Executive Summary

The Project is an integral component of the VTU MBA training programme. This is a
project aimed at bridging the knowledge gap and its application through a chain of
engagement that will allow VTU MBA students to provide perspectives and
experience to the operations of a firm. The six-week project work was scheduled after
the third semester and before the fourth semester of the MBA programme. I was
offered a 6-week internship with HDFC Bank Ltd in Davangere.
Corporates provide students from several disciplines the opportunity to explore
practical elements of what they learn in classes through projects. On-the-job training
may be just as important as classroom instruction. It is envisaged that the project
would instill practical skills, job experience, teamwork, presentation skills, effective
communication, and so on. It helps to create a professional network, and there are
organisations that specialise in this, such as Young Engine.
This project entails Liabilities of an asset Management is in charge of managing
strategic financial statements, which contain risks related to interest rates, currency
rates, credit risk, and the firm's financial status. My major task for the duration of my
project is to collect important information regarding HDFC Bank Ltd's asset and
liability management.

1
CHAPTER-01
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Industry profile

The banking sector is made up of a network of financial institutions that have been
granted licence by the government to provide banking services. The main services
provided are risk management for various types of money, as well as storing,
transferring, and granting credit against it. The particular set of monetary facilities
offered at any one moment has varied greatly throughout institutes, over time, and
across legal systems, reflecting changes in the industry's regulatory environment, the
development of the economy, and the progress of data and communication
capabilities.

Despite the fact that the banking business, which provides a wide range of financial
services, is relatively young, some components of banking have been present for
millennia. Accepting deposits of valuable objects, offering loans, converting money
between other currencies, and weighing and testing coins for purity all stem from the
notion of providing secure wealth storage and extending credit to stimulate
commerce.
Little save banking was made starting here of encounters, which extended practicality
yet moreover revealed the credit bank to a particular bet since it obliged it to change
over stores into cash on demand at standard, regardless, when the premium at some
irregular time would outperform certifiable stores. For instance, in their 1983
presentation "Bank Runs, Liquidity, and Store Protection," Douglas Precious Stone
and Philip Dybvig demonstrated that in such circumstances, a significant withdrawal
of bank stores could put bank liquidity at risk, exacerbate concerns about debt, and
ultimately result in a bank run.
The progression of passing advancing systems to help trade and the creation of the
primary bet sharing arrangements made possible by things like marine assurance may
be found in the middle age time. Italian moneychangers made the chief money
exchanges during material fairs that visited the Champagne and Brie locale of France
in the twelfth century CE. The bill of exchange was moreover utilized at this period as
portion.

2
The industry underwent a transformation between the 17th and 18th centuries, moving
from a structure consisting of separate banks with a public responsibility supporting
business exchange and trade and sovereigns procuring individual obligation to fund
provincial expansion to a structure consisting of double stock keeps money with a
public obligation under the regulator and organization of the state.
English business practices and foundations from the 18th century were brought to
North America and immediately incorporated into the pilgrim economy. The chief
endorsed banks in Philadelphia and Lower Canada independently opened their
entrances in 1781 and 1817. Free monetary drives have sporadically gained regulative
help and appeared throughout present day Western cash. Business banks were allowed
to print their own banknotes and stores as long as they could be traded for gold in a
generally unregulated industry known as free banking. Nevertheless, when in doubt,
the neighborhood in cutting down the risk of monetary furors and either alerted or
directing financial ability to specific benefits has been used to legitimize expanded
region rule.

Major player in india

 Canara Bank Ltd.
 ICICI Bank Ltd.
 State Bank of India Limited
 Punjab National Bank Limited
 Bank of Baroda Limited
 Federal Bank Ltd.
 Axis Bank Ltd.
 Ing Vysya Bank Limited
 IDBI Bank Ltd.
 IndusInd Bank Ltd.
 Yes Bank Ltd.

3
Indian Banking System Structure:

1.2 Company profile

HDFC Bank was founded in August 1994. As of September 30, 2021, the Bank had
5,314 branches and 13,514 ATMs spread around the country in 2,768 urban
areas/towns.
The Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited (HDFC) was founded in
1994 as part of the RBI's reform of the Indian banking industry. one of the first
businesses to be awarded "in principle" clearance to start a bank in the private sector.
The name "HDFC Bank Limited" was given to the bank when it was created in
August 1994. The registered office of the bank was in Mumbai, India. The HDFC
Bank became a Scheduled Commercial Bank in January 1995.

Wholesale banking

4
The majority of the Bank's target market is made up of large, blue-chip manufacturing
companies in the Indian corporate sector, with smaller, more reasonably valued
businesses and agribusinesses having less impact. These clients can take advantage of
the Bank's wide display of business and prohibitive financial organizations, which
integrate working capital cash, exchange organizations, regard based organizations,
cash the leaders, etc. The bank in like manner expects a basic part in arranging game
plans, which get distributer and broker money along with cash the board organizations
to oversee unmatched retail networks to support its corporate clients. The Bank has
made significant inroads into the financial partnerships of various prominent Indian
businesses, including multinational corporations, domestic business associations, and
prominent public sector associations. This is in light of the fact that its strong regions
and heading for thing development and association are win. It provides banks,
securities exchange dealers, shared holds, and corporate clients with prohibitive
monetary arrangements, and chiefs regard it as their primary source of cash.
Values, Nearby Cash Currency Market and Obligation Protections, and Unfamiliar
Trade and Subordinates are the organization's three primary product categories in this
sector. As India's monetary sector grows, businesses require Presidents to provide
them with more muddled information, direction, and thing structures. These
appraisals, close by incredible ones on other store items, are giving by the bank's Safe
fragment. The bank should safeguard 25% of its resources in order to adhere to
legitimate saving rules. the advantages and market risk associated with this
speculative portfolio are supervised by the Store division.
Retail Banking
By giving a careful extent of banking organizations and financial items, the Retail
Bank wants to go probably as an across the board asset for the clients in its all target
market. Clients can peruse a combination of transport techniques, including a
broadening branch association, ATMs, phone banking, web banking, and flexible
banking, which are all maintained by first class client care. For those with basic
overall assets, the HDFC Bank Inclined toward program is arranged. The clients'
necessities for clear financial plans, information, and bearing on various business
courses have similarly been considered while cultivating the Hypothesis Cautioning
Organizations groups. The Bank similarly gives an extent of retail credit things,
including individual limitless credits for bicycles, progresses got by enthralling

5
certificates, and vehicle propels. It is similarly a top supplier of Store Part (DP)
organizations for retail clients, allowing them to hold their assets in electronic plan.
The MasterCard Maestro check card is moreover given by HDFC Bank, which was
the essential bank in a surprisingly long time to convey a worldwide accuse card in
association of VISA (VISA Electron). The Bank stopped handling charge cards at the
end of 2001. The bank had more than 25 million hard and fast cards (charge and Visa)
as of Walk 2015. With more than 235,000 Characteristics of Recommendation, the
Bank is similarly one of the critical part in the "seller securing" industry (POS)
terminals at carrier bases for enduring Visa and Master Cards. An extensive selection
of computerized financial administrations for fixed stores, credits, bill installments,
and other monetary exchanges are just some of the beneficial B2C prospects that are
available online, and the Bank is strategically located to benefit from them.

1.3 Promoters
Mr. Malay Patel Mrs. shyamala Gopinath
Deepak Parekh. (Chairperson) Keki Mistry.
Renu Sud Karnad (Vice Chairman & CEO). (Director of Operations)

1.4 Vision, Mission and Quality Policy

Vision
To be India's most trusted and desired finance service provider.

Mission
To make the Company the chosen financial partner. We aspire to please our clients
and provide them with the knowledge they need to make sound decisions by
providing cutting-edge product options and exceptional customer service. These skills
also provide us with dependable market access. We take great pride in our employees
and strive hard to foster an atmosphere in which value is produced for everybody.

Quality Policy
Compassionate client care, anticipating requirements, and providing proactive
solutions; modern information and communication technology; and continual
improvement based on successful methods and processes.

6
1.5 Product / services
 Savings account
 Current account
 Loans
 Home loan
 Personal loan
 Car loan
 Education loan
 Loan against property
 Services
 Credit card Debit card
 Internet banking
 Customer service
1.6 Area of Operation
The HDFC bank is operating is all over india and I am studying bank is operating still
area is a davangere city.

1.7 Infrastructure facilities

 Customer vehicle parking
 Waiting hall
 Well equipped office
 CC cemara facility
1.8 Competitor information
 SBI Bank,
 ICICI Bank,
 Axis Bank,
 RBI Bank,
 Punjab National Bank
 Bank Kotak Mahindra

7
1.9 Swot analysis
SWOT Analysis is one of the methodologies for understanding the organization's
environment through its Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Strength
Strong customer base Distinct client base detailed facilities Very respected corporate
connections 16+ years of acquaintance

Weakness
Weaknesses include a lack of office space, a lack of a ground agent, and a significant
lack of publicity, machines, and standards.

