8

Masonry-Stone Masonry

81. GENERAL
The construction of stone, brick or tile
which in hardened by heat
termed as masonry, It may also be defined as
construction of building
units bonded together with mortar. The selection of the
type of material
i.e. brick or stone etc) for the masonry is made keeping in view the
requirements of strength, water proofing, thermal insulation, firc resistance,
durability and economy.
Masonry is basically a wall material. Masonry walls can be divided
into following three categories.
() Load bearing walls
(i) Non-load bearing walls
(i) Retaining wals
() Load Bearing Wall. A wall designed to carry superimposed
loads from floors and roof is termed as load bearing wall. Such walls
bave continuous foundation to cary the entire super inmposeá load
including their self weight.
(i) Non-load Bearing Wall. Also known as panel wall, curtain
wal or filler wall, is a type of wall which carries no superimposed load.
1 5 provided to serve as screen for privacy and to keep out wind and
weather. The load from floors and roof in this case is borne by either
brick piers or by a system of R.C.C. or steel beam and columa frames,
(ii) Retaining Wall. This isa type of wall built to resist the'
pressure of eartb, granular material or liquid filled bebind it after it is buil.
Depending upon the type of material used, masonry .can be
broadly divided in the following categories.
() Stone masonry
(i) Brick masonry
(iin Reinforced brick masonry
 200
Building Constructioh
stone work.
Brickwork is more fire resisting than
(15)
the stone masonry are further sub.
Both the brick masonry and in detail it is
Before dealing with them
divided into different categories. the technical terms used in
with
considered desirable to get acquainted
masonry.
IN MASONRY
83. TECHNICAL TERMS USED
in common use in masonry have been defined
The terms which are

below
which is laid with its lengtb
Hesder. It is a full brick or stone
(1) wall. Thus a brick laid as header will
perpendicular to the face of the
sbow its face measuring 10 cm. x 10 cm. (in case of modular brick) on
the face of wall. In stone masonry, header is sometimes termed as through
StOne.

(2) It is a full brick or stone which is laid with its

Stretcher.
length parallel to the face of the wall. Thus a brick laid as stretcher will
sbow its face measuring 10 cm. x 20 cm. (in case of modular brick) on
the face of the wall.
(3) Bond. It is a term applied to the over-lapping of bricks or
stones in a wall in alternate courses, to bind the whole wall together.
Bonding is essential to eliminate continuous vertical joints both in the
body as well as on the face of wall.
4 ) Course. A horizontal layer of bricks or stones is termed as a
course. Thus in brick masonry with modular bricks the thickness of a
course will generally be equal to 10 cm. plus thickness of one mortar joint.
(5) Header course. It is a course of brickwork entirely
composed of beaders.
6) Stretcher course. It is a course of brickwork in which all tbe
bricks are laid as stretchers.
PERPENOS -STRETCHER COURSE
RACKING31 HADER coURSE
BACK

LLLALL JL
LOUEEN |VVERTICAL
CLOSER JOINTS BED
JOINTS
MEADER STRETCHER

P 9 Elevation of a masonry wall

 Masonry-Stone Masonry 201
(7) Bed. t is a term used to indicate the lower surface. of bricks
ar stones in each course. It may also be termed as the surface of bricks
it rests.
on which
(8) Face. The surface of a wall exposed to weather is termed as
face.
(9) Facing. The material used in the face of the wall is known as
facing
(10) Back. The inner surface of wall which is not exposed to
weather is termed as back.
(11) Backing. The material used in forming the back of the wall
is known as backing.
(12) Hearting. The portion of a wall between facing and backing
is termed as bearting.
(13) Joint. The junction of two or more bricks or stones is called
joint. Joints may be of cement mortar
or of lime mortar. Joints
parallel
to the bed of bricks or stone in a course are termed as bed joints. Bed
joint can also be defined as the horizontal mortar joint upon which
masonry units are laid. Thus the pressure always acts normal to tbe bed
joints. The joints (other than bed joint) which are pependicular to face
of wall are termed as cross joints or simple joints. Joints which are
parallel to the face of wall are termed as wall joints.
(14) Rac king back. The process of stopping the unfinisbed end of
a wall in stepped fashion.
(15) Bat. It is the portion of a brick cut across the width or a brick
cut by some fraction of its length.
(16) Closer. It is a portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its
one long face remains uncut.

(17) King closer. It is a brick which is cut in such a way that the
width its that of full brick. It is formed
of
one of end is half a by
cutting off the triangular piece, between the centre of one end and the
centre of one side.
(18) Queen closer. It is a term applied to a brick which is half as
wide as a full brick. Queen closer is made by cutting a brick lengthwise
into two portions.
(19) Bevelled closer. It is similar to king closer with the only
Oitference that the wbole lengtb of the brick is bevelled for maintaining
a width at one fuil width at the other.
end and
(20) Mitred eloser. Ii is a brick whose one end is cut,splayed or
mitred for the full width.
21) Perpend. It is a vertical joint on the face of a wall directly over
Vertical joints in alternate couso
202
Building Construction

THREE OUARTER BAT

FULL BRICK

KING CLOSER
HALF BAT

HALF &QUARTER QUEEN BEVELLED CLOSER

cLOSERS

BEVeLLED BAT MITRED CLOSER

Fig. 810-817

(22) Frog. It is a. depressiön on the top face of a brick. Frog

provides a recess for the mortar which on setting forms a key ano
prevents the displacement'of the brick above.
(23) Quoin. The exterior angle or corner of a wall is termed as
quoin. The brick or wedge shaped stone used for the corner ot wals
is also known quoin.
as

