the building
next farther the edge by 12.7−10 = 2.07m .
 Ques: A motor car moving at a speed of 72 km/h cannot come to a stop in less than 3.0 s
while for a truck this time interval is 5.0 s. On a highway, the car is behind the truck
both moving at 72 km/h. The truck gives a signal that it is going to stop at emergency. At
what distance the car should be from the truck so that it does not bump onto (collide

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with) the truck. Human response time is 0.5 s.A motor car moving at a speed of 72 km/h
cannot come to a stop in less than 3.0 s while for a truck this time interval is 5.0 s. On a
highway, the car is behind the truck both moving at 72 km/h. The truck gives a signal
that it is going to stop at emergency. At what distance the car should be from the truck
so that it does not bump onto (collide with) the truck. Human response time is 0.5 s.

Given that;
Speed of both car and truck, v=72 km/h
or, v=20 m/s

Time taken to stop the car after applying the break,tc​=3.0 s

Time taken to stop the truck after applying the break=tt​=5.0 s

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Therefore,

Retardation of the car,ac​=30−20​=−320​m/s 2 retardation or deaccleration

2 dono hi ek chij hai
Retardation of the truck, at​=50−20​=−4 m/s
or isme value -ive me aati hai

Let at time t=0, the truck signals to stop and applies the break.

At time t=0, let the truck and the car be at a distance s m from each other.
Time taken by the car to travel s m=t seconds.
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To avoide the bump, the velocity of the car and the truck after time t should be equal.
Thus,
Velocity of the truck after time t :

v t =u−at
v t ​=20−4t

 The car will apply the break after 0.5 seconds of signal.
Thus;
Velocity of car after time t will be:

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vc ​=u−a(t−0.5)
vc​=20−320​(t−0.5)

Therefore,
20−4t=20−320​(t−0.5)
t=45​sec

Thus,
Distance travelled by truck in time t

s t =ut+1/2​at2
st ​=20×45​−1/2​×4×(45​)

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st ​=21.875

Distance travelled by the car in t seconds, ss​;

Distance travelled by the car in 0.5 s + distance travelled by the car in (t−0.5)sec

2
ss​=20×0.5+20×(4/5​−1/2)−1/2×320​×(4/5​-1/2​)
ss​=23.125

Therefore, minimum distance required for the car to be distant from the truck will
be 23.125−21.875=1.25 m

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Ques:A man is standing on top of a building 100 m high. He throws two balls vertically,
one at t = 0 and other after a time interval (less than 2 s). The later ball is thrown at a
velocity of half the first. The vertical gap between first and second ball is 15 m at t = 2
s. The gap is found to remain constant. The velocities with which the balls were thrown
are (Take g = 10 m s−2).
The height of the building is =100 m
The first ball is thrown at the instant t=0 and another ball is thrown after a time
interval of x

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Let, the initial velocity of first ball=u m/s.
The distance covered by the ball is given by:
2
S1​=u(t+x)−1/2​g(t+x)

On the other hand, the second ball is thrown at half the speed as of the first ball.
So, the distance covered by the second ball is given by:
S2​=u​t/2−1/2​gt2

The distance between the two balls at t=2 s is 15 m.

∴ S1​−S2​=15
2 2
Now, S1​−S2​=u(t+x−t/2​)−1/2g(t +2xt+x 2 −t)

Substitute the values in above equation:

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Consider the time interval x=1 since it is less than 2 sec.

15=u(1+2/2​)−1/2​×10(2×1×2+1)

u=240​m/s=20 m/s

Therefore, velocity of first ball=20m/s in upward direction

Velocity of second ball is 20/2​=10m/s in upward direction.

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*after studying from

this notes

NOTE : Worksheet (Important questions of all typology with answers)

is provided as a seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com