Opportunities
Opportunities in the rapidly expanding asset management market
a greater need for quality advisor providers a greater number of people interested in
investing

Threats
High competitiveness Threats Government rules and regulations Growing
disagreements between persons

1.10 Future Growth Prospects

It intends to expand its client base by reaching out to people of all economic levels
through fair programmes and plans.
It is a scheduling lessen time exertion in short dated To expand security and
atmosphere in work in the organisation To grow the work forces in the association
Environment and better working place at the office

8
1.11 Financial Statement
Balance sheet
BALANCE MAR 23 MAR 22 MAR 21 MAR 20 MAR 19
SHEET OF
HDFC BANK (in
Rs. Cr.)
EQUITIES AND
LIABILITIES
Equity Share 555 551 548 545 519
Capital
Reserves and 239,538 203,170 170,438 148,662 105,776
Surplus
TOTAL 240,093 203,721 170,986 149,206 106,295
SHAREHOLDERS
FUND
Deposits 1,559,217 1,335,060 1,147,502 923,141 788,771

Borrowings 184,817 135,487 144,629 117,085 123,105

Other Liabilities 84,407 72,602 67,394 55,108 45,764

and provision
TOTAL 2,068,535 1,746,871 1,530,511 1,244,541 1,063,934
CAPITAL AND
LIABILITIES
ASSETS

Cash and Balances 129,996 97,341 72,205 46,764 104,670

with Reserve Bank
of India

9
 Balances with 22,331 22,130 14,414 34,584 18,245
Banks Money at
Call and Short
Notice
Investments 455,536 443,728 391,827 290,588 242,200

Advances 1,368,821 1,132,837 993,703 819,401 658,333

Fixed Assets 6,084 4,909 4,432 4,030 3,607

Other Assets 85,768 45,926 53,931 49,174 36,879

TOTAL ASSETS 2,068,535 1,746,870 1,530,511 1,244,541 1,063,934

Profit and loss account

PROFIT & LOSS MAR 23 MAR 22 MAR 21 MAR 20 MAR 19
ACCOUNT OF
HDFC BANK (in
Rs. Cr.)
INCOME

Interest / Discount on 98,512 94,835 91,788 77,544 62,662

Advances / Bills
Income from 26,046 23,214 20,633 19,997 16,222
Investments
Interest on Balance 2,552 2,341 1,829 636 524
with RBI and Other
Inter-Bank funds
Others 643 468 563 795 833

TOTAL INTEREST 127,753 120,858 114,813 98,972 80,241

EARNED
Other Income 29,510 25,205 23,261 17,626 15,220

TOTAL INCOME 157,263 146,063 138,073 116,598 95,462

10
EXPENDITURE

Interest Expended 55,744 55,979 58,626 50,729 40,146

Payments to and 12,032 10,365 9,526 7,762 6,806

Provisions for
Employees
Depreciation 0 1,302 1,196 1,140 906

Operating Expenses 25,411 21,055 19,976 17,218 14,978

(excludes Employee
Cost & Depreciation)
TOTAL 37,442 32,723 30,698 26,119 22,690
OPERATING
EXPENSES
Provision Towards 12,054 11,645 9,833 12,130 10,107
Income Tax
Provision Towards 0 -1,102 517 -1,008 -897
Deferred Tax
Other Provisions and 15,062 15,703 12,142 7,550 5,927
Contingencies
TOTAL 27,116 26,245 22,492 18,672 15,138
PROVISIONS AND
CONTINGENCIES
TOTAL 120,302 114,947 111,816 95,520 77,975
EXPENDITURE

11
CHAPTER-02
CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical background of the study

What Is Asset/ Liability management?

The resource/risk load up is a method for controlling how incomes and assets are
utilized with the goal that the organization is less inclined to lose cash in the event
that it doesn't pay an obligation on time. Resources and liabilities were immovably
checked for business benefits. Bank advance portfolios and benefits plans regularly
fall under the resource/responsibility the board cycle. It likewise considers what
something is worth in dollars. Figuring out Resource/Responsibility The executives
Since heads of an association ought to expect the portion of liabilities, the board's
asset/risk idea focuses on income arranging. The cycle should ensure that resources
are quickly open to pay responsibilities on time and that they can be changed over
into cash. Different resource classes on the asset report are influenced by the
resource/commitment the board participation. Dispense assets to the advantages plan
and conclude how much the organization ought to contribute yearly before the main
installments start in some time.

Building an ALM strategy

 Very much like in each utilitarian region, ALM ought to be directed by a
decent procedure and address the accompanying issues:
 Limits on the biggest potential classes of huge assets and commitments
 Monetary record mix: to stick to the notable adage, "Don't tie up your
resources in a single spot."
 Cutoff points on the blend of assets from the monetary record, for example,
propels by credit class and money related instruments. levels of hazard and return and
accordingly organized

12
 by yearly getting sorted out targets, propelling award goals and administrative
cutoff points on undertakings.
 Limits on the blend of cash related record liabilities like stores and different
kinds of supporting (all wellsprings of subsidizing are conferred as a % of full scale
resources with the target to offer similarity and connection point by term and
evaluating to the blend of resources held) taking into account the differential expenses
and unusualness of such assets

System cut off points ought to be sensible:

In view of an irrefutable example assessment and being almost indistinguishable from
the accomplices or the market, the targets and extent of resource responsibility the
executives The position and extent of the particular ALM might differ starting with
one association then onto the next in light of the game plan and may incorporate
different dangers. Standard resource the board programs base on interest probability
and liquidity risk. This is a consequence of the way that it surmises the most serious
gamble to the congruity of the relationship, since it requires a distinction in resources
and liabilities.
Notwithstanding, today ALM needs to expand its business, like bet of new trade and
capital association. 51% of the 43 significant monetary establishments in the asset and
liabilities the board division thought about capital organization, as per a 2009
harmony of portions survey led by PWC inspectors and subject matter experts.

Liquidity Risk:
Starting here of view, the accentuation is on financing the bank's liquidity risk, which
infers that it can meet current and future livelihoods and confirmation, which is
unexpected. Current and potential dangers happening when the bank is ill suited to
meet its liabilities This mission, for instance, reviews a reference cost for the liquidity
market of the bank.

Interst rate risk

The bet of difficulty like development cost upgrades and the effect on future
compensations. The bank on the various sides of the equilibrium, overall, might be

13
unequal considering fixed or variable credit costs. The difference between financial
balances and Visas is one of the essential reasons.

Capital Market Risk

Credit risk for stock turns of events and balances. Insurance office could gather
phenomenal expenses or hazard charges. Then, at that point, you can lessen the bet
considering choices, gifts and subordinates, which could incorporate a key or urgent
perspective on the overlay.
Currecy risk management
Chance of setback because of change standard new developments. Resources and
liabilities in the degree of various pay rates

Financing and capital management

like some other instrument to guarantee the conceivable protection of capital. A
functioning and steady technique thinks about both short-and long haul capital
prerequisites and is viable with the bank's general framework and arranging design
(commonly two years in the horizon).

2.2 Literature review

1. Article Title: Asset Liability Management of India's Small Finance Banks

Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI) is the name of the
journal.
The publication year is July 2021.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 5215-5223
Dr. G.B. Karthikeyan, Dr. S. Gnana Sugirtham, and Dr. M. Gowri are the
authors.
In India, both strategic bank management (BM) and asset liability management
(ALM) are statutory requirements. ALM gives a comprehensive and cutting-edge
view on how to manage banks' balance sheets. Gap Analysis is a method in asset
liability management that is used to analyse liquidity and interest rate risk. The gap
analysis technique was used in this study to investigate the liquidity risk faced by
small finance institutions in India for the years 2020-2021. (Assessment of maturity).
14
The majority of the banks analysed for the investigation were found to be vulnerable
to liquidity risk.
2. Portfolio Optimisation Under Asset-Liability Ratio Regulation Constraints
Machine Learning Methods in Complex Economics and Financial Networks is
the title of the journal.
The book will be released in March 2020.
1435356 ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
The author is De-Lei Sheng. DOI: 10.1155/2020/1435356
This paper considers both a top legislative bound and a bottom regulatory bound
levied on the asset-liability ratio at regulatory time T (or a sharp fall) to mitigate the
risks of high investment leverage or abnormally rapid asset price growth over a short
period of time, as well as the risks of low asset return. The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman
(HJB) equation is generated using the stochastic optimum control technique. The
Lagrange duality method is then used to explicitly calculate the optimum investment
plan as well as the variance. A number of numerical examples are also supplied to
show the validity of our claims.

3. Article title: Goal Programming Model for Asset and Liability Management in
a Telecommunications Company.
Journal title: Journal of Electronic and Information Systems 2(2)
Publication date: November 2020
DOI: 10.30564/jeisr.v2i2.2497 Lam Weng Siew* Lam Weng Hoe Lee Pei Fun
The finance management of a telecoms corporation must be reviewed since the
telecommunications sector is very competitive, has a high churn rate, had data traffic
concerns during the COVID-19 epidemic, and has upgraded to 5G connection. The
purpose of this research is to provide a goal programming model for evaluating
Telekom Malaysia Berhad's (TM) asset and liability management. The findings of this
research reveal that TM met all of its goals from 2015 to 2019, including increasing
assets, equity, profits, and earnings while reducing liabilities. As a consequence of
this study, potential improvements to these objectives have also been discovered.
4. Article title: "A Study on Asset Liability Management with Particular
Reference to Sri Ganapati Urban Co-Operative Bank." Mukt Shabd Journal is
the name of the journal.
The publication year is September/2020.
15
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 2347-3150
Mr. Praveen Kumar B H and Mr. Ganapathi N Sabhahita are the authors.
Asset and liability management is the process of keeping the assets and liabilities of
an organisation in balance. Asset and liability management is a continuous process
that involves planning, putting into action, reviewing, and altering asset- and liability-
related strategies in order to accomplish financial objectives within a specific set of
risk tolerances and restrictions.
The company seeks to maintain a healthy balance of assets and liabilities while
increasing growth and profitability. The asset and liability management of Sri
Ganapathi Urban Co-operative Bank, Sagara, is explored in this research in
connection to the bank's profitability and liquidity status. In this case, the firm wants
to know if these assets and liabilities are controlled.