(24) Plinth. The horizontal projecting or lush course of stone or

brick provided at the base of the wall above ground level is
known
plinth. It raises the level of the ground floor of the building abov
natural ground level with the aim of protecting the ground floor
flooding due to rain water and other weather effects.
25) Piinth Course. It is the lopmost course of plinth and
.nisbed flush with the ground floor suriface.
Masonry--Stone Masonry 203
(26) Sill.
(26) It is a horizontal member of brick, stonc, concrete o
wood
wood provided to give support for the vertical mcmbers of a window. I
is
is also
also employed for the purpose of shedding off rain watcr from the
face of wall immediatcly below the window opening.
(27) Jambs. The vertical sides of a finished opening for duor,
window
windowv or fire place etc. are termed as jambs. Jambs may be plain or
rebated or splayed.
(28) Reveals. Reveals are the exposed vertical surfaces left on the
sides of an opening after the door or window frame has been fittcd in
position.
(29) Lintel. A horizontal member of stone, brick, wood, steel or
R.C.C., used to support the masonry or load above an
opening.
(30) Arch. A mechanical arrangenent of wedge-shaped blocks of
stone or brick aranged in the form of a curve supporting the masonry
or load above an opening.
204
Building Construction

cOPING
PARAPET
WALL

TERRACE BLOCKING
COURSE

R.C.C. SLAB CORNICE

FIRST FLOOR FRIEZE

STRINGG
COURSE

R.C.C.LINTEL.

REVEAL

WINDOW
FRAME

GROUND
FLOOR
SiLL
PLINTH COURSE

G.L

Flg. 820
87. JOINTS IN STONE MASONRY
The various types of joints commonly used in stone work are
are
described below :
(1) Butt Joint. This joint is formed by placing two stones side by
side.

Fig 841
Butt joint
(2) Rebated orLapped Joint. This joint is usually provided for
stones laid on slopes to prevent the movement of one stone over the othe
by sliding.
MasonryStone Masonry 215

Fig 842
Different forms of rebated joints
(3)
(3) Table Joints. lts function is similar to that of rebated or lappea
joint.

8ED JOGGLE OR TABLED JOINT

Fig. 843
Bed joint or tabled joint

(4) Cramped joint. The function of cramp which may be of slate

or any metal, is to prevent the tendency of the joint to be pulled apart.

RICH CEMENT MORTOR

-IRON CRAMP
LEAD

Fig. 844

Cramp joint
be used, but they must be dipped
Wrought iron eramps may also them from corrosion. The
in oil while hot or galvanized to prevent
and it should be completely encased with
cramp may be of any metal
lead, cement or asphalt.
 216 Building Constructio

Plug Joint. Plug joint is an alternative of cramp joint and

(5) of plug holes, made dovetail-shaped in plan and cut below the
consists
top surface of stones. The stones are jointed by filling the holes with
top
cement or lead.

Fig. 845-846
Different forms of plug joint
6) Dowel Joint. This type of joint ensures stability of the
components against displacement or sliding.
The dowels may be of slate,
gun metal, copper or brass. They are generally set in cement mortar.

STONE
OOWELS

Fig. 847-8:48
Dowel joint
(7) Joggle Joint. To
prevent sliding along the side joins,
joggle madeup of metal or slate is
between the two adjacent stones. placed in between the groove
(8) Rusticated Rebated Joint. This
or
used in
plinths or masonry in lower type of joint is frequently
structure massive appearance. storeys of buildings to give tbe
 Building Constructiong BrickMasonry
235
234

,3,5-COURSES.
2,4,6-COURSES
TLILLILBRICK THICK WALL

Y TOOTHING

ihitrtrit LLLLLLLLLL
IRICKTHICK
WALL
He 92

founh coursc of the brick work. he

reinforcement every third or
placed al sfcel bam, llat bars, hoops
reinlorement may be
in form ol mild iron, Ititi
steel fabrice clc.
Capanded mesh, or
2 BRICK THICK WAL
BRICK-wORK
94. BONDS IN
size and shape, the bricks can be arranged
On account of their uniform
rise to ditferent types of bonds. Bondine
in a varicty of patterns giving
is essential to climinate
continuous vertical joints both in the body as well
as in the face of wall thereby imparting
strength to masonry. A wall having
of bricks, reduces the strength and stability of the
defective arrangement
does not act as a
structure. A wall baving continuous vertical joint
to distribute the superimposed load. On the other hand,
homogeneous mass
it may be assumed to be consisting of small columns and when a particular
column of this wall comes under the load, it fails on account of its inability
to distribute the load to the portion of wall on either side of it.
The different BRICK THICK WALL
below:
2
types of bonds commonly adopted are given
ENGLISH BOND

77
WALL
3 BRICK THICK

Fig. 9 4 - 9 8
Bond
in English
different thickness
of brick walls in
Plans
sShowing alternate
courses

BRICK WALL
1. English Bond and stretches. In
Pg 93 course of heaeers each
alternate over
Isometric view of 1% brick thick wall in bond consists of header courses
come

this Dis
English bond. the
joints in also in the
same
arrangeme
ment,
vertical course are

joints in the strelcher

d d the vertical
ISOMETRIC VIEW ISOMETRIC VIEw

ELE VATION
H ELEVATION
iiiiin
PLAN PLAN
Fig. 9.19
Fig. 9.18
Heading bond
Stretching bond
Brick Masonry 243

TEE-JUNCTION
A lee junction is formed when two walls meet each other at ngnt
angles torming the letter T in plan. T-junction may be formed m d
number of

Flg 928-930 931-933

Isometric view of T-junctions Isometric view of T-junctions
in English bond in Flemish bond