CE 152

Structural Theory II
Chapter 3
Method of Consistent Deformations – Force
Method
3.1 Structures with a Single Degree of Indeterminacy
3.1.1 Procedure for Analysis
3.1.2 Illustrative Problem 3-1
3.1.3 Illustrative Problem 3-2
3.1.4 Illustrative Problem 3-3
3.2 Internal Forces and Moments as Redundants
3.2.1 Illustrative Problem 3-4
3.2.2 Illustrative Problem 3-5
3.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy
3.3.1 Procedure for Analysis
3.3.2 Illustrative Problem 3-6
3.3.3 Illustrative Problem 3-7
3.3.4 Illustrative Problem 3-8
3.4 Support Settlements, Temperature Changes, and Fabrication Errors
3.4.1 Support Settlements
3.4.2 Illustrative Problem 3-9
3.4.3 Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors
3.4.4 Illustrative Problem 3-10
3.5 Review Exercises

After careful study of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:
1. Analyze structures with single degree of indeterminacy.
2. Use the different types of redundants for structural analysis.
3. Analyze structures with multiple degrees of indeterminacy.
4. Explain the effects of support settlements, temperature changes and fabrication errors in the
analysis of indeterminate structures.

Method of Consistent Deformations

Ø force (flexibility) method for the analysis of statically indeterminate structures introduced by
James C. Maxwell in 1864

Ø involves removing enough restraints from the indeterminate structure to render it statically
determinate
Primary Structure
ð the determinate structure, which must be statically stable, after removing the
excess restraints from the given indeterminate structure
redundant restraints
ð the excess restraints removed from the given indeterminate structure to convert it
into the determinate primary structure
redundants
ð the reactions or internal forces associated with redundant restraints

Ø the redundants are applied as unknown loads on the primary structure, and their values are
determined by solving the compatibility equations based on the condition that the deformations

1 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
of the primary structure due to combined effect of the redundants and the given external loading
must be the same as the deformations of the original indeterminate structure

3.1 Structures with a Single Degree of Indeterminacy

3.1.1 Procedure for Analysis

1. Select one of the support reactions as the redundant. The choice of redundant is merely a matter
of convenience, and any reaction can be selected as the redundant, provided that the removal
of the corresponding restraint from the given indeterminate structure results in a primary
structure that is statically determinate and stable. The sense of the redundant is not known and
can be arbitrarily assumed. The actual sense of the redundant will be known after its magnitude
has been determined by solving the compatibility equation. A positive magnitude for the
redundant will imply that the sense initially assumed was correct, whereas a negative value of
the magnitude will indicate that the actual sense is opposite to the one assumed initially.
2. Remove the restraint corresponding to the redundant from the given indeterminate structure to
obtain the primary determinate structure.
3. a. Draw a diagram of the primary structure with only the external loading applied to it. Sketch a
deflected shape of the structure, and show the deflection (or slope) at the point of application
and in the direction of the redundant by an appropriate symbol.
b. Next, draw a diagram of the primary structure with only the unit value of the redundant
applied to it. The unit force (or moment) must be applied in the positive direction of the
redundant. Sketch a deflected shape of the structure, and show by an appropriate symbol the
flexibility coefficient representing the deflection (or slope) at the point of application and in
the direction of the redundant. To indicate that the load as well as the response of the
structure is to be multiplied by the redundant, show the redundant preceded by a
multiplication sign (×) next to the diagram of the structure. The deflection (or slope) at the
location of the redundant due to the unknown redundant equals the flexibility coefficient
multiplied by the unknown magnitude of the redundant.
4. Write the compatibility equation by setting the algebraic sum of the deflections (or slopes) of the
primary structure at the location of the redundant due to the external loading and the redundant
equal to the given displacement (or rotation) of the redundant support of the actual
indeterminate structure. Since we assume here that supports are unyielding, the algebraic sum
of the deflections due to the external loading and the redundant can be simply set equal to zero
to obtain the compatibility equation.
5. Compute the deflections of the primary structure at the location of the redundant due to the
external loading and due to the unit value of the redundant. A deflection is considered to be
positive if it has the same sense as that assumed for the redundant. The deflections can be
determined using any method.
6. Substitute the values of deflections (or slopes) computed in step 5 into the compatibility
equation, and solve for the unknown redundant.
7. Determine the remaining support reactions of the indeterminate structure either by applying the
three equilibrium equations to the free body of the indeterminate structure or by superposition
of the reactions of the primary structure due to the external loading and due to the redundant.
8. Once the reactions have been evaluated, the other response characteristics (e.g., shear and
bending diagram and/or member forces) of the indeterminate structure can be determined
either through equilibrium considerations or by superposition of the responses of the primary
structure due to the external loading and due to the redundant.

3.1.2 Illustrative Problem 3-1

Determine the reactions for the beam shown by the method of consistent deformation.

2 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Free Body Diagram:

§ the beam is statically

indeterminate
§ degree of indeterminacy = 1

Solution 1:
Ø consider 𝐶% as the redundant

Compatibility Equation:
Δ' = Δ',) + 𝑓',' × 𝐶%

Ø solving for Δ',) and 𝑓',' using the Virtual Work Method:
01
Recall that when there is no axial loads on the beam, ∆ = ∑ ∫ 23 𝑑𝑥, therefore
9 '
𝑀89,) 𝑚89,' 𝑀9',) 𝑚9','
∆',) = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼

3 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
9 '
𝑚89,' > 𝑚9',' >
𝑓',' = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼

Primary beam loaded with the external load:

Reactions:
+↻ @ 𝑀8 = 0
−𝑀8,) + 160(2.5) = 0
𝑀8,) = 400 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺

+↑ @ 𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,) − 160 = 0
𝐴%,) = 160 𝑘𝑁 ↑

+→ @ 𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,) = 0

Moment Equations (𝑀) ):

For Segment 𝐴𝐵:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑀89,) + 400 − 160𝑥 = 0
𝑀89,) = 160𝑥 − 400

For Segment 𝐵𝐶:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑀9',) + 400 − 160𝑥 − 160(𝑥 − 2.5) = 0
𝑀9',) = 0

Primary Beam loaded with a unit value of 𝐶% :

4 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Reactions:
+↻ @ 𝑀8 = 0
−𝑀8,' − 1(5) = 0
𝑀8,' = −5 = 5 ↻

+↑ @ 𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,' + 1 = 0
𝐴%,' = −1 = 1 ↓

+→ @ 𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,' = 0

Moment Equations (𝑚' ):

For Segment 𝐴𝐵:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑀89,' − 5 + 1(𝑥) = 0
𝑀89,' = −𝑥 + 5

For Segment 𝐵𝐶:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑀9',' − 5 + 1(𝑥) = 0
𝑀9',' = −𝑥 + 5

>.T ( T ( )(
160𝑥 − 400)(−𝑥 + 5) 0 −𝑥 + 5) 6250
∆',) = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 = −
V 𝐸𝐼 >.T 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
>.T ( T (
−𝑥 + 5)> −𝑥 + 5)> 125
𝑓',' =6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 =
V 𝐸𝐼 >.T 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