5. Article Title: Goal Programming and Ahp for Mathematical Modelling of

Asset Liability Management in Banks
The journal's name is Indian Journal of Finance and Banking.
Year of publication: November 2020 Index information (ISSN): 2574-6081
Jyoti Tanwar, Arun Kumar Vaish, and N V M Rao are the authors.
Asset liability management has risen in popularity in the banking business. Banks
used to focus on asset allocation, but today asset and liability management is just as
critical. The purpose of asset liability management is to handle commitments as
efficiently as possible so that banks may increase revenues while minimising risk.
This study focuses on using mathematical models to optimise Indian banks' assets and
liabilities. Combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Goal
Programming (GP) models addressed the optimisation problem.
6. Title of the Article: Asset-Liability Management and bank profitability:
Statistical cost accounting analysis from an emerging market
Name of the Journal: International journal of Finance and Economic
Year of the Publication: July 2020
Index details (ISSN): 1488-1502
Author: Freeman Brobbey Owusu, Abdul Latif Alhassan

From 2007 to 2015, the Statistical Cost Accounting (SCA) model was used to assess
the relationship between profit and the Asset-Liability Management (ALM)
16
framework of 27 Ghanaian banks. The statistics show that profitability in Ghana is
connected to balance-sheet items, which supports the SCA model's core assumption.
Furthermore, it demonstrates that local banks had greater rates of return on assets than
international banks throughout the research. High-profit banks beat low-profit banks
in terms of rates of return on assets and rates of cost on liabilities. These studies
identify the assets that give the best return on bank profitability, offering crucial
management information to banks.
7. Asset-Liability Management at Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation
in Hyderabad
Journal title: Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
Year of publication: 2019 Index information (ISSN): 1006-7930
Dr. P. Hima Jagathi is the author.

ALM is the management of a company's assets and liabilities as a portfolio. It is a

method of balancing different assets and liabilities depending on the predicted
maturity pattern. To address asset-liability management issues, banks often use gap
analysis, trend analysis, and ratio analysis. Performing a Gap Analysis Financial
businesses with a positive Gap can profit from increasing interest rates while avoiding
risk. The goal of this research is to look into the concept of asset liability management
(ALM), the ALM process, compare and analyse the maturity gap for assessing
liquidity risks, and look at the trend over a 5-year period (from 2014-2015 to 2018-
2019) by using structural liquidity statements to determine liquidity needs.
The APSFC's stance on maintaining optimal liquidity management. Along with the
Liquidity Gap and APSFC's position to guarantee optimal liquidity management. In
addition to the liquidity gap study, chosen Ratios are utilised to analyse two years of
APSFC's financial efficiency and profitability.

8. Article title: An Examination of Alm in Selected Commercial Banks

Pramana Research Journal is the name of the journal.
Year of publication: 2019 Index information (ISSN): 2249-2976
Kasireddy Venkateswara Reddy and Dr D Sucharitha are the authors.
Asset liability management is a critical risk management technique in the banking
industry. Commercial banks' performance is entirely based on the efficiency with
which they handle their assets and liabilities. Risk mitigation is achieved through
17
asset liability management. Asset liability management enables commercial banks to
increase their net worth while also assuring their safety. Ratio analysis is used to
assess bank profitability since it is important to evaluate assets and liabilities. From
2014 to 2018, a study and analysis of asset liability management in commercial banks
in the Ranga Reddy region will be conducted. offers the framework for understanding
the bank's profitability and safety through risk definition, measurement, observation,
adjustment, and management.

9. Article title: A Study on Asset Liability Management in an Indian Bank

Journal Title: International Journal of Business Admiration and Management
Year of publication: 2018 Index information (ISSN): 2278-3660
Dr. K. Prince is the author. J. Manimegalai and Paul Antony
Asset liability management is a key risk management approach used by banks. To
improve performance, banks must appropriately manage their assets and liabilities.
Asset liability management provides a purpose other than risk reduction. Asset
liability management provides protection while also offering chances to increase net
worth. Ratio analysis was used to assess bank assets and liabilities to see how Asset
Liability Management affected their profitability. An evaluation of asset liability
management in Indian banks will be conducted from 2014 to 2018. It establishes a
framework for defining, assessing, tracking, modifying, and managing risks.

10. Article Title: A Study of the Asset Liability Management System at Syndicate
Bank
The journal's name is Global Journal for Research Analysis.
Year of publication: January 2018 Index information (ISSN): 2277-8160
Dr. Hanmanth N Mustari is the author.
All bankers are responsible for asset and liability management. ALM is a decision-
making process that uses a dynamic asset-liability balance to manage system growth,
stability, and existence risks. The Basel II and III recommendations made to various
banks worldwide have raised the relevance of asset-liability management in banks.
The ability of a financial services organisation to comprehend, evaluate, measure, and
manage the numerous risks connected with its line of business is important to its long-
term health and survival. This article offers an overview of Syndicate Bank's asset
liability management system and describes the primary tactics for controlling interest
18
rate risk and liquidity risk.For mitigating market risk, the bank has an Asset-Liability
Management Committee (ALCO) with a board-approved ALCO policy. Once a
month, the syndicate bank organises an ALCO meeting to manage the risks associated
with investments, interest rates, and liquidity. The bank's balance sheet is managed by
ALCO (Asset-Liability Management Committee) in order to limit market risk
exposure. The last section of this study examines Syndicate Bank's financial health
utilising financial key ratios.

11. Article Title: Design and Optimisation of an Asset and Liability Model Based
on Multiple-Objective Decision-Making View
Industrial Engineering & Management Systems is the name of the journal.
Year of publication: June 2018 Index information (ISSN): 1598-7248
Banafsheh Salimi Khazri, Abdolmajid Dehghan, and Ahmad Aslizadeh are the
authors.
DOI: 10.7232/iems.2018.17.2.311.
Asset-liability management is now a strategic planning strategy that can be translated
into short-term operational plans to guarantee profit and risk management targets are
reached. This project's major goal is to develop a mathematical model for optimising
assets and liabilities in an Iranian bank. This study took into account the bank's goals
as well as the structural, ideological, and regulatory requirements of the optimum
planning model. To establish goals and priorities, as well as their relative importance
rankings, fuzzy hierarchical analysis was applied. Within three years, the balance
sheet was examined using the ideal planning model, and forecasts from the model
were compared to actual projections. When the model's outputs are compared to the
actual outcomes, and the difference between ideal and real values of variables is
calculated, the bank's resource allocation optimisation model becomes more effective.
The model's findings will help to improve resource allocation efficiency.

12. The link of lending, funding, capital, human resource, and asset liability
management to non-financial sustainability of rural banks (BPRs) in Indonesia.
Journal title: Journal of Applied Economic Sciences
Year of publication: April 2018 Index information (ISSN): 1843 - 6110
Keulana Erwin, Iskandar Muda, and E Abubakar are the authors.

19
This study looks at the links between the capital, finance, human resources, asset
liability management, and non-financial sustainability (BPR lending) of the
Indonesian Rural Bank. Because this type of microfinance organisation is critical to
the growth of the Indonesian economy, research was conducted to determine the
number of BPRs in the country. The study's purpose is to evaluate how independent
elements connect to BPRs' capacity to sustain both financial and non-financial
viability in Indonesia. The overall set of indicators is intended to examine the use of
BPRs in Indonesia. To assess the link, data from 92 BPRs in Indonesia were gathered
and analysed using SPSS. The findings highlight the importance of asset liability
management, finance, human resource management, and lending in achieving non-
financial sustainability. While capital and nonfinancial sustainability are unrelated.

13. Article title: Asset Liability Management in Banks: A Case Study of Central
Co-Operative Bank Ltd. in Bhawanipatna
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention is the name of the
journal.
July 2017 is the year of publication.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 2319-6734
Mr. Manas RanjanPati, Subasis Mishra
Today, banks are the first financial organisations in India. It is regarded as the Indian
economy's lifeblood. The banking business offers the same service and is committed
to meeting the financial needs of diverse trades, industries, and agriculture. Because
good bank operations result in financial stability for the country, the banking industry
is vital to a country's progress. Banks currently offer a wide range of financial
services, such as helping people to save money, raising funding for successful
businesses, and aiding a nation's growth. Banks today may be considered as
development accelerators in addition to money lenders.

14. Article Title: Asset and Liability Management in Banks: A Comparative

Study on the Gap Analysis of SCBs in India
International of Science, Technology, and Management is the name of the
journal.
The publication date is February 2017.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 2394-1537
20
S. Prabhakar, Dr. S. Mathivannan, and J. Ashok Kumar are the authors.
Because they continued to report assets and liabilities at book value, commercial
banks in India faced severe challenges as a result of asset liability mismatches on their
balance sheets. Banks now have access to interest rate risk, liquidity risk, currency
risk, operational risk, and other risks as a result of the economy's liberalisation and
other global events. These risks have a direct impact on the productivity, profitability,
and competitiveness of banks. The country's central bank emphasised this and advised
banks on how to correct the asset-liability mismatch.

15. Article title: Asset Liability Management and the Profitability of Ghana's
Listed Banks.
The journal's name is IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF).
June 2017 is the year of publication.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 2321-5933
Evans Tee is the author.
DOI: 10.9790/5933-0803040914
The purpose of this article is to assess how asset and liability management affects the
earnings of Ghana's publicly traded banks. Multiple linear regression has been used
with ROA as the dependent variable, TAS (total asset) and TLT (total liability), which
reflect the asset and liability mix of the banks, as the independent variables, and GDP
and interest rates, which also represent economic characteristics. The study's model
assumes that liabilities have a negative rate of cost and a positive rate of return on
earning assets. According to the robust panel regression analysis with random effect,
total assets have a positive impact on profitability, but total liabilities have a negative
impact.

Asset and Liability Management in Banks: Issues and Prospects (Case of

Morocco)
The journal's name is International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR).
The book will be released in February 2017.
Information about the index (ISSN): 1953-1961
The writers are Ezouine Driss and El Haddad Mohammed.
ALM is one of the most serious issues in banking. It is crucial in organising the bank's
different tasks. Adequate liquidity and balance sheet management are two of the most
21
important tools managers may use when making decisions and managing risk. This
tool supports managers in increasing profitability, generating capital, meeting the
demands of clients and the community, and safeguarding the bank and the insurance
industry from financially disastrous interest rate increases. The banking industry may
be used to assess the health of the financial system. Aside from exhibiting asset and
liability management practises in Moroccan banking, This study also forecasted the
sector's viability at various stages of the economic cycle, as well as how banks may
manage their risks in response to business cycles. According to the investigation,
banks were not harmed by the global financial crisis since they did not participate in it
and strictly adhered to the BALE policy.

17. Article title: Asset Liability Management of Malaysian Conventional and

Islamic Banks
Journal name: Journal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah (Journal of Islamic Economics).
Year of publication: December 2016 Index information (ISSN): 2407-8654
Yee Loon Mun and Hassanudin Mohd Thas Taker are the authors.
10.15408/aiq. v9i1.3334
Management of assets and liabilities in Malaysian normal and Islamic banks. This
Malaysian study studied how asset liability management influences the financial
performance of six conventional banks and six Islamic banks from 2010 to 2013.
Capital adequacy, asset quality, managerial effectiveness, earnings quality, liquidity,
bank size, and risk aversion were the study's factors for calculating return on equity
(ROE), which is a measure of a bank's inclination to succeed.

18. Article title: Asset and Liability Management in Brazilian Financial

Institutions: A Case Study
Brazilian Journal of Operations and Production Management is the name of the
journal.
Year of publication: June 2016 Index information (ISSN): 2237-8969
DOI: 10.14488/BJOPM.2016.v13.n2.a6 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil, Julio Vieira Neto

In the face of an uncertain environment, several banks began using asset and liability
management, or ALM, to decrease possible risks and increase profitability. Given the
aforementioned, the study question is, "What managerial tools assist Brazilian
22
financial institutions in using ALM and avoiding potential concerns in the future?"
Our investigation focuses on the ALM framework utilised by Brazilian financial
institutions. A multiple case study with qualitative exploratory research based on a
survey of Brazilian market experts who work with ALM in banks and pension funds
was utilised as the methodological tool. The list of resources that the institution might
consider investing in, as well as point estimates of the return on various assets and
applicable regulatory constraints.

19. Article title: An Examination of Asset-Liability Management in Indian Banks

Journal Title: International Journal of Business and Administration Research
Review
Year of publication: September 2015 Index information (ISSN): 2348-0653
Dr. R Umarani and M Jayanthi are the authors.

ALM is a dynamic strategy to allocating, coordinating, and regulating assets and

liabilities, including asset and liability mixes, volumes, maturities, yields, and costs,
in order to achieve a target net interest income. Because all of Indian banks' activities
centre around acquiring and disbursing funds, Asset-Liability Management (ALM) is
becoming more significant as a risk management initiative. A crucial component of
ALM is measuring and controlling liquidity risk. The introduction of liquidity risk to
the balance sheet is caused by an imbalance in the maturity characteristics of the
assets and obligations.
The liquidity risk of SBI and affiliated banks in India is estimated in this study
utilising the gap analysis technique (maturity profiling). Using publicly accessible
data, this study analyses the liquidity risk faced by the sample institutions in 2011-
2012. According to the data, banks are sensitive to liquidity risk.

20. Article Title: Asset and Liability Management in Islamic Banking

International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research is the name of
the journal.
January 2014 is the year of publication.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 2576-4136
Bijan Bidabad and Mahmoud Allahyarifard are the authors.

23
The structure and tool of assets and liabilities management (ALM) in Islamic banking
will be described in this article. Islamic banking attempts to enhance the interests of
all beneficiaries, including depositors, because depositors share in the bank's benefits.
As a result, the ALM approaches used in traditional banking and Islamic banking
differ. This mismatch originates from how the accounting system of Islamic banking
differs from that of regular banking. Second, the illegality of usury and the
jurisprudence principles linked with it show that time is not the only element that may
improve equity (deposited capital) return; rather, profit and loss sharing from real-
economy investments acts as the essential foundation for financial transactions. These
two fundamental elements are crucial.

CHAPTER-03
RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1 Statement of the problem

A Case Study on Asset Liability Management with a Special Emphasis on HDFC
Bank asset and liability management is a revolutionary approach for creating a
platform for banking operations in order to improve performance and make informed
judgements. Asset and liability management have grown into critical instruments for
assessing a bank's risk in sustaining assets and liabilities in order to assure corporate
performance. This has become a major source of concern for banks, resulting in
economic instability and even the impact of market processes that are fully volatile
due to unforeseen consequences in both domestic and foreign markets. A continuous
ALM Policy assists in the optimisation of the overall size, composition, maturity, rate
sensitivity, integrity, and liquidity of assets and liabilities in order to execute a current
acceptable probability ratio. Its goal is to keep the capacity to pay short-term earnings,
long-term benefits, and long-term composition stable. As a result, Canara Bank Ltd.'s
optimal asset and liability utilisation will be the focus of the study.

3.2 Need for the study

24
Assets and liabilities Another strategy is to provide a framework for banking activities
in order to improve performance and make better judgements. The leaders' resources
and liabilities have grown into key tools for analysing the bank's likelihood of
meeting resource and responsibility requirements to ensure the business's advantage.
Examining the nature of resources in the financial sector is critical to the work and
development of banking execution, which may need an ALM study.

3.3 Objectives
 To research the management of HDFC Bank's assets and liabilities.
 To Understanding how assets and liabilities contribute to the firm's liquidity.
 To understand how assets and liabilities increase HDFC Bank's efficacy and
performance.
 To investigate the link between various assets and liabilities.

3.4 Scope of the study

 This research aids in profit planning and growth for the bank, as well as
performance analysis.
 In this study, the analysis is based on ratios to learn about HDFC Bank's Asset
and Liability Management.
 To analyse HDFC Bank's growth and performance utilising the Asset and
Liability Management based on ratio computation. Technologies and Tools
 Ratio Analysis.
 Gap Analysis.

3. 5 Research methodology
A research technique is a method for exploring a study issue in a methodical manner.
It comprises obtaining data and using mathematical approaches to interpret and draw
conclusions about the facts under investigation. In this study, the descriptive research
method is applied. In a descriptive research, no cause-and-effect relationship is
demonstrated. This study is attempting to determine data attributes.

Sources of Data Collection

Primary data

25
Personal interviews with managers and personnel are used to acquire primary data, as
are their perspectives on the study's issue.

Secondary data
The annual reports of the corporation are the major source of secondary data. Aside
from annual reports, published pieces in journals, magazines, and on the internet are
used to assess the overall status of the economy.
3.6 Hypothesis
H1: There is no major link between asset liability management and banking.
H2: Asset liability management and banking have a close link.

3.7 Limitation of the study

 Because the material was acquired from journals, the study relied on
secondary data from bank annual reports.
 The study's data collecting was difficult due to the organization's policy of
keeping data private.
 The information provided and used in the study may not be perfect or
unbiased.
 The trial period is only 6 weeks long.

3.8 Chapter Scheme

The first chapter is an introduction.
This chapter has an industry profile as well as a corporate profile.
Chapter 2: Conceptual backdrop and a survey of the literature.
This chapter provides a theoretical foundation for the chosen topic, supported by 20
literature reviews.
Chapter. 3 Design of Research is covered
This chapter explains the issue statement, the need for the investigation, the
objectives, the scope of the study, the research methodology, the hypotheses, and the
limitations of the study.
Chapter- 4 .Analysis and interpretation are covered
This chapter displays the data analysis and interpretation with pertinent tables and
graphs.

26
Chapter- 5. Findings, Conclusion, and Suggestions are covered.
This chapter contains the findings, recommendations, and conclusion.
Bibliography.
The bibliography and Annexures are covered in this chapter.

CHAPTER-04
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 ANALYSIS OF RATIO

CA: Current Asset / Current Liability CURRENT RATIO

Table No. 4.1.1: A table displaying the present ratio analysis:
Year Current Asset Current Liability Ratio
2023 85767.82 84407.49 1.02
2022 45925.89 72602.15 0.63
2021 53931.09 67394.40 0.80
2020 49173.95 55108.29 0.89
2019 36878.70 45763.72 0.81

4.1.1: A graph depicting a five-year examination of the present ratio.