Ø compatibility conditions:
Δ' = Δ',) + 𝑓',' × 𝐶%
6250 125
0=− + 𝐶
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 %
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

5 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
+↑ 𝐴% = 𝐴%,) + 𝐴%,' 𝐶% = 160 + (−1)(50)
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↺ 𝑀8 = 𝑀8,) + 𝑀8,' 𝐶% = 400 + (−5)(50)

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 ↺ Answer

+→ 𝐴P = 𝐴P,) + 𝐴P,' 𝐶% = 0 + 0(50)

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

Ø equations of equilibrium (alternatively):

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝑀8 − 160(2.5) + 50(5) = 0
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 ↺ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% − 160 + 50 = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

Solution 2:
Ø consider 𝑀8 as the redundant

Compatibility Equation:
𝜃8 = 𝜃8,) + 𝑓8,8 × 𝑀8

Ø solving for 𝜃8,) and 𝑓8,8 using beam deflection formulas:

6 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

3𝑃
𝜃= (4𝑥 > − 𝐿> )
48𝐸𝐼

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 ⁄2

de dekl ekl
when 𝑥 = 0; 𝜃 = fg23 [4(0)> − 𝐿> ] = − fg23 = − mn23

𝑃𝐿> 160(5)> 250

𝜃8,) =− =− =−
16𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑀) >
𝜃=− (𝐿 − 3𝑥 > )
6𝐸𝐼𝐿

0 0p qr>kl s 0p k
p
when 𝑥 = 𝐿; 𝜃 = n23k (𝐿> − 3𝐿> ) = − =
n23k d23

𝑀) 𝐿 1(5) 5
𝑓8,8 = = =
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

Ø compatibility equation:
𝜃8 = 𝜃8,) + 𝑓8,8 × 𝑀8
250 5
0=− + 𝑀
𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 8
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 ↺ Answer

Ø equations of equilibrium:

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
150 − 160(2.5) + 𝐶% (5) = 0
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% − 160 + 50 = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

7 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
3.1.3 Illustrative Problem 3-2
Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown using the method of
consistent deformations. 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the truss

§ Consider 𝐷P as the redundant

Ø primary truss subjected to external loads

𝐷%,) = 130 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹89,) = 213.33 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹'~,) = 100 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

𝐴%,) = 70 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹9',) = 173.33 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹82,) = 116.67 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐴P,) = 120 𝑘𝑁 ← 𝐹'},) = 173.33 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹9~,) = 50 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹2~,) = 93.33 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝐹}~,) = 216.67 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐹92,) = 70 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

Ø primary truss subjected to unit value of redundant 𝐷P

8 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

𝐷%,} = 0 𝑢89,} = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇 𝑢'~,} = 0

𝐴%,} = 0 𝑢9',} = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇 𝑢82,} = 0
𝐴P,} = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ← 𝑢'},} = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇 𝑢9~,} = 0
𝑢2~,} = 0 𝑢}~,} = 0
𝑢92,} = 0

𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑳 𝑨 𝑭𝑶 𝒖𝑫 𝑭𝑶 𝒖𝑫 𝑳 𝒖𝑫 𝟐 𝑳 𝑭 = 𝑭𝑶 + 𝒖𝑫 𝑫𝒙
(𝒎) (𝒎𝟐 ) (𝒌𝑵) (𝒌𝑵⁄𝒌𝑵) 𝑨 𝑨 (𝒌𝑵)
(𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎) (𝟏⁄𝒎)
𝑨𝑩 6 0.0040 213.33 1 320,000 1500 26.67
𝑩𝑪 6 0.0040 173.33 1 260,000 1500 −13.33
𝑪𝑫 6 0.0040 173.33 1 260,000 1500 −13.33
𝑬𝑭 6 0.0040 −93.33 0 0 0 −93.33
𝑩𝑬 4.5 0.0025 70 0 0 0 70
𝑪𝑭 4.5 0.0025 100 0 0 0 100
𝑨𝑬 7.5 0.0040 −116.67 0 0 0 −116.67
𝑩𝑭 7.5 0.0025 50 0 0 0 50
𝑫𝑭 7.5 0.0040 −216.67 0 0 0 −216.67
𝟖𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒, 𝟓𝟎𝟎

Ø compatibility equation
∆} = ∆},) + 𝑓},} × 𝐷P
∆} = 0
~ • k m ~ • k m 𝟖𝟒𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
∆},) = Σ p82Ž = 2 Σ p8 Ž = 2 (840,000) = 𝑬
•Ž l k m •Ž l k m 𝟒,𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑓},} = Σ 82
=2Σ 8
= 2 (4,500) = 𝑬

840,000 4,500
0= + (𝐷P )
𝐸 𝐸
𝐷P = −186.67 𝑘𝑁
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ← Answer

Ø equilibrium equations

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0

9 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝐷% (18) − 120(4.5) − 100(6) − 100(12) = 0
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% + 130 − 100 − 100 = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
120 − 186.67 − 𝐴P = 0
𝐴P = −66.67 𝑘𝑁
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 → Answer

Ø member forces
𝐹 = 𝐹) + 𝑢} 𝐷P

𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑬𝑭 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑬 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑨𝑬 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑭 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑫𝑭 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer

3.1.4 Illustrative Problem 3-3

Determine the reactions for the frame shown by the method of consistent deformations. 𝐸𝐼 =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the frame (with expected deformation)

10 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

§ consider 𝐴P as redundant

Ø primary frame subjected to external loading

+↺ Σ𝑀' = 0
50(9)(4.5) − 𝐴%) (9) = 0
𝐴%,) = 225 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
225 + 𝐶%) − 50(9) = 0
𝐶%,) = 225 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝐶P,) = 0
for segment 𝐴𝐵:

𝑴𝑨𝑩,𝑶 = 𝟎
𝑆89,) = 0
𝑄89,) = −225 𝑘𝑁

for segment 𝐵𝐶:

11 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
+↻ Σ𝑀k = 0
𝑥
𝑀9',) + 50𝑥 œ • − 225𝑥 = 0
2
𝑴𝑩𝑪,𝑶 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝑆9',) + 225 − 50𝑥 = 0
𝑆9',) = 50𝑥 − 225
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑄9',) = 0

Ø primary frame subjected to unit value of redundant 𝐴P

+↺ Σ𝑀' = 0
1(6) − 𝐴%,8 (9) = 0
2
𝐴%,8 = 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ↑
3
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
2
+ 𝐶%,8 = 0
3
2
𝐶%,8 = − 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁
3
2
𝐶%,8 = 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ↓
3
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
1 − 𝐶P,8 = 0
𝐶P,8 = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ←

for segment 𝐴𝐵:

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0
𝑚89,8 + 1(𝑥 ) = 0
𝒎𝑨𝑩,𝑨 = −𝒙
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
2
𝑞89,8 + = 0
3
2
𝑞89,8 = −
3
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑠89,8 + 1 = 0
𝑠89,8 = −1

for segment 𝐵𝐶:

12 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↻ Σ𝑀k = 0 +↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
2 2
𝑚9',8 + 𝑥 = 0 𝑠9',8 − =0
3 3
𝟐 2
𝒎𝑩𝑪,𝑨 = − 𝒙 𝑠9',8 =
𝟑 3
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
−𝑞9',8 − 1 = 0
𝑞9',8 = −1

9 9
𝑀) 𝑚8 1
∆8,) = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑀 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑀9',) 𝑚9',8 𝑑𝑥 ¡
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 8 89,) 89,8 '
n ¤
1 2 𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
∆8,) = 6 0 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (225𝑥 − 25𝑥 > ) ¢− 𝑥£ 𝑑𝑥 ¡ = −
( )
𝐸𝐼 V V 3 𝑬𝑰

9 9
𝑚8 > 1
𝑓8,8 = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑚89,8 > 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚9',8 > 𝑑𝑥 ¡
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 8 '
n ¤ >
1 2 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝑓8,8 = 6 (−𝑥 )> 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ¢− 𝑥£ 𝑑𝑥 ¡ =
𝐸𝐼 V V 3 𝑬𝑰

Ø compatibility equation:
∆8 = ∆8,) + 𝑓8,8 × 𝐴P
∆8 = 0
𝑀) 𝑚8 9112.5
∆8,) = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑚8 > 180
𝑓8,8 = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

9112.5 180
0=− + (𝐴 P )
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 → Answer

Ø equilibrium equations:

+↺ Σ𝑀' = 0
50.625(6) − 𝐴% (9) + 50(9)(4.5) = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

13 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
258.75 + 𝐶% − 50(9) = 0
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
50.625 − 𝐶P = 0
𝑪𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ← Answer

3.2 Internal Forces and Moments as Redundants

Ø provided that the removal of the corresponding internal restraint from the indeterminate
structure results in a primary structure that is statically determinate and stable
Ø more convenient to use in analysing continuous beams (especially those with unequal spans) by
selecting internal bending moments as redundants

3.2.1 Illustrative Problem 3-4

Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown by the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the beam (with expected elastic curve)

§ consider the internal moment at B as the redundant

Primary Beam Loaded with the External Forces:

Primary Beam Loaded with Redundant 𝑀9

14 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
Compatibility Equation
𝜃9,)¦§¨ + 𝑓9,9¦§¨ × 𝑀9 = 0
𝜃9,)¦§¨ = 𝜃9k + 𝜃9R
𝑓9,9¦§¨ = 𝑓9,9k + 𝑓9,9R

Ø FBD of primary beam loaded with external forces

consider AB:
+↻ Σ𝑀9 = 0
𝐴%,) (6) − 50(1.8) − 50(4.2) = 0
𝐴%,) = 50 𝑘𝑁 ↑
consider the whole structure:
+↻ Σ𝑀' = 0
50(15) − 50(13.2) − 50(10.8) + 𝐵%) (9) − 60(3) = 0
𝐵%,) = 70 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐶%,) + 50 − 50 − 50 − 60 + 70 = 0
𝐶%,) = 40 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,) = 0

shear and 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram

conjugate beam

15 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

consider AB:
+↺ Σ𝑀9 = 0
1 90 1 90 1 90 2
𝐴©% (6) − ¢ £ (1.8) 4.2 + (1.8)¡ − (2.4)(1.8 + 1.2) − ¢ £ (1.8) (1.8)¡
2 𝐸𝐼 3 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3
=0
189
𝐴©% = ↓
𝐸𝐼
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1 90 189 ª
(6 + 2.4) ¢ £ − − 𝐵%89 = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
ª 189
𝐵%89 = ↓
𝐸𝐼
consider BC:
+↺ Σ𝑀9 = 0
1 120 2 1 120 1
¢ £ (6) (6)¡ + ¢ £ (3) 6 + (3)¡ − 𝐶%© (9) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3
300
𝐶%© = ↓
𝐸𝐼
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1 120 300 ª
(9) ¢ £− − 𝐵%9' = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
ª 240
𝐵%9' = ↓
𝐸𝐼
ª 189
𝜃9,)k = 𝐵%89 =
𝐸𝐼
ª 240
𝜃9,)R = 𝐵%9' =
𝐸𝐼
189 240 𝟒𝟐𝟗
𝜃9,)¦§¨ = 𝜃9,)k + 𝜃9,)R = + =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

Ø FBD of primary beam loaded with redundant 𝑀9

consider AB:
+↻ Σ𝑀9 = 0
𝐴%,9 (6) − 1 = 0
1
𝐴%,9 = 𝑘𝑁 ↑
6

consider the whole structure:

+↻ Σ𝑀' = 0

16 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
1
1 − 1 + (15) + 𝐵%9 (9) = 0
6
5 5
𝐵%,9 = − 𝑘𝑁 = 𝑘𝑁 ↓
18 18
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1 5
𝐶%,9 + − =0
6 18
1
𝐶%,9 = 𝑘𝑁 ↑
9

shear and 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram

conjugate beam

consider AB:
+↺ Σ𝑀9 = 0
1 1 1
𝐴©©% (6) − ¢ £ (6) (6)¡ = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3
1
𝐴©©% = ↓
𝐸𝐼
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1 1 1 ªª
(6) ¢ £ − − 𝐵%89 = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
ªª 2
𝐵%89 = ↓
𝐸𝐼

consider BC:

17 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
+↺ Σ𝑀9 = 0
1 1 1
¢ £ (9) (9)¡ − 𝐶%©© (9) = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 3
1.5
𝐶%©© = ↓
𝐸𝐼
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1 1 1.5 ªª
(9) ¢ £ − − 𝐵%9' = 0
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
ªª 3
𝐵%9' = ↓
𝐸𝐼

ªª 2
𝑓9,9k = 𝐵%89 =
𝐸𝐼
ªª 3
𝑓9,9R = 𝐵%9' =
𝐸𝐼
2 3 𝟓
𝑓9,9¦§¨ = 𝑓9,9k + 𝑓9,9R = + =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

Ø compatibility equation
𝜃9,)¦§¨ + 𝑓9,9¦§¨ × 𝑀9 = 0
429 5
+ × 𝑀9 = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑴𝑩 = −𝟖𝟓. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎

Ø consider the whole structure

consider AB:

+↻ Σ𝑀9 = 0
𝐴% (6) − 50(4.2) − 50(1.8) + 85.8 = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
35.7 + 𝐵%89 − 50 − 50 = 0
𝐵%89 = 64.3 𝑘𝑁 ↑

consider BC:

+↻ Σ𝑀9 = 0
60(6) − 𝐶% (9) − 85.8 = 0
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
30.47 + 𝐵%9' − 60 = 0
𝐵%9' = 29.53 𝑘𝑁 ↑

consider joint B:

18 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐵% − 64.3 − 29.53 = 0
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

3.2.2 Illustrative Problem 3-5

Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown by the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the truss