27
Analysis and interpretation: The preceding table shows that the current ratio varies
throughout all years. The standard current ratio is 2:1; if the current ratio is more than
the standard ratio, the company's financial status is solid. The table clearly
demonstrates that the current ratio in 2023 is 1.02:1 and 2019 is 0.81:1 compared to
the 5 year 2023 ratio.

Cash Ratio
CA = Cash ratio/ Total liability
4.1.2: A table displaying the cash ratio analysis.
Year Cash ratio Total liability Ratio
2023 129995.64 2068535.07 0.06
2022 97340.74 1746870.52 0.06
2021 72205.12 1530511.26 0.05
2020 46763.62 1244540.69 0.04
2019 104670.47 1063934.34 0.10

Graph: 4.1.2: A five-year cash ratio analysis graph.

28
Analysis and interpretation: According to the above table and chart, the cash ratio in
2023 and 2022 was 0.06, in 2021 it was reduced to 0.05, in 2020 it was reduced to
0.04, and in 2019 it was boosted to 0.10.

EQUITY MULTIPER RATIO

EMR: Total asset / equity of shareholders
4.1.3: Table displaying the examination of the Equity Multiper Ratio.
Year Total asset Sharesholders’equity Ratio
2023 2068535.07 240092.93 8.62
2022 1746870.52 203720.83 8.57
2021 1530511.26 170986.03 8.95
2020 1244540.69 149206.35 8.34
2019 1063934.32 106295.00 10.01

Graph: A five-year examination of the Equity Multiper Ratio.

29
Analysis and interpretation: In 2023, the company's multiplier ratio is reported to be
8.62. The company's share multiplier ratio will be 8.57 in 2021. The company's
multiplier ratio in 2019 is 8.95. The multiplier ratio of the corporation has been
increased to 10.01. As can be observed, HDFC Bank's equity multiplier ratio is low.
This demonstrates that the company's methods are rapidly losing money, allowing it
to avoid acquiring assets at expensive prices.

Net Working Capital

NWC = total current asset minus total current liabilities
Table No. 4.1.4: Analysis of Net Working Capital.
Year Total current Total current Ratio
asset liability
2023 85767.82 84407.49 1360.33
2022 45925.89 72602.15 -26676.26
2021 53931.09 67394.40 -13463.31
2020 49173.95 55108.29 -5934.34
2019 36878.70 45763.72 -8885.02

Graph: A five-year examination of net working capital is shown.

30
Analysis and interpretation: The preceding table and chart show that the net working
capital ratio is decreasing from 2023 to 2019. The 2023 net worth ratio is 1360.33,
whereas the 2022 net worth ratio is -266676.26 lower than the previous year. In the
fiscal year 2023, HDFC Bank has a high net worth ratio.

DEBT TO ASSET RATIO

DAR = Total debt / Total asset
Table No. 4.1.5: Analysis of the debt-to-asset ratio.
Year Total debt Total asset Ratio
2023 184817.21 2068535.07 0.09
2022 135487.32 1746870.52 0.08
2021 144628.12 1530511.26 0.09
2020 117085.12 1244540.69 0.09
2019 123104.97 1063934.32 0.12

Graph: A five-year examination of the debt-to-asset ratio.

31
Analysis and interpretation: We can see from the above table and chart that there will
be in 2023. In 2022, the bank debt to asset ratio is 0.09%. The bank's total debt ratio
fell to 0.08; in 2021 and 2020, the bank's total debt to asset ratio was 0.09%; in 2019,
it was boosted to 0.12%. He realises that HDFC Bank's assets are financed by equity.

Proprietary Ratio
PR= Shareholder equity / Total asset
4.1.6: Table displaying the study of the proprietary ratio.
Year Shareholders’ equity Total asset proportion

2023 240092.93 2068535.07 0.12

2022 203720.83 1746870.52 0.12
2021 170986.03 1530511.26 0.11
2020 149206.35 1244540.69 0.12
2019 106295.00 1063934.32 0.10

32
Graph: A five-year examination of the Proprietary Ratio.

Analysis and interpretation: The following figure shows that the 5-year proprietary
ratio is 0.12 in 2023, 0.12 in 2022, and 0.11 in 2021. It was raised to 0.12 in 2020.
The optimal proprietary ratio is 0.5:1, but in 2019, we observe 0.10, which is very low
in this firm.

Debt Equity Ratio

DER = Long-term debt / Shareholder equity
4.1.7: Table displaying the debt-to-equity ratio analysis.
Year Long term debt Shareholders’ Ratio
equity
2023 184817.21 240092.93 0.77
2022 135487.32 203720.83 0.67
2021 144628.54 170986.03 0.85
2020 117085.12 149206.35 0.78
2019 123104.97 106295.00 1.16

33
Graph: A five-year examination of the debt-to-equity ratio.

Analysis and interpretation: The above table and chart show that the debt-to-equity
ratio was highest in the year of 2019 at 1.16, lowest in the year 2022 at 0.67,
increased 0.77 in the year 2023, 0.85 in the year 2021, and decreased 0.78 in the year
2020.

FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO

FATR= Net revenue / Fixed asset
Table No: 4.1.8: Fixed asset turnover ratio analysis table.
Year Net revenue Fixed asset Time
2023 157263.01 6083.68 25.85
2022 146063.12 4909.32 29.75
2021 138073.47 4431.92 31.15
2020 116597.94 4030.00 28.93
2019 95461.66 3607.20 26.46

34
Graph: A five-year review of the Fixed asset turnover ratio..

Analysis and interpretation: The graph below displays a 5-year fixed asset turnover
ratio. In 2023, the bank's fixed asset turnover ratio is reported as 25.85 times. The
bank's fixed asset turnover ratio will be 29.75 times in 2022, up from 31.15 times in
2021. In the years 2020-2019, it was cut from 28.93 to 26.46. It implies that fixed
asset management efficiency has increased, leading in greater returns on asset
investment.

NET PROFIT RATIO

NPA = Net profit / Net revenue *100
Table No. 4.1.9: Analysis of the net profit ratio.
Year Net profit Net revenue Proportion
2023 0 157263.01 0
2022 88608.93 146063.12 60.66
2021 75480.62 138073.47 54.67
2020 61531.58 116597.94 52.77

35
 2019 50155.67 95461.66 52.54

Graph: A five-year examination of the net profit ratio.

Based on the following table and graph, we can see that HDFC Bank's net profit grew
in 2022 when compared to the previous four years. A good net profit margin is 10%,
however this chart shows that 2022 has 60.66%, showing that HDFC Bank's net profit
ratio is low.

WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATE

WCTR = Net sales / Working capital
Table No. 4.1.10: Analysis of the working capital turnover ratio.
Year Net sales Working capital proportion
2023 157263.01 1360.33 115.61
2022 146063.12 -26676.26 -5.48
2021 138073.47 -13463.31 -10.26
2020 116597.94 -5934.34 -19.65

36
 2109 95461.66 -8885.02 -10.74

Graph: A five-year review of the working capital turnover ratio.

Analysis and interpretation: The working capital of the bank is depicted in the table
and graph above. In 2022, the gross working capital was lowered to -5.48. It was
lowered to -10.26 in 2021, -19.65 and -10.74 in 2020 and 2019, respectively, and
boosted to 115.61 in 2023. This shows that the company's gross working capital is
growing.

Return on equity
ROE= Net income / shareholders equity
Table 4.1.11 table showing to the return on equity
Year Net income shareholders ROE

2023 157263 240092.93 0.65

2022 146063 203720.83 0,71

37
 2021 138073 170986.03 0.80

2020 116598 149206.35 0.78

2019 95462 106295.00 0.89

Graph showing to the Return on equity

Analysis and interpretation: The Return on equity is the table and graph above . in
2023 the return on equity was lowered to 0.65. it was lowered to 0.71 in 2021, 0.8 and
0.78 in 2021 and 2020 respectively and boosted to and 2019 is the 089 this shows
that the company gross return on equity is low.

Return on investment
ROI= Net return / Cost of investment
4.1.12 Table showing to the return on investment
Year Net return Cost of ROI
investment
2023 157263 455536 0.34
2022 146063 443729 0.32

38
 2021 138073 391827 0.35
2020 116598 290588 0.40
2019 95462 242200 0.39

Graph: showing to the return on investment

Analysis and interpretation

The table and diagram showing the profit from speculation is the 2023 is the 0.34 is
the appearing to the high in 2022 0.32 of the years and 2021 is the year is 0.35 of the
proportion and 2020 is the proportion and 2019 is the extended period of proportion is
the 0.39 is profit from venture of the years

Net Interest margin

NIM = Net Interest income / Total assets
4.1.13table showing to the Net interest margin
year Net interest Total assets NIM
income
2023 127753 2068535 0.06
2022 120858 1746870 0.06

39
 2021 114813 1530511 0.07
2020 98972 1244541 0.07
2019 80241 1063934 0.07

4.13 Graph showing to the Net Interest margin

Analysis and interpretation

The net interest margin for the year 2023 is very low at 0.06, while the net interst
margin for the year 2021 is high at 0.07, and the net interst margin for the year 2020 is
the same as the net interest margin for the year 2019, as shown in the graph and table.

Gross Non performing assets

Gross NPA= Gross NPA/ / Gross Advance *100
4.14 Table showing to the Gross Nonperforming assets
Year Gross NPA Gross advance Gross NPA%
2023 16141 1368821 1.17
2022 15086 1132837 1.33
2021 12650 993703 1.27

40
 2020 11224 819401 1.36
2019 8607 658333 1.30

4.14 Graph showing to the Gross non performing assets

Analysis and interpretation

The gross Non performing resource is the 2023 is very lowerd of the 1.17 is the gross
proportion and 2022 is the 1.38 is the and 2021 is the 1.27 and the gross performing
resource and 2020 is resources performing is 1.36 and last 2019 is the 1.3 of the gross
non playing out the resources.

Net Non performing

NET NPA= (Gross NPA- Provisions) / (Gross advances – provisions)* 100

Table Showing to the Net Non performing

Year Gross NPA- Gross Advances- Net NPA

41
 Provision Provisions
2023 -10975 1341705 -0.81
2022 -11159 1106592 -1.00
2021 -9842 971211 -1.01
2020 -7448 800729 -0.93
2019 -6531 643195 -1.01

4.15 Graph showing to the Net NPA

Analysis and interpretation

The net non performaing resource the table appearance to the extended period of the
2023 is the - 0.81 is performing resources and 2022 is the - 1 is the performing
resource and the 2021 is the - 1.01 is the performing resource of the and last 2019 is
the performing is the - 1.01 is the development and low of the net non performing
resource.

4.2: Comparative statement:

Balance sheet (2023 and 2022)
Table No: 4.2.1: Table showing Comparative Balance Sheet of the Bank.

42
 Details 2023 2022 Increase/ decrease %

Equity Share Capital 554.55 551.28 3.27 0.5897

Reserves and Surplus 239,538.38 203,169.55 36,368.83 15.1829
TOTAL

SHAREHOLDERS
FUNDS 240,092.93 203,720.83 36372.1 15.149
Deposits 1,559,217.44 1,335,060.2 224,157.22 14.38
2
Borrowings 184,817.21 135,487.32 49,329.89 26.6912

Other Liabilities and 84,407.49 72,602.15 11,805.34 13.9861

provision
TOTAL CAPITAL
AND

LIABILITIES 2,068,535.07 1,746,870.5 321,664.55 15.5504

2

ASSETS
Cash and Balances 129,995.64 97,340.74 32,654.9 25.12
with Reserve Bank of
India
Balances with Banks
Money at Call and
Short Notice 22,331.30 22,129.66 201.64 0.9029

Interpretation and observation:

43
• According to the following comparative financial statement, the bank's equity
share capital in FY 2023 was Rs.554.55, up from Rs.551.28 in FY 2022, a 0.58%
(Rs.3.27) increase.
• The bank's deposits were Rs. 1,559,217.44 in FY 2023, up from Rs.
1,335,060.22 in FY 2022, a 14.38% increase.
• The bank borrowed Rs. 184,817.21 in FY 2023, compared to Rs. 135,487.32
in FY 2022, a 26.69% increase.
• Other liabilities and provisions totaled Rs.84,407.49, compared to Rs.
72,602.1 in FY 2021, showing a 13.98% increase.
• Cash and balances with the RBI were at Rs. 129,995.64 in FY 2023, up from
Rs. 97,340.74 in FY 2022, representing a 25.12% rise.
• Fixed Assets were at Rs. 6,083.68 in FY 2023, up from Rs. 4,909.32 in FY
2022, representing a 19.30% growth.
• Overall, total assets and liabilities for FY 2023 amounted at Rs.
2,068,535.07a, up from Rs. 1,746,870.52 in FY 2022, representing a 15.55% increase.

comparative statement
44
Profit and loss (2023 and 2022)
No. 4.2.2 Table: Table displaying the bank's comparative statement profit and
loss account.
Details 2023 2022 Increase/ Decrease %

INCOME
Interest / Discount on
Advances /
Bills 98,512 94,835 3,677.48 3.733

Income from Investments 26,046.13 23,214.27 2,831.86 10.872

Interest on Balance with RBI

and
Other Inter-Bank funds 2,552 2,341 211.12 8.2715

Others 642.59 468.17 174.42 27.143

3
TOTAL INTEREST EARNED 127,753.11 120,858.23 6,894.88 5.397
Other Income 29,509.90 25,204.89 4,305.01 14.588

TOTAL INCOME 157,263.01 146,063.12 11,199.89 7.1218

EXPENDITURE

Interest Expended 55,744 55,979 -235.12 -0.4218

Payments to and Provisions for 12,032 10,365 1,666.9 13.854

Employees
Depreciation 0 1,302 -1,302.41 0.00

Operating Expenses (excludes 25,410.50 21,055 4,355.08 17.138

45
 Employee Cost & Depreciation)
9

Analysis / interpretation
• According to the comparative Profit and Loss Account, the bank's Interest /
Discount on Advances was Rs.98,512.02 in FY 2023, compared to Rs.94,834.54 in
FY 2022, reflecting a 3.73% (Rs.3,677.48) rise.
• The bank's revenue from investments in FY 2023 was Rs. 26,046.13, up
10.87% from Rs. 23,214.27 in FY 2022.
• The total interest earned by the bank in FY 2023 was Rs. 127,753.11, up from
Rs. 120,858.23 in FY 2022, a 5.39% increase.
• Other Income was Rs.29,509.90 in FY 2022, up from Rs.25,204.89.1 in FY
2022, a 14.58% increase.
• Interest Expended was Rs. 55,743.54 in FY 2023, a -0.42% reduction from Rs.
55,978.66 in FY 2022.
• Employer payments and provisions totaled Rs. 12,031.69 in FY 2023, up
13.85% from Rs. 10,364.79 in FY 2022.
• Total income for FY 2023 was Rs. 157,263.01 compared to Rs. 146,063.12 in
FY 2021, representing a 7.12% increase.
• Total spending for fiscal year 2022 was Rs. 120,301.68, a 4.45% increase
from Rs. 114,946.59 in fiscal year 2021.

Comparative statement

46
Balance sheet (2022 and 2021)
Table No. 4.2.3: The bank's comparative balance sheet is shown in this table.

Details 2022 2021 Increase/ Decrease %

Equity Share Capital 551.28 548.33 2.95 0.5351
Reserves and Surplus 203,169.55 170,437.70 32,731.85 16.1106
TOTAL 203,720.83 170,986.03 32,734.8 16.068
SHAREHOLDERS
FUNDS
Deposits 1,335,060.22 1,147,502.29 187,557.93 14.0486
Borrowings 135,487.32 144,628.54 -9,141.22 -6.7469
Other Liabilities and 72,602.15 67,394.40 5,207.75 7.173
provision
TOTAL CAPITAL
AND
LIABILITIES 1,746,870.52 1,530,511.26 216,359.26 12.3856
ASSETS

Cash and Balances 97,340.74 72,205.12 25,135.62 25.8223

with Reserve Bank of
India
Balances with Banks
Money at Call and
Short
Notice 22,129.66 14,413.60 7,716.06 34.8675
Investments 443,728.29 391,826.66 51,901.63 11.6967
Advances 1,132,836.63 993,702.88 139,133.75 12.2819

Analysis / Interpretation

47
• According to the aforementioned comparative financial statement, the bank's
equity share capital was Rs.551.28 in FY 2022, up from Rs.548.33 in FY 2021,
reflecting a 0.53% (Rs.2.95) increase.
• The bank's reserves and surplus was at Rs. 203,169.55 in FY 2022, an increase
of 16.11% from Rs. 170,986.03 in FY 2021.
• Borrowings were Rs. 1,335,060.22 in FY 2022, down from Rs. 144,628.54 in
FY 2021, a -6.74% decrease; other liabilities and provisions were Rs. 72,602.15, up
from Rs. 67,394.40 in FY 2020, a 7.17% increase.
• Cash and balances with the RBI increased by 25.82 percent to Rs. 97,340.74
in FY 2021, from Rs. 72,205.12 in FY 2020.
• Fixed Assets were Rs. 4,909.32 in FY 2021, up from Rs. 4,431.92 in FY 2020,
a 9.72% increase.
• Total assets and liabilities were Rs. 1,746,870.52 in FY 2021, up from Rs.
1,530,511.26 in FY 2020, a 12.38% rise.

Comparative statement
48
Profit and loss (2022 and 2021)
No. 4.2.4 Table: Table displaying the bank's comparative statement profit and
loss account.

Details 2022 2021 Increase/ Decrease %

INCOME
Interest / Discount on
Advances
/ Bills 94,835 91,788 3,046.66 3.2126
Income from Investments 23,214 20,633 2,580.95 11.1179

Interest on Balance with RBI

and
Other Inter-Bank funds 2,341 1,829 512.32 21.8823
Others 468 563 -94.35 -20.1529
TOTAL INTEREST 120,858 114,813 6,045.58 5.0022
EARNED
Other Income 25,205 23,261 1,944.07 7.7130
TOTAL INCOME 146,063 138,073 7,989.65 5.4699
EXPENDITURE

Interest Expended 55,979 58,626 -2,647.74 -4.7299

Payments to and Provisions 10,365 9,526 821.12 7.9222
for Employees
Depreciation 1,302 1,196 106.56 8.1817
Operating Expenses (excludes 21,055 19,976 1,079.62 5.1275
Employee Cost &
Depreciation)
TOTAL OPERATING 32,723 30,698 2,025.1 6.1886
EXPENSES
Provision Towards Income 11,645 9,833 1,811.62 15.5537
Tax

49
 Provision Towards Deferred -1,102 517 -1,619 -
Tax
146.8733
Analysis / Interpretation
According to the preceding comparable Profit and Loss Account, the bank's Interest /
Discount on Advances was 94,834.54 in FY 2021 as opposed to Rs. 91,787.88 in FY
2020, reflecting a 3.21% (Rs.3,046.66) rise.