§ consider member CE as the redundant

Ø primary truss subjected to external loads

𝐷%,) = 175 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹89,) = 150 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹'~,) = 150 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

𝐴%,) = 200 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹9',) = 131.25 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹82,) = 250 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐴P,) = 0 𝐹'},) = 131.25 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹9~,) = 31.25 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹2~,) = 150 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝐹}~,) = 218.75 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐹92,) = 200 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

19 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Ø primary truss subjected to unit tensile force in member CE

𝐷%,'2 = 0 𝑢89,'2 =0 𝑢'~,'2 = 0.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶

𝐴%,'2 = 0 𝑢9','2 = 0.6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢82,'2 = 0
𝐴P,'2 = 0 𝑢'},'2 = 0 𝑢9~,'2 = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢2~,'2 = 0.6 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢'2,'2 = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢92,'2 = 0.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢}~,'2 = 0

𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑳 𝑭𝑶 𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝑭𝑶 𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝑳 𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝟐 𝑳 𝑭 = 𝑭𝑶 + 𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝑭𝑪𝑬

(𝒎) (𝒌𝑵) (𝒌𝑵⁄𝒌𝑵) (𝒌𝑵𝒎) (𝒎) (𝒌𝑵)

𝑨𝑩 6 150 0 0 0 150
𝑩𝑪 6 131.25 −0.6 −472.5 2.16 98.95
𝑪𝑫 6 131.25 0 0 0 131.25
𝑬𝑭 6 −150 −0.6 540 2.16 −182.3
𝑩𝑬 8 200 −0.8 −1280 5.12 156.95
𝑪𝑭 8 150 −0.8 −960 5.12 106.95
𝑨𝑬 10 −250 0 0 0 −250
𝑩𝑭 10 31.25 1 312.5 10 85.07
𝑪𝑬 10 0 1 0 10 53.82
𝑫𝑭 10 −218.75 0 0 0 −218.75
−𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟔

Ø compatibility equation
∆'2,) + 𝑓'2,'2 × 𝐹'2 = 0
~p •«¬ k m m 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎
∆'2,) = Σ 82
= 82 Σ𝐹) 𝑢'2 𝐿 = 82 (−1860) = − 𝑨𝑬
𝑢'2 > 𝐿 1 1 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟔
𝑓'2,'2 =Σ = Σ𝑢'2 > 𝐿 = (34.56) =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝑨𝑬

1860 34.56
− + (𝐹'2 ) = 0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝐹'2 = 53.82 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

Ø member forces
𝐹 = 𝐹) + 𝑢'2 𝐹'2

𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑬𝑭 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

20 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑭𝑪𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑨𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑭 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑬 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑫𝑭 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer

Ø solving for the reactions

at joint A:
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
4
𝐴% − (250) = 0
5
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
3
𝐴P + 150 − (250) = 0
5
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

at joint D:
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
4
𝐷% − (218.75) = 0
5
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

3.3 Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy

Ø For the indeterminate beam:

§ assume 𝐵% , 𝐶% , and 𝐷% to be redundant

Ø The primary beam subjected to external loading:

Ø The primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐵% :

Ø The primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐶% :

21 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Ø The primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐷% :

Ø Take note that ∆9 = ∆' = ∆} = 0, then the compatibility equations are:

∆9,) + 𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% + 𝑓9,} 𝐷% = 0
∆',) + 𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% + 𝑓',} 𝐷% = 0
∆},) + 𝑓},9 𝐵% + 𝑓},' 𝐶% + 𝑓},} 𝐷% = 0

3.3.1 Procedure for Analysis

1. Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the structure.
2. Select redundant forces and/or moments. The total number of redundants must be equal to the
degree of indeterminacy of the structure. Also, the redundants must be chosen so that the
removal of the corresponding restraints from the given indeterminate structure results in a
primary structure that is statically determinate and stable. The senses of the redundants are not
known and can be arbitrarily assumed. A positive answer for a redundant will imply that the sense
initially assumed for the redundant was correct.
3. Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate structure
to obtain the primary (determinate) structure.
4. a. Draw a diagram of the primary structure with only the external loading applied to it. Sketch
a deflected shape of the structure, and show the deflection (or slope) at the point of
application and in the direction of each redundant by an appropriate symbol.
b. Next, for each redundant, draw a diagram of the primary structure with only the unit value
of the redundant applied to it. The unit force (or moment) must be applied in the positive
direction of the redundant. Sketch a deflected shape of the structure, and show by
appropriate symbols the flexibility coefficients at the locations of all the redundants. To
indicate that the load as well as the structural response is to be multiplied by the redundant
under consideration, show the redundant preceded by a multiplication sign (×) next to the
diagram of the structure. The deflection (or slope) at the location of any redundant due to
the redundant under consideration equals the flexibility coefficient at that location
multiplied by the unknown magnitude of the redundant.
5. Write a compatibility equation for the location of each redundant by setting the algebraic sum of
the deflections (or slopes) of the primary structure due to the external loading and each of the
redundants equal to the known displacement (or rotation) at the corresponding location on the
actual indeterminate structure. The total number of compatibility equations thus obtained must
be equal to the number of redundants.
6. Compute the deflections (and the flexibility coefficients) involved in the compatibility equations
by using any method. A deflection (or flexibility coefficient) at the location of a redundant is
considered to be positive if it has the same sense as that assumed for the redundant.
7. Substitute the values of deflections computed in step 6 into the compatibility equations, and
solve them for the unknown redundants.
8. Once the redundants have been determined, the other response characteristics (e.g., reactions,
shear and bending moment diagrams, and/or member forces) of the indeterminate structure can
be evaluated either through equilibrium considerations or by superposition of the responses of
the primary structure due to the external loading and due to each of the redundants.

22 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
3.3.2 Illustrative Problem 3-6
Determine the reactions for the three-span continuous beam shown using the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution:
Ø FBD of the beam

§ consider 𝐵% and 𝐶% as redundants

Ø primary beam subjected to external load:

Reactions:
+↺ @ 𝑀8 = 0
𝐷%,) (18) − 30(18)(9) = 0
𝐷%,) = 270 𝑘𝑁 ↑

+↑ @ 𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,) + 270 − 30(18) = 0
𝐴%,) = 270 𝑘𝑁 ↑

+→ @ 𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,) = 0

Moment Equations (𝑀) )

For Segment 𝐴𝐵:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑥
𝑀89,) + 30𝑥 œ • − 270𝑥 = 0
2
𝑀89,) = −15𝑥 > + 270𝑥

For Segment 𝐵𝐶:

23 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑥
𝑀9',) + 30𝑥 œ • − 270𝑥 = 0
2
𝑀9',) = −15𝑥 > + 270𝑥

For Segment 𝐶𝐷:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
𝑥
𝑀'},) + 30𝑥 œ • − 270𝑥 = 0
2
𝑀'},) = −15𝑥 > + 270𝑥

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐵% : Reactions:

+↻ @ 𝑀8 = 0
𝐷%,9 (18) − 1(6) = 0
1
𝐷%,9 = ↓
3

+↑ @ 𝐹% = 0
1
1 − − 𝐴%,9 = 0
3
2
𝐴%,9 = ↓
3

+→ @ 𝐹P = 0
Moment Equations (𝑚9 )
𝐴P,9 = 0
For Segment 𝐴𝐵:
+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
2
𝑚89,9 + 𝑥 = 0
3
2
𝑚89,9 = − 𝑥
3

For Segment 𝐵𝐶:

24 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
2
𝑚9',9 + 𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 6) = 0
3
2
𝑚9',9 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0
3
1
𝑚9',9 = 𝑥 − 6
3

For Segment 𝐶𝐷:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
2
𝑚'},9 + 𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 6) = 0
3
2
𝑚'},9 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0
3
1
𝑚'},9 = 𝑥 − 6
3

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐶% :

Reactions:
+↻ @ 𝑀8 = 0
𝐷%,' (18) − 1(12) = 0
2
𝐷%,' = ↓
3

+↑ @ 𝐹% = 0
2
1 − − 𝐴%,' = 0
3
1
𝐴%,' = ↓
3

Moment Equations (𝑚' ) +→ @ 𝐹P = 0

𝐴P,9 = 0
For Segment 𝐴𝐵:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
1
𝑚89,' + 𝑥 = 0
3
1
𝑚89,' = − 𝑥
3

For Segment 𝐵𝐶:

25 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
1
𝑚9',' + 𝑥 = 0
3
1
𝑚9',' = − 𝑥
3

For Segment 𝐶𝐷:

+↺ @ 𝑀R = 0
1
𝑚'},' + 𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 12) = 0
3
1
𝑚'},' + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 12 = 0
3
2
𝑚'},' = 𝑥 − 12
3

Ø compatibility equations:
∆9,) + 𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% = 0
∆',) + 𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% = 0

Ø solving the deflections

9 ' }
𝑀89,) 𝑚89,9 𝑀9',) 𝑚9',9 𝑀'},) 𝑚'},9
∆9,) = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
2
n (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ− 𝑥•
=6 3
V 𝐸𝐼
1
m> (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ 𝑥 − 6•
1
mg (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ 𝑥 − 6•
+6 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 𝑑𝑥
n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼
35,640
=−
𝐸𝐼
9 ' }
𝑀89,) 𝑚89,' 𝑀9',) 𝑚9',' 𝑀'},) 𝑚'},'
∆',) = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
1
n (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ− 𝑥•
=6 3
V 𝐸𝐼
1
m> (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ− 𝑥•
2
mg (−15𝑥 > + 270𝑥 ) œ 𝑥 − 12•
+6 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 𝑑𝑥
n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼
35,640
=−
𝐸𝐼
9 ' }
𝑚89,9 > 𝑚9',9 > 𝑚'},9 >
𝑓9,9 = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
2 >
n œ− 𝑥•
1
m> œ 𝑥 − 6•
>
1
mg œ 𝑥 − 6•
>

3 96
=6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 𝑑𝑥 =
V 𝐸𝐼 n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

26 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
9 ' }
𝑚89,' > 𝑚9',' > 𝑚'},' >
𝑓',' = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
1 >
n œ− 𝑥•
1 >
m> œ− 𝑥•
2
mg œ 𝑥 − 12•
>

3 3 96
=6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 𝑑𝑥 =
V 𝐸𝐼 n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

9 ' }
𝑚89,' 𝑚89,9 𝑚9',' 𝑚9',9 𝑚'},' 𝑚'},9
𝑓9,' = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
1
n œ− 𝑥• œ− 𝑥•
2 1 1
m> œ− 𝑥• œ 𝑥 − 6•
2 1
mg œ 𝑥 − 12• œ 𝑥 − 6•
=6 3 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 3 𝑑𝑥
V 𝐸𝐼 n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼
84
=
𝐸𝐼
9 ' }
𝑚89,9 𝑚89,' 𝑚9',9 𝑚9',' 𝑚'},9 𝑚'},'
𝑓',9 = 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥
8 𝐸𝐼 9 𝐸𝐼 ' 𝐸𝐼
2
n œ− 𝑥• œ− 𝑥•
1 1 1
m> œ 𝑥 − 6• œ− 𝑥•
1 2
mg œ 𝑥 − 6• œ 𝑥 − 12•
=6 3 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6 3 3 𝑑𝑥
V 𝐸𝐼 n 𝐸𝐼 m> 𝐸𝐼
84
=
𝐸𝐼

Ø compatibility conditions:
∆9,) + 𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% = 0
∆',) + 𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% = 0

35640 96 84
− + 𝐵% + 𝐶% = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
35640 84 96
− + 𝐵% + 𝐶% = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

solving the 2 equations simultaneously:

96𝐵% + 84𝐶% = 35640
84𝐵% + 96𝐶% = 35640
______________________________

𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

2 1
+↑ 𝐴% = 𝐴%,) + 𝐴%,9 𝐵% + 𝐴%,' 𝐶% = 270 + ¢− £ (198) + ¢− £ (198)
3 3
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ 𝐴P = 𝐴P,) + 𝐴P,9 𝐵% + 𝐴P,' 𝐶% = 0 + (0)(198) + (0)(198)

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

1 2
+↑ 𝐷% = 𝐷%,) + 𝐷%,9 𝐵% + 𝐷%,' 𝐶% = 270 + ¢− £ (198) + ¢− £ (198)
3 3
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

Ø equilibrium equations (alternatively):

27 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝐷% (18) + 198(6) + 198(12) − 30(18)(9) = 0
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% + 198 + 198 + 72 − 30(18) = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

3.3.3 Illustrative Problem 3-7

Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown by the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution:
Ø FBD of the truss

§ consider 𝐷% and 𝐹9- as redundants

Ø primary truss subjected to external loads:

28 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

𝐸%,) = 77.5 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹89,) = 152.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹'-,) = 0

𝐴%,) = 82.5 𝑘𝑁 ↑ 𝐹9',) = 152.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹}®,) = 0
𝐴P,) = 70 𝑘𝑁 ← 𝐹'},) = 77.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹8~,) = 116.673 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐹}2,) = 77.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹9-,) = 0
𝐹~-,) = 85 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝐹'~,) = 3.536 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹-®,) = 85 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝐹'®,) = 109.602 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹9~,) = 80 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 𝐹2®,) = 109.602 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

Ø primary truss subjected to unit value of Redundant 𝐷% :

𝐸%,} = 0.75 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ↓ 𝑢89,} = 0.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢'-,} = 0

𝐴%,} = 0.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 ↓ 𝑢9',} = 0.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢}®,} = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶
𝐴P,} = 0 𝑢'},} = 0.75 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢8~,} = 0.354 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢}2,} = 0.75 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢9-,} = 0
𝑢~-,} = 0.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇 𝑢'~,} = 0.354 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶
𝑢-®,} = 0.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇 𝑢'®,} = 0.354 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢9~,} = 0 𝑢2®,} = 1.061 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇

Ø primary truss subjected to unit tensile force in member 𝐵𝐺:

29 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

𝑢89,9- = 0 𝑢'-,9- = 0.707 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶

𝐸%,9- = 0
𝑢9',9- = 0.707 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢}®,9- = 0
𝐴%,9- = 0
𝑢'},9- = 0 𝑢8~,9- = 0
𝐴P,9- = 0
𝑢}2,9- = 0 𝑢9-,9- = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢~-,9- = 0.707 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢'~,9- = 1 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝑇
𝑢-®,9- = 0 𝑢'®,9- = 0
𝑢9~,9- = 0.707 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁 , 𝐶 𝑢2®,9- = 0

Ø compatibility equations:
∆},) + 𝑓},} 𝐷% + 𝑓},9- 𝐹9- = 0
∆9-,) + 𝑓9-,} 𝐷% + 𝑓9-,9- 𝐹9- = 0
𝐹) 𝑢} 𝐿
∆},) = Σ
𝐴𝐸
𝑢} > 𝐿
𝑓},} = Σ
𝐴𝐸
𝑢} 𝑢9- 𝐿
𝑓9-,} = 𝑓},9- = Σ
𝐴𝐸
𝐹) 𝑢9- 𝐿
∆9-,) = Σ
𝐴𝐸
𝑢9- > 𝐿
𝑓9-,9- = Σ
𝐴𝐸
Member L (m) FO (kN) uD UBG FOuDL FOuBGL uD2L uBG2 uDuBGL F = FO + uDDy + uBGFBG
(kN/kN) (kN/kN) (kNm) (kNm) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
AB 10 152.5 -0.25 0 -381.250 0.000 0.625 0.000 0.000 128.372
BC 10 152.5 -0.25 -0.707 -381.250 -1078.175 0.625 4.998 1.768 104.259
CD 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.250 0.000 5.625 0.000 0.000 5.117
DE 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.250 0.000 5.625 0.000 0.000 5.117
FG 10 -85 0.5 -0.707 -425.000 600.950 2.500 4.998 -3.535 -60.857
GH 10 -85 0.5 0 -425.000 0.000 2.500 0.000 0.000 -36.745
BF 10 80 0 -0.707 0.000 -565.600 0.000 4.998 0.000 55.887
CG 10 0 0 -0.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.998 0.000 -24.113
DH 10 0 -1 0 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 -96.511
AF 14.142 -116.673 0.354 0 -584.096 0.000 1.772 0.000 0.000 -82.508
BG 14.142 0 0 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.142 0.000 34.106
CF 14.142 3.536 -0.354 1 -17.702 50.006 1.772 14.142 -5.006 3.477
CH 14.142 109.602 0.354 0 548.697 0.000 1.772 0.000 0.000 143.767
EH 14.142 -109.602 1.061 0 -1644.541 0.000 15.920 0.000 0.000 -7.204
-4472.642 -992.819 48.737 48.278 -6.774

Ø solving for the redundants

30 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
∆},) + 𝑓},} 𝐷% + 𝑓},9- 𝐹9- = 0
∆9-,) + 𝑓9-,} 𝐷% + 𝑓9-,9- 𝐹9- = 0
4472.642 48.737 6.774
− + 𝐷% − 𝐹 =0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 9-
992.819 6.774 48.278
− − 𝐷% + 𝐹9- = 0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

solving the 2 equations simultaneously:

48.737𝐷% − 6.774𝐹9- = 4472.642
−6.774𝐷% + 48.278𝐹9- = 992.819
_____________________________________________

𝑫𝒚 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

𝑭𝑩𝑮 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

Ø solving for the member forces

𝐹 = 𝐹) + 𝑢} 𝐷% + 𝑢9- 𝐹9-

𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑫𝑬 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑭𝑮 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑮𝑯 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑭 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑮 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑫𝑯 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑨𝑭 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑮 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑭 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑪𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑬𝑯 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer

Ø solving for the reactions

at Joint A:
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1
𝐴% − (82.508) = 0
√2
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
1
−𝐴P + 128.372 − (82.508) = 0
√2
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑵 ← Answer

at Joint E:
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
1
𝐸% − (7.204) = 0
√2
𝑬𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

31 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
3.3.4 Illustrative Problem 3-8
Determine the reactions for the frame shown by the method of consistent deformations.

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the Frame (with elastic curve)

§ consider 𝐷P and 𝐷% as redundants

§ axial deformations will not be considered

Ø primary frame subjected to external loads

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝑀8,) − 50(5) − 30(10)(5) = 0
𝑀8,) = 1750 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,) − 30(10) = 0
𝐴%,) = 300 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
−𝐴P,) + 50 = 0
𝐴P,) = 50 𝑘𝑁 ←

for segment AB:

32 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0
𝑀89,) + 1750 − 50𝑥 = 0
𝑴𝑨𝑩,𝑶 = 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎

for segment CD:

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0 therefore,
𝑴𝑪𝑫,𝑶 = 𝟎 𝑀''} = 𝑀'9' = 0
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0 𝑄''} = 𝑆'9' = 0
𝑄'},) = 0 𝑆''} = 𝑄'9' = 0
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑆'},) = 0

for segment BC:

+↻ Σ𝑀k = 0
𝑥
−𝑀9',) + 30𝑥 œ • = 0
2
𝑴𝑩𝑪,𝑶 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐

Ø primary frame subjected to unit value of redundant 𝐷P

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝑀8,}² = 0
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,}² = 0
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,}² − 1 = 0
𝐴P,}² = 1 →

for segment AB:

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0
𝑚89,}² + 1(𝑥) = 0
𝒎𝑨𝑩,𝑫𝒙 = −𝒙

for segment CD:

33 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0 therefore,
𝑚'},}² − 1(𝑥 ) = 0
𝑚''} = 𝑚'9' = 𝑥 = 5
𝒎𝑪𝑫,𝑫𝒙 = 𝒙 𝑞''} = 𝑠'9' = 0
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0 𝑠''} = 𝑞'9' = 1
𝑞'},}² = 0
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑠'},}² − 1 = 0
𝑠'},}² = 1

for segment BC:

+↻ Σ𝑀k = 0
−𝑚9',}² + 5 = 0
𝒎𝑩𝑪,𝑫𝒙 = 𝟓

Ø primary frame subjected to unit value of redundant 𝐷%

+↻ Σ𝑀8 = 0
−𝑀8,}³ + 1(10) = 0
𝑀8,}³ = −10 = 10 ↻
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,}³ + 1 = 0
𝐴%,}³ = −1 = 1 ↓
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,}³ = 0

for segment AB:

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0
𝑚89,}³ − 10 = 0
𝒎𝑨𝑩,𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎

for segment CD:

34 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ Σ𝑀ž = 0
𝒎𝑪𝑫,𝑫𝒚 = 𝟎 therefore,
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0 𝑚''} = 𝑚'9' = 0
𝑞'},}³ + 1 = 0 𝑞''} = 𝑠'9' = −1
𝑠''} = 𝑞'9' = 0
𝑞'},}³ = −1
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑠'},}³ = 0

for segment BC:

+↻ Σ𝑀k = 0
−𝑚9',}³ − 1(𝑥) = 0
𝒎𝑩𝑪,𝑫𝒚 = −𝒙

Ø compatibility equations:
∆}² ,) + 𝑓}² ,}² 𝐷P + 𝑓}² ,}³ 𝐷% = 0
∆}³,) + 𝑓}³,}² 𝐷P + 𝑓}³,}³ 𝐷% = 0
𝑀) 𝑚}²
∆}² ,) = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑀) 𝑚}³
∆}³,) = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑚}² >
𝑓}² ,}² = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑚}³ >
𝑓}³,}³ = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑚}² 𝑚}³
𝑓}² ,}³ = 𝑓}³ ,}² = Σ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼

Ø solving for the deflections

9 9 }
1
∆}² ,) = ´6 𝑀89,) 𝑚89,}² 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑀9',) 𝑚9',}² 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑀'},) 𝑚'},}² 𝑑𝑥 µ
𝐸𝐼 8 ' '
T mV T
1 >
𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓
= ´6 50𝑥 − 1750 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 15𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (0)(𝑥)𝑑𝑥µ =
( )( ) ( )( )
𝐸𝐼 V V V 𝟑𝑬𝑰

9 9 }
1
∆}³,) = ´6 𝑀89,) 𝑚89,}³ 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑀9',) 𝑚9',}³ 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑀'},) 𝑚'},}³ 𝑑𝑥 µ
𝐸𝐼 8 ' '
T mV T
1 >
= ´6 50𝑥 − 1750 10 𝑑𝑥 + 6 15𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (0)(0)𝑑𝑥µ
( )( ) ( )( )
𝐸𝐼 V V V
𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎
=−
𝑬𝑰
9 9 }
1
𝑓}² ,}² = ´6 𝑚89,}² > 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚9',}² > 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚'},}² > 𝑑𝑥 µ
𝐸𝐼 8 ' '
T mV T
1 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= ´6 (−𝑥 )> 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (5)> 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 )> 𝑑𝑥µ =
𝐸𝐼 V V V 𝟑𝑬𝑰

35 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
9 9 }
1
𝑓}³,}³ = ´6 𝑚89,}³ > 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚9',}³ > 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚'},}³ > 𝑑𝑥 µ
𝐸𝐼 8 ' '
T mV T
1 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
= ´6 (10)> 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (−𝑥 )> 𝑑𝑥 + 6 (0)> 𝑑𝑥 µ =
𝐸𝐼 V V V 𝟑𝑬𝑰

9 9 }
1
𝑓}² ,}³ = 𝑓}³,}² = ´6 𝑚89,}² 𝑚89,}³ 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚9',}² 𝑚9',}³ 𝑑𝑥 + 6 𝑚'},}² 𝑚'},}³ 𝑑𝑥 µ
𝐸𝐼 8 ' '
T mV T
1 𝟑𝟕𝟓
= ´6 (−𝑥 )(10)𝑑𝑥 + 6 (5)(−𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 )(0)𝑑𝑥µ = −
𝐸𝐼 V V V 𝑬𝑰

Ø solving for the redundants

134375 1000 375
+ 𝐷P − 𝐷 =0
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 %
118750 375 2500
− − 𝐷P + 𝐷 =0
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 %

§ solving the 2 equations simultaneously

1000 134375
𝐷P − 375𝐷% = −
3 3
2500
−375𝐷P + 𝐷% = 118750
3
____________________________________
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ← Answer
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

Ø additional compatibility conditions:

+→ 𝐴P = 𝐴P,) + 𝐴P,}P 𝐷P + 𝐴P,}% 𝐷% = −50 + (1)(52.532) + (0)(166.139)

𝑨𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 → Answer

+↑ 𝐴% = 𝐴%,) + 𝐴%,}P 𝐷P + 𝐴%,}% 𝐷% = 300 + (0)(52.532) + (−1)(166.139)

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↺ 𝑀8 = 𝑀8,) + 𝑀8,}P 𝐷P + 𝑀8,}% 𝐷% = 1750 + (0)(52.532) + (−10)(166.139)

𝑴𝑨 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎 ↺ Answer

Ø equations of equilibrium (alternatively):

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0

36 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
𝑀8 + 166.139(10) − 50(5) − 30(10)(5) = 0
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎 ↺ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% + 166.139 − 30(10) = 0
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
−𝐴P + 50 − 52.532 = 0
𝐴P = −2.532 𝑘𝑁
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵 → Answer

3.4 Support Settlements, Temperature Changes, and Fabrication Errors

3.4.1 Support Settlements

Ø consider the two-span continuous beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load 𝑤, and
suppose that the supports 𝐵 and 𝐶 undergo small settlements ∆9 and ∆'

§ consider 𝐵% and 𝐶% to be redundants

Ø primary beam subjected to external loading

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐵%

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐶%

Ø compatibility equations
∆9,) + 𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% = ∆9
∆',) + 𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% = ∆'

Ø for beams where all of the supports undergo settlement:

37 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

compatibility equations:
𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% = ∆9R
𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% = ∆'R

3.4.2 Illustrative Problem 3-9

Determine the reactions for the three-span continuous beam shown due to the uniformly distributed
load and due to the support settlements of 15 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐵, 37 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐶, and 18 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐷.

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the beam

§ consider 𝐵% and 𝐶% as redundants

Ø support settlements for the beam

by ratio and proportion:

𝑦9 𝑦' 18
= =
6 12 18
therefore, 𝑦9 = 6 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑦' = 12 𝑚𝑚
then,
∆9R = 15 − 6 = 9 𝑚𝑚
∆'R = 37 − 12 = 25 𝑚𝑚

38 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Ø primary beam subjected to external loads

§ note that:

𝑤𝑥
𝑦=− (𝑥 d − 2𝐿𝑥 > + 𝐿d )
24𝐸𝐼

§ then,
30(6) d 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟎
∆9,) = − (6 − 2(18)(6)> + 18d ) = −
24𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰
30(12) 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟒𝟎
∆',) = − (12d − 2(18)(12)> + 18d ) = −
24𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐵% :

§ note that:

𝑃𝑏𝑥 >
𝑦=− (𝐿 − 𝑏 > − 𝑥 > )
6𝐿𝐸𝐼
0≤𝑥≤𝑎

§ then,
−1(12)(6) 𝟗𝟔
𝑓9,9 = − (18> − 12> − 6> ) =
6(18)𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰
𝑓',9 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

Ø primary beam loaded with redundant 𝐶% :

39 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

§ using the formula,

−1(6)(6) 𝟖𝟒
𝑓9,' = − (18> − 6> − 6> ) =
6(18)𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰
−1(6)(12) 𝟗𝟔
𝑓',' = − (18> − 6> − 12> ) =
6(18)𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰

Ø by applying Maxwell’s law:

𝟖𝟒
𝑓',9 = 𝑓9,' =
𝑬𝑰

Ø compatibility equations:
∆9,) + 𝑓9,9 𝐵% + 𝑓9,' 𝐶% = ∆9R
∆',) + 𝑓',9 𝐵% + 𝑓',' 𝐶% = ∆'R

Ø solving for the redundants

35640 96 84
− + 𝐵% + 𝐶% = −0.009
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
35640 84 96
− + 𝐵% + 𝐶% = −0.025
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

§ solving the 2 equations simultaneously:

−35640 + 96𝐵% + 84𝐶% = −0.009𝐸𝐼
−35640 + 84𝐵% + 96𝐶% = −0.025𝐸𝐼

1 f
−35640 + 96𝐵% + 84𝐶% = −0.009(200 × 10n )(3000 × 10n ) ¢ £
1000
n n
1 f
−35640 + 84𝐵% + 96𝐶% = −0.025(200 × 10 )(3000 × 10 ) ¢ £
1000

−35640 + 96𝐵% + 84𝐶% = −5400

−35640 + 84𝐵% + 96𝐶% = −15000

96𝐵% + 84𝐶% = 30240

84𝐵% + 96𝐶% = 20640
_____________________________

𝑩𝒚 = 𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer
𝐶% = −258.67 𝑘𝑁
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ↓ Answer

Ø equilibrium equations

40 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝐷% (18) − 258.67(12) + 541.33(6) − 30(18)(9) = 0
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑵 ↑ Answer

+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴% + 541.33 − 258.67 + 262 − 30(18) = 0
𝐴% = −4.66 𝑘𝑁
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝑵 ↓ Answer

+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 Answer

3.4.3 Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors

Ø unlike support settlements, which affect only externally indeterminate structures, temperature
changes and fabrication errors may affect the stress conditions of externally and/or internally
indeterminate structures
Ø the primary structure is subjected to the prescribed temperature changes and/or fabrication
errors (instead of external loads) to evaluate its deflection at the locations of redundants due to
these effects

3.4.4 Illustrative Problem 3-10

Determine the force in each member of the truss shown due to a temperature increase of 45℃ in
member 𝐴𝐵 and a temperature drop of 20℃ in member 𝐶𝐷. Use the method of consistent
deformations.

Solution:
Ø Free Body Diagram of the truss

41 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

§ consider 𝐹8} as the redundant

Ø primary truss subjected to temperature changes

Ø primary truss subjected to unit tensile force in member 𝐴𝐷

+↺ Σ𝑀8 = 0
𝐵%,8} = 0
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
𝐴%,8} = 0
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
𝐴P,8} = 0

at joint A:
+↑ Σ𝐹% = 0 at joint B: +→ Σ𝐹P = 0
3 4
(1) − 𝑢8',8} = 0 0.8 − 𝑢9',8} = 0
5 5
𝑢8',8} = 0.6 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝑢9',8} = 1 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0 +↑ Σ𝐹% = 0
4 3
(1) − 𝑢89,8} = 0 (1) − 𝑢9},8} = 0
5 5
𝑢89,8} = 0.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶 𝑢9},8} = 0.6 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

42 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

at joint C:
+→ Σ𝐹P = 0
4
(1) − 𝑢'},8} = 0
5
𝑢'},8} = 0.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

Ø compatibility equation
∆8},) + 𝑓8},8} 𝐹8} = 0
∆8},) = Σ𝛼 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑢8}
𝑢8} > 𝐿
𝑓8},8} = Σ
𝐴𝐸

Member L (m) A (m2) DT (oC) uAD (DT)LuAD uAD2L/A F = uADFAD

(kN/kN) (oC.m) (1/m) (kN)

AB 8 0.005 45 -0.8 -288 1024 -32.074

CD 8 0.005 -20 -0.8 128 1024 -32.074
AC 6 0.005 0 -0.6 0 432 -24.055
BD 6 0.005 0 -0.6 0 432 -24.055
AD 10 0.003 0 1 0 3333.333 40.092
BC 10 0.003 0 1 0 3333.333 40.092
-160 9578.667

∆8}) = Σ𝛼 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑢8} = 𝛼Σ(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑢8} = 1.2 × 10rT (−160) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟐

𝑢8} > 𝐿 1 𝑢8} > 𝐿 1
𝑓8},8} = Σ = Σ = (9578.667) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟗
𝐴𝐸 𝐸 𝐴 200 × 10n
therefore,
−0.00192 + 0.00004789𝐹8} = 0
𝑭𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

Ø solving for the member forces

𝐹 = 𝑢8} 𝐹8}

𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer

𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑫 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑵, 𝑪 Answer
𝑭𝑨𝑫 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer
𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵, 𝑻 Answer

3.5 Review Exercises

1. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown using the method of consistent deformations. Select the reaction at the roller support to
be the redundant.

43 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Answers: 𝐴% = 99.26 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝑀𝑨 = 233.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝐷% = 60.74 𝑘𝑁 ↑

2. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown by using the method of consistent deformations. Select the reaction moment at the
fixed support to be redundant.

Answers: 𝐴% = 28.13 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐶% = 91.87 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝑀' = 307.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻

3. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown using the method of consistent deformations. Select the reaction at the interior support
to be the redundant.

Answers: 𝐴𝒚 = 78.125 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐸𝒚 = 78.125 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐶% = 343.75 𝑘𝑁 ↑

4. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown using the method of consistent deformations.

Answers: 𝐴𝒚 = 141.8 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐶𝒚 = 428.9 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐷% = 104.3 𝑘𝑁 ↑

5. Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown using the method of
consistent deformations.

Answers: 𝐴𝒙 = 50 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝐴𝒚 = 58.5 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐶% = 207.4 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐷% = 34 𝑘𝑁 ↑

6. Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown using the method of
consistent deformations.

44 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II

Answers: 𝐹9' = 119.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

𝐹8} = 130.2 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹8' = 162.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹9} = 170.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

7. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown using the method of consistent deformations.

Answers: 𝐹9' = 119.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

𝐹8} = 130.2 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹8' = 162.5 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹9} = 170.8 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶

8. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the frame
shown using the method of consistent deformations.

Answers: 𝐴𝒙 = 21.45 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝐴𝒚 = 116.25 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝑀8 = 107.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝐵P = 78.55 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝐵% = 183.75 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝑀9 = 222.1 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺

9. Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam
shown with support settlements of 6 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐴, 16 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐵, and 18 𝑚𝑚 at 𝐶.

Answers: 𝐴𝒚 = 133.6 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐵𝒚 = 177 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐶% = 89.4 𝑘𝑁 ↑

10. Determine the reactions and force in each member of the truss shown due to a temperature
drop of 25℃ in members 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, and 𝐶𝐷 and a temperature increase of 60℃ in member 𝐸𝐹.
Use the method of consistent deformations.

45 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method
 CE 152
Structural Theory II
Answers: 𝐹9' = 37.34 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐹2~ = 37.34 𝑘𝑁, 𝐶
𝐹9~ = 46.67 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇
𝐹'2 = 46.67 𝑘𝑁, 𝑇

46 Chapter 3 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Method of Consistent Deformations – Force Method