• The bank's revenue from investments was Rs. 23,214.27 in FY 2021, an

increase of 11.11% from Rs. 20,633.32 in FY 2020.
• The total interest earned by the bank in FY 2021 was Rs. 120,858.23, a 5.00%
increase from Rs. 114,812.65 in FY 2020.
• Other Income was Rs. 25,204.89 in FY 2020 compared to Rs. 23,260.82.1 in
FY 2020, a 7.71% increase.
• Interest Expended in FY 2021 was Rs. 55,978.66, compared to Rs. 58,626.40
in FY 2020, a -4.72% decrease.
• Employee payments and provisions were Rs. 10,364.79 in FY 2021, up 7.92%
from Rs. 9,525.67 in FY 2020.
• Overall, total income for FY 2021 was Rs. 146,063.12, up from Rs.
138,073.47 in FY 2020, a 5.46% rise.
• Overall, total spending for FY 2021 was Rs. 114,946.59, a 2.72% increase
over Rs. 111,816.15 in FY 2020.

Comparative Statement
Balance sheet (for the years 2021 and 2020)

50
Table No. 4.2.5: The bank's comparative balance sheet is shown in this table.

Details 2021 2020 Increase/ Decrease %

Equity Share Capital 548.33 544.66 3.67 0.6693
Reserves and Surplus 170,437.70 148,661.69 22,324.34 13.0982
TOTAL

SHAREHOLDERS
FUNDS 170,986.03 149,206.35 21,779.68 12.7376
Deposits 1,147,502.29 923,140.93 224,361.36 19.5521

Borrowings 144,628.54 117,085.12 27,543.25 19.0441

Other Liabilities and 67,394.40 55,108.29 12,286.11 18.2302

provision
TOTAL CAPITAL
AND

LIABILITIES 1,530,511.26 1,244,540.69 285,970.57 18.6846

ASSETS
Cash and Balances 72,205.12 46,763.62 25,441.5 35.235
with Reserve Bank of
India
Balances with Banks
Money at Call and
Short Notice 14,413.60 34,584.02 -20,170.42 -

Analysis / Interpretation

51
According to the aforementioned comparative balance statement, the bank's equity
share capital during FY 2020 was Rs. 548.33 as compared to Rs. 544.66 in FY 20219,
representing an increase of 0.66% (Rs.3.67).

• The bank's deposit during FY 2020 was Rs. 1,147,502.29 as opposed to Rs.
923,140.93 in FY 2019, representing a 19.55% growth.
• The bank's borrowings during FY 2020 amounted at Rs. 144,628.54 as
opposed to Rs. 117,085.12 in FY 2019, representing a 19.04% rise.
• Other liabilities and provisions were Rs. 67,394.40 as opposed to Rs.
55,108.29 in FY 2019, representing an increase of 18.23%.
• Cash and balances with RBI during FY 2020 amounted at Rs. 72,205.12 as
compared to Rs. 46,763.62 in FY 2019, representing a 35.23% rise.
• Advances during FY 2020 were Rs. 993,702.88 as compared to Rs.
819,401.22 in FY 2019, representing a 17.54% increase.
• Overall, total assets and liabilities for FY 2020 were Rs. 1,530,511.26 as
opposed to Rs. 1,244,540.69 in FY 2019, representing an 18.68% increase.

Comparative Statement
52
Profit and loss projections for 2021 and 2020
Table No. 4.2.6: A table displaying the bank's comparative statement profit and
loss account.

Details 2021 2020 Increase/ %

Decrease
INCOME
Interest / Discount on
Advances /
Bills 91,788 77,544 14,243.69 15.5181
Income from Investments 20,633 19,997 635.86 3.0817

Interest on Balance with RBI

and
Other Inter-Bank funds 1,829 636 1,193.23 65.242
Others 564 795 -232.18 -41.275
TOTAL INTEREST EARNED 114,812 98,972 15,840.6 13.797
Other Income 23,261 17,626 5,634.94 24.225
TOTAL INCOME 138,073 116,598 21,475.53 15.5537
EXPENDITURE

Interest Expended 58,626 50,729 7,897.57 13.471

Payments to and Provisions for 9,526 7,762 1,763.91 18.5174
Employees
Depreciation 1,196 1,140 55.75 4.662
Operating Expenses (excludes 19,976 17,218 2,758.5 13.809
Employee Cost &
Depreciation)
TOTAL OPERATING 30,698 26,119 4,578.16 14.9138
EXPENSES
Provision Towards Income Tax 9,833 12,130 -2,296.46 -23.3543

Provision Towards Deferred 517 -1,008 491.43 95.1112

53
 Tax
Other Provisions and 12,142 7,550 4,592.31 37.8205
Contingencies
Analysis / Interpretation
• According to the aforementioned comparable Profit and Loss Account, the
bank's Interest / Discount on Advances during FY 2020 amounted at 91,787.88 as
opposed to Rs. 77,544.19 in FY 2019, an increase of 15.51% (Rs.14,243.69).
• The bank's Income from Investments during FY 2020 was Rs. 20,633.32 as
compared to Rs. 19,997.46 in FY 2019, representing a 3.08% rise.
• The total interest earned by the bank during FY 2020 was Rs. 114,812.65 as
opposed to Rs. 98,972.05 in FY 2019, representing a 13.79% increase.
• Other Income was Rs. 23,260.82 as opposed to Rs. 17,625.88 in FY 2019,
representing a 24.22% increase.
• Interest Expended in FY 2020 was 58,626.40 as opposed to Rs. 50,728.83 in
FY 2019, representing a 13.47% rise.
• Depreciation during FY 2020 was Rs. 1,195.85 as opposed to Rs. 1,140.10 in
FY 2019, representing a 4.66% rise.
• Overall, total income for FY 2020 was Rs. 138,073.47 as compared to Rs.
116,597.94 in FY 2019, representing a 15.55% increase.
• Overall, total expenditure for FY 2020 was Rs. 111,816.15 as compared to Rs.
95,519.77 in FY 2019, representing a 14.57% increase.

Comparative Statement
Balance sheets for 2020 and 2019.

54
Table No. 4.2.7: The bank's comparative balance sheet is shown in this table.

Details 2019 2018 Increase/ Decrease %

Equity Share Capital 544.66 519.02 25.64 4.7075
Reserves and Surplus 148,661.69 105,775.98 42,885.71 28.8479
TOTAL 149,206.35 106,295.00 42,911.35 28.7597
SHAREHOLDERS
FUNDS
Deposits 923,140.93 788,770.64 134,370.29 14.5558
Borrowings 117,085.12 123,104.97 -6,019.68 -5.1413
Other Liabilities and 55,108.29 45,763.72 9,344.57 16.9567
provision
TOTAL CAPITAL AND

LIABILITIES 1,244,540.69 1,063,934.32 180,606.37 14.5119

ASSETS

Cash and Balances with 46,763.62 104,670.47 -57,906.85 -

Reserve Bank of India

123.8288
Balances with Banks
Money at Call and Short
Notice 34,584.02 18,244.61 16,339.41 47.2455
Investments 290,587.88 242,200.24 48,387.64 16.6516

Analysis / Interpretation

55
• According to the aforementioned comparative financial statement, the bank's
equity share capital during FY 2019 was Rs. 544.66 as compared to Rs. 519.02 in FY
20218, representing a 4.70% (Rs.25.64) rise.
• The bank's deposit for FY 2019 was Rs. 923,140.93 as opposed to Rs.
788,770.64 in FY 2018, representing a 14.55% growth.
• The bank's borrowings for FY 2019 were Rs. 117,085.12 as opposed to Rs.
123,104.97 in FY 2018, representing a -5.14% decline.
• Other liabilities and provisions amounted at Rs. 55,108.29 as opposed to Rs.
45,763.72 in FY 2018, representing a 16.95% rise.
• Cash and balances with the RBI were Rs. 46,763.62 in FY 2019 compared to
Rs. 104,670.47 in FY 2018, reflecting a -123.82% decrease.
• Advances were Rs.819,401.22 in FY 2019 compared to Rs. 658,333.09 in FY
2018, reflecting a 19.65% increase.
• Fixed Asset in FY 2019 was Rs. 4,030.00, up from Rs. 3,607.20 in FY 2018.
This is a 10.49% increase.
• Total assets and liabilities were Rs. 1,244,540.69 in FY 2019 compared to Rs.
1,063,934.32 in FY 2018, reflecting a 14.51% growth.

Comparative statement
56
Profit and loss projections (2020 and 2019)
Table No. 4.2.8: A table displaying the bank's comparative statement profit and
loss account.
Details 2020 2010 Increase/ %
Decrease
INCOME
Interest / Discount on 77,544.19 62,661.79 14,882.4 19.192
Advances / Bills
Income from Investments 19,997.46 16,222.37 3,775.09 18.8778
Interest on Balance with 635.70 523.88 111.82 17.5901
RBI and Other Inter-Bank
funds
Others 794.70 833.31 -38.61 -4.8584
TOTAL INTEREST 98,972.05 80,241.36 18,730.69 18.9252
EARNED
Other Income 17,625.88 15,220.30 2,405.58 13.648
TOTAL INCOME 116,597.94 95,461.66 21,136.28 18.1275
EXPENDITURE
Interest Expended 50,728.83 40,146.49 10,582.34 20.8606
Payments to and 7,761.76 6,805.74 956.02 12.3171
Provisions for Employees
Depreciation 1,140.10 906.34 233.76 20.5035
Operating Expenses

(excludes Employee Cost 17,217.51 14,978.30 2,239.21 13.0054

& Depreciation)
TOTAL OPERATING 26,119.37 22,690.38 -10,560.77 -40.4327
EXPENSES
Provision Towards 12,129.61 10,107.25 2,022.36 16.687
Income Tax
Provision Towards -1,008.12 -896.68 -1,904.8 188.946
Deferred Tax
57
 Other Provisions and 7,550.08 5,927.49 1,622.59 21.491
Contingencies
TOTAL PROVISIONS 18,671.57 15,138.06 3,533.51 18.9246
AND CONTINGENCIES
Analysis / Interpretation
• According to the aforementioned comparable Profit and Loss Account, the
bank's Interest / Discount on Advances for FY 2019 amounted to 77,544.19, a 19.19%
(Rs.14,882.4) rise from Rs. 62,661.79 in FY 2018.
• The bank's Income from Investments in FY 2020 was Rs. 19,997.46, an
increase of 18.87% from Rs. 16,222.37 in FY 2019.
• The total interest produced by the bank in FY 2019 was Rs. 98,972.05 as
opposed to Rs. 80,241.36 in FY 2018, reflecting an 18.92% increase.
• Other Income increased by 13.64% to Rs. 17,625.88 in FY 2019 from Rs.
15,220.30 in FY 2018.
• Interest Expended was Rs. 50,728.83 in FY 2019, a 20.50% increase from Rs.
40,146.49 in FY 2018.
• Depreciation in FY 2019 was Rs. 1,140.10, a 20.50% increase from Rs.
906.34 in FY 2018.
• Total income for FY 2019 was Rs. 116,597.94, up 18.12% from Rs. 95,461.49
in FY 2018.
• Total spending for FY 2019 was Rs. 95,519.77, an increase of 18.36% from
Rs. 77,974.93 in FY 2018.

4.3.1 Z socre for the year 2022

A+1.4 B+3.3 C+0.6 D+0.999 Z-score Working Capital / Total Assets = E Were

58
Retained Earnings/Total Assets = B
Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT) / Total Assets
D is the market price share divided by the total liability.
E= Total Asset / Sales

Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities 119470.4 - 72602.15 =

46868.25 Retained Working Capital Earnings = 14,137.67
Assets total: $1,746,870.52
Before interest and taxes, earnings total $14,815.09 1343.00. Share Sales at Market
Price = 120858.23 1746.870.52 Total Liabilities

A = 46868.25 / 1,746,870.52 = 0.0268 B= 14,137.67 / 1,746,870.52 = 0.0081 C=

14,815.09 / 1,746,870.52 =0.0085 D = 1343.00 / 1,746,870.52 =0.0001
Z- Score = -0.8489 + 0.0113 + 0.0281 + 0.0001 + 0.0691 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score
= 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268
Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score =
0.0268 Z- Score = 0.0268 Z- Score =

Analysis and interpretation: The Z-score of the bank is -0.7403, which is lower than
the industry average of 1.81. This indicates that the corporation is experiencing
financial troubles, that the bank will declare bankruptcy, and that the bank will be
unable to meet its loan obligations on time.

CHAPTER-05
FINDINGS, SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION
59
5.1 Findings

1. Only in 2023 will the current ratio equal the ideal ratio, signalling that the
company has developed year after year, the bank may be able to repay its short-term
debt in the coming years, and shareholders will be better off.

2. The cash ratio is expected to rise to 0.10% in 2019, and it has been falling year
after year, with a very low 0.04% in 2020.

3. The bank equity multiplier ratio was raised to 10.01% in 2019 and has been
falling year after year, reaching a low of 8.34% in 2020.

4. From 2023 to 2019, we can observe that net working capital has decreased
year by year. In 2023, the net worth ratio is 1360.33, a decrease of -266676.26 from
the previous year. HDFC Bank has a high net worth ratio in fiscal year 2023.

5. A higher debt-to-asset ratio shows that overall risk is high, because the bulk of
assets are financed by outside borrowers rather than investors. Investing in and
financing to the firm is so hazardous.

6. The proprietary ratio varies from year to year, showing that the firm relies
heavily on for its operations and that its financial health is poor.
7. According to the above data, the debt-to-equity ratio was highest in 2019 at
1.16, lowest in 2022 at 0.67, increased 0.77 in 2023, 0.85 in 2021, and decreased 0.78
in 2020.

8. The declining fixed asset turnover ratio suggests that the firm is not efficiently
utilising its fixed assets to generate income and has overinvested in equipment and
machinery.

9. Net profit is declining year after year, showing that the bank's overall expertise
and profitability are insufficient. Shareholders are not getting a good enough return on
their investment.
60
10. The bank's operational capital is displayed in the table above. In 2022, the
gross working capital was lowered to -5.48. It was lowered to -10.26 in 2021, -19.65
and -10.74 in 2020 and 2019, respectively, and boosted to 115.61 in 2023. This shows
that the company's gross working capital is growing.

11. Total assets and liabilities for FY 2023 were Rs. 2,068,535.07 as opposed to
Rs. 1,746,870.52 in FY 2022, reflecting a 15.55% rise, according to the comparative
financial statement.

12. Total income and total expenditure for FY 2023 were Rs. 157,263.0 and
120,301.68, respectively, compared to Rs. 146,063.12 and 114,946.59 in FY 2023,
representing a 7.12% and 4.45% increase, respectively, according to the comparable
Profit and Loss.

13. The use of Z-Score indicates that the bank will declare bankruptcy and will be
unable to satisfy its financial obligations on time.

5.2 Suggestion

61
1. By issuing shares instead of bonds and other rate-sensitive instruments, a bank
can lower the amount of distinction between rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive
liabilities. To cut interest rates, the bank should consider investing in stocks.
2. Banks use higher-interest-rate market borrowings to bridge short-term
liquidity gaps, reducing interest margins and profitability.
3. Because 2016's financial position (current ratio) is better than previous years.
As a result, the bank may be able to make additional advances by focusing on short-
term loans.
4. The bank must try to keep short-term liquidity by investing only in
investments that can be converted into cash rapidly.
5. Management should improve its efficiency by implementing appropriate
investment strategies and optimising the return on money and investment, since
returns change and decline, resulting in decreased earnings.
6. The bank should also take steps to cut operating expenses in order to reduce
costs while increasing profits.
7. The bank should also try to make better use of its assets in order to increase its
profit percentage.

5.3: CONCLUSION:
62
According to the survey findings, HDFC Bank has a strong reputation in the banking
industry. Although profits have fluctuated over the last three years, the bank is still
producing big profits by employing available funds and diversifying in banking
activities; yet, it may still earn significant profits in the future by maintaining a short
term liquidity position.
The HDFC Bank sector now has complete control of the Indian financial system.
Maintaining progress, on the other hand, necessitates professionalising management,
developing great corporate governance, leveraging technology, and closely complying
to regulatory obligations. We may expect the industry to quickly learn from its
previous mistakes and failures and to provide a dependable banking network for the
economy's long-term growth and development.
Furthermore, the major purpose is to study and comprehend the asset and liability
management components of Canara Bank Ltd. The goals are addressed by applying
methods like as trend evaluation, ratio analysis, and specific graphs and statistics to
make the information understandable to all.
The balance sheet and profit and loss statements are secondary data sources. Asset
Liability Management is a systematic method designed to protect against the risk
provided by an asset/liability mismatch. Proper liquid asset management aids in
avoiding a shortage of liquid assets in the bank.

Bibliography
63
Journal
• G.B. Karthikeyan, S. Gnana Sugirtham, and M. Gowri. (2021). Asset Liability
Management at India's Small Finance Banks. TOJQI, Turkish Online Journal of
Qualitative Inquiry, 12 (7), pp. 08-10.
• Mr. Ganapathi N Sabhahita and Mr. Praveen Kumar B H (2020). A Case
Study of Sri Ganapathi Urban Co-operative Bank's Asset Liability Management. 9
(9), 17. Mukt Shabd Journal.
• P. Hima Jagathi, M.D. (2019). ANDHRA PRADESH STATE FINANCIAL
CORPORATION, HYDERABAD, ASSET-LIABILITY MANAGEMENT. Xi'an
University of Architecture and Technology Journal, 11 (12), 22.
• Dr. K. Prince Paul Antony and J. Manimegalai. An Investigation of Asset
Liability Management at an Indian Bank. 8 (1), 1-9, International Journal of Business
Administration and Management.
• Mr. Manas Ranjan Pati and Subasis Mishra. (2017). Asset Liability
Management in Banks: A Case Study of Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd. in
Bhawanipatna. 6 (7), 108-121. International Journal of Engineering Science
Invention.

Books
• Beata Lubinks: Asset Liability Management Optimisation, Wiley Pulication
(28 April 2020)
• G. Mitra and K. Schwaiger: Palgrave Macmillan UK, Asset and Liability
Management (March 29, 2011).
• Moorad Choudhry: Wiley Bank Asset and Liability Management Strategy,
Trading, and Analysis (December 27, 2011)

Annual Reports
• Annual reports of HDFC Bank from 2023 to 2019.
Website
• www.livemint.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.hdfcbank.in
• www.moneycontrol.com

64